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Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey
The Journal of Sex Research
Abstract
The association between heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and their interpersonal contact experiences with a lesbian or gay person was examined with data from a national AIDS telephone survey with a probability sample of English-speaking adults in the United States (n = 937). When asked whether any friends or relatives had 'let you know that they were homosexual,' approximately one-third of the respondents gave an affirmative answer. Regression analyses indicated that interpersonal contact predicted attitudes toward gay men better than did any other demographic or social psychological variable included in the equation. Interpersonal contact was more likely to be reported by respondents who were highly educated, politically liberal, young, and female. The data indicate that interpersonal contact is strongly associated with positive attitudes toward gay men and that heterosexuals with characteristics commonly associated with positive attitudes are more likely than others to be the recipients of disclosure from gay friends and relatives.
... For instance, Walch et al. (2010) found a positive relationship between age and homophobia. It is observed that homophobia decreases as the education level increases (Detenber et al., 2013;Herek and Glunt, 1993;Obeid et al., 2020;Walch et al., 2010). For instance, Lambert et al. (2006) showed that grade level has a positive effect on attitudes towards individuals with different sexual orientations and that upper-class students have open ideas towards homosexuals compared to lowerclass students. ...
... In parallel with the implications of the intergroup contact hypothesis conceptualized by Pettigrew (1998) after Allport, many studies have tested whether contact with homosexuals differentiates homophobia (e.g., Çırakoğlu, 2006;Herek & Capitanio, 1996;Metin-Orta & Metin-Camgöz, 2020;Obeid et al., 2020;Serbes, 2017;Şah, 2012). For instance, experience of contact with homosexuals is associated with lower negative attitudes in people who state that they are more religious (Herek & Glunt, 1993). Anderssen's (2002) longitudinal study showed that increased contact with homosexuals also increased positive attitudes towards homosexuals. ...
... The fact that the level of homophobia decreases as the positive social contact with LGBT people increases can be explained by the fact that the members of the out-group interact with each other and get to know each other, and the decrease in their prejudices by recognizing their common characteristics. Similar findings are also found in various studies (e.g., Anderssen, 2002;Çırakoğlu, 2006;Herek & Capitanio, 1996;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Metin-Orta & Metin-Camgöz, 2020;Obeid et al., 2020;2001;Sakallı & Uğurlu, 2003;Serbes, 2017;Şah, 2012;Uğurlu, 2013). Based on the inference that positive intergroup contact may change people's cognition positively by increasing positive information about the outgroup, it may be stated that encouraging people to have information about LGBT people may reduce negative attitudes. ...
Authoritarian personality traits are associated with compliance and obedience to prevailing social norms and values. In contexts where the political climate fuels homophobia, people with authoritarian personality traits display more homophobic attitudes and behaviors. On the other hand, positive intergroup contact can reduce problems between groups. This positive intergroup contact, which emphasizes similarities by weakening baseless information about the outgroup, has long been used to reduce intergroup conflicts. In a heterogeneous sample, whether positive intergroup contact will have a moderating role in the relationship between authoritarianism and homophobia is an open question. To answer this question, 241 young adults (Mage = 20.0, SD = 2.04; 59.3% female, 40.7% male) from 47 different cities of Türkiye were reached. Participants completed the right-wing authoritarianism scale, the social contact form with sexual minorities, and the Hudson & Ricketts homophobia scale. In parallel with the hypotheses, the findings show that authoritarian personality score positively predicted homophobia (β = .49, SE = .05, z = 10.07, p < .001), while it negatively predicted homophobia (β = -.66, SE = .08, z = -8.67, p < .001). However, contrary to the hypothesis, no moderating role of positive intergroup contact in the association between authoritarianism and homophobia was observed (β = -.03, SE = .05, z = -.53 p = .593). Simple slope analyzes showed that authoritarianism positively predicted homophobia at both high and low levels of positive intergroup contact. The findings are discussed in the context of intergroup contact theory.
... In recent decades, increased attention has been given to contact between straight people and LGBT people. For example, according to Herek and Glunt (1993), contact between gay and straight people predicted attitudes toward gay men better than any other social psychological variable. ...
... At the end of the session, Justice Verma publicly embraced Justice Cameron in a spontaneous gesture of solidarity and appreciation for his sharing his knowledge and experience of the epidemic with judicial colleagues in India. " This makes sense in light of the contact hypothesis (Allport 1954;Herek and Glunt 1993), with the different group members-gay and straight-having equal status as senior judges and the common goal of addressing LGBT issues and HIV/Aids. In terms of the theory suggested by Nevis and Melnick (2012), the workshop seems to have involved an integration of strategic and intimate interactions as well as a superordinate goal. ...
... Of course, he surely had, but perhaps never with anyone who was openly gay. This factor may have played an important role in the judgment, as contact between gay and straight people predict attitudes toward gay men better than any other social psychological variable (Herek and Glunt 1993). Singhvi retired on December 11, 2013, and S. Divan saw hope in "a dramatic change in the constitution of the Supreme Court in calendar year 2014" with ten new judges. ...
On September 6, 2018, homosexuality was decriminalized in India. It was the result of a rights mobilization that started almost two decades ago. From the start, Indian lesbian, gay, bi, trans (LGBT) activists tried to influence society and the judges directly, not least through contact with other judges who happened to be gay. This article is a first attempt at understanding the mobilization and decriminalization in light of contact. It is also a first attempt at combining contact theories from both gestalt and the social sciences, including Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis. It seems quite plausible that contact of a certain kind played an important role in the Indian case. Other social movements could learn from this case. Gestaltists, as contact artists could have much to contribute, especially if they also draw upon social sciences and recognize that status, social identity, and power play a role in contact.
... Prior research on anti-gay attitudes has already shown that religion and cultural background are prime factors explaining the variations in homophobia across countries (Adamczyk 2017;Adamczyk et al. 2016;Glas and Spierings 2021). Within countries, religiosity, ethnicity, rural areas, and age are most strongly associated with anti-gay attitudes (Coffman et al., 2016;Collins et al., 2023;Herek and Glunt 1993). ...
... In addition, we report the first evidence that lower generalised social trust is associated with homophobic views. Given the importance of interpersonal contact experiences for eliminating negative stereotypes (Herek and Glunt 1993) as well as nurturing generalised social trust (Welch et al. 2007), this variable could be an important driver of homophobic attitudes that has not yet received attention from researchers. ...
Past work consistently points to improved attitudes towards gay athletes and growing support for homosexuality, yet reports of a homophobic climate in amateur and professional football persist. Here, we explore two potential explanations for the prevalence of homophobia in football despite low levels of anti-gay attitudes: social desirability and pluralistic ignorance. We conduct an online survey among a football-affine and socio-demographically diverse sample in the UK. We find that anti-gay attitudes are rare. Importantly, estimates from a list experiment do not differ from the prevalence measured by direct questions, providing no evidence of social desirability. By contrast, second-order beliefs about anti-gay attitudes substantially and consistently exceed attitudes, pointing towards pluralistic ignorance as the most likely explanation. We conclude by emphasizing the need for transparent communication to reduce pluralistic ignorance and correct mis-perceptions among players, officials and supporters.
... In the present study it was also found that respondents were raised in a less religious household which also indicated that their family are less religious and are more supportive towards LGBTQ people. Several studies have found that more conservative or fundamentalist belief is associated with stronger anti-homosexual attitudes (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Kirkpatrick, 1993;Marsiglio, 1993;Wagenaar and Barton 1977; Cotton-Huston and Waite, 1999) [15,18,46,7] . From the table (4. ...
... In the present study it was also found that respondents were raised in a less religious household which also indicated that their family are less religious and are more supportive towards LGBTQ people. Several studies have found that more conservative or fundamentalist belief is associated with stronger anti-homosexual attitudes (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Kirkpatrick, 1993;Marsiglio, 1993;Wagenaar and Barton 1977; Cotton-Huston and Waite, 1999) [15,18,46,7] . From the table (4. ...
