Article

Evaluating and selecting key performance indicators: An ANP-based model

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Abstract

Purpose – Selecting the most meaningful performance indicators, i.e. key performance indicators (KPIs), represents one of the major challenges that companies have to face for developing an effective performance measurement system (PMS). Selecting KPIs can be interpreted as a multiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) problem, involving a number of factors and related interdependencies. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model, based on the analytic network process (ANP), for driving managers in the selection of KIPs. The model draws upon the consideration that KPIs can be evaluated and selected on the basis of a set of criteria, theoretically founded, and the feedback dependencies between the criteria and performance indicators as well as among indicators. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of management literature regarding the information quality required by performance measures, the paper identifies a set of criteria for selecting KIPs. The criteria form the building blocks of the proposed ANP model. The feasibility of the model is proved through its application to a real case. Findings – The paper proposes and illustrates the practical application of an ANP‐based model for selecting KPIs. The use of the ANP makes it possible to extracts weights for setting the priorities among indicators, by taking account of mutual dependencies among indicators and criteria. This enhances the quality of the selection process. Originality/value – Often managers choose KPIs without an accurate approach. The paper offers a novel model for driving managers towards the choice of KPIs through a rigorous approach, based on the ANP method. The model draws on a solid theoretical foundation and has been proven in practice.

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... The initial set of identified KPIs is often rather large. To end up with a manageable set, it is necessary to select KPIs from the pool of identified KPIs that are the most relevant to the considered business model [33,34]. Whether a KPI is suitable for an organization's specific business model may depend on certain selection criteria, such as relevance, measurability, and measurement costs [34]. ...
... To end up with a manageable set, it is necessary to select KPIs from the pool of identified KPIs that are the most relevant to the considered business model [33,34]. Whether a KPI is suitable for an organization's specific business model may depend on certain selection criteria, such as relevance, measurability, and measurement costs [34]. Accordingly: ...
... First, the criteria for selecting the KPIs need to be considered. We recommend using existing KPI selection criteria from the literature (e.g., [34]). To determine the relative importance of each criterion, we use the pairwise comparison technique [47]. ...
Chapter
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... Often managers select KPIs without accurate understanding of the shop floor operations. Selecting right KPIs from the literature can be inferred as a complex decision making process also termed as Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem because it involves numerous factors and associated interdependencies [17], [18]. Undeniably, it is observed that a set (finite) of KPIs can be estimated and carefully chosen by means of predetermined conditions [18], [19]. ...
... Selecting right KPIs from the literature can be inferred as a complex decision making process also termed as Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem because it involves numerous factors and associated interdependencies [17], [18]. Undeniably, it is observed that a set (finite) of KPIs can be estimated and carefully chosen by means of predetermined conditions [18], [19]. ...
... Reliability: it deals with the quality of KPIs assuring that it is equitably free from inaccuracies and truly indicates its purpose. Similarly, other criteria like consistency, understandability, comparability, predictive, quantifiable, traceable, inexpensive and verifiability are critical when selecting and measuring optimal KPIs [18], [26]- [28]. The manufacturing shop floor holistic approach is carefully developed considering all of the above mentioned measurement features. ...
... Selection activities that have high standards will have a positive effect on performance government employees. Xenikou and Simosi (2006), Carlucci (2010) and Guo et al. (2014) reported that selection is significantly correlated with employee performance. In other words, in this study the selection variable measured by indicators is a measurement tool that should really be used as a standard system. ...
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... This section presents the most widely accepted GSCM practices (i.e., published papers within the literature). All aspects of the supporting literature are summarized and presented in Table 2. [38,[99][100][101][102][103][104] MCDM Applications in GSCM [38,91,[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113] Justifications for the Selected Methods [106,[114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122] ...
... The ANP, in particular, is a best fit tool that can discover, handle, and quantify such relationships [114,115]. This point has also been discussed and validated in many ANP-based research works [116][117][118]. RQ2 aims to evaluate eight different GSCM practices with respect to the five criteria (i.e., the five Vs). ...
