Eileen L. Zurbriggen's research while affiliated with University of California, Santa Cruz and other places
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Publications (74)
This chapter discusses the history of queer theory and activism. In it, we discuss the theoretical flag posts leading to the emergence of queer theory and transgender studies. The texts we depict show the radical aims of the queer and transgender movement that focus not only on gender and sexuality but also on dismantling structures that sustain ec...
In this chapter on sexuality, we examine three foundational postulations from queer theory. The first postulation is that the historical construction of sexuality, and same-sex desire in particular, tends to be based on binary thinking that positions same-sex desire as either universal (a “universalizing” view of same-sex sexuality) or as a disposi...
In this chapter we juxtapose a queer theory formulation of gender with theories and research in the psychology and sociology of gender. Our discussion focuses on ideas from Judith Butler’s foundational book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. We discuss three key ideas found in Butler’s early work. The first key idea is Butler’...
In this concluding chapter we discuss some of the insights gained from juxtaposing three eclectic fields of knowledge: queer studies, transgender theory, and psychological research. Because the queer and transgender projects are political projects, in this conclusion we focus on understanding the processes that may lead to fragmentation within the...
Websites, blogs, and message boards of the “manosphere” are dedicated to a worldview that celebrates hegemonic masculinity and decries feminism. In a reflexive thematic analysis of 227 posts (389,189 words) from two manosphere message boards (The Red Pill and Incel), we analyzed how posters viewed women and men. We found that beliefs about women an...
Editorial cartoons provide an incisive view on political candidates and often include more provocative or emotional material than textual editorials. A content analysis of editorial cartoons was conducted to examine the portrayals of candidates for the Democratic nomination for the US presidential election of 2020. Themes related to gender, race, a...
In this chapter, we delineate some of the key themes in foundational transgender studies texts including: the rejection of the traditional male/female binary as prescribed by the medical model
of transgender identity, the endorsement of a self-deterministic approach to gender identity, and the emphasis on the polyvocality of the transgender experie...
American Psychological Association Division 44 Distinguished Book Award Winner 2023
This timely volume examines the ways in which queer and trans theory are supported by recent findings from psychological science. In it, Ella Ben Hagai and Eileen Zurbriggen explore foundational ideas from queer thought and transgender theory including the instabil...
Many studies have examined the consequences of being objectified by others and of self-objectification, but less attention has been given to those who objectify others. We therefore examined the relationship between attitudes accepting the objectification of women, self-objectification, and sexist beliefs. Using data from 314 male and female partic...
Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) provides a framework for understanding how cultural pressure on women’s appearance (i.e., sexual objectification) impacts their psychological and physical well-being. Although objectification theory proposes that objectification processes commence with the onset of puberty, much of the existing r...
In a survey study of Arab and Jewish Americans, we examined which beliefs best predicted support for a two‐state solution. We compared the role of a sense of collective victimhood, dehumanization of the outgroup, a zero‐sum view, and a monolithic narrative on the conflict. In both the Arab American and the Jewish American samples, framing the confl...
Background
Mentored research apprenticeships are a common feature of academic outreach programs that aim to promote diversity in science fields. The current study tests for links between three forms of mentoring (instrumental, socioemotional, and negative) and the degree to which undergraduates psychologically identify with science. Participants we...
We report results from two studies testing the Mediation Model of Research Experiences (MMRE), which posits that science (or engineering) self-efficacy and identity as a scientist (or engineer) mediate the association between support programs and students’ commitment to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Study 1 inclu...
We report results from two studies testing the Mediation Model of Research Experiences, which posits that science (or engineering) self‐efficacy and identity as a scientist (or engineer) mediate the association between support programs and students’ commitment to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Study 1 included 502...
Journalists, child advocacy organizations, parents and psychologists have argued that the sexualization of girls is a broad and increasing problem and is harmful to girls.The APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls was formed in response to these expressions of public concern.
This mixed-methods study examines mentoring relationships in an ethnically diverse sample of undergraduates in majors related to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Guided by an intersectionality framework, we examined whether features of research mentoring differ at the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Survey data from undergra...
