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The protective effects of Achillea L. species native in Turkey against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and leucocytes
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of infusions prepared from 15 Achillea (Asteraceae) species against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and leucocytes used in traditional Turkish medicine. CAT, SOD and GPx activities, effects of LPO and GSH levels of the infusions on erythrocytes and leucocytes were assessed. The results indicated that all infusions of Achillea species were effective on antioxidant enzyme systems of erythrocytes and leucocytes when compared with H(2)O(2) group. Achillea falcata was the most effective one on CAT, GPx and SOD enzyme systems of erythrocytes. Among plant infusions, Achillea crithmifolia and Achillea nobilis subsp. neilrechii showed the highest activities on CAT, while Achillea millefolium subsp. pannonica on SOD, Achillea teretifolia on GPx and Achillea nobilis subsp. sipylea on LPO enzyme systems of leucocytes. The present results demonstrate that infusions of Achillea species are a potential source of natural antioxidants for treatment and prevention of diseases in which LPO takes place.
... Achillea clypeolata Sm. grows naturally in the flora of Turkiye, particularly in the Thrace region. Previous studies underlined its antimicrobial properties and protective effects on H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and leucocytes (Karaalp et al., 2009;Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). Phytochemical studies were employed to evaluate terpenic compounds, essential oils and some flavonoids together with coumarins of A. clypeolata (Djurdjevi c et al., 2013;Simi c et al., 2005;Werner et al., 2007). ...
... Results showed that ACM had a total phenolic content of 26.02 § 1.04 mg GAE/g dry extract total phenolic content and 12.85 § 0.69 mg QE/g dry extract total flavonoid content. In a previous study, Konyalioglu and Karamenderes (2005) investigated infusions of 15 different Achillea species including A. clypeolata, which were also collected from northwest Turkiye for their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Similarly, A. clypeolata showed significant amount of total phenol and flavonoid content in that study, 109.09 ...
... The extract was also reported to be a major source of chlorogenic acid, akin to ACM (Chao et al., 2022). In a comprehensive study focusing on the effect of infusions prepared from various Achillea species on the levels of antioxidant enzymes on human erythrocytes and leukocytes, A. clypeolata infusion was found to be protective against H 2 O 2 À induced oxidative damage (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). ...
Members of Achilllea L. genus are widely used against dermatological disorders in traditional medicine. An increasing number of experimental studies indicated that these species are an important source of ailments against such conditions. Besides, clinical studies yield supportive results about the dermatological effects of the genus. However, the number of studies stating the mechanisms of actions is quite scarce. A. clypeolata Sn. grows naturally in the Thrace region of Turkiye, and is used against various health problems in folk medicine. The methanolic extract prepared from the aerial parts of the plant (ACM) was subjected to a series of tests focusing on the mechanisms of dermatological activity. First, in vitro antioxidant screening tests, including DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP and TOAC were applied. Then, the inhibitory potential of ACM against skin-related enzymes such as collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase was measured. For a more detailed profiling of the activity, human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs) treated with H2O2 were given varying concentrations of ACM. WST-1 analysis was carried out for the assessment of cell viability, and DCFDA (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) method was employed for the measurement of cellular antioxidant activity. In addition, the inhibitory potentials of ACM against matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9 enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components in the skin, were also tested. The total phenolic (26.02 ± 1.04 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoid (12.85 ± 0.69 mg QE/g dry extract) contents of ACM were calculated with the activity tests. Also, for a comprehensive quantitative analysis, LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out. All of the data gained from the mentioned tests and analysis revealed the high capacity of ACM in dermatological conditions such as the inhibitory potential enzymes associated with skin aging. Phytochemical profiling studies showed that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds, specifically chlorogenic acid, hesperidin and hyperoside. Data obtained from this study suggest that A. clypeolata may act as a natural source of skin-active ingredients.
... Besides their industrial use, many Achillea species, including Achillea sintenisii Hub-Mor., have been used in traditional medicine as a natural remedy for pain, inflammation, wounds, and bleeding (Strze z pek- Gomo´lka et al., 2021;Sezik et al., 2001). In addition to the traditional use of Achillea species, the wound healing (Ku¨peli Akkol et al., 2011;Agar et al., 2015), antinociceptive (Ku¨peli et al., 2007), antimicrobial (Candan et al., 2003;Karaalp et al., 2009), antispasmodic (Karamenderes and Apaydın, 2003), anti-inflammatory (Go´mez et al., 1999) and antioxidant (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005;Anlas et al., 2017) activities of several Achillea species have been confirmed by scientific reports. Previous studies on AS have demonstrated that the methanolic extract and essential oil from this species possess strong antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and yeast . ...
... In recent years, interest in plant-derived antioxidants which have protective properties against oxidative stress-induced damage caused by free radicals has increased (Sharathchandra and Rajashekhar, 2013). In this context, it has been revealed that many plant species have high antioxidant capacity, especially in relation to their polyphenol and flavonoid contents (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005;Ustuner et al., 2019). Previous reports on different Achillea species have demonstrated that this plant displayed pronounced antioxidant activity by protecting the cells against oxidative damage induced by H 2 O 2 (Varasteh-kojourian et al. 2016). ...
... Our findings are similar to the results of the study conducted by Varasteh-kojourian et al. (2016), who reported that methanolic extract of Achillea biebersteinii can inhibit H 2 O 2induced cytotoxicity in fibroblasts. Additionally, Konyalioglu and Karamenderes (2005) have reported that different Achillea species protected the antioxidant enzyme levels of erythrocytes and leukocytes against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage, and this effect might be attributed to the rich phenolic contents of the extracts. Since AS extracts contain a wide variety of phytoconstituents with antioxidant properties (luteolin, quercetin, rutin, isorhamnetin, etc.), as demonstrated by our phytochemical analyses, it is thought that cytoprotective effects of the extracts may be a result of interactions of different antioxidants in the extracts (Gong et al.2020;Boots et al., 2008;Ozgen et al., 2016). ...
This study was designed to investigate in vitro biological activities and phytochemical composition of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Achillea sintenisii Hub- Mor. (AS). To determine the chemical composition of AS extracts, phytochemical analyses were performed by using HPLC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS-MS. Afterwards, both extracts were investigated in terms of their effect on fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and hydrogen peroxide-induced damage. In addition to cell culture analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant, hyaluronidase inhibitory activities and total phenolic contents of the extracts were analyzed in cell-free systems. Our results demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic activity on fibroblasts, on the contrary, promoted fibroblast proliferation. Both AS extracts potently inhibited hyaluronidase activity and the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract was comparable with the positive control, especially at high concentrations. The aqueous extract was the potent stimulator of collagen synthesis at 200 µg/mL concentration. Although the ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against all gram-positive bacteria, the aqueous extract was only effective against K. pneumoniae and B. subtilis. The ability of AS extracts, which have a rich phenolic compound content (≥50 mg GAE/g), to scavenge free radicals and protect fibroblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage can be considered as a result of their antioxidant potential. Our findings scientifically support the widespread use of this plant, by demonstrating the pharmacological properties of the extracts.
... The previously reported biological activities of A. coarctata (extracts, isolated compounds and essential oil) are summarized in Table 2. Although the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities have been investigated [63][64][65][66][67][68][69], no bio-guided isolation of the active compounds from A. coarctata has been conducted so far. ...
... Combined: n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial strains and C. albicans [64] Ethanol extract and methanol-chloroform extract of root part. Ethanol extract and methanol-chloroform extract of aerial part Antioxidant Activity, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, β-Carotene-Linoleic Acid Assay and total phenolic-flavonoid content, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase, MTT assay against HeLa cells [65] Infusion CAT, GSH, GPx, SOD and LPO levels in human erythrocytes and leucocytes [66] Methanol extract MTT assay against MCF-7 and NIH/3T3 [67] Isolated compounds: 1α,6α,8α-trihydroxy-5α,7βH-guaia-3,10(14),11(13)-trien-12-oic acid , 1α,6α,8αtrihydroxy-5α,7βH-guaia-3,9,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid, ligustolide-A, arteludovicinolide-A and austricin ...
Background
The genus Achillea L. is rich in bioactive sesquiterpenes and flavonoids; most of the studied species exhibit several biological activities and are used as emmenagogue, wound healing and analgesic agents. Some species are also used in local folklore medicine.
Objective
Following a literature survey, we discuss the anti-cancer properties of Achillea species, taking into consideration ethnopharmacological data on their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer. In addition, we screened extracts and isolated secondary metabolites from A. coarctata for cytotoxicity, upon information based on local traditional medicine. The plant was collected in Kozani (Northern Greece), where it is locally used for treating gastrointestinal disorders, including stomach cancer.
Method
A selection of the relevant data was performed through a search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases. In addition, extracts and isolated compounds from A. coarctata were tested for their in vitro activity against the human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HeLa.
Conclusion
The genus Achillea L. is a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The most significant outcome of the investigation of medicinal plants is the documentation and the assessment of the traditional information and its use and perspectives in the light of modern pharmacology.
... Wild range of biological activity results were reported for essential oils, extracts, as well as fractions and pure compounds isolated from Achillea species: antibacterial [6,7], anticancer [8][9][10][11], cytotoxic, antioxidant [12], antidiabetic [13,14], anti-cholinesterase [15,16], analgesic, antiinflammatory [17], hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, calcium antagonist [18] activities. Several aspects on pharmacological potent of the genus Achillea have recently been discussed [19][20][21]. Some Achillea species are traditionally used to treat various diseases, A. biebersteinii Afan (pireotu) is used against hemorrhoid [22], A. millefolium L. subsp. ...
... Some Achillea species are traditionally used to treat various diseases, A. biebersteinii Afan (pireotu) is used against hemorrhoid [22], A. millefolium L. subsp. millefolium (civanperçemi) as diuretic, appetizer, antiseptic, degasify, and wound healing remedy [23] and for stomach ache [19], A. millefolium L. subsp. pannonica (Scheele) ...
... As such, the erythrocytes have been used for the evaluation of the impact of free-radical induced oxidative stress in humans and animal models because of several reasons. For example, 1) these cells are continually exposed to high oxygen tensions, 2) unable to replace damaged components, 3) their membrane lipid bilayers are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids side chains which make them vulnerable to peroxidation and 4) they have enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems [10]. Management of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge to the medical system. ...
... For example, 1) these cells are continually exposed to high oxygen tensions, 2) unable to replace damaged components, 3) their membrane lipid bilayers are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids side chains which make them vulnerable to peroxidation and 4) they have enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems [10]. ...
... This study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity induced via oxidative stress (H 2 O 2 -induced stress) could be suppressed by pre-treatment with Achillea leaf extracts (1μg/ml). Protective effects of plant extracts against oxidative cell damage, have been previously reported by various researchers (Gião et al., 2010;Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005;Yoo et al., 2008). Adetutu et al. (2011) and Annan and Houghton (2008) reported that fibroblast cells were protected against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage using Bridelia ferruginea Benth. ...
... Cellular damages induced by 10 mM H 2 O 2 , were blocked after treatment with 500 µl of the infusion. Phenol and flavonoid compounds of infusion were responsible for the positive effects on enzymatic antioxidant system (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). Behravan et al. (2011) reported a significant inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L. at 1 and 2.5 mg/ml on H 2 O 2 -induced DNA damage in human lymphocyte (percentage tail DNA 2.35% ± 0.16 and 1.29% ± 0.12, respectively). ...
Objective:
Achillea is a traditional medicinal herb which contains different phenol and flavonoid compounds that are responsible for Achillea pharmacological effects. We aimed to determine phenol and flavonoid contents, besides antioxidant activities of different extracts from Achillea eriophoraa (A. eriophora) DC. and Achillea biebersteinii (A. biebersteinii) Afan. (endemic species in Iran) and to investigate their effects on human cells.
Materials and methods:
Achillea extracts, were prepared by maceration and shaking methods, from different parts (aerial parts, stem, leaves and inflorescence) of two species using methanol and ethanol as solvents. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured by spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by DPPH radical scavenging, BCB and TBARS assays. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated in Human Foreskin Fibroblast (HFF3) cells using MTT, comet and H2O2 assays.
