
Dragan Pamucar- PhD Professor (Full professor)
- Professor (Full) at University of Belgrade
Dragan Pamucar
- PhD Professor (Full professor)
- Professor (Full) at University of Belgrade
Editor: INS (IF:8.1) & ASOC (IF:8.7) & EAAI (IF: 8.0) & AIRE (IF: 12) & FACTA (IF=7.9) & MD (IF=5.9) and so on.
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813
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Introduction
Dr. Dragan Pamucar is an Associate Professor at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Serbia. Dr. Pamucar received a PhD in Applied Mathematics with a specialization in Multi-criteria modeling and soft computing techniques. His research interest is in the field of Computational Intelligence, Multi-criteria decision-making problems, Neuro-fuzzy systems, fuzzy, rough, and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory, and neutrosophic theory.
Contact: dpamucar@gmail.com
Current institution
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Education
July 2009 - September 2013
Publications
Publications (813)
Strategic planning which focuses on transport is based fundamentally on adjusting to changes in the operational environment. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis is a commonly used tool for analyzing both the internal and external environments in order to attain a systematic approach and support for a decision-making sit...
Today’s growth in the level of traffic in cities is leading to both congestion and environmental pollution (exhaust emissions and noise), as well as increased costs. Traffic congestion makes cities less pleasant places to live in, a particular problem being the negative impact on health as a result of increased exhaust emissions. In addition to the...
Local city authorities are making a serious effort to expand the number of low-greenhouse gas vehicles (green vehicles) at home. There is no reliable methodology, however, to support the implementation of this passenger transportation concept. In order to optimize the green capacity, a system has been developed to support decision making in urban g...
This paper presents the application of the new DEMATEL-MABAC model in the process of making investment decisions on the acquisition of manipulative transport (Forklifts) in logistics centers. The DEMATEL method was used to obtain the weight coefficients of criteria, on the basis of which the alternatives were evaluated. The selection of criteria fo...
This study addresses the infrastructure as a service cloud provider selection process from a decision-making perspective, with the primary motivation to fill the existing gap in the literature regarding decision support systems for IaaS provider selection. The research aims to develop a reliable and practical decision support system that can assist...
Today, in addition to the increasing pressures on urban transportation authorities to achieve sustainability goals, it has become necessary to comprehensively evaluate innovative transportation technologies such as autonomous (driverless) buses due to the increasing demand for public transportation applications that will contribute to making urban...
This research explores the development of effective corporate governance strategies for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) by evaluating both critical decision criteria and innovative organizational models. Based on an extensive literature review, seven governance criteria were identified: credibility and non-profit orientation, regular informat...
Tour operator selection is critical for ensuring high-quality services, customer satisfaction, and sustainable tourism development. However, traditional decision-making methods often fail to address the complexities and uncertainties involved in this process. This study introduces a robust decision-making framework that integrates quantum picture f...
Besides facilitating business transformation, Industry 4.0 has brought in a paradigm shift in higher education management (HEM). It is therefore quite contemporary to review the attributes of service quality (SQ) of higher educational institutions (HEIs). In the quest for the identification of pivotal attributes of SQ, in this work, the researchers...
Overcoming water obstacles is a demanding combat action that requires serious planning under conditions of uncertainty and risk. Choosing a planning method for the implementation of engineering works in the army, as well as how to choose them, has always been a challenge that engineering officers have faced. In this paper, for the selection of the...
Location selection for underground natural gas storage is a multifaceted decision-making problem, as diverse factors are involved. Earlier studies on location selection for natural gas faced challenges such as uncertainty handling, methodical estimation of experts’ reliability, capturing hesitation during factor significance calculation, and person...
Third-party remanufacturing companies are engaging in global supply chains from a circular economy perspective. This article presents an analytical model to evaluate the remanufacturing supplier's performance using a two module-based assessment tools with multiple variables: fuzzy soft-max logarithmic method of additive weights and the original sof...