An individual's attitude is a mental and emotional entity that inheres in or characterizes a person, or it is their personal view about a person, thing or object. A person may hold a positive or negative attitude towards a person or thing based on the life experience and upbringing. When a person has negative attitudes towards the LGBTQ it leads to stigma and discrimination. The present study was conducted in the Lamphelpat block, Manipur to assess the youth attitude towards LGBTQ and to identify gender difference in attitudes among the youth towards LGBTQ. Four educational institutes were selected for the study with higher number of enrollment. Samples were selected randomly through probability proportional to size (PPS) method. The study was conducted on 225 numbers of youth in the age group 19-22 years. A standardized tool was used to collect the required information from all the respondents. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that most of the youth had positive opinion and are aware of the issues faced by the LGBTQ since the youth were found to be more open minded about traditional gender roles, less religious, more supportive about same-sex related issues etc.There was no significant gender difference in attitudes towards LGBTQ community among the youth.
... Individuals that identify within the LGBTQ+ communities may experience discrimination, harassment, and physical violence due to their identification with a marginalized identity of sexual orientation and/or gender identity. [11][12][13] LGBTQ+ individuals face discrimination in schools, [14][15][16] on college campuses, 17,18 and within the workplace. 19 For example, LBGTQ+ youth often experience bullying, 14 shaming, and fear of judgment. ...
... These findings align with prior research indicating that interpersonal contact predicts attitudes towards gay men better than any other demographic or social-psychological variable. 11 White and Abu-Rayya developed e-contact 31 as an alternative contact medium between ingroup and out-group members. The review identified e-contact (contact through online interactions via chats on platforms) as an effective strategy in reducing LGBTQ+ related stigma. ...
LGBTQ+ individuals experience stigma due to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity which has clear, profound, far-ranging effects on LGBTQ+ health including greater risk of suicidality, depression, anxiety, substance use, and poor physical health. Several stigma change strategies have been used to attempt to mitigate the profound impact of LGBTQ+ related stigma in marginalized sexual and gender minority communities. Contact-based interventions to address LGBTQ+ related stigma rest on contact theory, which posits that intergroup contact between individuals of an in-group (majority group) and individuals of an out-group (minority or marginalized group) aids in the reduction of negative stereotypes, prejudice, and resulting discrimination. The definition of “contact” has progressed to encompass various forms of exposure including in-vivo interpersonal contact, vicarious contact, electronic or e-contact and imagined contact. Guided by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, we summarize the literature between 2001 and 2020, examining and synthesizing 20 studies that explore contact-based interventions to reduce LGBTQ+ related stigma, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Overall, several forms of contact-based interventions have demonstrated positive effects on reducing LGBTQ+ related stigma. Future research should include examining the use of contact-based interventions in reducing the stigma faced by individuals within LGBTQ+ communities with intersecting marginalized identities.
... Sexually restricted individuals' opposition to same-sex marriage might then decrease when these individuals learn more about homosexual weddings (either modest or expensive) and consequently that the homosexual promiscuity stereotype is not accurate. In support of this speculation, previous literature found that the opposition to same-sex rights is lower among people who know and are close to homosexuals (e.g., Finlay & Walther, 2003;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Lewis, 2011). ...
... In support of these ideas, being exposed to and knowing homosexuals decreases opposition to same-sex rights (e.g., Finlay & Walther, 2003;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Lewis, 2011). Reminding individuals of homosexual sexual lives, however, increases opposition to same-sex rights, which might be especially true for gay men's sexual lives: an experiment found that participants who were exposed to gay men kissing on their wedding day reported significantly higher opposition to same-sex marriage than participants exposed to gay men exchanging rings on their wedding day, lesbian women or heterosexuals kissing or exchanging rings on their wedding day, and participants randomly assigned to a control group (Brewer et al., 2016). ...
Attitudes toward sexual relationships can have evolutionary underpinnings because these attitudes often serve, or at least reflect, the attitude holder’s mating self-interest. Sexually restricted individuals, for example, hold conservative attitudes toward same-sex and opposite-sex sexual relationships because conservative attitudes benefit their mating strategies (e.g., monogamy). Certain mating market cues, however, can shift attitudes. In two experiments recruiting Americans and Australians (total N = 1298), we took a data-driven approach to test whether experimental manipulations of (1) promiscuity among either homosexuals (gays and lesbians) or heterosexuals and (2) the financial amount that either homosexuals (gays and lesbians) or heterosexuals invest in weddings would shift attitudes toward same-sex marriage, dating, and romantic spending. In Experiment 1, we did not replicate previous findings that homosexual promiscuity affects attitudes to same-sex marriage, nor did we find any effects of priming heterosexual promiscuity. However, priming participants with the notion that either homosexuals or heterosexuals were highly promiscuous increased support for traditional relationship norms among sexually restricted Australian (but not American) men. This effect was smaller when we controlled for participant sexual orientation, because primes of high homosexual or heterosexual promiscuity increased support for these traditional norms in exclusively heterosexual Australians, but decreased support in non-heterosexual Australians. Experiment 2 found that American and Australian men’s opposition to same-sex marriage increased when they were led to believe that either homosexual or heterosexual weddings were cheap, even when controlling for participant sexual orientation. Overall, results provide some support for the argument that mating market cues affect attitudes toward sexual relationships.
... In the studies focusing on the variable of age, it was found that older individuals have more negative attitudes towards homosexuals than younger people (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Lewis, 2003;Ellis et al., 2002). Some studies investigated attitudes of people who were in contact and association with homosexuals (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Lance, 1987). ...
... In the studies focusing on the variable of age, it was found that older individuals have more negative attitudes towards homosexuals than younger people (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Lewis, 2003;Ellis et al., 2002). Some studies investigated attitudes of people who were in contact and association with homosexuals (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Lance, 1987). According to the results of those studies, the attitudes of people who have positive relationships with homosexuals are more positive than those who do not have such relationships. ...
“Understanding and managing cybersecurity requires not only investing in technology but also considering its non-technical social and human aspects. Because cybersecurity is now a strategic necessity for digitalizing businesses.” A. Asiltürk
You can access this book chapter from this link: https://www.dosyaupload.com/2Mloz/advances_in_social_science.pdf
... In order to evaluate students' attitudes towards lesbians and gay men, the Herek's Attitudes towards lesbians and gay men scale (ATLG) was used: it is a 20-item scale designed to capture negative attitudes towards lesbians and gay men (Herek, 1984b;Herek, and Glunt, 1993;Herek and Capitanio, 1996). It was originally developed from the 64 items, but only 20 items (statements) with the highest item-total correlations were included in the ATLG scale (Kyes and Tumbelaka, 1994;Stoever and Morera, 2007). ...
... Many studies have reported that people are significantly more likely to hold prejudices towards homosexuals if they are males (D'Augelli, 1989;Chng and Moore, 1991;Seltzer, 1992;Donnelly et al., 1997;Klamen, Grossman, and Kopacz, 1999;Schellenberg, Hirt and Sears, 1999;Kozjak Mikić and Petković, 2015;Etchezahar et al., 2016). Recent studies also found that having few lesbian or gay friends or acquaintances is a strong predictor of positive attitudes towards homosexuals (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Herek and Capitanio, 1996;Lyons, et al. 2005;Brown and Henriquez, 2008;Swank and Raiz, 2010;Miller and Kim, 2012;Kovčo-Vukadin, 2015). Some of these findings were confirmed in the present study. ...
Contemporary Issues and Perspectives on Gender Research This thematic collection of papers aims to bring together two fields of inquiry: research on gender politics and policy changes, with particular attention to gender aspects of democratic institutions and research on dynamics of LGBTIQA+ population and understanding of different gender identities. This volume on contemporary challenges in gender research is conceptualized interdisciplinary and covers issues that are currently relevant to gender studies within the social sciences and humanities. The objective was to make a productive and stimulating publication with research across various fields-philosophy, sociology, economy, political science, legal studies, anthropology, cultural studies-in order to facilitate a better understanding of current challenges to gender theory and practice. The volume also aims to move forward in research and theorizing the consequences of increased opposition and attacks to gender equality. Its focus is on analysis and understanding the relation between gender equality and processes of de-democratization, the implications of backlash for equality rights and policies and the dynamics of response of the actors that promote gender and sexuality rights. The fact that gender studies are endangered and suffocated at many universities across Europe indicates the high relevance of this field in theory and research and reveals the revitalization of patriarchal, authoritarian and conservative influence on norms and principles of women's rights and feminist intellectual, activist and artistic practices.