Results:
Methanol extracts of A. biebersteinii prepared from leaves and inflorescence by maceration method exhibited maximum phenol (1657.58 ? 36.45 mg GAE/100 g DW) and flavonoid (264.00 ? 62.16 mg QUE/100 g DW) contents. Leaf methanol extract showed significantly higher antioxidant activity (0.0276 ? 0.003, 0.16 ? 0.016 and 13.96 ? 0.26 mg/ml for DPPH, BCB and TBARS IC50s, respectively) than those of the other extracts. Leaf extract of A. biebersteinii was not cytotoxic even at the highest examined dose (512 ?g/ml) and inhibited cell toxicity induced by H2O2 (98% viability for the cells pretreated with plant extract in the presence of H2O2). Comet assay also confirmed high DNA protective activity of leaf extracts.
Conclusion:
Achillea extracts possess remarkable antioxidant activity, and could be good natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in pharmaceutical and food industries.
... In the traditional medicine of Türkiye, the genus is generally known as "civanperçemi", "binbiryaprak" or "ayvadana", and herbal teas prepared from various Achillea spp. have been used as diuretics, emmenagogues, for abdominal pain, against diarrhea and flatulence [24,25] . Besides having a variety of activities, insecticidal, insect-repellent, and larvicidal activities of essential oils, different extracts and secondary metabolites from various Achillea spp. ...
Mosquitoes serve as vectors of numerous dangerous animal diseases and some human diseases including malaria, filariasis, yellow
fever, dengue, and other viral zoonotic infections in both tropical and temperate countries. Many synthetic chemicals have insecticidal and/
or repellent effects that are used to control vectors and protect populations from vector-borne diseases. Since some synthetic chemicals have
undesirable effects when used as repellents, attention has turned to developing biodegradable and non-toxic products, including essential
oils, extracts, and secondary metabolites of various plants. In this study, to find new and alternative agents to control mosquitoes from
natural sources, n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts obtained from 13 Achillea L. species, including 4 taxa endemic to Türkiye,
were evaluated for their insect-repellent activity against an important vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes by a cloth-patch assay. Among
the tested samples, n-hexane extracts of A. multifida, A. crithmifolia, A. setacea, and A. teretifolia (MED: 0.344, 0.375, 0.409 and 0.437 mg/
cm2, respectively) showed higher repellency. These results indicate that the lipophilic components make a major contribution to repellency
and that Achillea species can be used as a natural source for insect-repellents.
... Using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging test, Trouillas et al. (2003) proved that an aqueous extract of yarrow exhibited promising antioxidative action. Similarly, Konyalioglu and Karamenderes (2005) demonstrated that the polyphenols present in the yarrow plant had a protective effect on human erythrocytes and leukocytes against oxidative injury. Some studies on chicks showed that yarrow extract reduced the serum level of lipids, induced immune response, and decreased the total bacterial count in the gastrointestinal tract (Yakhkeshi et al., 2012). ...
This study aimed to analyze the effect of water extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) leaf (WEYL) on tissue oxidative properties, histological indices, gut microbiota composition and activity, and production parameters in turkeys. A total of 360 (1-day-old) female poults were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (8 replications × 15 poults each). The turkeys were fed in a four-phase system for 15 weeks: group C (control)—diet that did not contain WEYL; group E1—diet supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg WEYL; and group E2—diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.3 g/kg WEYL. The results of the analyses of body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion indicated that WEYL did not have any effect on these parameters (P > 0.05). However, WEYL increased the proportion of skin with subcutaneous fat (P = 0.006), and when supplemented at higher ratios, it reduced the proportion of liver (P = 0.010) and improved slaughter performance (P = 0.044). Furthermore, consumption of WEYL-supplemented diet led to an improvement in the antioxidative status and glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood and breast muscles, and also increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the blood and liver (P < 0.05). Supplementation with WEYL at a lower dose (E1) resulted in reduced malondialdehyde concentration in the blood, while supplementation at a higher dose (E2) caused a reduction in ascorbic acid concentration in the liver (P < 0.05). Turkeys that were fed with WEYL-containing diet had a higher amount of cholinesterase in the blood (P = 0.045), and those fed with the diet containing a higher dose of WEYL (E2) had a higher level of albumins and total protein (P < 0.05). Turkeys from E2 group had the longest villi and shallowest crypts, but the percentage of proliferating nuclei was found to be the highest in the group that received a diet with a lower dose of WEYL (E1) (P < 0.05). Turkeys from E2 group showed a decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the cecal content as well as reduced β-glucosidase activity, while those from the E1 group showed reduced β-galactosidase activity (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with WEYL can help improve tissue antioxidative status and modify the enzymatic activity of the cecal microflora in turkeys, with no negative influence on the production outcomes of these birds.
... with beautiful white to white-yellow or white-purple flowers, and used topically for wound healing (Toncer et al. 2010;Konyalioglu and Karamenderes 2005). Compounds for instance phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids and sterols are responsible for the biological activity of the Achillea. ...
The phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles and cotton dyeing with natural colorants can reduce the environmental impact of the process considerably. In this study, the extraction of natural colorants from Achillea millefolium petals was optimized by ultrasound technique. The AMP extract was applied for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the cotton fabrics. The dyeing, antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics of cotton samples were investigated to optimize the process and evaluate its efficiency. The AMP extract had good substantivity towards cotton fabrics and the presence of tannic acid, as an environmentally-friendly mordant, further improved the absorption of AMP dye. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the dyed samples with AMP extract of were 50%and 60%, respectively. The addition of TA and Ag enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant activities on the cotton samples to over 99%.
... They are continuously exposed to high oxygen tensions, the membrane lipids are composed partly of polyunsaturated fatty acid side chains that are vulnerable to peroxidation, and a substantial part of metabolism is conserved, including antioxidant systems. Moreover, they are structurally simple and easily obtained (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). In this context, several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of the in vitro human red blood cell membrane stability method as an excellent strategy to explore the cytoprotective role of natural products. ...
Context: Several factors can affect the erythrocyte cell membrane integrity targeting important hematological alterations that can be avoided by the cytoprotective effect offered by some plant extracts.
Aims: To evaluate the cytoprotective activity of Adelia ricinella L. extracts on red blood cells (RBCs) membrane after hypotonic and oxidative treatments.
Methods: Total phenols and flavonoid contents were spectrophotometrically determined in three extracts: AR1 (ethanol 95%), AR2 (ethanol 50%), and AR3 (aqueous extract). Luteolin and apigenin were quantified using HPLC-DAD techniques. Hypotonic erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity of plant extracts, their antioxidant protective effect on H2O2-induced cell damage, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells were explored. Control cells were treated with sodium dichlofenac or ascorbic acid.
Results: AR2 extract showed the highest values of total phenols/flavonoids, as well as, for luteolin and apigenin with 207.5 and 1.86 µg/mL respectively. The extracts did not exert spontaneous hemolysis following the INVITOX protocol, presumably by the protective effect of high flavonoid content. A concentration-dependent pattern was observed on the hypotonic erythrocyte membrane stabilizing assay, in which both ethanol extracts but mainly AR1 (IC50 =16.46 µg/mL) showed a significant activity with lower IC50 values than diclofenac-control group. On the other hand, AR2 (IC50 = 17.49 µg/mL) displayed the most potent cytoprotective effect on RBCs after H2O2-induced cell damage. Adelia ricinella extracts were not cytotoxic to mammalian Vero cells (IC50 > 256 μg/mL).
Conclusions: The study suggests that Adelia ricinella extracts can promote erythrocyte cytoprotection by protecting both membrane layers, thus preventing potential hematological alterations induced by oxidizing damage and probably, in inflammation-related diseases.
... For this purpose, TOS which was used to evaluate the accumulated oxidative effects of various oxidants 34 was found to be increased in the CP group. Previous studies revealed that AM was a very powerful antioxidant 35,36 . In our study, TOS level increased with CP administration while it significantly decreased with high dose AM. ...
Aim: Cisplatin is a widely used and highly effective anti-cancer agent and one of the limiting side effects of cisplatin is ocular toxicity. Achillea millefolium, also known as yarrow, is a plant that has been used for many years to treat various health problems including chemotherapy-related toxicities.
Methods: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the biochemical, molecular and histopathological effects of Achillea Millefolium on cisplatin-induced oxidative and inflammatory ocular damage in rats. Twenty-four adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups (n = 6) as (1) control, (2) cisplatin (7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), (3) Cisplatin + Achillea millefolium (200 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days), (4) Cisplatin + Achillea millefolium (400 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days). Levels of total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status, SOD, MDA, IL-1β, and IL-10 were measured in ocular tissue. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, nuclear factor kappa B and Caspase-3 were evaluated. Also, ocular sections were evaluated histopathologically.
Results: Achillea Millefolium upregulated ocular antioxidant enzymes and downregulated inflammation. The SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity increased whereas total oxidant status and MDA levels decreased significantly at high dose group. High dose Achillea millefolium treatment reduced the IL-1β concentrations, whereas IL-10 levels increased significantly in that group. Moreover, we observed that Achillea millefolium restored ocular histopathological structure and significantly suppressed apoptosis by reducing the expression of Caspase-3.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results suggest that Achillea millefolium have protective effects against cisplatin-induced ocular toxicity and is a promising adjuvant therapy with the potential to prevent cisplatin related ocular toxicity.
... In this line, while the A. falcata L. was the most effective on erytrocytes' CAT, GPx, and SOD, A. crithmifolia L., A. millefolium L. and, A. teretifolia Willd. showed promising effects on leucocyte' CAT, SOD and GPx, respectively (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes 2005). The antioxidant properties of A. millefolium on human laryngeal carcinoma HEp2 cells was related to its polyphenolic composition (Bel s cak-Cvitanovi c et al. 2014). ...
Edible flowers are attracting special therapeutic attention and their administration is on the rise. Edible flowers play pivotal modulatory roles on oxidative stress and related interconnected apoptotic/inflammatory pathways toward the treatment of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the phytochemical content and therapeutic applications of edible flowers, as well as their modulatory potential on the oxidative stress pathways and apoptotic/inflammatory mediators, resulting in anticancer effects. Edible flowers are promising sources of phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic compounds, carotenoids, terpenoids) with several therapeutic effects. They possess anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Edible flowers potentially modulate oxidative stress by targeting erythroid nuclear transcription factor-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Nrf2/ERK/MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant response elements (AREs). As the interconnected pathways to oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interleukins (ILs) as well as apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, caspase and cytochrome C are critical targets of edible flowers in combating cancer. In this regard, edible flowers could play promising anticancer effects by targeting oxidative stress and downstream dysregulated pathways.
... At least until now, there is no data available for comparison of our results obtained with FB-E extract on lipid peroxidation in the in vitro erythrocyte membrane model estimated by TBARS. Erythrocytes are excellent subjects for studies of biological effects of free radicals, since they are structurally simple, are continuously exposed to high oxygen tensions, the membrane lipids are composed partly of polyunsaturated fatty acid side chains which are vulnerable to peroxidation, and they have antioxidant enzyme systems (Konyalioglu et al. 2005). ...
ABSTRACT
In this chapter, we report on the effects of Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) extracts (Myc-E and FB-E) and powders
(FB-P) on immunodeficient BALB/c mice. The anti-proliferative effect on NB4 human leukemia cells was measured
by flow-cytometry. In addition, antioxidant activity was investigated by scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals,
reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Pleurotus mycelial extract (Myc-E) exerted a protective effect in
both cyclophosphamide and whole-body irradiated mice in terms of bone marrow cellularity, white blood cell counts
and enhancement of the monocyte-macrophage system. Cyclophosphamide treated mice also showed a stimulant
effect on cell immune response when administered with fruiting body powder (FB-P). Fruit body-derived extract
(FB-E) stimulated immunonutritional recovery of malnourished mice after activation of gut-associated lymphoid
tissues. Myc-E reduced viability of NB4 leukemia cells, particularly at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, by arresting
cells in the G2/M phase. At 10 mg/ml, FB-E showed scavenging effects for DPPH and ABTS radicals (90.4% and
80%, respectively) and inhibited lipid peroxidation (51.2%), whereas at 5 mg/ml manifested a reducing power of
0.438. Pleurotus derived-products could be considered good candidates for developing nutraceuticals and innovative
myco-therapeutics, as judged by their immunomodulating/antitumor and antioxidant effects.