This study aims to address the artificial intelligence-based material handling approach selection problem under circular economy to contribute the smart and sustainable business management in logistics systems. The "consensus-reaching process" for experts is not emphasized in the current decision-making procedures with q-rung orthopair fuzzy data....
The proposed research fills a significant gap in the decision-making technique for evaluating geothermal energy systems in industrial processes by introducing a new approach involving hesitant bipolar fuzzy (HBF) sets (HBFSs) with Dombi operators. The existing literature has mostly focused on uncertainty only, overlooking the aspect that decisions...
The discovery of the lattice-ordered q-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy hypersoft set is a significant extension of fuzzy set theory. This study describes many of its fundamental algebraic operations, such as restricted union, extended union, restricted intersection, OR operation, and AND operation, along with examples. Further, an algorithm based on...
Smart mobility has ushered in advanced sensing technologies. These, together with high-level data analytics, are revolutionizing how we analyze driving behavior. Excellent performance in dealing with real-world, high-technology complexities for machine learning has made wide enthusiasm to utilize them to study driver behavior. This article gives a...
Postal and logistics companies are essential subjects in the economy, providing services of the corresponding assortment for a wide range of business and private users. Service providers strive to meet the needs of users and, at the same time, make as much profit as possible. The efficiency of each of the subsystems in companies from this area sign...
Digital transformation encompasses the processes through which organizations undergo digitization, with digital transformation maturity reflecting the extent of integration achieved within these processes, while sustainable digital transformation maturity emphasizes the incorporation of sustainability principles into the digitization and transforma...
The grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is a metaheuristic algorithm recognized for its effectiveness; however, it faces several limitations, such as a lack of diversity in its population, a tendency to prematurely converge on local optima, and insufficient convergence speed. To address these issues, we propose an innovative hybrid algorithm that combines th...
In this paper, we introduce a novel decision support model based on cubic Fermatean fuzzy sets (CuFFSs), combining stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA), vector similarity measures (VSM) and the extended Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), named CuFF-SWARA-VSM-VIKOR method. The proposed method is applied to th...
Solar energy provides substantial benefits as compared to the fossil fuels as being renewable, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing decentralized power systems. The government of India is implementing several policy measures to increase the production of solar energy with a strategic importance on solar power to fulfil the growing elect...
In this study, an innovative method known as normalized unified objective attribute relative weight assessment (NARA) was developed. This method utilizes a combination of multi-normalization techniques, proceed stakeholder opinion parametric functions, combined objective methods, and a novel final aggregation operator. The paper discusses the green...
The rapidly growing worldwide demand for energy and finite reservoirs of fossil fuels have intensified interest in energy projection research. Artificial intelligence, particularly in time series forecasting, holds significant promise for enhancing predictions of both cost and demand, offering numerous prospective applications over various domains....
In the realm of information retrieval (IR) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), the selection of an appropriate similarity measure is crucial for evaluating keyword significance within large corpora and understanding user behavior. This study explores two foundational methodologies for document ranking: term frequency-inverse document frequen...
In recent years, the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) has been recognized as one of the most well-known problems in the project management context. Project managers always try to assign the resources to the project activities optimally in a short period. However, this is a challenging and complex problem that is categorized a...
The imperative inclusion of sustainable and renewable energy sources into smart grid networks underscores the need for resilient and eco-friendly energy infrastructures. The problem addressed in this paper is the selection of the most effective technique for integrating renewable energy into smart grids using decision-making frameworks. Even with t...
Business engineering creates novel business solutions using a social and technological system. Business engineering is facing several challenges like (1) complexity management (2) rapid technological advancements (3) Resource constraints (4) Interdisciplinary collaboration etc., and there is a need to classify the solutions for these issues faced b...
Purpose: Health tourism, especially dental tourism, is increasingly becoming essential to a country's tourist offering. To attract tourists, good-quality services must be provided at dental offices. Therefore, a research problem is defined to examine the quality and sustainability of dental surgeries in Albania with an emphasis on Tirana.
Methodolo...