The actuality and content of the papers, their scientific foundations and the high quality of research results of fundamental and applicative character, are the key reasons why the collection as a whole meets all the necessary standards for publication. This volume provides a valuable contribution to the development of gender studies, an input into understanding and critically reconsidering basic concepts in creating gender identities and in gendering institutions. Prof. dr Nevena Petrusic
This thematic collection of papers is dedicated to current topics of gender studies, abounds with results from recent research projects and provides the review of contemporary relevant literature in these fields. Authors from different disciplines of social sciences and humanities perceive various gender issues in the context of current social situation. The volume is characterized by a remarkable innovation in the selection of topics and unavoidable interdisciplinary approach in the study of gender issues. Prof. dr Sladjana Jovanovic
Considering the interdisciplinarity in the study of gender issues, actuality of themes, different approaches and interpretation of particular problems, as well as the informative and epistemological value of the publication, I consider it particularly important to be published in Series Edited Volumes by the Institute of Social Sciences. Dr Zoran Lutovac
... Since then, many updates of this construct have been proposed (Levitt and Klassen, 1974;Lehne, 1976;Morin and Garfinkle, 1978;Hudson and Ricketts, 1980) better focalized on LGBT people's feelings, such as the concept of homonegativity (Lottes and Grollman, 2010). Most recent approaches to homophobia highlighted the heterosexism as a leading belief which privileges heterosexuality and stigmatizes different sexual expressions (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Herek, 2000;Herek and McLemore, 2013). The heterosexism is related to the ''Ambivalent Sexism Theory'' (Glick and Fiske, 1996;Glick et al., 2000;Glick and Fiske, 2001), where ''Sexism'' was defined as a gender-based discrimination involving the attribution of stereotypical characteristics to men and women. ...
... Moreover, the questionnaire selected excluded the assessment of attitudes towards different sexual orientations (e.g., bisexuals, asexuals, etc.). The results may be consistent with the hypothesis that personal contact with specific themes is important to understand and face prejudices and stereotypes (Gergen and Gergen, 1981;Herek and Glunt, 1993). It is suggested that counseling and treatment with LG people should be led by HCPs who have attended a specific EPS training. ...
Objective: Negative attitudes towards same-sex families persist among health professionals. This study investigates the influence of educational programs in sexology (EPS) on sexism, homophobia and attitudes of sexologists towards lesbian and gay (LG) marriage and same-sex parenting. Design and Method: Data were collected on 552 subjects (376 F and 134 M); the EPS group was composed by professionals who had attended a training course in accredited schools by Italian Federation of Scientific Sexology (FISS). The protocol was computer-based and self-administered (15 minutes to complete). It was composed of: questionnaire for socio-demographic information; Ambivalent Sexism Inventory; Measure of Sexual internalized stigma for Lesbians and Gays; Modern Homophobia Scale; The Katuzny Same-Sex Marriage Scale; D’Amore and Green Same-Sex Parenting Scale. Results: The EPS group reported lower levels of sexism (F(1,401)=4.40, p<.05) and homophobia (F(1,401)=5.15, p <.05), a more positive attitudes toward LG marriage (F(1,545)=7.67, p <.01) and same-sex parenting (F(1,545)=17.34; p<.001). In particular, participants in this group declared more favorable attitudes to specific pathways to parenthood, such as: adoption for homosexual couples, artificial insemination for lesbians, and in vitro fertilization for lesbians. Conclusions: Professionals who got EPS show more positive attitudes toward same-sex marriage and parenting. Having a specific training on these issues appears to be functional to the development of attitudes based on equal rights and not based on heterosexism. These results have important implications in both clinic and social issues related to LGBT health.
... The election of out LGBT politicians has a significant and positive effect on the pace of legal reform and the waning of homophobia in society (Haider-Markel 2007Magni and Reynolds 2018;Reynolds 2013). Social contact can lessen prejudice against out-groups (Allport, Clark, and Pettigrew 1954;Clayton, Ferwerda, and Horiuchi 2021;Harrison and Michelson 2017;Pettigrew 1998) and specifically against LGBT individuals (Flores 2015;Herek and Capitanio 1996;Herek and Glunt 1993). Descriptive representation can amplify the effects of contact theory (Ayoub and Garretson 2017), in that individuals project a feeling of familiarity onto their elected representatives that mirrors the impact of close friends. ...
... Our research also reinforces the evidence that contact with people from marginalized communities is a powerful treatment to prejudice and voter bias (Ayoub and Garretson 2017;Flores 2015;Herek and Glunt 1993). Having LGBT friends or family neutralizes negative bias against gays and lesbians in the three countries. ...
Minority groups have long been underrepresented in politics. Support for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights and the incidence of LGBT candidates have dramatically increased in recent years. But do voters (still) penalize LGT candidates? We conducted original survey experiments with nationally representative samples in the United States, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. To varying degrees voters penalize LGT candidates in all countries, with penalties strongest in the United States. Yet, progressives, people with LGBT friends, and nonreligious individuals do not discriminate against gays and lesbians, while transgender candidates face stronger bias. Electability concerns, outright prejudice, and identity cueing (i.e., LGT candidates seen as more liberal) explain voter bias. This study contributes to the literature on minority candidates and disentangles correlated candidate attributes, exploring the intersectionality of bias. Understanding the barriers to the election of LGT people is crucial to improve the representation of marginalized communities. © 2021 Southern Political Science Association. All rights reserved.
... Many scholars find a relationship between level of religiosity and frequency of attending in religious services and attitude toward homosexual relationship. They find out as the frequency of attendance in religious services increases the level of negative or homophobic attitude toward homosexual relationship increases too (Beatty and Walter 1984;Cochran and Beeghley 1991;Herek and Glunt 1993;Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis 1993;Fisher, Derison, Polley, Cadman, and Johnston, 1994;lewis, 2003;Finlay and Walther 2003). ...
... Many scholars in different fields of the social sciences focus on the relationship of attitude toward homosexual sex and gender. Most of them conclude that males has more negative attitudes toward homosexual relationships than women (Glenn and Weaver 1979;Lottes and Kuriloff 1992;Herek and Glunt 1993;Louderback and Whitley 1997;Marsiglio 1993;Kerns and Fine 1994;Kite and Whitley 1996;LaMar and Kite 1998;Aberson, Swan and Emerson 1999;Wills and Crawford 2000;Herek 2002;Finlay and Walther 2003;Lemmer and Batteld 2004;Staffens and Wagner 2004;Brumbaugh, Sanchez, Nock, and Wright 2008). ...
Attitude toward homosexual relationship is a controversial issue. Debates become more severe when it comes to the homosexual marriage. In the this paper we focus on the attitude toward homosexual marriage. We examine if the effect of attendance in religious services on attitude toward homosexual marriage is differed by religious affiliation. Ordinary linear square is the method that we used to test our research hypothesis. We used nested F test to see the role of religious affiliation as moderating variable. We conclude that the effect of frequency of attendance at religious services on attitude toward homosexual marriage does not differ by religious affiliation. There are various attitudes toward homosexual relationships and homosexual marriage in different societies and between different groups of people in each community. One of the main factors which could be seen as an effective factor on the attitude toward such a controversial issue is the level of religiosity of a person. Based on Yip (2005) there is a relationship between spirituality and sexuality. In addition, most of the religions usually consider the homosexual relationship as an "impure" and abnormal relationship. One other factor which influences the attitude toward homosexual relationships in terms of religion as an independent variable is the number of times attending in religious services.
... Since then, many updates of this construct have been proposed (Levitt and Klassen, 1974;Lehne, 1976;Morin and Garfinkle, 1978;Hudson and Ricketts, 1980) better focalized on LGBT people's feelings, such as the concept of homonegativity (Lottes and Grollman, 2010). Most recent approaches to homophobia highlighted the heterosexism as a leading belief which privileges heterosexuality and stigmatizes different sexual expressions (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Herek, 2000;Herek and McLemore, 2013). The heterosexism is related to the ''Ambivalent Sexism Theory'' (Glick and Fiske, 1996;Glick et al., 2000;Glick and Fiske, 2001), where ''Sexism'' was defined as a gender-based discrimination involving the attribution of stereotypical characteristics to men and women. ...
... Moreover, the questionnaire selected excluded the assessment of attitudes towards different sexual orientations (e.g., bisexuals, asexuals, etc.). The results may be consistent with the hypothesis that personal contact with specific themes is important to understand and face prejudices and stereotypes (Gergen and Gergen, 1981;Herek and Glunt, 1993). It is suggested that counseling and treatment with LG people should be led by HCPs who have attended a specific Please cite this article in press as: Nimbi EPS training. ...