Emerging adulthood is a time of identity exploration during which youth actively engage with beliefs and values that shape their political orientation. In this study, we examine the processes and consequences of young adults’ exploration of their Jewish identity as it is embedded in the Birthright trip (a free 10-day trip to Israel that is offered...
Influenced by social identity theory, psychologists have focused primarily on the role of shared identity in leading people to engage in collective action. In this study, we are concerned with the factors that lead individuals who do not share a collective identity to act in solidarity with an outgroup. We explored this question by looking at the n...
Perpetrators of violence often use a strategy of Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO) to confuse and silence their victims. Although some previous research has examined the individual elements of DARVO, this is the first study to directly examine DARVO as a unitary concept and to investigate how it relates to feelings of self-blame...
Sandra Bem revolutionized psychology with her research on gender, androgyny, and gender schematicity, which culminated in her book, The Lenses of Gender. Her work also provides a model for how to cross inter-disciplinary lines to enhance scholarship and reach political goals. We analyze similarities and differences between Bem’s scholarship and sch...
One of Sandra Bem’s important contributions was the development of gender schema theory (GST; Bem 1981a). Through an analysis of journal articles referencing GST, we explored the breadth of the theory’s reach and the ways in which its use has changed over time. More specifically, we analyzed how often GST reached journals outside psychology as well...
In this study, we examined processes associated with ingroup members’ break from their ingroup and solidarity with the outgroup. We explored these processes by observing the current dramatic social change in which a growing number of young Jewish Americans have come to reject Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians. We conducted a yearlong participa...
Using thematic analysis of interview data, the present study assessed teen girls’ and young adult women’s attitudes toward posting sexualized profile photos on Facebook. In addition, sexualization behaviors depicted in participants’ profile photos were examined. Participants overwhelmingly disapproved (either in a reluctant or a clear manner) of po...
Social media pose a privacy paradox: Most users indicate that they are concerned about their privacy, yet they share personal information widely on social media platforms. The affordances of social media (connectivity, visibility, social feedback, persistence, and accessibility) and their ability to enhance social communication and interpersonal re...
To better understand why individuals come to support economic policies that increase inequalities, we suggest a more expansive understanding of ideology. A broad understanding of ideology predicts that daily engagement with the material world will produce certain narratives about the self and the obstacles faced by people. We review studies on chil...
Prior research shows that undergraduates tend to identify more strongly with the field of science after participating in scientific research. However, mediators that might account for this association are not well understood. In the current study, we propose that science self-efficacy may serve this mediational function. Specifically, data from a 2...
Changes in child safety knowledge concerning bullying, boundary-setting, and help-seeking were evaluated after participation in the Kidpower Everyday Safety Skills Program (ESSP), a workshop designed to increase children’s knowledge of safe choices. The program consisted of an in-school workshop, weekly follow-up sessions, and homework assignments...
Using an experimental methodology, the present study assessed adolescent girls’ and young adult women’s perceptions of a peer who presented herself on Facebook in either a sexualized or nonsexualized manner. Fifty-eight adolescent girls and 60 young adult women viewed a Facebook profile with either a sexualized profile photo or a nonsexualized prof...
Play with Barbie dolls is an understudied source of gendered socialization that may convey a sexualized adult world to young girls. Early exposure to sexualized images may have unintended consequences in the form of perceived limitations on future selves. We investigated perceptions of careers girls felt they could do in the future as compared to t...
This review focuses on the ways in which the objectification of individuals and groups of people, as well as the self-objectification that typically develops from such treatment, is implicated in positive and negative societal change. Four areas are reviewed: (a) objectification (including dehumanization, infra-humanization, dehumanized perception,...
Jewish Americans’ opinions on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict influence both the Israeli and the U.S. governments. Consequently, the Jewish American diaspora can act to promote or inhibit the peace process between Israelis and Palestinians. Several different sociopsychological beliefs have been postulated to lead individuals to support the perpetu...