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Pemilihan Dekan di tingkat universitas merupakan proses penting yang berdampak signifikan terhadap kualitas pendidikan, riset, dan pengabdian masyarakat di fakultas. Namun, proses ini sering menghadapi tantangan seperti subjektivitas, kurangnya transparansi, dan ketidakjelasan kriteria penilaian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model pengambilan keputusan dalam seleksi jabatan Dekan dengan menggunakan metode Weighted Performance Indicator (WPI) yang berbasis pada opini responden. Metode WPI menggabungkan berbagai kriteria dan indikator untuk mengevaluasi kinerja kandidat secara objektif dan transparan. Penelitian ini menggunakan kriteria seperti kualifikasi akademik, pengalaman kepemimpinan, kontribusi penelitian, kemampuan manajerial, visi strategis, kepatuhan terhadap kebijakan universitas, kualitas komunikasi, dan pengalaman pengelolaan konflik untuk menilai tiga kandidat dekan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa Kandidat 1 memperoleh nilai WPI tertinggi sebesar 134,23, diikuti oleh Kandidat 2 dengan nilai 120,59, dan Kandidat 3 dengan nilai 111,05. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa metode WPI efektif memberikan hasil yang lebih objektif dan dapat diandalkan dalam proses pemilihan Dekan, yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas kepemimpinan fakultas dan pencapaian tujuan akademik serta strategis universitas
... The 5th percentile of this distribution, the Hazard Concentration for 5 % of the species (HC 5 ), represents the concentration that is protective of 95 % of species in the species sensitivity distribution. Defining KPIs constitutes a cumbersome task not only within the SSbD concept, but prevalent across diverse disciplines [96]. Saroglou, Selvan [97] developed a conceptual framework to rigorously define and align objective-KPI relationships among multiple stakeholders within the context of multi-species urban architecture. ...
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... These interviews were conducted both on-site and online Data gathered The documentation of AHP questionaries for main criteria, sub-criteria and alternative indicator in CE transition. The experts also demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of their respective fields and the relationship between supply chain activities and the circular economy transition in the healthcare sector, providing valuable insights into the prioritization of these elements network system that includes all relevant elements and their interrelationships [19]. Unlike AHP's levels, ANP clusters elements, allowing for the inclusion of all factors and criteria that influence decision making. ...
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... Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan Analytic Network Process (ANP). ANP digunakan untuk membantu pembuat keputusan dan diidentifikasi sebagai alat yang berharga dan kuat untuk manajemen karena menggunakan masukan pembuat keputusan untuk memprioritaskan secara logis dan konsisten [18]. Banyak dilema keputusan tidak dapat diorganisasikan secara hierarkis karena melibatkan interaksi dan ketergantungan antara elemen-elemen pada tingkat yang berbeda. ...
... The 5th percentile of this distribution, the Hazard Concentration for 5 % of the species (HC 5 ), represents the concentration that is protective of 95 % of species in the species sensitivity distribution. Defining KPIs constitutes a cumbersome task not only within the SSbD concept, but prevalent across diverse disciplines [96]. Saroglou, Selvan [97] developed a conceptual framework to rigorously define and align objective-KPI relationships among multiple stakeholders within the context of multi-species urban architecture. ...
Article
Full-text available
This report demonstrates a case study within the ASINA project, aimed at instantiating a roadmap with quantitative metrics for Safe(r) and (more) Sustainable by Design (SSbD) options. We begin with a description of ASINA’s methodology across the product lifecycle, outlining the quantitative elements within: Physical-Chemical Features (PCFs), Key Decision Factors (KDFs), and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Subsequently, we delve in a proposed decision support tool for implementing the SSbD objectives across various dimensions—functionality, cost, environment, and human health safety—within a broader European context. We then provide an overview of the technical processes involved, including design rationales, experimental procedures, and tools/models developed within ASINA in delivering nano-silver-based antimicrobial textile coatings. The result is pragmatic, actionable metrics intended to be estimated and assessed in future SSbD applications and to be adopted in a common SSbD roadmap aligned with the EU’s Green Deal objectives. The methodological approach is transparently and thoroughly described to inform similar projects through the integration of KPIs into SSbD and foster data-driven decision-making. Specific results and project data are beyond this work’s scope, which is to demonstrate the ASINA roadmap and thus foster SSbD-oriented innovation in nanotechnology.
... Businesses must continuously monitor their performance across multiple dimensions in today's competitive marketplace. It is, therefore, understandable that the development of a performance appraisal system is a challenging issue for managers more than ever before (Carlucci, 2010). The organization employs performance appraisal as a process and criterion for measuring the efficacy and efficiency of its past actions. ...
