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Parameter Recovery and Model Fit Using Multidimensional Composites: A Comparison of Four Empirical Parceling Algorithms
Abstract
Manifest variables in covariance structure analysis are often combined to form parcels for use as indicators in a measurement model. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate four empirical algorithms for creating such parcels, focusing on the effects of dimensionality on accuracy of parameter estimation and model fit. Results suggest that accuracy of parameter estimation is primarily a function of the nature and number of dimensions in a composite, and that greater dimensionality also renders parceling methods more similar with respect to accuracy of estimation. Conversely, model fit is predominantly influenced by the parceling algorithm and number of parcels formed. An integrative analysis of the degree to which model fit signals accuracy of estimation highlights the respective advantages and disadvantages of the parceling algorithms. Results suggest that a Radial parceling algorithm may offer advantages over Correlational, Factorial, or Random assignment of items to parcels. The behavior of the Radial algorithm, and iterative algorithms in general, warrant further investigation.
... Considering the sample size did not allow the creation of latent variables based on individual items due to an inadequate indicator-to-sample size ratio (Schreiber et al., 2006), we relied upon item parceling to generate the latent variables included in the structural models (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). Specifically, we used item parceling to create factor scores as indicators for the increasing social job resources, increasing structural job resources, increasing challenging job demands and WHE latent variables. ...
... Specifically, we used item parceling to create factor scores as indicators for the increasing social job resources, increasing structural job resources, increasing challenging job demands and WHE latent variables. Factors were created by ranking and computing the observed variables based on the factorial algorithm proposed by Rogers and Schmitt (2004). Although the rule of thumb is to generate a minimum of three parcels per scale (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004), considering that the above scales consist of only five items, we were forced to generate only two parcels per latent variable. ...
... Factors were created by ranking and computing the observed variables based on the factorial algorithm proposed by Rogers and Schmitt (2004). Although the rule of thumb is to generate a minimum of three parcels per scale (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004), considering that the above scales consist of only five items, we were forced to generate only two parcels per latent variable. Table 1 depicts the means, standard deviations, Cronbach's alpha values and the correlation matrix of the used variables. ...
Based on the Job Demands-Resources theory, this study investigates whether psychological capital (PsyCap) is a precursor of the one-directional work-to-home enrichment (WHE) process through a parallel mediation mechanism enabled by promotion-focused job crafting components. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 231 Romanian employees. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).
PsyCap (what I can do) is an antecedent of all three promotion-focused job crafting behaviors (what I actually do) and WHE. Two specific job crafting dimensions - increasing social job resources and increasing challenging job demands, fully mediate the link between PsyCap and WHE. Increasing structural job resources does not predict WHE.
This study identifies PsyCap as an antecedent of WHE. It also uncovers underlying behavioral mechanisms that enable the transfer of resources from the work role to individuals' home role by investigating job crafting components as distinct dimensions. As such, it gives practitioners a clearer understanding of which behaviors they should seek to cultivate for employees to potentiate their home role through aspects of their job.
... Aggregating items into parcels reduces standard error in a construct, and thereby the underlying latent factor can be distilled and the stability of estimation increases (Matsunaga, 2008). Hence, we combined two items into one, resulting in a total of 12 items in the plant attitude construct (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). ...
... At first, a total of five items in which the indicator loadings were significantly less than 0.708 were removed for the convergent validity (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). The remaining items' average variance extracted values (AVE) ...