... Tozyo et al. (1994) reported novel antitumor sesquiterpenoids in A. millefolium. Konyalioglu and Karamenderes (2005) reported protective effects of A. millefolium L. species native to Turkey against H 2 O 2induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and leucocytes. ...
... alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin) are often used to indicate liver damage (Singal and Kumar 2009 Liver damage is further characterized into hepatocellular (predominantly initial Alanine transferase elevation) and cholestatic type (initial alkaline phosphatase rise). However they are not mutually exclusive and mixed type of injuries are often encountered (Sibe et al., 2005). Chemicals and drugs such as Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) catabolised radicals induced lipid peroxidation, damage the membranes of liver cells and organelles, causing the swelling and necrosis of hepatocytes and result to the release of cytosolic enzymes in to the blood (Mumoli et al., 2006) . ...
... Anglo-Saxons used Achillea (A. millefolium) as a panacea (Lietava 1992). Achillea species are currently known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and herbicidal (Barbour et al. 2004, Cakilcioglu et al. 2011, Giorgi et al. 2009, Hegazy et al. 2008, Konyalioglu & Karamenderes 2005, Karamenderes & Apaydin 2003, Maggi et al. 2009, Mohammadhosseini et al. 2017, Ozlem et al. 2006, Yaeesh et al. 2006. The most used and cited medicinal species of Achillea is A. millefolium (Applequist & Moerman 2011, Banh-nhu et al. 1979, Benedek et al. 2008, Falk et al. 1975, Kindlovits & Nemeth 2012. ...
... Anglo-Saxons used Achillea (A. millefolium) as a panacea (Lietava 1992). Achillea species are currently known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and herbicidal (Barbour et al. 2004, Cakilcioglu et al. 2011, Giorgi et al. 2009, Hegazy et al. 2008, Konyalioglu & Karamenderes 2005, Karamenderes & Apaydin 2003, Maggi et al. 2009, Mohammadhosseini et al. 2017, Ozlem et al. 2006, Yaeesh et al. 2006. The most used and cited medicinal species of Achillea is A. millefolium (Applequist & Moerman 2011, Banh-nhu et al. 1979, Benedek et al. 2008, Falk et al. 1975, Kindlovits & Nemeth 2012. ...
Abstract
Background: Achillea eriophora DC. (Asteraceae) is a less-known medicinal plant endemic to South and East Iran. It is traditionally used for treating a variety of health problems by local people. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on A. eriophora, including its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties, in exploring future therapeutic and scientific potentials.
Methods: The information on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects of A.
eriophora was collected from the scientific literature
databases, Iranian Pharmacopoeia, published books, Ph.D. and MS dissertations.
Results: Achillea eriophora is traditionally considered
to have antipyretic, diuretic, and carminative effects.
It is also used to treat digestive problems, diarrhea,
fever, diabetes, bone pain, wounds, and insect bite.
It has considerable pharmacological properties,
including antimicrobial, hypotensive, wound healing,
and antioxidant. A total of 128 compounds such as
terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, esters, and
phenols have been isolated from this species. Its
major chemical components are 1,8-cineole and
camphor.
Conclusions: The high number of isolated
constituents signify considerable pharmacological
properties of Achillea eriophora. The present
pharmacological investigations of this plant are
limited and often lack exact information on active
compounds and their mechanisms of action. Most of
the medicinal properties attributed to A. eriophora,
such as healing digestive disorders, fever, and
diabetes have not yet been investigated and proven
under a scientific study. This highlights the
importance of A. eriophora as a valuable candidate
for future studies on medicinal plants. Due to its wide
range of traditional uses, the whole plant parts of A. eriophora, including roots, are harvested by local communities. Therefore, a conservation planning for this threatened species is needed.
... Anglo-Saxons used Achillea (A. millefolium) as a panacea (Lietava 1992). Achillea species are currently known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and herbicidal (Barbour et al. 2004, Cakilcioglu et al. 2011, Giorgi et al. 2009, Hegazy et al. 2008, Konyalioglu & Karamenderes 2005, Karamenderes & Apaydin 2003, Maggi et al. 2009, Mohammadhosseini et al. 2017, Ozlem et al. 2006, Yaeesh et al. 2006. The most used and cited medicinal species of Achillea is A. millefolium (Applequist & Moerman 2011, Banh-nhu et al. 1979, Benedek et al. 2008, Falk et al. 1975, Kindlovits & Nemeth 2012. ...
Abstract
Background: Achillea eriophora DC. (Asteraceae) is
a less-known medicinal plant endemic to South and
East Iran. It is traditionally used for treating a variety
of health problems by local people. This review aims
to provide up-to-date information on A. eriophora,
including its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and
pharmacological properties, in exploring future
therapeutic and scientific potentials.
Methods: The information on ethnobotany,
phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects of A.
eriophora was collected from the scientific literature
databases, Iranian Pharmacopoeia, published
books, Ph.D. and MS dissertations.
Results: Achillea eriophora is traditionally considered
to have antipyretic, diuretic, and carminative effects.
It is also used to treat digestive problems, diarrhea,
fever, diabetes, bone pain, wounds, and insect bite.
It has considerable pharmacological properties,
including antimicrobial, hypotensive, wound healing,
and antioxidant. A total of 128 compounds such as
terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, esters, and
phenols have been isolated from this species. Its
major chemical components are 1,8-cineole and
camphor.
Conclusions: The high number of isolated
constituents signify considerable pharmacological
properties of Achillea eriophora. The present
pharmacological investigations of this plant are
limited and often lack exact information on active
compounds and their mechanisms of action. Most of
the medicinal properties attributed to A. eriophora,
such as healing digestive disorders, fever, and
diabetes have not yet been investigated and proven
under a scientific study. This highlights the
importance of A. eriophora as a valuable candidate
for future studies on medicinal plants. Due to its wide
range of traditional uses, the whole plant parts of A riophora, including roots, are harvested by local
communities. Therefore, a conservation planning for
this threatened species is needed.
Keywords: Achillea, Asteraceae, digestive disorders,
ethnobotany, Iran, phytochemistry, pharmacology
... In Turkey, some Achillea species have been traditionally used to treat different diseases, such as abdominal pain (Honda et al., 1996), diarrhea (Yesilaada et al., 1993, stomachache, and wound healing (Fujita et al., 1995;Sezik et al., 2001). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, antileishmanial, and antinematodal activities, and wound healing impact of different Achillea species have been reported by different researchers (Conforti et al., 2005;Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005;Bariş et al., 2006;Bashi et al., 2012;Zolghadri et al., 2014;Motavalizadehkakhky et al., 2013;Al-Sokari, 2015;Baharara et al., 2015;Varasteh-Kojourian et al., 2015;Al-Marby et al., 2016;Al-Said et al., 2016, Abd El-Fattah et al., 2018. Achillea arabica Kotschy. ...
In this study, an evaluation of the protective effect of lyophilized ethanolic Achillea arabica Kotschy. extract was investigated on the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The rats were divided randomly into 5 groups: Group I: control; Group II: rats treated with STZ (50 mg kg-1 body weight (bw)); Group III: rats treated with A. arabica (Aa) extract (400 mg kg-1 bw); Group IV: rats with DM treated with Aa extract; and Group V: rats with DM treated with glibenclamide (2 mg kg-1 bw) which is a standard drug used in the treatment of DM. STZ treatment caused histopathological changes in the islet and significantly lowered the islet diameter/area, -cell index values, and blood insulin and C-peptide levels. Administration of the extract of Aa improved the islet histology, diameter/area, and -cell index values, and caused significant increases in insulin and C-peptide levels similar to the rats treated with glibenclamide when compared to the diabetic rats. Our findings suggested that the Aa extract possessed protective potential on the pancreatic islets due to its repairing or regeneration impact on -cells.
... Indeed, these groups of phytochemicals, derived from shikimate pathway, are endowed with high antioxidant activity, because of their hydrogen and electron donor potentials, conferred by the presence of phenol functional group in their chemical structure [54]. The findings of this study are in good accordance with the previous Fig. 2 Major phenolic compounds of A. filipendulina studies which indicated Achillea species are rich sources of antioxidant components for prevention or treatment of oxidants related diseases [58]. The considerable antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of A. tenorii [59] and A. biebersteinii [60] were attributed to the presence of the phenolic acids like chlorogenic, caffeic, gallic and p-coumaric acids and also flavonoids like apigenin, luteolin and their glycosylated derivatives. ...
Achillea species (Asteraceae) are important medicinal foods widely used as traditional medicine, herbal tea, and food additives. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and enzyme inhibitory activities (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, cholinesterase, and tyrosinase) of the essential oils (EOs) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts from flowers and leaves of Achillea filipendulina were investigated. The EOs were characterized by the presence of 35 and 38 volatile constituents, representing 98.88% and 97.26% of the flowers and leaves oils, respectively. Chrysanthenyl acetate (19.11% and 16.26%), 1,8-cineole (17.18% and 12.01%), borneol (9.70% and 7.66%), and α-pinene (9.60% and 8.77%) were identified as the major compounds. Phenolics profiling showed 11 phenolic acid and flavonoids are presented in this herb flower and leaves EtOH extracts of which chlorogenic acid (214.95 and 154.54 mg/100 g extract), cinnamic acid (116.67 and 90.41 mg/100 g extract), and apigenin (204.89 and 228.28 mg/100 g extract) were the major ingredients. Moreover, the extracts contained significant amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponin compounds. All samples showed moderate to high inhibitory effects against key enzyme linked to Alzheimer’s and diabetes diseases. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited promising antityrosinase activity. Evaluation of antiproliferative activity exerted that flower of the plant had the highest effect on MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cell lines, while the plant essential oil didn’t have significant effect. Overall, our findings indicated that A. filipendulina has great potential for designing novel industrial formulations including pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
... Indeed, alteration of this protective mechanism in ROS-damaged erythrocytes were already evidenced in H2O2 or glucose-exposed red blood cells [57]. In addition, several studies report that polyphenols, such as Silymarin and polyphenol-rich extracts from Achillea species, could significantly stimulate activities of the antioxidant enzymatic system such as catalase or peroxidase [58,59]. Thus, the return to redox homeostasis with phenolic compounds contributes to reduce lipid peroxidation and preserve membrane integrity [60]. ...
Diabetes constitutes a major health problem associated with severe complications. In hyperglycemic conditions, chronically increased oxidation and glycation of circulating components lead to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, a key contributor in diabetes complication progression. In line with literature documenting the beneficial properties of herbal teas, this study evaluates the antioxidant/glycant properties of Antirhea borbonica (Ab). Ab aqueous extract effects were tested on human albumin or erythrocytes submitted to methyl glyoxal-mediated glycoxidative damages. By using mass spectrometry, Ab aqueous extracts revealed to be rich in polyphenols. All tested biomarkers of oxidation and glycation, such as AGE, ketoamine, oxidized thiol groups, were decreased in albumin when glycated in the presence of Ab aqueous extract. Ab extract preserve erythrocyte from methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced damages in terms of restored membrane deformability, reduced oxidative stress and eryptosis phenomenon. Antioxidant capacities of Ab extract on erythrocytes were retrieved in vivo in zebrafish previously infused with MGO. These results bring new evidences on the deleterious impacts of glycation on albumin and erythrocyte in diabetes. Furthermore, it reveals antioxidant and antiglycant properties of Ab that could be used for the dietary modulation of oxidative stress and glycation in hyperglycemic situations.
... The RBC and WBC cells are more prone to the oxidative damage due to the high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content present in their membranes (Sasikumar et al., 2015). Due to frequent exposure to their high oxygen tensions and their structural simplicity, RBC and WBC cells are used as model for analyzing the free radical-induced oxidative stress (Konyalioglu & Karamenderes, 2005). ...