Article
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... Finding and monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) is one of PMS's main characteristics (Ante et al., 2018;Cruz Villazón et al., 2020). These metrics-financial health, operational effectiveness, customer satisfaction, loyalty, and staff productivity, among others-serve as quantifiable measures of organizational performance (Franceschini et al., 2007;Carlucci, 2010;Ghimire & Karki, 2022). Organizations may make data-driven choices by defining and tracking key performance indicators (KPIs), which provide them with insights into their opportunities, risks, weaknesses, and strengths (Parmenter, 2015). ...
Preprint
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This study presents a thematic review of the Direction of Business Performance Metrics through a bibliometric analysis framework to map the multidimensionality of research in this vital area. Sourcing data from the Dimensions database spanning from 1965 to 2024, the study utilizes the VosViewer tool for visualization and analysis. Its approach includes co-authorship analysis, citation analysis, and bibliographic coupling, offering a multifaceted view of the field's research dynamics. It identified significant trends, influential studies, and core themes that have indicated a notable shift toward integrating sustainability and technological advancements in performance metrics. By emphasizing the significance of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), the study provides crucial insights into the historical evolution of research and emerging areas of interest, guiding directions for future investigation. This study serves as a crucial resource for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to deepen their understanding of business performance metrics and their impact on organizational success.
... To begin with, a maximum of 7 criteria was set as the upper limit to keep consistency (Saaty & Ozdemir, 2003). According to the literature, the SMART criteria was found to be the most suitable for this study (Carlucci, 2010;Podgoŕski, 2015;USA Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, n.d.). This procedure is in concordance with Russo & Camanho (2015) findings, which indicate that when using AHP to rank indicators, the literature was used the most by the reviewed authors to define the criteria. ...
Article
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... There are also examples that suggest different methodologies to identify the relevant energy-related KPIs in the energy management for manufacturing industries [54] and in the energy efficiency management for the sustainability for hotel buildings. In addition, multi-criteria decision-making methods have been used in KPI identification in many studies such as [55][56][57][58]. These methodologies may be sufficient in some cases, but the results may be biased as the expert opinions are always somewhat subjective. ...
... In relation to ANP applications in PMS projects, Carlucci (2010) proposed a model, based on the ANP method, to guide managers in the selection of KPIs in the manufacturing process in a sofa company. The model was applied to assess the importance of the existing performance indicators and to prioritize a set of indicators capable of providing adequate information to guide and evaluate management decisions and actions. ...
Article
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The development of a Performance Measurement System (PMS) in an organization is essential in order to adequately monitor operations and enable correct and timely decision-making. However, many organizations implement PMSs and are not successful, mainly because they neglect the design phase, which informs what has to be measured. Designing a PMS is a complex decision problem that involves multiple stakeholders. The objective of this research is to identify and prioritize the commercial performance indicators most valued by the stakeholders in this area in a company in the metal-mechanical segment. The research was divided into two stages, the first being a PO Soft (constructivist) approach: Value Focused Thinking - VFT, to identify performance indicators; and, in the second stage, the application of the PO Hard (Rationalist) Multicriteria Decision Support Method: Analytic Network Process - ANP, for modeling and prioritizing these. As a result, 30 performance indicators were identified, the most important ones being: percentage of target achievement, sales to new customers and percentage of growth for each customer. The results found proved to be capable of assisting the definition of strategy and business management in addition to the identification of indicators not monitored by the organization.
... However, the study did not examine KPIs in real estate practice. Carlucci (2010) undertook an in-depth study of management literature so as to identify appropriate criteria that will assist managers in developing appropriate performance measures for the organization. Making the point that KPIs might be reviewed and chosen based on a theoretically established assessment criteria, and also the feedback relationships of both the criteria and performance measures, the author developed a methodology for guiding managers in the determination of KIPs built on the analytic network process (ANP). ...
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The paper evaluated key indicators adopted by practitioners to drive the performance of real estate consulting firms of estate surveying and valuation in Lagos, Nigeria. Using probabilistic sampling technique, the study empirically found that, to achieve effective performance, estate firms considered annual revenue and return on investment crucial to their operations (financial indicators). The study also found that the non-financial indicators that were key to performance in the real estate business included improved standards, workplace satisfaction, and prompt payments for executed jobs; clients’ satisfaction, referrals, and revenue increase. Established and aspiring real estate professionals will find the study beneficial in defining performance strategies for their respective firms. In other words, this study will assist real estate practitioners in determining where they should focus their efforts in order to prosper in business today and through the next decade. The study was an exploratory evaluation of the use of KPIs as a major driver of performance in the business of estate surveying and valuation.