Background and objective: Many scholars agree that the key to mitigating the environmental crisis lies in altering human behavior. To better understand this linkage, it is crucial to identify the psychological determinants of one's pro-environmental behavioral intention (PEB) and examine the process through which such behavior is generated. This study focuses on one such process, drawing of plants. We test whether visually representing plants by engaging in freehand drawing would influence actual behavioral intentions to improve the quality of our environment and whether this association is mediated by the key environment-psychological factors (attitude toward plants and affection to the natural environment).Methods: To answer this question, we conducted a quasi-experiment with 235 students from selected colleges in Seoul by dividing them into control and treatment groups. The control group participated in regular outdoor activities during a field trip while the treatment group engaged in drawing of plants during the trip. Survey answers and drawings were analyzed to examine the effect of plant drawing practice on PEB and the mediative role of the psychological constructs.Results: Our T-test and the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) test revealed the following findings: (1) Engaging in plant drawing practice is more effective in developing positive attitudes toward plants and affection to the natural environment than engaging only in normative outdoor experience. (2) Analytical-observational drawings are influential to PEB by mediating through plant attitude, and expressive-subjective drawings are influential to PEB by mediating through environmental affect. (3) Gender was a critical factor in determining plant attitude, environmental attitude, and PEB.Conclusion: In sum, the findings suggest that plant drawing experience has a significant impact on developing PEB, and thus, it can be an effective means to foster a biospheric mindset as well as nature-protective behavior.
... Structural equation modelling (SEM) was then used to test the mediating effect of resilience and prosocial behaviour on the relationship between student covitality and flourishing (see Fig. 1). To reduce the measurement error, the BRS was divided into three parcels, using the factorial algorithm parcel-building method (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). Using Little's missing completely at random (MCAR) test, the data met the MCAR assumption (χ 2 (df = 1061) = 1105.60, ...
... Student covitality, as a second-order construct, was validated in a Chinese sample by Wang et al. (2018). To improve the psychometric properties of the variables and simplify the model without losing information, parcelling was used for resilience based on the factorial algorithm method (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). In order to ensure every latent variable has at least three measure variables, three parcels were formed out of six items: (1) 1st and 6th highest factor loadings (BRS 1 and BRS 4); (2) 2nd and 5th highest loadings (BRS 3 and BRS 6); and (3) 3rd and 4th highest loadings (BRS 5 and BRS 2). ...
Existing studies have revealed associations of positive psychological traits with human thriving and flourishing. However, how these traits co-occur—known as covitality—and how it relates to flourishing remain relatively unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how student covitality as a second-order construct of four school experience-grounded positive psychological traits, namely gratitude, optimism, zest and persistence, predicts flourishing among primary school students. Participants were fourth to sixth graders (N = 1,107, 36.2% Grade 4, 32.8% Grade 5, and 31.0% Grade 6; 50.4% female) from 34 primary schools in Hong Kong (7.1% Hong Kong Island, 36.4% Kowloon, and 56.5% New Territories). In this study, structural equation modelling showed that student covitality as a second-order construct predicted flourishing directly (β = .594), and also indirectly through resilience (β = .111) and prosocial behaviour (β = .062). The findings suggest that student covitality as a latent construct better captures the mechanisms that drive student flourishing than the four individual first-order constructs of positive psychological traits. This study sheds light on future efforts in the field of children’s flourishing to consider school-related covitality as a critical variable in research and to develop school-based strategies that promote covitality in practice.
... Specifically, we relied upon item parceling to create factor scores as indicators for satisfaction with life, worklife balance, and mental health latent variables. Factors were created by ranking and computing the observed variables based on the factorial algorithm proposed by Rogers and Schmitt (2004). Although the rule of thumb is to generate at least three parcels per scale (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004), we were forced to create only two parcels per latent variable since our measures consisted of only four to five items. ...
... Factors were created by ranking and computing the observed variables based on the factorial algorithm proposed by Rogers and Schmitt (2004). Although the rule of thumb is to generate at least three parcels per scale (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004), we were forced to create only two parcels per latent variable since our measures consisted of only four to five items. Furthermore, PsyCap and work engagement were also employed as latent variables, each consisting of its specific The data were then analyzed using covariance-based structural modeling techniques (CB-SEM) using the lavaan package (Rossell, 2012) in R software (R Core Team, 2020). ...