Cucurbita maxima, is a therapeutic plant spread all over the world. The seed of C. maxima constitutes a large amount of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Vitamin E, and other secondary metabolites. The experiment was performed in four setups (Control, Only H2O2, H2O2 + 25 mg of alkaloid, H2O2 + 50 mg of alkaloids). The enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined to analyze the antioxidant effect of partially purified alkaloids. The results showed that partially purified alkaloids from C. maxima seed reacts effectively on the erythrocytes and leukocytes antioxidant enzyme system when compared to the hydrogen peroxide group. The present results indicate that the alkaloids present in this plant can be used as a natural antioxidant for the pharmacological purposes.
Practical applications
The C. maxima seed constitutes rich source of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Vitamin E, and other secondary metabolites. The results obtained revealed that the purified alkaloids from C. maxima seed acts as natural antioxidants, which enhanced the potential to scavenge H2O2 and aids in protecting the RBC and WBC cells. The presence of 27 alkaloids of which seven major alkaloids possessing higher medicinal properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antitumor, anti‐aging, anti‐diabetic, anticancer, anti‐malarial, analgesic, nematicide, pesticide, and hemolytic activity were determined from the GC‐MS analysis of the extract. Alkaloids acts as major constituent in phytotheraphy and has wide range of clinical application in humans and animals. In conclusion, alkaloids from C. maxima seed may have several properties that leading to the opening of new avenues in the natural product for the therapeutic purpose.
... The increased GPx activity was confirmed by Shen et al. (2011Shen et al. ( , 2014 in chicken and Ejtahed et al. (2012) in humans. Similarly, an increase in CAT activity was observed in the blood of turkeys fed feed additives rich in MOS with bio-stimulating properties (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005;Gutowicz et al., 2008). ...
The present study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LBA) and mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on the production performance, serum biochemistry, antioxidant profile, health indices, meat quality, and lipid oxidative stability of broiler chicken. A total of 252 commercial broiler chickens at 1 d old of uniform body weight were randomly allocated to 6 maize-soybean-based dietary treatments: T1 (control diet), T2 ( antibiotic bacitracin methylene di-salicylate [BMD] at 20 mg/kg diet), T3 (MOS at 0.1% + LBA at 106 CFU/g feed), T4 (MOS at 0.1% + LBA at 107 CFU/g feed), T5 (MOS at 0.2% + LBA at 106 CFU/g feed), and T6 (MOS at 0.2% + LBA at 107 CFU/g feed). Each treatment was assigned to 6 replicates of 7 birds. The samples for meat quality and serum biochemistry analysis were taken from 12 birds per treatment (2 birds/replicate). The results revealed better (P
... A. millefolium is recognized as a powerful medicinal plant, which is widely distributed and has been used medicinally for thousands of years. A. millefolium showed a protective effect against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and leucocytes (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes 2005), antibacterial (Pirbalouti et al. 2011) and antiprotozoal (Murnigsih et al. 2005, Naidoo et al. 2005, Vitalini et al. 2011) activity, and its flowers and leaves may be used to treat wounds, ulcers, diarrhoea, skin injuries, gastrointestinal disorders, flu, fever and urinary infections (Newall et al. 1996, Silva and Santana 1995, Luize et al. 2005. Water extract of A. millefolium showed strong activity against Babesia gibsoni (Murnigsih et al. 2005). ...
Despite many phytochemical and pharmacological investigations, to date, there are no reports concerning the antibabesial activity of extracts of A. millefolium against B. canis. This study was aimed at investigating the biological activities of A. millefolium against the Babesia canis parasite and to identify its chemical ingredients. The water (WE), ethanol (EE) and hexane/acetone (H/AE) extracts of plant aerial parts were screened for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid compound (TFC), DPPH free radical-scavenging activity and its antibabesial activity assay. In this study, imidocarb diproprionate was used as a positive control. The H/AE and EE extracts were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In the EE extract, the main compounds were 17.64% methyl octadec-9-ynoate, 16.68% stigmast-5-en-3-ol(3α,24S) and 15.17% hexadecanoic acid. In the H/AE extract, the main compounds were 34.55% 11-decyldocosane, 14.31% N-tetratetracontane, 8.22% β-caryophyllene, and 7.69% N-nonacosane. Extract of EE contained the highest content of phenolics followed by H/AE and WE. The concentration of flavonoids in EE, H/AE and WE extracts showed that TFC was higher in the EE samples followed by H/AE and WE. The antioxidant activities were highest for AA, followed by EE, WE and H/AE. The antibabesial assay showed that the WE, EE and H/AE extracts of A. millefolium were antagonistic to B. canis. At a 2 mg/mL concentration, it showed 58.7% (± 4.7%), 62.3% (± 5.5%) and 49.3% (± 5.1%) inhibitory rate in an antibabesial assay, respectively. Considering these results, the present findings suggest that A. millefolium extracts may be a potential therapeutic agent and that additional studies including in vivo experiments are essential.
... The commercial development of plants as sources of antioxidants which can be used to enhance the properties of foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for both nutritional purposes and for prevention of diseases, is currently of high interest. Various epidemiological investigations have shown an inverse relationship between the intake of natural antioxidants and the frequency of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and certain cancers [5][6][7]. ...
Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine have been increasingly noticed within recent years in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industry. Herein, methanolic extracts of Achillea biebersteinii Afan., A. setacea Waldst. Et Kit. and A. wilhelmsii C. Koch were investigated for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity with the main focus on phenolics. The total phenolic content varied widely in different parts of the three tested Achillea species, ranging from 113.2±1.9 to 178.4±9.5 mg GAE/g extract using Folin Ciocalteu method. DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity tests were used to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity of the species. Both the DPPH and ABTS assay results revealed that the radical scavenging activity of A. biebersteinii leaf extract is remarkably high with IC50 values of 0.377±0.011 and 0.016±0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, a newly validated RP-HPLC-DAD method was developed and used to determine the phenolic compound profile of the methanol extracts. Phenolic components, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and kaempferol were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The significant antioxidant properties of the extracts could be attributed to the phenolics of the Achillea species.
... Red blood cells (RBCs) are regularly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are among cells that are highly exposed to oxidative damage as results of continuous exposure to high concentration of oxygen and the presence of strong oxidative catalyst such as oxygen radicals. Furthermore, RBCs membrane is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) making them extremely susceptible to lipid peroxidation and oxidative membrane damage (Konyalioglu & Karamenderes 2005). According to Okoko and Ere (2012), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) among other type of ROS, is the main destructive agent in RBCs due to its ability to permeate across membranes. ...
Zingiber zerumbet is widely used as therapeutic agent in traditional medicine and is reported to exert antioxidant activities. This study evaluated in vitro antioxidant potential of Z. zerumbet rhizome ethyl acetate extract on hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced red blood cells (RBCs) damage; by measuring percentage of haemolysis, oxidative damage and morphological changes in treated RBCs. On a preliminary dose-response analysis, it was observed that incubation of RBCs with extract at doses of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 µg/mL all had no significant effect on RBCs similar to NaCl control and BHT (positive control), therefore, these concentrations were used in the subsequent study. The RBCs were pre-incubated with extract in the chosen concentrations, prior to treatment with H 2 O 2 . The results showed that only 6.25 µg/mL+H 2 O 2 group showed significantly (p<0.05) lower percentage of haemolysis and oxidative damage; indicated by low level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) compared to the H 2 O 2 alone group. Electron microscopic examination further showed that pre-treatment with 6.25 µg/mL extract reduced the H 2 O 2 –induced morphological changes of RBCs. Phytochemical analysis of extract using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) identified Zerumbone as the highest constituent compound (51.57%) in this extract. In conclusion, this study indicated that 6.25 µg/mL ethyl acetate extract Z. zerumbet rhizome could efficiently protect RBCs against oxidative damage induced by H 2 O 2 and this effects could possibly due the high constituent of Zerumbone. © 2019 Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All rights reserved.
... At least until now, there is no data available for comparison of our results obtained with FB-E extract on lipid peroxidation in the in vitro erythrocyte membrane model estimated by TBARS. Erythrocytes are excellent subjects for studies of biological effects of free radicals, since they are structurally simple, are continuously exposed to high oxygen tensions, the membrane lipids are composed partly of polyunsaturated fatty acid side chains which are vulnerable to peroxidation, and they have antioxidant enzyme systems (Konyalioglu et al. 2005). ...
The Tropics is a very large area of the planet Earth with abundant and surprising biodiversity; however, it remains poorly understood. Macromycetes are no exception because they have been little studied. It is this lack of information, the desire to highlight them, and to show that these organisms should and deserve to be further studied, is what led to the publication of this book. Macromycetes are organisms with great potential for humanity as food, medicine and for biotechnological applications. This has been amply demonstrated by the few examples worldwide already studied and exploited today. Certainly, there is in tropical macromycetes an additional interest in conducting research in a poorly explored field that is necessary for better development and benefit of mankind.
In this book, specialists in the field review cultivation techniques for some tropical and subtropical species such as Agaricus subrufescens, Sparassis latifolia, Tremella fuciformis, Schizophyllum commune, Lepista nuda, and some promising biotechnological applications of Auricularia spp., Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus spp., and Volvariella spp. Likewise, the existence of tropical species of Agaricus and Lentinula is highlighted. Undoubtedly, this list is only a small sample of the great diversity of macromycetes present in the tropics.
The aim of this book is to draw attention to some of the research on tropical macromycetes available today. Furthermore, we sought to help motivate researchers, students, professionals and other individuals, to increase interest, and to redouble efforts to confront the enormous -Herculean- task of research that remains.
... [ Downloaded from ismj.bpums.ac.ir on 2022-[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] ...
Background: Ethnopharmacology has been seen as a multidisciplinary approach for novel drug discovery by providing valuable data about medicinal plants in different cultures. The aim of this ethnopharmacological study was to identify medicinal plants in the Southwest of Mond Mountain in the North of Persian Gulf.
Materials and Methods: The medical uses of medicinal plants were gathered from 20 local informants by face to face interviews. The relative frequency of citation (FRC) and cultural importance (CI) indices were calculated.
Results: A total of 116 medicinal plants belonging to 65 families were identified. Zataria multiflora, Achillea eriophora DC, Foeniculum vulgare, Teucrium polium, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Cuminum cyminum, Plantago psyllium, Nigella sativa and Aleo vera had the highest cultural importance indices.
Zataria multiflora, Foeniculum vulgare, Nigella sativa, Cuminum cyminum, and Achillea eriophora DC had the highest FRC indices. The highest medical uses were for gastrointestinal diseases, gynecological diseases, metabolic disorders, respiratory disorders and infectious diseases, respectively.
Conclusion: There is a vast variety of medicinal plants in the Southwest of Mond Mountain. Although most of therapeutic applications of these plants in this region are the same as Iran’s traditional medicine, but the people in the Southwest of Mond Mountain use some of these plants for some diseases which are unique for this region. For example, the native people of this region used Zataria multiflora, Achillea eriophora DC, Foeniculum vulgare and Haplophyllum tuberculatum for abdominal pain, Nigella sativa for postpartum complications, Aleo vera for hyperlipidemia, Plantago psyllium for drainage of abscesses, Haplophyllum tuberculatum for infectious diseases and muscular pain and Foeniculum vulgare for jaundice. Thus, investigation about these plants should be initiated
to discover novel drugs for clinical applications.
Keywords: Ethnopharmacology, traditional medicine ,medicinal plants, Bushehr
... The infusions of Achillea species are traditionally consumed for their diuretic, emmenagogue, wound healing analgesic activities and against abdominal pain and flatulence. The antioxidant activity of the infusions prepared from Achillea species on human erythrocytes and leucocytes has been reported (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). ...
Achillea species (Asteraceae) are represented by approximately140
species in the world. In folk medicine, these species are used as herbal
remedies due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic,
digestive, wound healing, hemostatic and cholagogue effects.