Green performance evaluation at the industry level is of great importance in logistics literature. This evaluation can assist in more effectively allocating government resources to support companies with superior environmental performance. Many criteria used to evaluate the environmental performance of companies involve uncertainty and ambiguity in...
Liquefied natural gas-fuel gas supply system (LNG-FGSS) play a crucial role in the global energy sector, particularly in supplying natural gas (NG). Studying this system is pivotal for tackling energy needs, environmental issues, and energy infrastructure reliability. Thus, the objective of this paper is to introduce some new methodologies for asse...
The integration of robotic smart technologies into manufacturing is essential for enhancing efficiency, reducing errors, and improving overall production quality. However, decision-making in this domain is often challenged by uncertainty and imprecise information. This study utilises circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (CIFS) to tackle the challenge...
Carbon capture technology (CCT) is one of the solution suggestions to manage carbon emission problem more effectively. However, since each improvement increases costs, businesses must prioritize the most impactful strategies. Therefore, a comprehensive prioritization process is essential to maximize the effectiveness of these investments. This pape...
In recent times, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been considered as a significant and effective screening mode in clinical practice to assess cardiac arrhythmias. Precise feature extraction and classification are considered as essential concerns in the automated prediction of heart disease. A deep bi-directional capsule network (Bi-CapsNet) uses a...
One of the key challenges facing the modern automotive industry is aligning customer demands with increasingly stringent environmental regulations and policies. In addition to introducing various modifications and improvements to internal combustion engine vehicles, manufacturers are increasingly focusing on the development of electric and hybrid v...
In promoting circular supply chains, one critical component that synthesizes circularity initiatives is the governance capacity of organizations implementing them. Previous studies have developed and empirically implemented the three-level Governance Capacity Framework (GCF) with 27 indicators at the bottom of the hierarchy. Aside from the gaps in...
Cyber threat detection is a crucial aspect of contemporary cybersecurity due to the depth and complexity of cyberattacks. It is the identification of malicious activity, unauthorized access, and possible intrusions in networks and systems. Modern detection methods employ artificial intelligence and machine learning to study vast amounts of data, le...
Maintaining optimal inventory levels is vital for supply chains to ensure timely supply availability, particularly during critical periods like sudden outbreaks. Traditional predictive models often fail to adapt to dynamic demand patterns, resulting in excessive costs and stockouts. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel fuzzy m...
With improvements in medical data collection technology and the refinement of medical big data, digital twin (DT) technology has increasingly been applied in the medical field. A DT is a digital representation of physical objects, processes, and systems. The rapid iteration of technologies such as mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence, clo...
The significant challenges of rapid urbanization and population growth have led to waste generation. Currently, selecting the most appropriate solid waste disposal technique is crucial for ensuring environmental sustainability and public health protection. This study presents an extended interval-valued q-Rung Orthopair Picture Bipolar Fuzzy Set (I...
In two-sided matching decision problems, the matching objects with different knowledge, experiences, and cultures provide linguistic assessments using diverse or multi-granular sets with a factor that the information provided is hesitant in nature due to different opinions given by experts. In the proposed approach, the hesitant 2-tuple linguistic...
Businesses encounter risks when entering new countries, but there are also opportunities. The strategy a business employs when opting to enter a new market is directly tied to its success. In this regard, the study provides an approach for evaluating new market entry strategies for businesses facilitating in the mineral oil sector and manufacturing...
Corporations, as major contributors to carbon emissions, face mounting pressure to adopt genuine sustainability practices. However, the rise of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures has concurrently given rise to greenwashing-misleading claims that erode stakeholder trust and obstruct sustainability progress. Despite the widesprea...
This paper presents an intelligent intrusion detection system using fuzzy logic based on particle swarm optimization algorithm. The main goal of this research is to survey the convergence capability of the particle swarm optimization algorithm using fuzzy logic in intelligent intrusion detection of a designable system. In order to simulate intellig...
Reliability allocation is important in the product design phase, and unreasonable allocation results may affect product reliability, resource utilization, and overall product quality. As product structures become increasingly complex, uncertainties are inherently involved in reliability allocations, and the connections between subsystems become mor...