Research on LGBT health services is urgent as well as effective actions. Some studies investigating the attitudes of mental Health Care Professionals (HCPs), social workers, medical trainees and professionals, students, and resident assistants towards Lesbian and Gay (LG) people showed a significant negative role of sexism affecting attitudes towards LGBT people, marriage and parenting. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Educational Programs in Sexology (EPS) on sexism, homophobia, and attitudes towards same-sex marriage and parenting. Data were collected on 552 Health Care Professionals (HCPs). The EPS group was composed by professionals who attended an accredited training in sexology, while the control group by HCPs without a specific formation on sexual issues. The EPS group reported lower levels of sexism and homophobia and more positive attitudes toward same-sex families (adoption for homosexual couples, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization for lesbians). Having a specific training on sexology appeared to be associated to more positive attitudes based on equal rights. Healthcare system should be prepared to meet sexual minorities needs. Having a specific training on LGBT issues appears to be functional to a better patients’ taking care. Professionals who attended EPS seem to be the best references (for their formation and their personal attitudes) for sexual education programs, as well as for clinical work with homosexual patients complaining about sexual, marital, and/or parenting problems. Implications for research, clinical and health promotion are discussed.
... We collected several variables at baseline for participants included in the analysis, which were based on the 6 months prior to the baseline interview (unless otherwise noted). Self-reported measures included age, transgender identity, unstable housing (yes/no), high school education or less (yes/no), insufficient income (defined as defined as not having enough money in the household for rent, food, or utilities in the past 6 months), hard drug use (defined as any use of either crack, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, unprescribed prescription drugs, or miscellaneous hard drugs), weekly marijuana use, health coverage/health insurance (yes/no), prior lifetime incarceration, AUDIT score ≥8, depressive symptoms based on Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale score (Radloff, 1977), experience of physical and/or threatened violence due to race and/or sexuality (yes/no), any reported perceived racism (yes/no), any perceived homophobia based on the Racism and Life Experiences Scale (Harrell et al., 1997) (yes/no), any reported internalized homophobia based on items adapted from Herek and Glunt (1993) (yes/no), any reported sex with female partners (yes/no); having ever received HIV testing (yes/ no), transactional sex (defined as sex for money or drugs), multiple partnership (defined as having higher than the median number [≥3] of partners), concurrent partnerships (defined as partners in addition to their primary partner and currently cohabiting with primary partner). ...
Incarceration can lead to different risk behaviors often due to increased distress and disruption of social networks. It is not well known, however, how these associations may differ by age. In this study, we measure age differences in longitudinal associations between incarceration and substance use, sex risk, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) among Black sexual minority men and Black transgender women (BSMM/BTW). We recruited BSMM/BTW from 2009 to 2011 that were part of the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 study. We compared those less than 30 years old ( n = 375) to those 30 years old or greater ( n = 794) examining substance use, sex risk, and STI infection stratified by age. Logistic regression with inverse probability weighting was used for the statistical analysis. Approximately 59% of the sample reported incarceration history. In adjusted analysis, incarceration was more strongly associated with alcohol use and stimulant use among older individuals as was sexual risk behaviors including buying and selling sex. Concurrent partnerships were associated with the younger age groups. STI incidence was associated with younger individuals while associations with HIV infection were similar for the two age groups. Understanding differences in substance use and STI risk among age cohorts is imperative to the design and implementation of re-entry programs. Younger BSMM/BTW participating in re-entry support programs may benefit in particular from HIV/STI prevention and care efforts, while post-release substance abuse treatment and harm reduction programs should target older individuals with continued substance abuse.
... As more supportive environments enabled members of LGBQ communities to come out, an increasing number of non-sexual minority (NSM) individuals found themselves with cross-sexuality connections. This growth in the number of relationships between sexual minority and heterosexual peers is noteworthy because cross-group ties are consistently praised for their capacity to reduce prejudiced attitudes (Herek and Glunt, 1993;Pettigrew and Tropp, 2006). ...
Social ties between members of in- and outgroups are theorized to reduce individual levels of prejudice. However, instances of intergroup contact are not isolated events; cross-group interactions are embedded in broader networks defined by various social processes that guide the formation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. This project reconsiders the potential benefits of intergroup contact by applying a network perspective to examine whether friendships between youth of different sexualities can shape individuals' homophobic attitudes. The impact of cross-sexuality ties is evaluated through the application of stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) to a two-wave sample of Dutch adolescents. Results indicate that the benefits of cross-sexuality connections become negligible when we account for how patterns of network connectivity and segregation are informed by other individual-level traits, such as age, religious background, ethnicity, and gender. In other words, heterosexual adolescents who are situated in network positions that provide opportunities to form cross-sexuality friendships would be expected to report less homophobic attitudes even in the absence of this intergroup contact. These findings suggest that the cross-sexuality contact observed in the social world often represents instances of "preaching to the choir," limiting the potential for intergroup connections to challenge systems of social inequality.
... Estudos clássicos (e.g., Herek, 1988;Herek & Glunt, 1993) já indicavam a autoidentificação política como um dos principais fatores ligados ao apoio ou à oposição a pautas igualitárias de diversidade sexual e de gênero. A relação se manteve, uma vez que estudos atuais seguem indicando a relação entre o alinhamento à direita e a estigmatização de lésbicas, gays e transexuais (Prusaczyk & Hodson, 2019;Van der Toorn, Jost, Packer, Noorbaloochi, & Van Bavel, 2017). ...
There is an increasing number of people who categorize themselves as part of the political right in Brazil. However, the knowledge about what predicts self-categorization on the right is still incipient. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive effects of two variables historically related to the political right: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (comprised of Authoritarianism, Traditionalism, Submission to Authority, and Challenge to Authority) and Prejudice Against Sexual and Gender Diversity (PDSG). The study included 518 individuals aged between 18 and 79 years (M = 39.31; SD = 17.93), 59.80% male. Binary logistic regressions were conducted considering self-categorization on the right as a dependent variable and the components of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and PDSG as independent variables. Results suggested that 'Traditionalism' and 'Authoritarianism' components of Right-wing Authoritarianism significantly predict self-categorization on the right. Further implications are discussed in the article.
... Building on the intergroup-contact theory (Herek & Glunt, 1993), having more interactions with individuals from the LGBTQ community reduces heterosexuals' prejudiced attitudes towards them. Thus, homosexual acquaintance leads to a positive attitude towards lesbians and gays (Swank & Raiz, 2010), along with active support for samesex marriages and moral acceptance of homosexuality (Del-laPosta, 2018). ...
In 2018, decriminalizing consensual homosexuality through the scrapping of section 377 from the Indian Penal Code undoubtedly marked a milestone in India's history of the LGBTQ movement. However, one may debate whether this legal change reflects a transformation at the societal level in terms of positive attitudes towards homosexuality. The current study examines the effects of multiple anteceding factors (parents' education, acceptability of homosexuality among the friends, frequency of LGBTQ-related conversations within the family, having a friend from the LGBTQ community, having fandom to LGBTQ celebrity, religiosity, and just-world belief) in determining the attitudes towards homosexuality among engineering students. A survey-based quantitative study empirically tested the relationship between the variables. The result revealed a sex difference in attitude towards homosexuality, where female heterosexual engineering students have a significantly higher positive attitude towards homosexuality than male heterosexual students. Moreover, friends' acceptability of homosexuality, just-world belief, mother's education level, and having a fandom to LGBTQ celebrities significantly predict attitude towards homosexuality among the participants (p<.05). However, religiosity is not a significant predictor of students' attitudes towards homosexuality. Attitudes towards homosexuality, in turn, predict a person's reaction (positive/ negative/ neutral) to LGBTQ celebrities' coming-out.
... Since Allport's (1954) articulation seven decades ago, contact theory has been the starting point for studies showing that prejudices can be overcome when in-group members meet and interact with those from the out-group. When applied to the issue of gay or transgender rights (Barth, Overby, and Huffmon 2009;Barth and Parry 2009;Earle et al. 2021;Herek and Glunt 1993;Lewis 2011;MacInnis, Page-Gould, and Hodson 2017;Merino 2013), the theory suggests that personal interaction with someone from these communities will decrease biases and increase support for SSM and other progressive policies. Reynolds (2013, 271) finds that "even in small numbers, out lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender MPs in national legislatures encourage the adoption of gayfriendly legislation." ...