Flavonoids represent an important group of bioactive components
in Achillea species. It has been reported that flavonoids, such as
apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and their glycosides as well as methyl
derivatives have been isolated from different species of Achillea.
Achillea sintenisii Hub. Mor. is an endemic species and distributed
in central Anatolia. Phenolic composition of the aerial part extracts
of A. sintenisii were investigated in current study by HPLC analysis
on a SUPELCOSILTM ABZ+PLUS, 15 cm x 4.6 mm column
using standard compounds.
Key Words: Achillea, Achillea sintenisii, phenolic compounds,
HPLC
... Accordingly, erythrocytes are a convenient model to understand oxidative damage to membranes, once they are particularly sensitive. Accordingly, they have been used as a model for the investigation of free-radical induced oxidative stress due to its high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, oxygen and heme ( Konyalioglu andKaramenderes 2005, Nikolaidis andJamurtas 2009). Additionally, the use of complementary/alternative models are necessary in order to preliminary determine the potential safe or risk of a great number of extracts and/or its phytoconstituents. ...
Mentha pulegium (Lamiaceae) tea has been used as a traditional medicine; however, the modulatory effect of M. pulegium extracts on damage to human erythrocytes associated to t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) exposure remains to be investigated. Accordingly, we perform this study in order to test the hypothesis that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. pulegium could modulate the hemolysis associated to t-BHP exposure, non-protein thiol (NPSH) oxidation and lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS) in human erythrocytes. Samples were co-incubated with t-BHP (4 mmol/L) and/or aqueous or ethanolic extracts (10-1000 mg/mL) during 120 min to further analysis. We found that both extracts, when associated to t-BHP, potentiate NPSH oxidation and hemolysis. Moreover, both extracts significantly prevents against t-BHP-induced TBARS production. A significant correlation among hemolysis and NPSH levels was found. Taking together, our data points that the association of M. pulegium extracts with t-BHP culminates in toxic effect to exposed erythrocytes, besides its protective effect against t-BHP-induced TBARS production. So, we infer that the use of this extract may exert negative effect during painful crisis in sickle cell anemia. However, more studies are still necessary to better investigate/understand the mechanism(s) involved in the toxic effect resultant from this association.
... Erythrocytes are excellent subjects for studies of biological effects of free radicals, since they are structurally simple, are continuously exposed to high oxygen tensions, the membrane lipids are composed partly of polyunsaturated fatty acid side chains which are vulnerable to peroxidation, and they have antioxidant enzyme systems. 63 An ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus at a concentration of 10 mg/mL effected 56.20% inhibition of LPO activity of rat liver homogenate, and the ascorbic acid standard effected 67.15%. The concentration of the extract and ascorbic acid needed for 50% inhibition of LPO was 8 and 6 mg/ mL, respectively. ...
strong>Background - There has been an upsurge of interest in mushrooms, such as Pleurotus species, as an important source of bioactive compounds. Mycelia-submerged culture represents a promising approach to search new safe and healthy myco-products with standardized quality in addition to mushroom fruiting bodies. Methods - The study examined the in vitro antimicrobial, antitumor and antioxidant activities of a hot-water extract from Pleurotus sp. mycelium. The antimicrobial activity was screened through the activation of the microbial autolytic system of four bacteria and four yeast strains. The anti-proliferative effects on NB4 human leukemia cells were measured by flow-cytometry analyses. The antioxidant activity was investigated by the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, the reducing power and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Results and discussion - The extract activated the microbial autolytic system of eight strains: seven autolyzing strains with intensity values (Is) ranging from 2.7% in Candida sp. to 36.1% in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, the microbial autolytic system of the strains tested (including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts) could be activated in vitro by mycelial extract. Pleurotus extract reduced the viability of NB4 leukemia cells, particularly at the concentration of 200 μg/mL to 82% compared to control cells, and induced apoptosis demonstrated by an increase in annexin V-FITC+ cells (25% at 200 μg/mL). At 10 mg/mL, the extract showed the most potent scavenging effects for DPPH and ABTS radicals (96% and 55%, respectively) and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (52%). The mushroom extract at 5 mg/mL manifested reducing power of 1.105. Although carbohydrates (76.8%, w/w) appear to be the most important bioactive compounds, secondary metabolites, like phenolics, would also contribute to the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities. Conclusions - The hot-water extract obtained from Pleurotus mycelium, in light of its in vitro antimicrobial, antitumor and antioxidant effects could be considered as a good candidate for developing nutraceuticals and for designing innovative myco-therapeutics and phytocosmetics applications.
... Achillea species have important place among that type medicines. Biological activity of EOs and polyphenols of Achillea species is well documented.[29,[68][69][70] The present work aimed to get further knowledge on phytochemical and biological properties of the EOs and the extracts of endemic A. sivasica species from Turkey.Hydrodistillation of the herb, flowers and leaves of A. sivasica resulted with greenish oils with specific odor. ...
The present study is the first report on essential oil composition, phytochemicals and biological potential of A. sivasica tested against free radicals, oxidative damage and tyrosinase enzyme. GC-FID and GC/MS analyses revealed that α-pinene (11.5%, 9.3% and 6.7%), β-pinene (7.0%, 3.0% and 6.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.0%, 22.1% and 6.7%) and camphor (7.6%, 4.1% and 9.0%) were the major constituents in the essential oils from the herb, flower and leaves, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis of the extracts resulted with caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, luteolin, apigenin, patuletin, isorhamnetin, cirsimaritin and santin. The leaf extracts demonstrated strongest free radical scavenging, cupric reducing, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antityrosinase activities.
... The controversial between these results could be arised from the growing season and locations differences of plants, different extraction techniques and conditions or interspecific differences. On the other hand, our results are consistent with the work of Konyalioglu and Karamenderes [45], who demonstrated that infusions of Achillea species including A.nobilis subsp. sipylea, are potential sources of natural antioxidants for treatment and prevention of diseases. ...
The present study was designed for the comparison of the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of different extracts obtained from Achillea nobilis subsp. sipylea and Alcea apterocarpa (FENZL) BOISS, which are two endemic species for the flora of Turkey. Plants were extracted using various solvents with different
polarities by four extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction, maceration, infusion, decoction). Antioxidant activities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and Folin Ciocalteu reagent was used to estimate total phenolic compounds in plant extracts. The results indicated that, infusion and decoction of A. nobilis subsp. sipylea exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 61.0 µg/ml and 83.1 µg/ml, respectively among all plant extracts. Similarly, total phenolic contents of infusion (139±2.78 mg GAE/g) and decoction (137±6.09 mg GAE/g) extracts of A. nobilis subsp. sipylea were found to be highest among all extracts. Although all extracts of A. apterocarpa showed varying degrees of antioxidant activity, these activities were found to be rather weak compared to A. nobilis subsp. sipylea extracts. The
present results have demonstrated that, the extracts of A. nobilis subsp. sipylea and A. apterocarpa can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources of antioxidants.
... It was also detected in Özşahin's study that the extract of apricot and grapes leads to an increase in levels and has positive effects on all tissues except erythrocytes (Özşahin, 2010). Konyalioglu and Karamenderes (2005) investigated the effects of Achillea (known as yarrow or milfoil), which naturally grows in Turkey, on oxidative stress induced with H 2 O 2 in human erythrocyte and leukocytes. They found that Achillea species are natural antioxidant sources in preventing LPO. ...
This study measures the effects of Pistacia terebinthus flower extract on the amounts of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total protein, glutathione, and enzyme activities in blood. It also measures the effects of the plant extract on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and it arrives at the conclusion that GSH-Px activity significantly increased in the Pistacia terebinthus-hydrogen peroxide group (P < 0.0001) and SOD activity meaningfully increased in the Pistacia terebinthus (P < 0.05) and Pistacia terebinthus-hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.0001) groups. It is also found that P. terebinthus extract has protective effects against LPO exerted in the kidney, brain, and lungs (P < 0.0001). The positive effects of P. terebinthus extract are also found on the levels of glutathione and total protein in all organs, except for the level of glutathione in the spleen and brain, and the increase of glutathione and total protein (P < 0.0001). These results are parallel to the effect of the extract used in this study on the LPO levels in tissues and they show that the plant species used in the study has positive effects on the activities of antioxidant molecules as well as protective effects against LPO.
... are vulnerable to peroxidation, and they have antioxidant enzyme systems (Konyalioglu and Karamenderes, 2005). The present study have shown that GEN induces ROS production in peripheral blood cells (human leukocytes) in a dose-depending manner, manifesting twice ROS production in PMN than in MN, which demonstrates more capacity of response to a stimulus of ROS by polymorphonuclear cells, mainly neutrophils than mononuclear cells. ...
We have evaluated the effect of gentamicin and gentamicin plus quercetin on ROS production, endogenous antioxidant defenses (SOD and CAT) and lipid peroxidation in vitro on human leukocytes and in vivo on whole rat blood. Gentamicin generated ROS production in human leukocytes, produced a dual effect on both enzymes dosage-dependent and generated an increase in lipid peroxidation. Quercetin, in leukocytes stimulated by gentamicin, showed more inhibitory capacity in ROS production than the reference inhibitor (vitamin C) in mononuclear cells and a similar protective behavior at this inhibitor in polymorphonuclear cells. Quercetin, in both cellular systems, tend to level SOD and CAT activities, reaching basal values and could prevent lipidic peroxidation induced by gentamicin. The results in Wistar rats confirmed that therapeutic doses of gentamicin can induce oxidative stress in whole blood and that the gentamicin treatment plus quercetin can suppress ROS generation, collaborate with SOD and CAT and diminish lipid peroxidation. Finally, flavonoid and antibiotic association was evaluated on the antimicrobial activity in S. aureus and E. coli, showing that changes were not generated in the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against E. coli strains, while for strains of S. aureus a beneficial effect observes. Therefore, we have demonstrated that gentamicin could induce oxidative stress in human leukocytes and in whole blood of Wistar rats at therapeutic doses and that quercetin may to produce a protective effect on this oxidative stress generated without substantially modifying the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against E. coli strains and, and it contributes to this activity against S. aureus strains.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill is frequently observed in the Moroccan traditional medicinal system, where these approaches are employed to mitigate the onset of diabetes and the subsequent complications it may entail.
Aim of the study
The aim of this research was to examine the effectiveness of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil in preventing diabetic complications. Specifically, the study assessed its ability to counteract glycation at various stages, protected red blood cells from the harmful effects of glycated albumin, and inhibited pancreatic lipase digestive enzymes to understand its potential antihyperglycemic properties. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the chemical components responsible for these effects, evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and conduct computational investigations such as molecular docking.
Materials and methods
The assessement of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil antiglycation properties involved co-incubating the extract oil with a bovine serum albumin-glucose glycation model. The study investigated various stages of glycation, incorporating fructosamine (inceptive stage), protein carbonyls (intermediate stage), and AGEs (late stage). Additionally, measurement of β-amyloid aggregation of albumin was performed using Congo red, which is specific to amyloid structures. Additionally, the evaluation of oil's safeguarding effect on erythrocytes against toxicity induced by glycated albumin included the measurement of erythrocyte hemolysis, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione. The fatty acid of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The in vitro evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity involved the use of pancreatic lipase enzyme, while the assessement of antioxidant capability was carried out through the utilization of the ABTS and FRAP methods. The in vitro assessement of the denaturation of albumin activity was also conducted. In conjunction with the experimental outcomes, computational investigations were undertaken, specifically employing ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking was utilized to predict antioxidant and antiglycation mechanisms based on protein targets.
Results
In vitro glycation assays, Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil displayed targeted inhibitory effects at multiple distinct stages. Within erythrocytes, in addition to mitigating hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by glycated albumin. GC-MS investigation revealed a richness of fatty acids and the most abundant compounds are Linoleic acid (36.59%), Palmitic acid (20.84%) and Oleic acid (19.33%) respectively. The findings of antioxidant ability showed a remarkable activity on FRAP and ABTS radicals. This oil showed a pronounced inhibitory impact (p < 0.001) on pancreatic lipase enzyme. It also exerted a notibale inhibition of albumin denaturation, in vitro.