... However, the study did not examine KPIs in real estate practice. Carlucci (2010) undertook an in-depth study of management literature so as to identify appropriate criteria that will assist managers in developing appropriate performance measures for the organization. Making the point that KPIs might be reviewed and chosen based on a theoretically established assessment criteria, and also the feedback relationships of both the criteria and performance measures, the author developed a methodology for guiding managers in the determination of KIPs built on the analytic network process (ANP). ...
... Therefore, an effective CSCM can influence positively hospitals (Toba et al., 2008). Choosing significant performance indicators, are important to have an effective framework with a clear definition of performance evaluation (Carlucci, 2010). Managers are following appropriate procedures to evaluate the processes and identify improvement opportunities (Supeekit et al., 2016). ...
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This study presents a multi-layer fuzzy-based decision-making approach to enhance the hospital Circular Supply Chain (CSC) performance by focusing on intensive care units (ICU) via key performance indicators analysis. In this regard, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Institution Fuzzy Delphi (IFD) are employed to extract the relevant and prominent KPIs. After, a hybrid Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) and Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) have been applied to illustrate a conceptual framework for the CSC performance management of the healthcare sector in the emerging economy of Iran. As a result, eight critical indicators emanated from the SLR-IFD approach. Furthermore, sixteen relationships amongst the performance indicators were identified via hybrid FCM-FDEMATEL. Inventory availability, information availability, innovation, and technology were selected as the most influential indicators. Besides, changing the information technology category, including information availability and Innovation and technology, had the most impact on the performance of the entire CSC. This study attempts to evaluate hospitals’ circular supply chain performance, by designing the circular evaluation framework. Hospital managers can use the results of this research to improve their internal circular supply chain performances in the intensive care units by understanding the different scenarios.
... There are also examples that suggest different methodologies to identify the relevant energy-related KPIs in the energy management for manufacturing industries [54] and in the energy efficiency management for the sustainability for hotel buildings. In addition, multi-criteria decision-making methods have been used in KPI identification in many studies such as [55][56][57][58]. These methodologies may be sufficient in some cases, but the results may be biased as the expert opinions are always somewhat subjective. ...
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The EU has several directives aiming toward carbon neutrality and is attempting to promote and encourage individual electricity consumers to participate in this endeavor. The key idea behind consumer awakening and activation is to push consumers to become aware of their electricity consumption behavior. The purpose of this paper was to examine the current consumption behavior of Finnish electricity consumers and their intention to support the goals of carbon neutrality through energy efficient consumption. The aim was to reveal how far the consumption behavior of people was from the intention to tackle climate change. To reach this goal, a qualitative research method was applied to evaluate the consumer awareness and intentions. A consumer survey was conducted to enable standardized and consistent data collection. The research utilized a key performance indicator (KPI) approach to evaluate the results: the social KPIs connected with qualitative values provide a comprehensive approach. According to the results, the awareness of consumers of their consumption behavior was not very high, and some data needs can be identified. In addition, clear intentions can be detected among the residents to support the environment and to save energy. However, the consumers did not seem to be aware of the available data and existing services that could help them to improve their energy efficiency. Therefore, more motivation and communication is still required to affect the electricity consumption behavior.
... Finally, scores or weights are assigned to each indicator and sub-indicators. To enhance the selection of the quality KPIs Daniela (2010) developed the model which based on the analytic network process. The model considered weights and dependencies in setting priorities among the key criteria and indicators. ...
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The study identified the key performance indicators used to measure compliance in public procurement and its measurement approach. It further examined the efficiency of the indicators to measure procurement compliance. The study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed method. The qualitative data were first collected and then analysis was performed. The results of qualitative data were used to plan for the collection of quantitative data. The qualitative data were collected using the documentary review while the quantitative data were collected using surveys. The structural equation modelling and content analysis were used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. The study revealed that compliance in public procurement is assessed by using seven performance indicators and 92 sub-indicators. The key performance indicators are measured on a ratio scale. Using the confirmatory factor analysis, the study confirms that the key performance indicators are efficient to measure public procurement compliance.
... Stoilova and Kunchev [25] used the DEMATEL method to analyze the importance of and the relationship between the criteria for assessing intermodal transport. A number of other models have been used to assess and compare key elements of logistics processes [26][27][28][29][30]. ...