Entrepreneurial well-being is tied to increasing firm performance because entrepreneurs possess additional resources to invest in their businesses. However, research integrating antecedents, specific mechanisms related to the emergence of entrepreneurial well-being (EWB), and performance is scarce. Furthermore, the collective impact of their roles as entrepreneurs and individuals outside the work context is yet to be investigated concerning venture performance. The present study addresses these issues by presenting and testing a comprehensive model employing entrepreneurs’ psychological capital as an antecedent of EWB and, indirectly, performance. We investigate this relationship through a serial mediation mechanism enabled by work engagement and entrepreneurial satisfaction regarding entrepreneurs’ work roles. Also, we employ work-life balance and mental health as mediators regarding their home roles. Drawing on data from 217 Romanian entrepreneurs, structural equation modeling analyses supported our model. PsyCap was a precursor of entrepreneurial satisfaction both directly and through work engagement. Also, PsyCap predicted entrepreneurs’ mental health directly and through work-life balance. Furthermore, both EWB components – entrepreneurial satisfaction and mental health – were associated with business performance. Hence, our model provides valuable insights regarding the interplay between entrepreneurs’ work and home roles and their relation to EWB and venture performance. It also provides the basis for future interventions that can psychologically prepare entrepreneurs to be successful in their entrepreneurial endeavors.
... Thus, we followed the suggestions of Dyer et al. (2005) to overcome the nonconvergence by reducing the number of parameters via item parceling. In particular, we created two parcels for each construct using the factorial algorithm (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004 ...
... Similar to Study 1, we confirmed the discriminant validity of all the measures rated by team members and leaders via MCFAs (Dyer et al., 2005). Again, because of the convergence problems, we adopted the factorial algorithm to parcel items (Dyer et al., 2005;Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). The results of the MCFAs with parceling indicated that the hypothesized seven-factor model fit the data well (χ 2 = 215.03, ...
Modern organizations increasingly rely on teams to provide creative solutions in a timely manner. Temporal leadership has thus gained substantial interest, based on the assumption that it is conducive to team effectiveness. However, we advance a different view of temporal leadership’s influence on team creativity. Building on temporal leadership literature and the paradox model of creativity, we propose that temporal leadership has a curvilinear (i.e., inverted U‐shaped) relationship with team creativity. Moreover, team knowledge complexity moderates this relationship, while team creative process engagement conditionally mediates it. We conducted two field studies to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, our analyses of multisource data from 68 research and development teams found that temporal leadership has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with team creativity, especially for teams with high knowledge complexity. In Study 2, analyses of multiwave, multisource data from 100 work teams further revealed that team creative process engagement conditionally mediates the curvilinear relationship. Specifically, temporal leadership has a stronger indirect curvilinear relationship with team creativity through team creative process engagement in teams with high (vs. low) levels of knowledge complexity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
... First, a factor analysis was conducted, and the items were ranked from the highest to the lowest loadings and then rotated from the highest to the lowest according to the number of groups. The items with the second-highest loadings were then added sequentially in the opposite direction for balancing (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). When the sample size is large, the χ 2 /df criterion may increase. ...
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a huge challenge to the career situation of college students. This study aimed to understand the mechanism underlying meaning in life on career adaptability among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A quantitative method was adopted. In total, 1,182 college students were surveyed using the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, the Adult General Hope Scale, and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale.
Results
There was a significant positive correlation between meaning in life, positive coping styles, hope, and career adaptability. Positive coping styles and hope play a separate mediating role and a chain mediating role.
Discussion
The findings of this study emphasize the importance of meaning in life among college students to improve their career adaptability. Furthermore, positive coping styles and increased levels of hope contribute to the development of career adaptability among college students.
... Both OAS and TAS-20 consist of three subscales, each of which was parcelled into a single indicator. GAD-7, without subscales, was parcelled into three indicators using the factorial algorithm [72,75]. Path analysis revealed that alexithymia was significantly predicted by neuroticism (β = 0.285, p < 0.01), conscientiousness(β = -0.146, ...
Objective
Personality, emotions, and olfaction exhibit partial anatomical overlap in the limbic system structure, establishing potential mechanisms between personality, affective disorders, and olfactory-related aspects. Thus, this study aims to investigate the associations among the Big Five personality traits, alexithymia, anxiety symptoms, and odor awareness.
Methods
A total of 863 college participants were recruited for this study. All participants completed the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory-15, the Odor Awareness Scale (OAS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener-7. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the hypothesized mediated model.