Conclusion
The identified results were supported by the abundant compounds of fatty acids unveiled through GC-MS analysis, along with the computational investigation and molecular docking.
Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the determining factors in fertility that causes disturbances in spermatogenesis, ovulation and embryo formation. Achillea Millefolium (AM), as a medicinal plant with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is used to treat many diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of AM hydroalcoholic extract on sperm parameters and In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) rate in mice. Methods: In this study, 40 mice were divided into five groups; control group, diabetic group, diabetic+low AM (receiving 37.5 mg/kg of AM extract daily), diabetic+moderate AM (receiving 75 mg.kg of AM extract daily) and diabetic+high AM (receiving 150 mg/kg of AM extract daily). After the 30-day treatment period, the mice were euthanized and the parameters of total sperm count, percentage of live sperms, percentage of immature sperms, percentage of sperms with damaged DNA, and IVF rate were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variances and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The sperm count, percentage of live sperms, IVF rate, percentage of two-cell embryos, and percentage of blastocysts decreased significantly in the diabetic group compared to the control group. In all three groups received AM extract (37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg), an increase in the number of sperms, percentage of live sperms, and the IVF rate was observed, but this increase was significant only in the diabetic group received 150 mg/kg AM extract compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed between the three groups received AM.
Achillea species are used for therapeutic purposes in many countries. This study demonstrated the memory-enhancing, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase effects of Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil in scopolamine-induced amnesia. The GC/FID-GC/MS system revealed camphor as the major compound in the oil. The application of the essential oil (1% and 3%) was performed on the rats by inhalation for 21 consecutive days before the performance of the behavioral tests (Y-maze and radial-arm maze tests). The essential oil application increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in scopolamine-induced rats in the Y-maze task. Furthermore, essential oil administration decreased working memory errors and reference memory errors in scopolamine-treated rats in the radial-arm maze test. Therefore, Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil inhalation improved memory in scopolamine-treated rats. In addition, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant profiles of the hippocampal tissues of the rats were examined. Essential oil administration decreased acetylcholinesterase and superoxide dismutase specific activities and malondialdehyde levels while increasing the total content of reduced glutathione in the rat hippocampus in scopolamine-treated rats. Therefore, in this study, the combination of scopolamine and Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil improved memory formation and increased the activities of antioxidants and anticholinesterase.
Achillea biebersteinii, a flowering herbaceous perennial or semi-shrubby plant, is a member of the family Asteraceae represented by more than 100 species all over the world. The Achillea genus, which was named from the myth about Achilles using these plants to heal soldiers’ wounds in Trojan War, have been known to be widely utilized in traditional medicine through ages by different cultures around the World. Achillea biebersteinii, known as yarrow commonly in English, appears with different vernacular names such as “Civan perçemi” in Turkey, Thafra’a in Saudi Arabia, and Bu:ma:dærʌn in Iran. Traditionally, it is frequently used for abdominal pain in stomachache, menstrual pain, and wound healing. Besides the essential oil of this species studied extensively by researchers, its extracts have been found to be rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, ionone glucosides, sesquiterpene lactones, and terpenoids. The promising pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antidiabetic, antiplatelet, antiulcer, antioxidant, insecticidal, antifungal, and anticancer have been reported by several researchers. In this present chapter, it is aimed that its traditional uses and phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Achillea biebersteinii reported until date will be summarized and highlighted to explore gaps in this area and contribute future potential.Keywords
Achillea biebersteinii
AsteraceaeYarrowPharmacognosyPhytoconstituentsEthnopharmacology
Oxidative stress is a major cause of many diseases, it can damage the tissues and lead to lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breakage. Nowadays, researchers have
centered medicinal plants in their concern, to benefit from their active component as antioxidant reagents. This study aims to investigate the protective and hemolytic activity, as well as qualitative and quantitative chemical content of plants from Syrian Flora. Ethanol 70% extracts of three plants of Asteraceae; Onopordum carduiforme, Centaurea verutum, and Achillea santolina were prepared to test theirprotective antioxidant effect on erythrocytes membrane against the oxidative
hemolysis which was induced using AAPH. The hemolytic effect of these plants was also evaluated. In addition to the quantitative content of phenols TPC and flavonoids TFC compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The basic phytochemical screening was conducted using the standard
methods.The results showed a low hemolytic effect of the extracts on erythrocytes, using the concentrations of (1-5 mg/ml). Moreover, they reduced membrane lipid peroxidation significantly; where
O. carduiforme showed the highest efficacy
of protective activity against hemolytic damage. The phytochemical screening of the
plants’ extracts showed phenols, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, cardiac glycosides,
terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates presence, whereas no alkaloids or saponins
were found. TPC and TFC content ranges were between (9.22 ± 0.412 and 13.716 ±
0.431 mg GAE/g DW) and (2.224 ± 0.346 and 8.958 ± 0.216 mg RUE/g DW) respectively.
Purpose
Herbal medicine has been used for the management of complications of diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the anti-diabetic effects of Achillea millefolium extract on diabetic rats.
Design/methodology/approach
To this aim, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups in which each group comprised eight rats. The four experimental groups were as follows: control group, diabetic control (DC) group (STZ; 50 mg/kg), diabetic rats, receiving 250 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of the A. millefolium (DAM) and diabetic rats, receiving 5 mg/kg glibenclamide (DG). After 21 days of the treatment course, tissues of the kidney and blood samples were collected for histopathological, biochemical and molecular analysis.
Findings
The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose serum were markedly reduced in the DC group while significantly increased in DG and DAM groups (1.11 ± 0.57 to 19.4 ± 3.5 and 17.8 ± 1.2 p = 0.002 and 325 ± 0.18 to 223 ± 0.11 and 211 ± 0.32 p = 0.02, respectively). Also, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly reduced in the DC group while significantly increased in DAM and DG groups (9.1 ± 2.21 to 18.7 ± 3.81 and 14.9 ± 3.1 p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). The concentrations of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea were substantially decreased in DAM and DG groups as compared with the DC group (0.49 ± 0.02 to 0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.01 p = 0.01, 15.6 ± 2.1 to 7.2 ± 0.68 and 8.6 ± 1.2 p = 0.02 and 114 ± 9.4 to 59.8 ± 5.2 and 64 ± 5.2 p = 0.03, respectively). Also, Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) expression was significantly decreased in DAM and DG groups as compared with the DC group (1.3 ± 0.32 to 0.91 ± 0.03 and 0.93 ± 0.02 p = <0.01) and Bcl-2 expression were significantly increased in DAM and DG groups as compared with the DC group (0.42 ± 0.05 to 0.88 ± 0.07 and 0.85 ± 0.06 p = 0.01).
Originality/value
Diabetes led to degenerative damages in the kidney of rats and increased the mRNA level of Bax, while treatment with A. millefolium could protect the kidney tissue against diabetes complications and increased the mRNA expression of Bcl-2. This study indicated that A. millefolium extracts not only improves renal function as a result of anti-oxidant activity but also modulates some biochemical factors in diabetic rats.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium extract in paclitaxel-induced testicular toxicity in rats. The groups were designed as (1) control, (2) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), (3) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) + Achillea millefolium (200 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days) and (4) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) + Achillea millefolium (400 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days). Serum levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status were measured one day after receiving the last dose of Achillea millefolium extract. Testicular superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1β levels, the expressions of nuclear factor kappa B and caspase-3 were evaluated. In addition, testicular sections were evaluated histopathologically and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was detected immunohistochemically. Achillea millefolium improved the levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone, upregulated testicular antioxidant enzymes and downregulated inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that Achillea millefolium restored testicular histopathological structure and significantly suppressed oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by reducing the expression of caspase-3. Taken together, our results suggest that Achillea millefolium has protective effects against paclitaxel-induced testicular toxicity and is a promising natural product with the potential to improve male fertility.
In this study, GC-MS analysis has shown that whole plant hexane fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WHFAW) consists of 66 compounds which exhibited antileishmanial activity. Antileishmanial bioassay was the method used for determining antileishmanial activity. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) which was observed for whole plant hexane fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WHFAW) against parasitic and vector-borne disease, leishmaniasis, is 58.27 ± 0.52 μ g/mL. For leishmanicidal assay, Leishmania major is the species used for analysis. Whole plant methanol extract of Achillea wilhelmsii (WMEAW) and whole plant aqueous fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WAFAW) exhibited no antileishmanial activity.
The composition of detectable small organic compounds in the ethanol extract of Achillea micrantha was defined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. There were 71 low molecular weight organic compounds observed, two of which remained unidentified. The antibacterial activity of the extract was studied in respect to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar diffusion test and serial dilutions to define minimum inhibitory concentration. In order to compare the antibacterial activity of the herb and blossom truss extract of Achillea micrantha, the extracts of Achillea millefolium and Achillea leptophylla was used. In relation to the microorganisms tested, a significant inhibitory effect was observed with the aqueous alcoholic extract of Achillea micrantha at the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.05 µg/ml.
Medicinal plants of Achillea millefolium group in Bulgarian wild flora are widely used in both traditional medicine and pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritive industries. They are intensively collected from the natural habitats, thus leading to a number of negative effects, such as ecological risk of extinction of native sources, and high heterogeneity of the collected market samples. We explored the possibilities for field cultivation of wild A. millefolium group species as a promising approach to produce homogenous samples of valuable plants without damage to the natural environment. Our preliminary studies have identified as promising two species of A. millefolium group in Bulgaria-A. collina and A. asplenifolia. The species A. collina and A. asplenifolia, each with two populations, were studied, while cv. "Proa", bred for field cultivation, was used as a standard. Seeds were collected from the natural habitats, and those of cv. Proa were purchased from the firm "Pharmasaat GmbH", Germany. Seedlings were produced in a greenhouse and then transferred to the experimental field of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics near Sofia. Plants were harvested at full blossoming stage. Essential oil yield and chamazulene content in the oil, contents of total flavonoids and chlorogenic (3-O-caffeoyl quinic) acid as well as antiradical and antioxidant activities in flower heads were determined. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of data was performed. The results showed that field-grown plants of the studied A. millefolium group species produced significant amounts of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and chlorogenic acid which highly correlated with the antiradical activity. PCA pointed to the relatedness of populations within each species, and the distant positions of the species. The populations of A. asplenifolia were distinguished by higher contents of total flavonoids, essential oil, chamazulene and chlorogenic acid as well as by higher antiradical and antioxidant activities as compared to A. collina, while being closer by all parameters to cv. "Proa". The data point to A. asplenifolia as a promising species for field cultivation.
There are many different ways to organize a summary of African ethnobotany. Special consideration could be given to West Africa, as this was the center of domestication for many economic plants. This chapter separates this continent into north and south, roughly along the Sahara desert. North African recorded history begins with Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Maghreb, and the Horn of Africa. Archeological evidence shows the Egyptians grew a number of Mediterranean crops such as grapes, garlic, onions, lettuce, leeks, and chufa. They also grew some native plants for medicine, spice, and oil such as senna, sesame, licorice, cumin, black cumin, coriander, and ajwain. West Africa contains a savanna-to-forest transition zone in Cameroon and Nigeria that is thought to contain the richest plant diversity on the continent. It is the origin of several protein-rich crops including pigeon pea and cowpea, as well as coffee, okra, tamarind, oil palm, grains of paradise, and yams.
Background:
Nicotine (Nic) is a major risk factor in the development of functional disorders of male reproductive system. Achillea millefolium; is highly regarded for medicinal activities, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was carried out to evaluate whether Achillea millefolium (Achm) inflorescences alcoholic extract could serve as a protective agent in male reproductive male failures during Nic exposure in a rat model.
Methods:
Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were categorized into the five groups. Tests 1 and 3 groups were received Nic at dose levels of 0.2 and 0.4mg/kg BW/day, respectively by IP injection. Tests 2 and 4 groups were received Nic at the same doses along with Achm at dose level of 120mg/kg BW/day. The study period took forty-eight days for all experimental groups.