The present study identified emerging adults’ self-generated sexual values and sources of sexual values upon entering college and a year later to assess how these values and sources may have changed. Participants included 148 college students (86 women and 62 men) who were 17 to 19 years old at Time 1 (M = 18.1). Generative coding revealed seven th...
This short-term longitudinal study examined (a) adolescents' contact with mentors who share their background in relation to the importance they place on having such mentors, and (b) the associations of these perceptions with self-efficacy, identity, and commitment to a science career. Participants were 265 ethnically diverse adolescents (M age = 15...
Intimate relationships can both affect and be affected by trauma and its sequelae. This special issue highlights research on trauma, attachment, and intimate relationships. Several themes emerged. One theme is the exploration of the associations between a history of trauma and relational variables, with an emphasis on models using these variables a...
A web-based survey of members of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science tested a model that proposed that the effects of science support experiences on commitment to science careers would be mediated by science self-efficacy and identity as a scientist. A sample of 327 undergraduates and 338 graduate students an...
This study was designed to provide an assessment of the relationship between the two most important implicit motives and the most frequently studied sexual behaviors. A community sample of 102 men and 92 women completed measures of implicit power and affiliation-intimacy motives, sexual conservatism, social desirability, and sexual behavior. For me...
Indirect exposure to traumatic events or to survivors of trauma can itself be traumatizing and lead to symptoms similar to those of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a phenomenon known as secondary traumatization. Undergraduate students enrolled in courses on trauma are potentially vulnerable to secondary traumatization, although no research on...
Few studies have examined objectification in the context of romantic relationships, even though strong theoretical arguments have often made this connection. This study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether exposure to mass media is related to self-objectification and objectification of one's partner, which in turn is hypothesiz...
Rape is endemic during war, suggesting that there may be important conceptual links between the two. A theoretical model is presented positing that rape and war are correlated because traditional (hegemonic) masculinity underlies, and is a cause of, both. An analysis of the literatures on masculinity, rape perpetration, and military socialization i...
This special issue of Journal of Personality brings together 10 original articles addressing the intersection of personality and politics. Articles build on classic traditions in political psychology by presenting both idiographic and nomothetic work on the motivational, cognitive, ideological, attitudinal, and identity correlates of many different...
The political correlates of the authoritarian personality have been well established by researchers, but important linkages to other major constructs in psychology need fuller elaboration. We present new data and review old data from our laboratories that show the myriad ways in which authoritarianism is implicated in the important domain of gender...
Previous research has suggested that news and commentary concerning political candidates can vary based on a candidate's gender or race. Race and gender were especially salient in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. A content analysis of editorial cartoons was conducted to examine patterns in content or imagery related to race and gender. Editoria...
This study describes the development and psychometric properties of the Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire (TAQ). Items were generated based on interviews with 72 ethnically diverse community participants exposed to a range of trauma types. From the interviews, more than 600 items that tapped beliefs, emotions, and behaviors were generated for 9 apprai...
Childhood physical and sexual abuse are known risk factors for adult sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, but less is known about the role played by childhood emotional abuse. College sophomores were surveyed regarding their childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse victimization and their late-adolescent experiences of sexual ag...
Emerging adulthood is a time of sexual and romantic relationship development as well as change in the parent-child relationship. This study provides a longitudinal analysis of 30 young adults' (17 women, 13 men) sexual experiences, attitudes about sexuality and dating, and reported conversations with parents about sexuality and dating from the 1st...
The three articles in this special section on the development of adolescent dating violence provide important insights that can help shape future research and theory. Several common themes emerged. The roots of adolescent dating violence are broad and deep; thus, developmental and sociocultural perspectives are necessary to adequately understand th...
A feminist analysis of the torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib illuminates aspects of the abuses that have not been previously considered. Social psychological studies that emphasize the importance of a (degendered) 'power of the situation' in determining behaviour have not adequately considered the effects of masculine socialization. The sexu...