Energy storage technology (EST) is crucial in mitigating the environmental impact of energy storage and reducing carbon footprints. It is a vital component of renewable energy sources and decarbonization of world energy structures. The selection of a suitable EST depends on multiple aspects of sustainability; thus, the decision-making methods are a...
The current definition of the complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS), derived from the Ramot form of complex numbers, cannot process information as in Tamir’s complex fuzzy form. We have data with uncertainty and extra information that cannot be described by any other structure than Tamir’s complex fuzzy form. Hence, in this article, we initiated the id...
Smart manufacturing is a holistic strategy for product optimization in manufacturing with minimum costs and improved operational efficiency. However, the implementation of smart manufacturing technologies in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is limited due to a lack of awareness and understanding of their potential benefits. The manuscript aims t...
Constructing sustainable transportation infrastructure to address climate change by reducing carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions is unfeasible without the involvement of international oil companies (IOCs). Identifying the most sustainable IOC can significantly enhance legitimacy, corporate image, brand value, transparency, and reputation. T...
Ensuring supply chain resilience (SCRES) in the face of unforeseen disruptions, such as natural disasters, geopolitical conflicts, or economic downturns, is a critical goal for decision-makers. While numerous SCRES frameworks have been proposed in existing literature, there is a lack of studies ranking these frameworks. Moreover, none of these fram...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) based energy management systems utilize sophisticated AI algorithms to improve and control the consumption of energy in various sectors, such as power utilities, industrial systems, and smart buildings. These systems support real-time analysis of data, predictive analytics, and automatic adjustments to improve energy ef...
Small-scale solar panel investments have significant risks because of market fluctuations. However, traditional insurance models often lead to inadequate coverage. This situation has a negative impact on profitability of the projects. To satisfy this situation, this study evaluates the effectiveness of parametric insurance by identifying optimal fa...
The global hospitality industry is undergoing a profound transformation, primarily driven by the internet era within the context of Industry 4.0 and the continuous evolution of the metaverse. The metaverse offers limitless possibilities for creating immersive and personalized accommodation experiences by closely integrating the virtual with the rea...
Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements in natural language processing (NLP), impacting both academia and industry. Evaluating LLMs is crucial, as these models are developed for multiple NLP tasks. However, no single LLM has successfully fulfilled all tasks simultaneously, creating a research gap. This, in turn, leads to the...
E-procurement systems provide many opportunities to improve supply and procurement activities in the healthcare sector. However, their implementation deals with failure in several cases. Accordingly, adequate preparation is quite necessary at the pre-implementation stage. In this research, a holistic framework has been developed to evaluat e-procur...
Location selection is a critical process in decision-making for projects that involve multiple criteria, such as urban planning, industrial site development, or green building projects. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) is a systematic approach that evaluates and ranks potential alternatives based on a set of often conflicting criteria. This...
Authentication systems play a significant role in ensuring security in the use of information systems. In the context of human resource management, authentication systems are effectively utilized for performance appraisal based on information systems. Various authentication systems exist to support information systems, each with its strengths and w...
E-trade platforms are software applications that enable businesses to conduct online sales and manage their digital storefronts. These platforms provide a range of tools and features to facilitate the creation, operation, and management of an online business. This study comprehensively evaluates e-trade platforms within the automotive spare parts i...
In the context of Industry 4.0, predictive maintenance models play a key role in improving operational efficiency and minimizing downtime in manufacturing systems. This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of five machine learning models. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, K-nearest neighbors, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees by examin...
The global energy landscape is experiencing a transformative shift toward sustainability, with wind energy becoming an indispensable clean energy source crucial for combating climate change. As the number of wind turbine suppliers increases, stakeholders face significant challenges in selecting the most suitable partners, which can directly impact...
Sustainable communication technologies play a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals by addressing environmental, economic, and societal challenges. Evaluating and ranking these technologies is essential for guiding strategic investments and ensuring alignment with sustainability objectives. This study adopts a fuzzy multi-criteria d...