Same-sex marriage has risen to the top of political agendas across Latin America, but it is still illegal in many countries. Public support about the issue varies greatly, and the roles of the courts, presidents, and legislatures have also differed. This article focuses on legislators because they are charged with representing the public and converting demands into policy. Although many legislatures have now voted on the issue, the literature has not intensively examined the policy makers’ attitudes toward same-sex marriage. This study applies a theoretical framework that extends theories considering context and social contact and uses a survey of the region’s legislators to study the correlates of support for same-sex marriage. Although the study also tests for individual-level variables (e.g., gender and ideology), the models focus on the contextual role of religiosity. The results show that having more secular colleagues encourages even pious legislators to support same-sex marriage.
... Most research has indicated that contact with homosexual people significantly reduces prejudice against this marginalized group (e.g., Herek & Capitano, 1996;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Smith et al., 2009). Research conducted by Heinze and Horn (2009) found that people who have close contact with a homosexual person show lower rates of prejudice and positive attitudes when compared to those who do not have or did not have contact with a homosexual person. ...
The study aims to map the experience of interpersonal contact with the LGBTQ+ community in the population of Czech adults and to explore the discriminatory tendency influenced by this contact. Nine hundred and seventy-one respondents from all regions of the Czech Republic participated in the study. Their mean age was 27.99 years (SD = 8.319). Respondents completed socio-demographic data and an Attitudes Towards the LGBTQ+ Community Scale via the Google Forms platform. Through a question focusing on the experience of interpersonal contact with an LGBTQ+ person, we identified 814 respondents with a positive experience of interpersonal contact, 72 respondents with a negative experience of interpersonal contact, and 85 respondents with no experience. The research results showed that those who had a positive experience of interpersonal contact reported lower levels of discrimination against LGBTQ+ people compared to those who had a negative experience or no experience with an LGBTQ+ person.
... Negative attitudes towards homosexuals are common in several societies (Herek & Glunt, 1993). In our study, 96.6% of the participants said that a negative approach should be taken towards homosexuals. ...
... The positive effect of intergroup contact is not only observed in racial contexts but also across groups and settings (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006), including attitudes toward Muslims (e.g., Savelkoul et al., 2017;Turner & Crisp, 2010), homosexuals (e.g., Herek & Glunt, 1993;Schiappa et al., 2005), seniors (Schwartz & Simmons, 2001), and various other groups (cf. Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). ...
While most Germans reacted welcoming toward newly arrived refugees in 2015 and 2016, parallelly overt hateful reactions such as hate crimes, social exclusion, and increasing right-wing electoral support have been registered all over Germany with several regions emerging as "hot spots" in these regards. Among them was our case, the mid-sized town of Bautzen in the state of Saxony, where intergroup conflict and violent clashes between locals and refugees caused news headlines. To analyze intergroup conflicts in the ethnically super-homogenous context of Bautzen, we performed a qualitative interview study. More specifically, we conducted 48 semistructured interviews with residents and members of the victimized outgroup of refugees. Our analysis reveals that the societal basis of intergroup conflict in Bautzen seems to be a distinct climate of exclusion aimed at tagged outgroups. Refugees report facing everyday discriminatory practices and even violence. Further, this specific local climate is facilitated by several Bautzen-specific characteristics on the macro level, such as low number of foreigners and high levels of right-wing electoral support. Our findings suggest that limited diversity and widespread stereotypes affect locals' reactions toward and perception of refugees. We discuss our results in light of the intergroup contact hypothesis and encourage more qualitative research on the nexus of intergroup contact and intergroup conflict.
... Personal relationships with LGB people have been shown to motivate allyhood development (Herek & Capitanio, 1996;Herek & Glunt, 1993). Heterosexual adults who have had more interpersonal contact with gay men and lesbians tend to have more positive feelings toward gay men and lesbians they do not know personally (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). ...
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98947/1/amynav.pdf
... In view of this perspective those who are more religious than others, and therefore follow more faithfully the dogmatic part of their religion and who are exposed to the influence of moral rules and their framework as defined by their religion, also adopt religious imperatives (Van de Meerendonck & Scheepers, 2004;Siker, 2007;Andersen & Fetner, 2008;Jaspers, 2008). Conservative behaviors and attitudes of believers, and especially those who perform their religious duties more frequently, appear to be more homophobic than those who lack such a high level of religiosity (Herek & Glunt, 1993;Gray, et al., 1996;Greene & Rademan, 1997). ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the attitudes of self-oriented heterosexual students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science towards male and female homosexuality, in combination with the level of religiosity they display. The religiosity factor was evaluated based on the frequency of visits paid to temples to perform religious duties. Concerning their attitudes, the scale used was the Greek version of Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG) with two factors, for male and female homosexuality respectively. The sample consisted of 552 self-oriented heterosexual students. The independent variables used were related to gender, age, and religiosity. From the analysis of the results, it was found that the factor of religiosity has a decisive influence on the formation of heterosexual students' attitudes towards both male and female homosexuality. It is further suggested to investigate the factor in combination with other variables.
... As argued by Louderback and Whitley Jr., (1997), early research efforts have consistently shown that attitudes towards homosexuality have not been positive. The works of (Herek, 1984a(Herek, , 1984b(Herek, , 19861991;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Herek & Capitanio, 1996) have confirmed this submission. Although researchers have severally implicated heredity, biological bases and social learning (Roger, 1977;Bandura, 1977), the original causalities are yet to be satisfactorily established; and therefore, research remains on-going. ...
This study investigated the correlation of personality traits on attitudes toward homosexuality among s t u d e n t s o f Madonna University Anambra State, Nigeria. Two hundred and sixty-four (264) students drawn from the Okija and Elele Campuses of the University, through stratified random sampling, participated in the study. Ages of participants ranged from 16-27 years with a mean age of 20.64 years. Male participants were 104 (39.39%). Female participants were 160 (60.61%). The study was a cross-sectional design. The hypothesis that students' personality traits will have positive correlations on attitudes toward homosexuality was tested. Results of analysis indicated that Personality traits (r = .67) positively correlated with attitudes toward homosexuality. This result confirms the study hypotheses. Wider Personality Traits and Attitude Toward Homosexuality: The Wider industrial implications, limitations, as well as recommendations for further study were highlighted.
... Indeed, several demographic characteristics, such as gender (Davies, 2004;Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002;Kite & Whitley, 1996), age (Hicks & Lee, 2006), and education level (Dejowski, 1992), have been found to differentially predict heterosexism, with women, younger individuals, and those with higher educational attainment endorsing lower levels of heterosexism (Davies, 2004;Dejowski, 1992;Kite & Whitley, 1996;Hicks & Lee, 2006;Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002). In addition to demographic predictors, research has supported the notion that social interactions with sexual minorities are associated with less LGB prejudice among heterosexuals (Heinze & Horn, 2009;Herek & Glunt, 1993;Herek & Capitanio, 1996;Poteat, 2015;Smith, Axelton, & Saucier, 2009). This finding is theoretically grounded in Allport's contact hypothesis, which posits that interacting with individuals who are different from oneself leads to a reduction in prejudice (Allport, 1954). ...
IntroductionWhile numerous studies have focused on heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, few studies have examined ally behaviors and their predictors. The present study aimed to model the connections between LGB interpersonal contact and heterosexism in relation to ally behaviors among heterosexuals.Methods
Heterosexual adults (n = 333) completed an online survey assessing interpersonal contact with LGB individuals, heterosexism, and ally behaviors.ResultsA good-fitting structural equation model showed significant direct effects (all ps < 0.001) from LGB contact to heterosexism (β = − 450), from heterosexism to ally behaviors (β = − 0.280), and from LGB contact to ally behaviors (β = 0.594). There was a significant indirect (mediational) effect from LGB contact to ally behaviors through heterosexism (β = 0.126, p = .001).Conclusion
The results inform targets for interventions with heterosexuals, such as the facilitation of interpersonal contact between LGB and heterosexuals to reduce prejudice and increase ally behaviors.