This study provided a qualitative analysis of 79 young adults' descriptions of sexual and relational messages they received from their first significant dating partner. For both men and women, the most frequent theme concerned the negotiation of first sexual intercourse with that partner; other themes differed by gender. Women reported receiving me...
Three experiments were conducted to study motor programs used by expert singers to produce short tonal melodies. Each experiment involved a response-priming procedure in which singers prepared to sing a primary melody but on 50% of trials had to switch and sing a different (secondary) melody instead. In Experiment 1, secondary melodies in the same...
An unrestricted sociosexual orientation (the endorsement of casual sex) has been found to correlate with undesirable behaviors and personality characteristics more so in men than in women. Using a community sample of men and women, we investigated the correlations between sociosexuality and behaviors, motives, attitudes, and fantasies related to se...
Past research has revealed associations between television viewing and sexual attitudes and behaviors. We examined a burgeoning
new television genre, reality dating programs (RDPs). Undergraduate students (ages 18–24) reported their overall television
viewing, their RDP viewing, and their involvement with RDPs (watching in order to learn and watchi...
Exit polls from the 2004 U.S. presidential election indicated overwhelming support for President Bush among voters who said they valued honesty, even though the Bush administration had been sharply criticized for deceiving the public, especially concerning the reasons for invading Iraq. A psychological theory recently developed to help explain memo...
One hundred and sixty-two participants (ages 21-45) wrote open-ended sexual fantasies and completed self-report measures of rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, and attitudes toward women. We coded fantasies using a newly developed scoring system that includes themes of dominance, submission, sexual pleasure, and sexual desire. Men fan...
Elements of betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996 ) are used to evaluate potential negative and positive consequences for children who serve as artistic models, particularly those who model for their artist parents. Several dimensions are considered in evaluating the likelihood of harm: nudity, motives of the artist, consent, external vulnerability,...
Cruz. Her research interests include sexual aggression perpetration, adult outcomes of childhood sexual abuse victimization, and societal and intrapsychic links between power and sexuality. Kathryn Becker-Blease, PhD, Developmental Psychology, is a post-doctoral fellow at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire. There she...
Computational modeling plays a central role in cognitive science. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to computational models of human cognition. It covers major approaches and architectures, both neural network and symbolic; major theoretical issues; and specific computational models of a variety of cognitive processes, ranging from lo...
McClelland (1985) hypothesized that motives and emotions are linked in specific ways, with each primary emotion relevant to only one motive. Two studies were generally supportive of the specific links hypothesized by McClelland. In Study 1, participants visualized success at satisfying each of three motives (achievement, affiliation-intimacy, and p...
this article. We also thank past and present members of the Brain, Cognition, and Action Laboratory at the University of Michigan (Elizabeth Emroohs, David Fencsik, Cerita Jones, Ryan Kettler, Shane Mueller, Mollie Schweppe, Travis Seymour, and B. J. Woodside) for assistance and helpful suggestions
Wepresentprelim i naryresultsfromtheBetrayalTrauma Inventory(BTI) test ingpredictionsfrombetrayaltraumatheory(Freyd, 1994, 1996, in press) about the re la tion ship be tween am ne sia and betrayal by a care giver. TheBTI as sesses trauma his tory us ing behaviorally de fined events in the do mains of sex ual, phys i cal, and emo tional childhoodabu...
The apparently deleterious effect of aging on dual-task performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control dual-task performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the performance of older adults...
The present study investigated whether implicit social motives and cognitive power-sex associations would predict self-reports of aggressive sexual behavior. Participants wrote stories in response to Thematic Apperception Test pictures, which were scored for power and affiliation-intimacy motives. They also completed a lexical-decision priming task...
This article reports 4 experiments that used the psychological refractory period procedure to characterize how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. For each experiment, a primary choice-reaction task was paired with a secondary choice-reaction task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments I and 2 varied secondary-tas...
A new theoretical framework, the EPIC (Executive-Process/Interactive-Control) architecture, provides the basis for accurate detailed computational models of human multiple-task performance. Contrary to the traditional response-selection bottleneck hypothesis, EPIC's cognitive processor can select responses and do other procedural operations simulta...