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... An acceptable performance measure is first filtered based on different characteristics such as being quantitatively measurable (Meier et al., 2013), efficient in measuring the degree of reaching the organization target, can be used to compare actual to expected values (Kaganski et al., 2014), and reflect the true performance either success or failure. It represents the repeatability and reproducibility of the measuring system (Rusaneanu, 2014), and have to be easy to understand by different users (Carlucci, 2010). ...
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are facing barriers to grow due to the lack of structured procedures for upgrading and allocating the limited resources. To overcome these drawbacks and to improve business capabilities, a structured framework to conduct a comprehensive diagnostic and upgrading study is presented in this paper. The proposed framework involves four phases. First, the external and internal strategic factors, which can affect the enterprises' performance are evaluated using strategic planning and assessment tools. Second, key upgrade performance indicators are developed and evaluated using multi-attribute rating techniques to guide, evaluate, and track progress of upgrading process. Third, a set of upgrade strategies are generated and evaluated using resource allocation model. Finally, a periodic re-evaluation plan is introduced to monitor the implementation progress. The developed framework for performance evaluation and upgrading is suitable to be used as a structured know-how procedure in manufacturing enterprises and can support entrepreneurs in their strategic decisions. To validate the proposed framework, a data set was collected from a local housecore company. As a result, one package of the efficient frontier strategies that represents the best use of resources was proposed for implementation.
... It is essential for organizations to identify groups of indicators (Aleksander and Armand, 2013;Allaoui and Choudhary, 2015;Amzat, 2017;Carlucci, 2010;Chae, 2009;Chan and Chan, 2004;Wolniak, and Skotnicka-Zasadzień, 2014;Wolniak et al., 2019;Gajdzik and Wolniak, 2021;Stecuła, 2018): ...
... In the scientific literature, different [30]. However, one of the most famous sets of criteria to select indicators in the field of management performance is SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) as mentioned previously by Kjellen (2009), Rockwell (1959), and Carlucci (2010) [31][32][33]. ...
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... The model provided a total cost distribution for project budget boundaries. Carlucci (2010) developed a decision support tool by combining of SCOR and ANP techniques to determine the key performance indicators in order to measure companies' supply chain performance. The research highlighted that the determination of the key performance indicators was one of the most complex multiple-criteria decision making problem. ...
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... Previous literature has mainly focused on manufacturing industries when providing the empirics of supply chain integration, particularly the study of performance metrics (e.g., Chow, Heaver, & Henriksson, 1994;Esper, Defee, & Mentzer, 2010;Andersen, Henriksen, & Aarseth, 2006;Carlucci, 2010;Chae, 2009). One of the few examples adopting other sample industries is Hong et el (2010) who investigate the supply chain integration and the practices for manufacturers as well the distributors and other services providers. ...
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In the last few decades, the fast technological development has caused high competitiveness among companies, encouraging a pursuit for strategies that allow them to gain competitive advantage, such as the monitoring of performance by using key performance indicators (KPIs). However, its selection process is complex since there are several KPIs available to evaluate performance and different relationships between them. To overcome this challenge, the use of a multiple criteria decision-making model (MCDM) was proposed, namely the analytic network process (ANP) through which a reduced number of them are prioritized. To identify which KPIs are suitable for the press cast and die manufacturing industry, a literature review was made, and 58 unique KPIs were identified. Thus, to validate the proposed methodology, a case study was carried out in an automotive press molding industry. With the implementation of the proposed ANP model it was possible to identify 9 KPIs that ensure the correct molding process monitoring, while being aligned with the Balanced Scorecard criteria. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for selecting KPIs for the molding industry.
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Many of the concepts and procedures of product quality control can be applied to the problem of producing better quality information outputs. From this perspective, information outputs can be viewed as information products, and many information systems can be modeled as information manufacturing systems. The use of information products is becoming increasingly prevalent both within and across organizational boundaries. This paper presents a set of ideas, concepts, models, and procedures appropriate to information manufacturing systems that can be used to determine the quality of information products delivered, or transferred, to information customers. These systems produce information products on a regular or as-requested basis. The model systematically tracks relevant attributes of the information product such as timeliness, accuracy and cost. This is facilitated through an information manufacturing analysis matrix that relates data units and various system components. Measures of these attributes can then be used to analyze potential improvements to the information manufacturing system under consideration. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate the various features of the information manufacturing system and show how it can be used to analyze and improve the system. Following that is an actual application, which, although not as involved as the illustrative example, does demonstrate the applicability of the model and its associated concepts and procedures.