The accurate determination of results in decision analysis is usually predicated on the association between two factors. Although generating data for analytical purposes presents an apparent hurdle, the data obtained may present hurdles in its interpretation. Correlation coefficients can be used to analyze the interaction between two factors and th...
One of the most critical processes in the petroleum industry is transporting crude oil and its derivatives. Usually, it is done, due to easiness and economic aspects, through pipelines; several products, such as gasoline, kerosene, naphtha, and liquefied petroleum gas, among others, are moved in batch processes to both distribution and storage cent...
Water is the essence of life, sustaining ecosystems, agriculture, industries, and human well-being. The water waste or contaminated by human activity, such as domestic, industrial or agricultural use make it unsafe for consumption, threatens human health, disrupts ecosystems and can lead to the depletion of clean water resources. It contains harmfu...
This study was developed to emphasize the critical role of social media in large-scale crises and the importance of effective information flow management. By analyzing how the Twitter platform (now X) can be utilized in crisis management, this paper presents an integrated framework that combines Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. The Im...
The usage of solar cells increases daily as they are a renewable and sustainable source of electrical energy. This technology also makes us independent from fossil fuels and provides cheap electrical energy, lowering greenhouse gas emissions. In the age of advancements, solar cell-based technology is becoming familiar and easily accessible to all p...
Digital transformation (DT) has become vital for companies trying to remain competitive in the recent ever-changing technological environment. DT is the integration of digital technologies into all disciplines of business from regular activities to strategic decision making. Risk management planning requires projects to assess possible risks that m...
Social movements encompass the collective actions of groups gathered under the same goal, operating within a specific organizational structure to reflect their thoughts and views through a series of actions. Social movements are expected to exhibit characteristics of violence, rationality, continuity, and public benefit. The successful performance...
Purpose- The purpose of this study was to address waste management in the food supply chain (FSC) through the integration of inspection processes in production and distribution centers under uncertain conditions, aiming to enhance sustainability across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The study introduces a sustainable forward and re...
Radiologists utilize pictures from X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography scans to diagnose bone cancer. Manual methods are labor-intensive and may need specialized knowledge. As a result, creating an automated process for distinguishing between malignant and healthy bone is essential. Bones that have cancer have a different tex...
As demonstrated in the section above, the stock market place is a dynamic factor, which makes it possible for traders and investors to make good decisions based on the information acquired through accurate prediction. This research aims at improving the prediction of stock market by applying a new method to Multi-attribute Group Decision making (MA...
Complex intuitionistic fuzzy sets, which are distinguished by both membership and non-membership values, provide sophisticated decision-making tools by helping decision-makers better handle ambiguity, reluctance, and uncertainty in complex situations. In this paper, we introduce several novel operations on complex intuitionistic fuzzy sets, includi...
Abstract
Purpose
“Know thyself” helps one to decide the career goal of his/her life and enables one to become self-concordant. In this context, the present work aims to discern the childhood interests (CI) of the HR professionals vis-à-vis their relevance.
Design/methodology/approach
The current study is grounded on two theoretical perspectives su...
Description:
Optimization, machine learning, and fuzzy logic are fundamental in the field of computational intelligence, each contributing to solving complex problems across various domains. Optimization techniques focus on finding the best solutions to problems by improving efficiency and minimizing resources. Machine learning enables systems to l...
Improving human health and comfort in buildings requires efficient temperature regulation. Temperature control system has a significant contribution in minimizing the impact of climate change. Temperature control system is used in industry to control temperature. The polar form of complex Pythagorean fuzzy set is a limited notion because when decis...
The introduction of (p, q)-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy set into the field of fuzzy set theory is a significant advancement, providing a broader perspective to address complicated decision-making scenarios. Alongside, the preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluation (PROMETHEE) emerges as a widely recognized tool for tacklin...
Geothermal energy stands out as an exceptional renewable resource for power generation, offering a consistent power production without the intermittency issues. Despite its potential to deliver a consistent supply of electricity on demand, geothermal adoption is hindered due to substantial costs. Utilizing the most effective drilling method can all...