Citations
... The set of beliefs originates from a network of anti-feminist online communities known as "the manosphere. " Manosphere communities promote a hierarchical understanding of gender relations fostered by specific terminology, pseudo-scientific theories, and categorizations of human beings based on their looks, wealth, and social status (Ging, 2019;Vallerga and Zurbriggen, 2022). Incels themselves emphasize that they do not form a uniform movement but differ in their problems, attitudes, political views, and life situations. ...
... Hostile sexism, unlike benevolent sexism, was predictive of higher levels of objectification of women (Harsey & Zurbriggen, 2021), and this means that in men, hostile sexism induced an ideal of dominion and overpowering, which is also reflected in the female sexual objectification, a system of social arrangements that legitimizes gender inequalities (Calogero & Jost, 2011). ...
... Physical education classes with teaching that supports autonomy can provide opportunities for students to experience successful physical practices and improve their confidence and motor skills. Teacher support for autonomy and increased autonomous motivation in physical education can also help adolescents perceive greater acceptance of others' bodies and shift their focus from body appearance to physical activity [62]. ...
... Thus, an equity-minded framework allows us to interrogate the mentoring structures that leave Black students under-resourced and sidelined within their STEM programs. Mentoring focused on the unique challenges of underrepresented students in STEM encourages a robust science identity from an equity perspective (Robnett et al., 2018;Byars-Winston and Rogers, 2019;Ortiz et al., 2019). Having a strong science/STEM identity may correlate with the relationship between mentoring and the retention of minoritized students in research-related career paths (Bhatia and Amati, 2010;Ong et al., 2011;Dasgupta and Stout, 2014;Dennehy and Dasgupta, 2017) and STEM fields (Estrada et al., 2011(Estrada et al., , 2018. ...
... Science identity. To measure science identity, we used a modified version of the Scientific Identity Scale (Chemers et al., 2010) which includes five items that have participants mark on a scale of one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree) to what extent each statement was true of them. When a person identifies as a scientist, it is more likely they will behave as a person would behave when pursuing a scientific career (Estrada et al., 2011). ...
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... At this moment, women's performance and professional growth are negatively impacted; addressing this is believed to be possible with women's empowerment. According to Zurbriggen et al. (2007), GBV frequently thwarts women's efforts to find jobs, develop skills, and pursue education, impeding their independence chances. It could have a consequence on sustainability and financial stability. ...
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... In the case of undergraduate science courses, for example, course participation provides a way for students to practice scientific discourse and actively engage in the learning process under the guidance of their instructor. In addition to maximizing learning, participating in academic communities of practice can help students develop a stronger academic identity and, relatedly, a deeper sense of belongingness in academic contexts [25][26][27]. These outcomes may be especially valuable for students who have historically been underrepresented in STEM fields. ...
... The video registered interviews have been transcribed verbatim and coded using a paper and pencil method. The procedure has been conducted as follows (Ben Hagai, Whitlatch & Zurbriggen, 2018): authors singularly read the text transcribed from the interviews and labeled the single sentence, used as a unit of analysis. Then he or she merged the labels into emerging themes. ...
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... It is also associated with greater intersectional consciousness in which people come to understand how their own oppression may be similar to the oppression of other marginalized groups. For instance, in this stage an African American person may come to understand how the oppression of indigenous people such as the Palestinians who are also discriminated against, harassed, and imprisoned by the state is similar to African American oppression (Hill et al., 2018). Among queer people, the internalization stage may be associated with solidarity with, and activism for, other people who do not benefit from privileges given by the state, such as single mothers, because they are unmarried and don't live in nuclear families. ...
... Moreover, perpetrators are often more honest with their responses when they have a non-socially sanctioning justification, such as blaming their partner. This kind of behavior could be explained because perpetrators tend to use denial, engage in personal attacks on victim credibility, and assume a victimized role to deflect blame (Harsey et al., 2017;Valor-Segura et al., 2011). ...
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