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The concept of public service, which is too often approached simplistically, is worthy of both support and serioui reexamination. Contributors to this symposium provide four distinct perspectives which, taken as a whole, provide an optimistic view of possibilities for solving problems associated with this necessary and productive link in our social fabric.
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Balanced Scorecard (BSC), which is used as a strategic evaluation tool, is a method of determining business performance using lagging and leading indicators on the basis of vision and strategies. The method suggests that business performance should be evaluated not only by using financial indicators but also simultaneously considering non-financial indicators. It has been revealed in the review of relevant literature that despite the satisfying levels achieved in conceptual and theoretical dimension of Balanced Scorecard, the method has some deficiencies in terms of implementation on a quantitative basis and that there remain some problems to be resolved. Subject of this study covered the measurement and evaluation dimension of BSC. In the scope of the study, BSC approach was integrated with fuzzy ANP technique so as to determine the performance level of a business on the basis of its vision and strategies. Proposed model has shown that performance indicators with different structures included in BSC approach can be consolidated with the help of fuzzy ANP technique.
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This paper revisits the recent works of Suwignjo, Bititci and Carrie (SBC) (Int. J. Prod. Econom. 64 (2000) 231) and Bititci, Suwignjo and Carrie (BSC) (Int. J. Prod. Econom. 69 (2001) 15). We show how a generalizable analytical hierarchy technique based on Saaty's systems-with-feedback approach, also known as the analytical network process (ANP), can be applied, as an alternative methodology, to SBC's quantitative model for performance measurement system. The proposed enhancement to SBC's approach can be completed through the utilization of a supermatrix that can arrive at a solution where the necessary combined weights of the factors influencing the performance measure are a result. In addition, we also show how the ANP approach could be used to enhance the dynamic evaluation of BSC's manufacturing strategy performance evaluation model.
Article
Healthcare organisations have been operating in a competitive environment for years. Pressures from government and competition as well as escalating costs have driven executives to search effective performance assessment systems to help them achieve their missions or improve competitiveness. The balanced scorecard (BSC), combination of both financial and non-financial perspectives and criteria, creates a more accurate performance measurement system because it offers a more complete view of a business and can lead to better business decisions. After reviewing the literatures about the BSC and interviewing the 64 executives retains 12 important criteria, including training, satisfaction, turnover, resource, safety, new service, quality, revisiting, patient satisfaction, budget, cost and revenue to construct the hierarchy for hospital performance assessment. Measuring perspectives and criteria of BSC are interrelated. Due to the interdependent relations in decision making, we apply analytic network process (ANP) that captures the outcome of dependency between the perspectives and criteria to handle such problems.
Article
Poor data quality (DQ) can have substantial social and economic impacts. Although firms are improving data quality with practical approaches and tools, their improvement efforts tend to focus narrowly on accuracy. We believe that data consumers have a much broader data quality conceptualization than IS professionals realize. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that captures the aspects of data quality that are important to data consumers.A two-stage survey and a two-phase sorting study were conducted to develop a hierarchical framework for organizing data quality dimensions. This framework captures dimensions of data quality that are important to data consumers. Intrinsic DQ denotes that data have quality in their own right. Contextual DQ highlights the requirement that data quality must be considered within the context of the task at hand. Representational DQ and accessibility DQ emphasize the importance of the role of systems. These findings are consistent with our understanding that high-quality data should be intrinsically good, contextually appropriate for the task, clearly represented, and accessible to the data consumer.Our framework has been used effectively in industry and government. Using this framework, IS managers were able to better understand and meet their data consumers' data quality needs. The salient feature of this research study is that quality attributes of data are collected from data consumers instead of being defined theoretically or based on researchers' experience. Although exploratory, this research provides a basis for future studies that measure data quality along the dimensions of this framework.
Article
This paper describes the application of the so-called supermatrix technique of the analytic hierarchy process to a complex energy decision problem. Practical problems related to the method are discussed and a generalization, where elements of the network are allowed to have multiple levels, is suggested. The model considered describes a nuclear power plant licensing problem in Finland.
Qualitative Characteristic of Financial Information
  • Accounting Standard
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Balanced Scorecard Step-by-Step Maximizing Performance and Maintaining Results
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