Results:
Nic groups showed significant decreases in tubule differentiation index (TDI), sperm count, motility, stereological parameters and an increase in dead and abnormal sperms. Moreover, the reduction in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone, along with increased serum concentration of LDH were observed in the Nic groups. Total nitrite and malondealdehyde levels increased and total thiol molecules (TTM) levels decreased in testicular tissue in the Nic groups. Notably, Achm co-administration caused a contemporary recovery in above-mentioned parameters.
Conclusion:
Nic exerts major toxicity in testicular tissue and causes damages in several ways including, oxidative stress, whilst Achm imposes protective effect against Nic-induced reproductive failure, which may attribute to its antioxidant capacity.
In this study, the chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Achillea biebersteinii, growing wild in Iran was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eleven compounds were identified, representing 96.6% of total components. 1,8-cineole (45.2%), p-cymene (20.8%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (20.4%) were found to be the main components of the oil. The study of the antifungal activity of the essential oil was then carried against five phytopathogenic fungi. High growth inhibitory effects were observed in the investigated oil. Besides, total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the methanolic extract of A. biebersteinii at different phenological stage including vegetative, floral budding, full flowering (leaves, stem and flowers) and fruit set were assessed for the first time. Variation in total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activities can explained by changes occurred in biological activities and consequently chemical composition of plant throughout the developmental stages. There was a significant correlation between phenolic content and free radical scavenging. The extract of floral budding stage which contained highest phenolic content (113.34 mg GAE/g DW) showed potent free radical scavenging activity (IC50= 4.64 µg/ml), and stem extract which have lowest amount of total phenol demonstrated to have weakest IC50 value. As regards the results mentioned above, A. biebersteinii can be applied to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes for its acceptable antioxidant and antifungal properties.
Traditional medicine in the middle and west Black Sea regions: Amasya, Bilecik, Bolu, Çankin, Samsun, Sinop and Tokat provinces
has been studied and 194 remedies obtained from 96 plant and 5 animal species are compiled. Vernacular names, parts used,
methods of preparation, and medicinal usages are listed.
Orta ve Bati Karadeniz Bölgelerinde Amasya, Bilecik, Bolu, Çankin, Samsun, Sinop ve Tokat illerinde halk tababeti incelenerek,
96 ’si bitkisel ve 5’i hayvansal olmak üzere 194 halk ilaci tespit edilmi§tir. Kullamlan materyalin mahalli ismi, tedavide
kullanilan kisimlari, ilacin hazirlani§ §ekli ve tedavideki kullamli§ amaci He ilgili bilgiler liste halinde verilmi§tir.
Subtle peroxidative perturbation of normal red blood cells (RBC) using t-butylhydroperoxide creates a leak pathway for monovalent cations that is reversibly activated by cell deformation. To determine what factor promotes expression of this unique membrane defect, we have dissected "peroxidation" into components that can be evaluated separately by comparing K leak from suitably modified RBC during elliptical deformation and parallel control incubation. Selective introduction of phospholipid hydroperoxides into normal RBC membranes successfully induces a deformation-dependent leak pathway having the same phenomenology as that previously documented for cells treated with t-butylhydroperoxide itself (fully recoverable; calcium-independent; inhibited at lower pH; K efflux balanced by Na influx). This leak pathway occurs in the absence of detectable secondary peroxidative change and appears to reflect a direct influence of lipid hydroperoxide. Using micropipette examination of vesicular bilayers reconstituted from RBC lipid extracts, we find that lipid from peroxidized RBC exhibits only a slight tendency to be less cohesive than normal lipid, apparently precluding isolated lipid properties as an explanation for altered permeability barrier function. However, addition of a hydrophobic membrane-spanning peptide to these same lipids significantly diminishes bilayer cohesion, an effect that is exacerbated further by the presence of peroxidized lipid. These observations suggest that lipid hydroperoxide is a necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, factor for induction of this unique leak pathway. Our results may be relevant to the abnormal cation homeostasis of sickle RBC in which deformation of an oxidatively perturbed membrane occurs during the sickling phenomenon.
The traditional utilization of plants as medicine in the Mediterranean region has been investigated. Field surveys were carried out among the people who live in the Taurus Mountains. Sixty-nine medicinal plants have been identified, which are listed with the vernacular names, the parts used, the methods of preparing the drugs and their traditional usages.
Two hundred and one folk remedies of West Anatolia derived from 91 plant species in 40 families and 2 animal species are presented, each with vernacular names, method of preparation of drugs and traditional uses.
Folk medicine in northwest Anatolia has been studied and 116 remedies prepared from 67 plant and 8 animal species are described, each with vernacular names, methods of preparation and traditional uses.
Traditional medicine used in Central Anatolia; Ankara, Kayseri, Niğde and south-eastern parts of Karaman and Konya provinces have been studied. Two hundred and ninety one folk remedies obtained from 103 plant species belonging to 40 families and 4 animal species are reported with their vernacular names, parts used, methods of preparing remedies and therapeutic usage.
The composition of the water-distilled essential oil of Achillea multifida (DC.) Boiss. (Compositae) was analysed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-eight compounds were identified representing 93.9 % of the total oil. alpha-Thujone (60.9 %), beta-thujone (9.1 %), sabinene (4.1 %) and camphor (3.7 %) were characterised as the main constituents. The essential oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity using a micro-dilution assay resulting in the inhibition (MIC: 62.5-250 microg/ml) of human pathogenic bacteria and yeast.
GC-MS analysis of the isolated essential oils from air-dried aerial parts of Achillea setacea and Achillea teretifolia, an endemic taxon, resulted in the identification of 51 constituents (79.8% of the total oil) and 42 constituents (87.1% of the total oil), respectively. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) was the major constituent of both oils studied (18.5 and 19.9%, respectively). The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were individually evaluated against 14 microorganisms. Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on Clostridium perfringens, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Candida albicans with a range of minimum inhibitory concentration values extended from 0.28 to 2.25 mg/ml. Camphor and their derivatives, borneol, terpinen-4-ol and eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) can be considered as the main antimicrobial constituents of the oils studied.
Glutathione is the most abundant of the low-molecular-mass molecules that provide reducing equivalents that protect cells from oxidative stress. We used immunoelectron microscopy to investigate glutathione distribution in normal and oxidatively stressed cells. Here, for the first time, we show that reduced glutathione is distributed relatively evenly throughout the cell, with the exception of the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where little is detected. Oxidant exposure, either to 0.1 mM diamide or ethycrinic acid, eventually caused cellular glutathione depletion. However, despite entering a cell within seconds, both oxidants required hours to dramatically affect glutathione levels in the majority of cells in a population. Interestingly, cells within a homogeneous cell line population lost glutathione at different rates. Structural changes associated with oxidative stress, such as increased vacuolization and membrane blebbing, were correlated with glutathione depletion. Oxidant-exposed cells that appeared normal had higher glutathione levels than those within the same population that appeared stressed. The last reserves of cellular glutathione were found within mitochondria.
Subtle peroxidative perturbation of normal red blood cells (RBC) using t-butylhydroperoxide creates a leak pathway for monovalent cations that is reversibly activated by cell deformation. To determine what factor promotes expression of this unique membrane defect, we have dissected “peroxidation” into components that can be evaluated separately by comparing K leak from suitably modified RBC during elliptical deformation and parallel control incubation. Selective introduction of phospholipid hydroperoxides into normal RBC membranes successfully induces a deformation-dependent leak pathway having the same phenomenology as that previously documented for cells treated with t- butylhydroperoxide itself (fully recoverable; calcium-independent; inhibited at lower pH; K efflux balanced by Na influx). This leak pathway occurs in the absence of detectable secondary peroxidative change and appears to reflect a direct influence of lipid hydroperoxide. Using micropipette examination of vesicular bilayers reconstituted from RBC lipid extracts, we find that lipid from peroxidized RBC exhibits only a slight tendency to be less cohesive than normal lipid, apparently precluding isolated lipid properties as an explanation for altered permeability barrier function. However, addition of a hydrophobic membrane-spanning peptide to these same lipids significantly diminishes bilayer cohesion, an effect that is exacerbated further by the presence of peroxidized lipid. These observations suggest that lipid hydroperoxide is a necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, factor for induction of this unique leak pathway. Our results may be relevant to the abnormal cation homeostasis of sickle RBC in which deformation of an oxidatively perturbed membrane occurs during the sickling phenomenon.
The composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica (Scheele) Hayek, A millefolium L. subsp. millefolium, A. crithmifolia Waldst&Kitt. and A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi of Turkish flora were investigated. 1,8-cineole (43.3%) in A. millefolium L. subsp. pannonica, artemisia alcohol (37.2%) in A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, ascaridole (27.2%) in A. crithmifolia and 1,8-cineole (20.8%) in A. kotschyi essential oil were identified as major components by GC and GC/MS analysis. The essential oils showed antibacterial and antifungal effect even with low concentrations.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant capacities of the infusions prepared from 15 Achillea L. (Asteraceae) species growing in Turkey. The antioxidant capacities of these species were evaluated by using different methods (total antioxidant capacity, free radical and OH • radical scavenging capacity, H2O2 reducing power). Total flavonoid content was determined by using the aluminium-chloride method. Total phenol content was determined by the modified colorometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. Our results clearly demonstrate that all infusions have antioxidant capacity. A. millefolium ssp. pannonica has the highest antioxidant activity with higher value than 10 mM α-tocopherol/100 ml. Moreover, A. grandifolia, A biebersteinii, A. schisckinii, A. nobilis ssp. neilrechii has ability as 8-8.7 mM α-tocopherol/100 ml. These results are consistent with total flavonoid and phenol contents.
Several Korean medicinal plants were selected to evaluate for free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities using commonly accepted assays. They were extracted with dichloromethane, methanol or ethanol, respectively and selected for the best antioxidant results. Flavonoids, such as catechin, morin, naringenin, quercetin and rutin, were included and used as standards in this study. Each sample under assay condition showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging effect of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) and a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation. Among plant extracts, the root bark of Morusalba and the leaf of Saururuschinensis showed stronger SC50 or ID50 values than other plant extracts. They also showed a protective effect on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals generated from UV-induced photolysis of hydrogen peroxide. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants using TLC screening and DPPH staining methods demonstrated each plant extract having various free radical scavenging capacity. Stained silica layer revealed a purple background with yellow spots at the location of drops, which showed radical scavenging capacity. The intensity of the yellow color depends upon the amount and nature of radical scavenger present in the samples. This antioxidant potential corresponded with the results of DPPH spectrophotometric assay.
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive components of food. The roles of fruit, vegetables and red wine in disease prevention have been attributed, in part, to the antioxidant properties of their constituent polyphenols (vitamins E and C, and the carotenoids). Recent studies have shown that many dietary polyphenolic constituents derived from plants are more effective antioxidants in vitro than vitamins E or C, and thus might contribute significantly to the protective effects in vivo. It is now possible to establish the antioxidant activities of plant-derived flavonoids in the aqueous and lipophilic phases, and to assess the extent to which the total antioxidant potentials of wine and tea can be accounted for by the activities of individual polyphenols.
In order to study the influence of levamisole on lysosomal enzyme release, human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes were incubated with 0.5 mg/ml monosodium urate crystals. The release of neutral proteinase, beta glucuronidase, myeloperoxidase and lactic dehydrogenase as cytoplasmatic marker was measured. Preincubation of PMN with various concentrations of levamisole lasting 1h resulted in a decrease of all enzymes released. Intracellular levels of both cyclic nucleotides-cAMP and cGMP-rose in PMN preincubated with levamisole, in comparison with untreated cells.
The effects of in vitro exposure of human erythrocytes to different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were studied. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined. The activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase SOD decreased with increasing dose of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, while glutathione peroxidase activity increased. 2,4-D (500 ppm) decreased the level of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes by 18% and 2,4-DCP (250 ppm) by 32%, respectively, in comparison with the controls. These results lead to the conclusion that in vitro administration of herbicide-2,4-D and its metabolite 2,4-DCP causes a decrease in the level of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. Comparison of the toxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP revealed that the most prominent changes occurred in human erythrocytes incubated with 2,4-DCP.