... Estudos clássicos (e.g., Herek, 1988;Herek & Glunt, 1993) as crenças econômicas vinculadas à ideologia política de direita são uma das variáveis mais correlacionados ao preconceito contra diversidade sexual (Barnett, Oz, & Mardsen, 2017). ...
Cada vez mais pessoas têm se autocategorizado como parte da direita política no Brasil. Todavia, o aumento no número de membros da direita não foi acompanhado de um aumento de conhecimento acerca do que prediz a autocategorização na direita. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos preditores de duas variáveis historicamente relacionadas à direita: O Autoritarismo de Direita (composto por Autoritarismo, Tradicionalismo, Submissão à Autoridade e Contestação à Autoridade) e o Preconceito Contra Diversidade Sexual e de Gênero (PDSG). Participaram do estudo 518 indivíduos com idades entre 18 e 79 anos (M=39,31; DP=17,93), 59,80% do gênero masculino. Foram conduzidas regressões logísticas binárias considerando a autocategorização na direita como variável dependente e os componentes do Autoritarismo de Direita e o PDSG como variáveis independentes. Concluiu-se que os componentes 'Tradicionalismo' e 'Autoritarismo' do Autoritarismo de Direita predizem significativamente a autocategorização investigada. Implicações do resultado são discutidas no artigo.
... Interpersonal contact was more likely to be reported by respondents who were highly educated, politically liberal, young, and female. This finding is persistent with previous findings(Herek & Glunt, 1993). More female students thought that the causation of homosexuality were normal than male students, and it was statistically significance. ...
... Gruplararası ilişkiler literatürüne bakıldığında, gruplararası temasın homoseksüellere (Herek ve Glunt, 1993), fiziksel engellilere (Maras ve Brown, 2000), zihinsel hastalara (Couture ve Penn, 2003), mülteci ve sığınmacılara (Cameron, Rutland, Brown ve Douch, 2006), yaşlılara (Bousfield ve Hutchison, 2010) ve obez kişilere (Puhl ve Brownell, 2003) yönelik tutum ve davranışlar ile olumlu yönde ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Olumlu temasın tutum ve davranışlar üzerindeki etkilerine ek olarak, temasın toplumlarda entegrasyon ve barış süreçleri ile de olumlu yönde ilişkilendirildiği bulgulanmıştır. ...
With increasing number of immigrants throughout the world and Turkey, it has become critical to examine the role of intergroup contact between majority and minority groups to improve the psychological well-being of immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees who face major difficulties during this adaptational process. The aim of this study is to show whether Syrian asylum seekers’ contact with Turks is related to their psychological well-being via the mediating roles of intergroup anxiety, ingroup identification, and social acceptance. A total of 163 Syrian participants (88 females, 75 males) responded to measures of intergroup contact, intergroup anxiety, multi-group ethnic identity, public self-esteem, and flourishing scales. Findings demonstrated that positive contact was negatively associated with intergroup anxiety and positively associated with both social acceptance and ingroup identification. While the direct relationship between intergroup contact and psychological well-being was not significant, the indirect effects of contact on well-being were significant across all three mediators. Findings are discussed in terms of the effective role of intergroup contact on predicting Syrians’ psychological well-being.
The last few decades witnessed a dramatic change in public opinion toward gay people. We show that this process was initiated by a sharp increase in the approval of same-sex relationships in 1992–93, following the debate on whether gay people could serve openly in the military. We study the hypothesis that the greater salience of gay-related issues during this period initiated a process of cultural change. Using a difference-in-difference empirical strategy, we show that greater exposure to the gay population, measured in a variety of ways, led to a greater increase in approval. Furthermore, media attention and campaign contributions increased by more in high exposure locations. Our results, we show, cannot be explained simply by a process of expanding liberal views of civil liberties.
This paper summarizes the results of an exploratory study that focuses on social distance toward LGBT people compared to other minority groups. One hundred and twenty university students from Romania and 80 university students from the Republic of Moldova completed a tool inspired by the Social Distance Scale (E. S. Bogardus), respectively a scale (14 items) for measuring stereotypes and prejudices about people with homosexual orientation. Compared to participants from Romania, those from the Republic of Moldova showed a significantly greater social distance toward homosexual, bisexual or transsexual people. For both Romania and the Republic of Moldova, the participants showed a greater social distance toward people with homosexual orientation than toward people with another racial or ethnic origin. In contrast, in both countries, the social distance toward people with homosexual orientation was smaller than the social distance from drug users and alcoholics. For Romania, contact or friendship with a lesbian/gay person and the orientation toward liberal ideology had significant effects on the social distance toward LGBT people. Also, there were some differences between the participants from the two countries in terms of the frequency of stereotypes and prejudices about people with homosexual orientation. Cuvinte-cheie: persoane LGBT, distanță socială, studenți, România, Republica Moldova.
In a recent article, M. B.Oliver and J. S. Hyde (1993) reported the results of a set of meta-analyses of gender differences on a number of sexuality-related variables, including attitudes toward homosexuality. The small number of studies on this topic included in the review suggested that Oliver and Hyde's literature search strategy overlooked a number of studies. This article reports the results of a new meta-analysis using an expanded search strategy. In contrast to Oliver and Hyde's results, it was found that men held more negative attitudes toward homosexuality and, to a lesser extent, the civil rights of lesbians and gay men than did women. Effect sizes were moderated by subject population, with general adult samples showing no sex difference and other samples showing larger effect sizes. Effect sizes also varied as a function of the sex of the person rated, with larger sex differences for gay men than for lesbians. The implications of the results for the process of literature reviewing and for gender-based explanations of antigay prejudice are discussed.
Was denken junge Männer in Deutschland über sexuelle und geschlechtliche Vielfalt? Konkret gefragt, wie sind ihre Einstellungen zu Gleichberechtigung, Heirat und Adoptionsrechten von homosexuellen Personen sowie zu Rechten von trans* und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen? Vor dem Hintergrund der trotz gesellschaftlicher und rechtlicher Veränderungen weiterhin häufig berichteten Vorurteile und Diskriminierungen gegenüber lesbischen, schwulen, bisexuellen, trans* und inter* (LSBTI*) Personen werden Einstellungen junger Männer detailliert beschrieben und mögliche Erklärungsansätze dieser Einstellungen genauer beleuchtet. Mit Blick auf aktuelle (rechtspopulistische) Diskurse und das dort kolportierte Bild von homonegativen und intoleranten Personengruppen (siehe Einleitung dieses Sammelbands) werden in diesem Kapitel die Einstellungen von jungen Männern mit und ohne internationale Geschichte betrachtet, operationalisiert als die drei Gruppen „ohne internationale Geschichte“, „türkeistämmig“ und „mit Fluchtgeschichte“. Die Datenbasis liefert das JUMEN Forschungsprojekt, für das in diesem Kapitel die Daten von qualitativen Interviews (n = 62) und einer quantitativen Onlinebefragung (n = 819) ausgewertet wurden. In den Daten zeigten sich einerseits im Durchschnitt eher positive Einstellungen zu LSBTI*-Themen, andererseits äußerte ein nicht unerheblicher Teil der Teilnehmer auch ambivalente oder negative Einstellungen. Sowohl in den qualitativen Befunden als auch in varianz- sowie regressionsanalytischen quantitativen Auswertungen erwies sich die Geschlechtsidentität als zentraler Prädiktor der LSBTI*-Einstellungen. Männer, die sich selbst als stärker „typisch männlich“ wahrnahmen, zufriedener mit dem eigenen Geschlecht waren und einen höheren Anpassungsdruck hinsichtlich geschlechtsrollenkonformen Verhaltens empfanden, zeigten negativere Einstellungen zu LSBTI*-Themen. Darüber hinaus sagte eine stärkere Religiosität, nicht aber die Religionszugehörigkeit der befragten jungen Männer negativere Einstellungen vorher. Die Befunde in diesem Kapitel bestätigen auch die Annahme, dass eine mögliche internationale Geschichte eine distale Variable darstellt: Unterschiede zwischen den drei Gruppen wurden kleiner bzw. verschwanden, wenn für weitere Variablen kontrolliert wurde. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für die praktische Arbeit mit Jungen und jungen Männern diskutiert.