Globally, the occurrence of cardiovascular disease is linked to atherosclerosis in heart vessels due to poor diet or underlying illnesses. Additionally, post-pandemic diseases like COrona VIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) have accentuated cardiovascular complications, leading to significant fatalities among sufferers. The research addresses the crucial n...
Aftermath of the recent pandemic, online learning has emerged as an essential aid that uses webinars frequently. However, there is a little or no evidence of work which discerned the usefulness of the webinars by considering both positive and negative forces. To this end, the present work exhibits a new Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (IFN) based force...
In response to the energy crisis and the global push for sustainability, modern power grids are increasingly integrating renewable energy, plug- in electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. This evolution demands an advanced energy management system capable of handling the variability of renewable resources, uncertainties in electric vehicle p...
In today’s polluted environment, air pollution is one of the major challenges that must be controlled by adopting suitable precautionary measures and installing an appropriate number of air quality monitoring stations to safeguard human health. There are several causes of air pollution, including fossil fuels, automobiles, agricultural activities,...
This article introduces the concept of m-polar picture fuzzy sets to address the inherent ambiguity in sustainability-related decision-making in Industry 4.0. We present a set of novel aggregation operators specifically developed for m-PPFSs, including the m-polar picture fuzzy weighted averaging operator, which assigns different weights to each el...
Necessary precautions must be taken to increase cybersecurity to improve the performance of microgrid systems. However, because these actions create costs, it is not possible to improve all of these variables at the same time. There is a significant need for a new study that will conduct a priority analysis of the factors affecting the increase of...
The evaluation of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technology adoption strategies (I4.0AS) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from I4.0 technologies and technology-organization-environment (TOE) ecosystem perspectives poses a significant challenge due to three primary concerns: the importance of criteria, data variability for each individual I4.0AS, and unc...
The global spread of the pandemic, secure isolation regulations, logistical limitations, and delays in reopening educational institutions such as colleges and universities have all had a severe psychological impact. Students, in particular, are regarded as a vulnerable population, experiencing higher levels of fear, stress, depression, and unhealth...
This paper studies a scheduling problem involving two agents E and F with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$n_1$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{m...
Material requirement planning is a type of production planning problems that is used to plan about a final product, its sub-assemblies, and its raw parts simultaneously by considering time phased demands of the final product. In this study a multi-product material requirement planning problem with limited manufacturing resources is considered. As a...
Finished vehicle logistics (FVL) activities are executed through agreements with service provider firms. Vehicle manufacturers make efforts to select the most successful FVL service provider. The motivation for this research lies in developing and demonstrating the application of a decision support system for FVL service provider selection. Within...
Despite the rising literature on data mining (DM) approaches, there is a lack of a complete literature review and categorization system within risk research. This paper presents the first recognized academic literature review on the application of data mining tools in risk research provides an up-to-date SCOPUS literature database. Based on bibliom...
The Internet of Modular Robot Things (IoMRT) has emerged through the integration of robotic systems into the Internet of Things (IoT), offering a wide range of solutions to meet continuously growing demands. Six self-reconfiguration functionalities/criteria have been proposed for developing IoMRT. However, no study has fully developed an IoMRT that...
The formation of new properties for Bipolar Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Set (BLDFS) enhances the evaluation procedure by including control parameters and meticulously accumulating positive as well as negative opinions. While previous approaches encounter difficulties in accurately grasping uncertainties, the design and development of a novel Bipolar L...
Wearable sensors (WS) play a vital role in health assistance to improve the patient monitoring process. However, the existing data collection process faces difficulties in error corrections, rehabilitation, and training validations. Therefore, the data analysis requires additional effort to reduce the overall problems in sports rehabilitation. The...
This study offers a comprehensive analysis of novel information for linear diophantine multi-fuzzy sets and illustrates its applications in practical scenarios. We introduce innovative similarity metrics tailored for linear diophantine multi-fuzzy sets, including Cosine similarity, Jaccard similarity, and Exponential similarity. Additionally, we pr...