A new colorimetric method for quantitative analysis of serum lipid peroxide, free of interference from sialic acids, has been developed. We have used the thiobarbituric acid dissolved in sodium sulfate solution and both liberation of lipid peroxide and color reaction have been performed simultaneously by heating serum protein precipitate with this reagent in a weak acid solution. The new method is specific and facilitates the precise measurements of serum lipid peroxide. The average values determined by the new method increased slightly with age in healthy subjects. In patients with sequelae of cerebrovascular disorders, serum lipid peroxide values were higher than in healthy controls. These results may demonstrate the important role of lipid peroxide in aging and cerebrovascular disorders.
From the aerial parts of Achillea setacea W. & K. (Asteraceae) the main sesquiterpenes were isolated. Their structures were determined by means of 2D-NMR and MS as 11,13-dehydrodeacetylmatricarin (1) (= 14-deoxylactucin), rupicolin A (2), and rupicolin B (3). These are the first compounds with an alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone structure isolated from a species belonging to the Achillea millefolium aggregate. Achillicin, achillin, 8-hydroxyachillin, 8-acetoxyachillin, and matricin could not be detected in A. setacea. For both rupicolin B and 11,13-dehydrodeacetylmatricarin an anti-inflammatory activity was found in the croton oil ear test.
In this review we have discussed the chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation as well as lipid repair mechanisms in human RBCs. We have presented findings relating to the effect of lipid peroxidation on the RBC membrane and on several properties that are determinants of RBC survival in vivo. Since we have not discussed how oxidative damage to membrane proteins or hemoglobin may affect RBC survival, the role of lipid oxidation must be considered in a broader perspective. Considerable evidence has recently been reported to indicate that oxidative hemoglobin denaturation plays an extremely important role in RBC survival. Since all cellular components are susceptible to peroxidative damage, it is likely that multiple reactions will be important with regard to RBC oxidant injury, just as they have been implicated in many degenerative processes, and that certain "compartments" of the membrane may be more susceptible than others due to congenital or acquired defects in membrane structure.
Because the amounts of lipid peroxides in the blood are rather small, a sensitive assay method is needed. For this purpose, the most appropriate among several reactions for detecting lipid peroxides is the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction because of its sensitivity. TBA reaction with lipid peroxides gives a red-colored pigment. Malondialdehyde also gives the same product upon reaction with TBA. Because this product is fluorescent, a sensitive assay can be made by fluorometry. Results show that lipid peroxides can be measured by TBA reaction with fluorometry. Elimination of TBA-reacting substances other than lipid peroxides is necessary for the measurement of lipid peroxides in serum. The elimination procedure must be simple to avoid artifact due to the peroxidation during the procedure. One of the best procedures is to isolate lipids by precipitating them along with serum protein with the phosphotungstic acid–sulfuric acid system. By this procedure, water-soluble substances, which react with TBA to yield the same product as lipid peroxides, are removed. It was anticipated that platelet aggregation, if it occurs during the drawing of the blood, would liberate the TBA-reacting substances, and the effect of the aggregation was found to be eliminated by treatment with phosphotungstic acid–sulfuric acid system.
Publisher Summary Catalase exerts a dual function: (1) decomposition of H 2 O 2 to give H 2 O and O 2 (catalytic activity) and (2) oxidation of H donors, for example, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, phenols, with the consumption of 1 mol of peroxide (peroxide activity). The kinetics of catalase does not obey the normal pattern. Measurements of enzyme activity at substrate saturation or determination of the K s is therefore impossible. In contrast to reactions proceeding at substrate saturation, the enzymic decomposition of H 2 O 2 is a first-order reaction, the rate of which is always proportional to the peroxide concentration present. Consequently, to avoid a rapid decrease in the initial rate of the reaction, the assay must be carried out with relatively low concentrations of H 2 O 2 (about 0.01 M). This chapter discusses the catalytic activity of catalase. The method of choice for biological material, however, is ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Titrimetric methods are suitable for comparative studies. For large series of measurements, there are either simple screening tests, which give a quick indication of the approximative catalase activity, or automated methods.
Role of intracellular glutathione in the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to H2O2 was investigated. Depletion of cellular glutathione or inhibition of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH-I) enhanced the sensitivity to H2O2 and suppressed the adaptation to H2O2. A mutant deficient in GSH-I also showed the hypersensitivity and could not adapt to H2O2. Incubation of the cell with amino acids constituting glutathione (L-Glu, L-Cys, Gly) increased the intracellular glutathione content, and subsequently the cell acquired resistance against H2O2. These results strongly suggest that intracellular glutathione plays an important role in the adaptive response in S. cerevisiae to oxidative damage.
The French paradox is a dietary anomaly which has focused attention on the Mediterranean diet. Epidemiological studies revealed that this diet, replete in flavonoid-rich foods (Allium and Brassica vegetables, and red wine), correlated with the increased longevity and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease seen in these populations. The most frequently studied flavonoid, quercetin, has been shown to have biological properties consistent with its sparing effect on the cardiovascular system. Quercetin and other flavonoids have been shown to modify eicosanoid biosynthesis (antiprostanoid and anti-inflammatory responses), protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation (prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation), prevent platelet aggregation (antithrombic effects), and promote relaxation of cardiovascular smooth muscle (antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic effects). In addition, flavonoids have been shown to have antiviral and carcinostatic properties. However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed from the gut and are subject to degradation by intestinal micro-organisms. The amount of quercetin that remains biologically available may not be of sufficient concentration, theoretically, to explain the beneficial effects seen with the Mediterranean diet. The role of flavonoids may transcend their presence in food. The activity of flavonoids as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase suggests a place for these compounds in the control of retrovirus infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition to specific effects, the broad-modulating effects of flavonoids as antioxidants, inhibitors of ubiquitous enzymes (ornithine carboxylase, protein kinase, calmodulin), and promoters of vasodilatation and platelet disaggregation can serve as starting material for drug development programmes.
It has been reported by our group that some benzoxazolone and benzothiazolone derivatives showed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity [DOGRUER et al. 1997]. It has been speculated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can act as the free radical scavengers and possess antioxidant activity. It is also well documented that oxidative stress can play an important role in the side effects of many xenobiotics including NSAIDs. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of six of the above mentioned benzoxazolone and benzothiazolone derivatives bearing 2-pyridylaminocarbonylmetyl moiety at the position 3 (I) on the antioxidant system-related parameters of human erythrocytes have been investigated. Diclofenac and nimesulid were also tested in the same systems as the control, because they are commonly used as NSAIDs. Our results showed that these compounds made significant changes in the antioxidant system of human erythrocyte.
We have determined the relative levels of endogenous antioxidant activity in a range of British medicinal plant species (representative of a variety of plant families, selected on the basis of their widespread use in traditional herbal medicine), via competitive scavenging of the ABTS(z.rad)(+) or O(2)(-)(z.rad) radicals in vitro. A number of plant species with appreciable levels (i.e. greater than or comparable with the activity in corresponding extracts of Ginkgo biloba or Panax ginseng, as recognised phytological sources of antioxidant activity) of antioxidant activity against the ABTS(z.rad)(+) radical were identified as potentially novel sources of free radical scavenging compounds; however none of these extracts showed measurable antioxidant activity when assayed against the O(2)(-)(z.rad) radical. It, therefore, follows that any comparative determination of antioxidant activity should clearly define the radical species and assay method employed. For those extracts showing activity against the ABTS(z.rad)(+) radical, in general, it was not possible to predict the potential antioxidant capacity of a given plant species (or the most active part of the plant) on a taxonomical basis, or from its use in traditional or modern medicine. In the longer term further characterisation of the active compounds from plant species with appreciable antioxidant activity identified in the present investigation may prove of value for treatment of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, in which free radical induced tissue damage has been implicated.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antispasmodic effect of the total extract of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. sipylea (Schwarz) Bässler (Asteraceae) on rat duodenum. In the first part of experiments, cumulative dose-response curves for acetylcholine (Ach) were obtained and then dose-response curves are repeated after addition of atropine, papaverine and different doses of the extract. In the second part, cumulative dose-response curves to CaCl(2) were obtained in the absence and presence of verapamil and different doses of the extract. In the third part, papaverine and extract were applied to the tissues after contraction with K(+). The extract has exhibited an inhibitory effect on the dose-response curves induced by Ach and CaCl(2) on rat duodenum and significantly reduced the maximal response in a concentration-dependent manner. A similar effect was observed with papaverine but not with atropine on the dose-response curves obtained by ACh. Verapamil also reduced the maximal response in curves induced by CaCl(2). The present results demonstrate that total extract of A. nobilis subsp. sipylea exerts antispasmodic activity on rat duodenum.
A number of Indian medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in the traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda). Amongst these are plants used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, loss of memory, degeneration of nerves and other neuronal disorders by the Ayurvedic practitioners. Though the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remains enigmatic, there is evidence, which indicates that defective energy metabolism, excitotoxicity and oxidative damage may be crucial factors (Ann. Neurol. 38 (3) (1995) 357). The part of the Ayurvedic system that provides an approach to prevention and treatment of degenerative diseases is known as Rasayana, and plants used for this purpose are classed as rejuvenators. This group of plants generally possesses strong antioxidant activity (Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43 (1992) 1175), but only a few have been investigated in detail. In the present study, three such rasayana plants were tested for the first time for their toxicity and free radical scavenging activity both in vitro and ex vivo. All the three plant infusions (up to 1 mg/ml) showed no toxic effects on the viability of PC12 cell line as judged by MTT-test. Both ethanolic extracts and water infusions of the plants were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS*(+)) radical cation decolorization assay; inhibition of lipid peroxidation by plant infusions was carried out using spontaneous lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate, and IC50 values were determined. The results from the ABTS assay showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent (IC50 16.07 microg/ml), followed by Evolvulus alsinoides (IC50 33.39 microg/ml) and Cynodon dactylon (IC50 78.62 microg/ml). The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: E. alsinoides (IC50 172.25 microg/ml)>C. dactylon (IC50 273.64 microg/ml)>S. cordifolia (IC50 342.82 microg/ml). The results of water infusions of the plants on lipid peroxidation were as follows: E. alsinoides (IC50 89.23 microg/ml)>S. cordifolia) (IC50 126.78 microg/ml)>C. dactylon (IC50 608.31 microg/ml).
The protective effects of 3,3"-di-OH-terphenyllin (3,3"-DHT) and 3-OH-terphenyllin (3-HT), two secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus candidus (CCRC31543), against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage to Int 407 cells, were evaluated. The results showed that H2O2 caused an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and DNA damage in Int 407 cells; however, the addition of 3,3"-DHT and 3-HT significantly reduced this effect (P<0.05). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in Int 407 cells pre-incubated with 3,3"-DHT and 3-HT was decreased by 30 and 35%, respectively. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in Int 407 cells pre-incubated with 3,3"-DHT was increased 25 and 33%, respectively; however, the activity of catalase was increased 30% in Int 407 cells pre-incubated with 3-HT. The activity of glutathione reductase in Int 407 cells pre-incubated with 3,3"-DHT and 3-HT was decreased 36 and 21%, respectively. The intracellular glutathione level did not vary (P>0.05), but oxidized glutathione levels increased when Int 407 cells were pre-incubated with these two compounds. These findings suggest that 3,3"-DHT and 3-HT have the ability to protect against oxidative damage to Int 407 cells and that this protective effect may be associated with the ability to reduce ROS formation and increase catalase activity.
The in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. (Asteraceae) were investigated. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 36 compounds constituting 90.8% of the total oil. Eucalyptol, camphor, alpha-terpineol, beta-pinene, and borneol were the principal components comprising 60.7% of the oil. The oil strongly reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (IC(50)=1.56 micro g/ml) and exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging effect in the Fe(3+)-EDTA-H(2)O(2) deoxyribose system (IC(50)=2.7 micro g/ml). It also inhibited the nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate (IC(50)=13.5 micro g/ml). The polar phase of the extract showed antioxidant activity. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Candida krusei while water-insoluble parts of the methanolic extracts exhibited slight or no activity. This study confirms that the essential oil of Achillea millefolium possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro.
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