Marriage equality has been a topic of political debate worldwide, with several countries legalising marriage between two consenting adults regardless of sex or gender since the early 2000s. In 2017, Australia legalised marriage equality through the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017. This decision followed a voluntary postal survey open to adult citizens to gauge public support for marriage equality. Although marriage equality was legislated, there is a need to understand community attitudes in order to promote safe environments for all citizens. Our study investigated demographic, personality characteristics, and social factors predictive of both attitudes towards marriage equality and response to the postal survey. Data were obtained from 250 Australian respondents through an anonymous online survey. Participants held positive attitudes towards marriage equality and 82% had returned a survey in favour of marriage equality. Attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people, sex, sexuality, geographic location, religious fundamentalism, social political conservatism, degree of comfort with gay and lesbian people, attitudes to marriage and marriage gender roles, gender role beliefs, general empathy, empathy towards same sex attracted people, and right-wing authoritarianism predicted attitudes to marriage equality and/or survey response. Findings suggest that increasing empathy towards and contact with LGBTQ+ people may increase more positive attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people and marriage equality.
This paper aims to present an overview of the personality profile of the offender, from the
perspective of two component dimensions of the Big Five model - extraversion and agreeableness as
well as by reference to the specifics of the deed and recidivism, in order to draw up a joint
intervention plan. The literature review highlighted a lower level of agreeableness and a higher level
of extraversion among young people and adults at risk of committing illegal acts. An exception was
observed in the case of persons convicted of sexual assault on children, some of them being less
extroverted, depending on the degree of kinship with the victim. Regarding the specificity of the
crime, those who presented a lower level of agreeableness were the violent criminals, those accused
of theft, and the smugglers. A higher level of extraversion has been associated with theft, smuggling,
and illegal alcohol and drug use. However, not all studies have shown significant differences between
offenders and the normal population. Some showed that the inmates were more extroverted and
agreeable compared to the ordinary population, others showed the opposite. For this reason, it is
necessary to develop knowledge of the criminal field by conducting additional research to cover
existing gaps. However, the current results highlight the importance of orienting the process of social
reintegration of persons deprived of liberty towards acquiring a balance between being expansive –
being reserved and understanding the usefulness of agreeableness in the process of adaptation to
society in which the person in prison is to return.
Keywords: personality, extraversion, agreeableness, delinquency, crime.
In this chapter on sexuality, we examine three foundational postulations from queer theory. The first postulation is that the historical construction of sexuality, and same-sex desire in particular, tends to be based on binary thinking that positions same-sex desire as either universal (a “universalizing” view of same-sex sexuality) or as a disposition common to a minority of the population (a “minoritizing” view of same-sex sexuality). In contrast, queer theory moves away from a binary view of sexuality to conceptualize it as fluid. The second postulation is that people’s sexuality is shaped by interlocking forms of oppression such as colonialism, racism, sexism, and class oppression. The intersections of interlocking forms of oppression configure sexual identities and desires in unique ways. The third postulation is the rejection of a hierarchy of sexual practices and a focus on the proliferation of sexual categories to disrupt that hierarchy. We juxtapose these three key ideas with a review of critical psychology research, showing how psychological studies moved from a universalizing to a minoritizing view of same-sex desire, with a recent turn back towards the universalizing approach. We describe psychological contributions on the manner in which LGBTQ identities are different among people of color compared to white people as well as research that examines the influence of neoliberal ideology on sexual agency. We explore recent psychological studies related to BDSM and kink, polyamory, and asexuality. Assessing the convergence and divergence between psychology and queer thought leads us to critique the notion that a proliferation of sexual identities is necessarily libratory; instead, we argue for a more intersectional approach to sexual identities.
This article explores front-line cruise employees’ interaction with LGBT passengers. Covert data were gathered with 70 staff, many of whom were from developing countries where attitudes to LGBT people can be less accepting. Encounters are illuminated using Allport's (1954) intergroup contact theory. Interactions between staff and gay passengers were largely positive, helping normalise homosexuality and diminish negative attitudes. Staff interactions were moderated by factors such as prior knowledge of gay people, their previous service experience on gay charters, gender, the influence of working for gratuities and the sense of fun onboard. The gay cruise provides the context that gives rise to moderating conditions, which then facilitate the mediating processes such as reduced intergroup anxiety and increased cultural learning of gay lifestyles. Suggestions for future research between cruise companies and their employees explore how other variables may positively influence staff service-gay customer interactions. Managerial implications are offered for the cruise sector.
In recent years, there has been remarkable change in societal acceptance of lesbians and gay men. This meta-analysis explored whether this positive shift has reduced the gender difference in these attitudes. We tested Kite and Whitley’s (1996) gender belief system model and replicated their finding that heterosexual men held more negative attitudes toward gay people (g. = 0.37, k = 245, N = 98,295), gay behavior (g. = 0.22, k = 68, N = 98,734), and gay civil rights (g. = 0.16, k = 80, N = 89,187). We also found that heterosexual men were more likely to report engaging in anti-gay behavior (g. = 0.53, k = 7, N = 2,509), endorsing gay stereotypes (g. = 0.17, k = 17, N = 6,936), and wanting to avoid contact with gay men (g. = 0.49, k = 7, N = 2,178). However, heterosexual women reported a stronger desire to avoid contact with lesbians than did heterosexual men (g. = -0.36, k = 5, N = 1,339). For the most part, gender differences remained stable over time; the exceptions were attitudes toward same-gender sexual behavior and attitudes toward lesbian and gay civil rights, which showed small increases. Gender differences in anti-gay prejudice were mediated by gender differences in traditional gender-role beliefs. Moderator variables included participant group, type of measure, and target group.
LGB+ parented families in recent years are becoming more visible, but limited information exists about how professionals interact with people in these family forms. This study used the framework of intergroup contact theory to investigate whether contact with lesbians and gay men, same‐sex couples, and same‐sex parents respectively increase inclusive practices towards same‐sex families, and whether this association is mediated by professionals' prejudice and endorsement of same‐sex families' rights. A questionnaire with scales on: (a) intergroup contact, (b) professionals' orientation towards same‐sex families' inclusive practices, (c) professionals' prejudices, and (d) support of same‐sex couples' rights was administered to 460 professionals (9.8% males) working in social (N = 103), education (N = 156), and healthcare (N = 201) services in Italy. Path analysis was used to test the prediction that contact increases professionals' intention to embrace inclusive practices towards same‐sex families through the mediation of both prejudice and support to same‐sex couples' rights to have and raise children. Results showed that contact reduced prejudices towards same‐sex families and increased the endorsement of same‐sex families' rights, which in turn favoured professionals' willingness to modify their practices to include these family forms. Implications for the training and development of inclusive models are discussed. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Coupledom and notions of intimacy and family formation with one committed partner are hallmarks of family and relationship science. Recent national surveys in the United States and Canada have found that consensually non-monogamous relationships are common, though prevalence of specific types of consensual non-monogamy are unknown. The present research draws on a United States Census based quota sample of single adults (N = 3,438) to estimate the prevalence of desire for, familiarity with, and engagement in polyamory—a distinct type of consensually non-monogamous relationship where people typically engage in romantic love and sexual intimacy with multiple partners. Results show that 1 out of 6 people (16.8%) desire to engage in polyamory, and 1 out of 9 people (10.7%) have engaged in polyamory at some point during their life. Approximately 1 out of 15 people (6.5%) reported that they knew someone who has been or is currently engaged in polyamory. Among participants who were not personally interested in polyamory, 1 out of 7 (14.2%) indicated that they respect people who engage in polyamory. Few sociodemographic correlates emerged; no differences in prevalence were found based on political affiliation, income, religion, geographic region, or race/ethnicity. Sexual minorities, men, and younger adults reported greater desire to engage in polyamory (compared to heterosexuals, women, and older adults, respectively). Men and people with lower education backgrounds were more likely to have previously engaged in polyamory (compared to women and people with higher education backgrounds, respectively). Given that emotional and sexual intimacy is an important part of most people’s lives, understanding the varied ways in which people navigate their intimate lives is critical for the fields of relationship, sexuality, and family science.
Objective
What factors shape public support for service refusals carried out in the name of the free exercise of religion? Existing analyses treat the businesses refusing to serve LGBT citizens as fungible. We hypothesize that the religious context does not matter and that reactions are consistent with the role of socialized disgust.
Methods
We engage the same experimental design in two 2019 samples, one of 800 Colorado adult residents and one of 1,010 Protestants. The 1 × 2 × 2 design enables a contrast between a control, conditions that vary the business between a florist and photographer, and conditions that vary the religious nature of the event.
Results
The results suggest that the religious nature of the context is immaterial and that reactions generally conform with the role of disgust, especially for those socialized to feel it—high attending evangelicals.
Conclusion
We affirm the importance of the context of service delivery for religious freedom attitudes and discuss the role of religion.
The paper examines the perceptions and attitudes of undergraduate students in Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) towards alternative sexual relationships (ASRs). In most parts of Africa, ASRs are largely frowned against, as most countries on the continent have illegalised the practice. While literature abounds generally on the acceptance or otherwise of ASRs, studies x-raying this subject matter from the perspective of an enthusiastic and explorative youth population among undergraduate students in Nigeria are scanty. The paper adopts descriptive research design and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) method. Structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data were analysed using inferential and descriptive statistical tools of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings show that majority of undergraduate students in OAU (70.4%) hold negative perception of ASRs; and 55.2% of the students hold negative attitude towards ASRs. On gender basis, while more male students (56%) show negative attitude towards ASRs, a lower percentage (54.37%) of female students shows negative attitude towards the practice. The paper also finds that background characteristics (age, gender, religion and level of study) of students do not influence their perceptions and attitudes towards ASRs. The paper concludes that OAU students condemn and do not condone ASRs.
Although intergroup contact reduces prejudice generally, there are growing calls to examine contextual factors in conjunction with contact. Such an approach benefits from more sophisticated analytic approaches, such as multilevel modelling, that take both the individual (Level-1) and their environment (Level-2) into account. Using this approach, we go beyond attitudes to assess both individual and contextual predictors of support for gay/lesbian and transgender rights. Using a sample of participants across 77 countries, results revealed that personal gay/lesbian contact (Level-1) and living in a country with more gay/lesbian rights (Level-2) predicted greater support for gay/lesbian rights (n = 71,991). Likewise, transgender contact and living in a country with more transgender rights predicted more support for transgender rights (n = 70,056). Cross-level interactions are also presented and discussed. Overall, findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual factors in predicting support for LGBT communities.
Background:
Though DSM no longer considers homosexuality as a clinical condition, it still remains a contentious issue across social, legal, and religious paradigms. Collectivistic and traditional societies (eg, India) are more reticent in accepting the multifaceted nature of sexuality. This study thereby tries to arrive at a collective understanding about homosexuality.
Methods:
The study was conducted in the following 3 parts:
1. Focus group discussion (FDG) to unravel the collective understanding of homosexuality in heterosexual young adults.
2. In-depth personal interviews with 3 homosexual persons.
3. In-depth personal interview with 3 heterosexual peers of homosexual persons.
Results:
Qualitative analysis of the FGDs revealed that the participants share a collective opinion that “lack of acceptance and negative stereotyping of homosexuality” to be a predominant social phenomenon in India. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of the personal interviews of the homosexual persons revealed experience of social ostracization and unique personal journey toward self-acceptance and adaptation. IPA of the personal interviews of the heterosexual peers disseminate that these people have the agonizing vicarious experience of seeing their friends being discriminated against and also personal experiences of social rejection on account of having a homosexual friend.
Conclusion:
This study is unique in that it tried to recognize homosexuality from multiple perspectives. Findings suggest that heteronormative hegemony operates insidiously and pervades the boundary of the self-generating “self-doubt.” Understanding these dimensions might help address their unmet needs and identities as well as mitigate stigma surrounding the same.
Previous research has found discrimination against same-sex couples in the rental housing market. However, no studies have tested in rural markets, even though anti-LGBT attitudes may be more prevalent there due to conservative social norms and less frequent contact with LGBT people. I study whether the rate of discrimination against same-sex couples differs between rural and urban rental housing markets. I use a matched correspondence test design, sending email inquiries about the availability of rental homes to 445 landlords in 28 markets posing as either a same-sex or opposite-sex couple. Results compare rates of positive response between these groups, suggesting that landlords do not respond at substantially different rates to inquiries from same-sex or opposite-sex couples in rural or urban markets, nor do response rates differ between states with anti-discrimination ordinances and those without.
Previous studies have indicated that heterosexuals who had faced their close friends’ coming out tend to have a more positive attitude toward homosexuals in general but have decreased interactions with their close homosexual friends. We investigated why such a difference between heterosexual attitudes toward homosexuals in general and toward their close homosexual friends emerges after their friends came out. We conducted two imaginary vignette studies with Japanese undergraduates. Results from Study 1 (N = 186) revealed that both male and female heterosexuals with high gender self-esteem positively changed their attitudes toward homosexuals in general after their friends came out. Results from Study 2 (N = 147) revealed that social contagion concerns served as a significant predictor for avoidance responses to their friends who came out. However, such links between social contagion concerns and avoidance behaviors observed in heterosexuals were moderated by gender self-esteem. Heterosexual males’ gender self-esteem promoted the relations, but heterosexual females’ gender self-esteem mitigated the relations. The role of gender self-esteem in the context of coming out is discussed beyond the traditional and narrow-sense sex-role perspectives.
Despite evidence of its effectiveness in the area of conflict studies, intergroup contact theory (ICT) has rarely been applied to specifically designed sport-for-development (SFD) interventions. As such, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the suitability and applicability of ICT as a framework analyzing SFD interventions that aim to foster integrative social transformation. In this paper, we first situate ICT within the broader sport and SFD contexts before demonstrating the utility of ICT through a reflective analysis of League Bilong Laif (LBL), an education-focused SFD intervention in Papua New Guinea. Our examination of LBL demonstrates that ICT may well be a useful framework to design and deliver SFD interventions, particularly in the context of existing intergroup tensions. To maximize opportunities for positive social impact, we propose the aspect of ‘cultural relevance and excitement potential’ as an additional critical condition for achieving meaningful intergroup development.
There is wide research investigating negative attitudes and behaviors toward gays and lesbians within Western societies. However, only a small amount of studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals, particularly in non-Western societies with younger populations. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the predictors of transphobic attitudes in north Cyprus using young adults. Participants were 148 (96 women, 51 men) Turkish speaking young adults, aged between 18 and 25 years (M = 20.29, SD = 2.38). Participants completed a questionnaire package containing measures of intergroup contact, ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, homophobic feelings and attitudes, and transphobia. As expected, results showed that intergroup contact, hostile sexism, and homophobia predicted transphobic attitudes. Implications to ameliorate discriminatory attitudes toward transgender individuals in non-Western cultures are discussed.
Whether or not sexual minorities in the Philippines higher education system are socially acceptable is not clear. This article specifically investigates the acceptance of gay and lesbian university students in the Philippines and implications for international gay or lesbian students’ sociocultural transition. We sampled opinions of both local and international students in all the academic departments of a private university in the province of Cavite. The participants were selected using a proportionate stratified convenience sampling technique according to which they were grouped by academic department and chosen based on their availability, proximity, and convenience. We administered surveys to 368 registered students in 2011. Of the 368 questionnaires distributed, 358 responses were received, which constitutes a 97.3% response rate. Using transition theory, the article argues that the attitude toward sexual orientation had some negative implications for gay and lesbian international students transitioning into the sociocultural environment of the Philippines.
Introduction
The intergroup contact variable has been widely studied in the literature, and it has been shown to be closely related to less prejudice. The present article analyzes the role of an affective mediator in the relationship between the degree of contact-rejection of the outgroup (same-sex parents) variables, linked to the variable quality of contact or satisfaction with contact with people with a homosexual sexual orientation.
Methods
The sample is composed of 401 Spanish university students (67 males, 16.2%, and 347 females, 83.8%) with a mean age of 21 years (SD = 3.20). The data collection took place between November 2016 and March 2017.
Results
The results show a complete mediation effect in the case of open or traditional prejudice (individual opposition), and partial mediation when analyzing modern or subtle rejection of same-sex parents (normative opposition).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce the rejection of same-sex parents must take into account the individual’s positive evaluation of the contact because it is a mechanism that mediates the relationship between degree of contact and rejection.
Social policy implications
Homophobia intervention programs must consider the intergroup contact variable, taking into account that it is also necessary to act on positive emotions and affectivity toward relationships with people with a homosexual sexual orientation. Increasing positive contact with same-sex parents could be a key element in reducing rejection toward the effects of their child-rearing on their children.
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