Results
The findings revealed the majority of significant intercorrelations among the dimensions of the Big Five personality traits, alexithymia, anxiety symptoms, and OAS (|r| = 0.072–0.567, p < 0.05). Alexithymia and anxiety symptoms exhibited a serial mediation effect between neuroticism and OAS (95%CI[0.001, 0.014]), conscientiousness and OAS (95%CI[-0.008, -0.001]), and extraversion and OAS (95%CI[-0.006, -0.001]). Anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between agreeableness and OAS (95%CI[-0.023, -0.001]) and between openness and OAS (95%CI [0.004, 0.024]).
Conclusion
The mediating roles of alexithymia and anxiety symptoms between the Big Five personality traits and odor awareness support the idea of a certain level of association among personality, emotions, and olfaction, with the underlying role of the limbic system structure. This enhances our understanding of personality, emotions, and olfaction and provides insights for future intervention measures for affective disorders and olfactory dysfunctions.
... The subset-item-parcel approach was used in order to aggregate items into several parcels and use them as indicators of the target construct [52]. Accordingly, we created 2 parcels for each factor of target latent constructs (such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitator conditions, self-expectancy, and habit) by aggregating randomly grouped items within each scale [53]. The remaining 3 latent target constructs with 3 indicators per construct, such as social influence, hedonic motivation, and intention to use, remained as they existed in the original UTAUT2 model [46]. ...
Background
IT has brought remarkable change in bridging the digital gap in resource-constrained regions and advancing the health care system worldwide. Community-based information systems and mobile apps have been extensively developed and deployed to quantify and support health services delivered by community health workers. The success and failure of a digital health information system depends on whether and how it is used. Ethiopia is scaling up its electronic community health information system (eCHIS) to support the work of health extension workers (HEWs). For successful implementation, more evidence was required about the factors that may affect the willingness of HEWs to use the eCHIS.
Objective
This study aimed to assess HEWs’ intentions to use the eCHIS for health data management and service provision.
Methods
A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 456 HEWs in 6 pilot districts of the Central Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia. A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model was used to investigate HEWs’ intention to use the eCHIS. Data were cleaned, entered into Epi-data (version 4.02; EpiData Association), and exported to SPSS (version 26; IBM Corp) for analysis using the AMOS 23 Structural Equation Model. The statistical significance of dependent and independent variables in the model was reported using a 95% CI with a corresponding P value of <.05.
Results
A total of 456 HEWs participated in the study, with a response rate of 99%. The mean age of the study participants was 28 (SD 4.8) years. Our study revealed that about 179 (39.3%; 95% CI 34.7%-43.9%) participants intended to use the eCHIS for community health data generation, use, and service provision. Effort expectancy (β=0.256; P=.007), self-expectancy (β=0.096; P=.04), social influence (β=0.203; P=.02), and hedonic motivation (β=0.217; P=.03) were significantly associated with HEWs’ intention to use the eCHIS.
Conclusions
HEWs need to be computer literate and understand their role with the eCHIS. Ensuring that the system is easy and enjoyable for them to use is important for implementation and effective health data management.
... Before testing the structural models, we used item parcels based on the factorial algorithm to optimize the indicator-to-sample size ratio and apply a latent variable approach for SE in academic tasks, DA and SA (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004), also following the recommendation of Little et al. (2002), namely that each parcel should contain between three and five items. After that, we tested three structural models: the M4-hypothesized model (here, SE at T2 was tested as a partial mediator on the relationship between nPAGs at T1 and DA and SA at T3; see Figure 1), M5-alternative model (here SE in academic tasks at T2 partially mediated the relationship between nPAGs at T1 and SA at T3, and SE at T2 totally mediated the relationship between nPAGs at T1 and DA at T3; see Figure 2), ...
Based on the Achievement Goals Theory and Students' Approaches to Learning, we proposed a model in which students' self-efficacy acts as a mediator between stu-dents' performance-approach goals orientation and their approach to learning in dealing with academic tasks throughout an academic year. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the model on a sample of 565 first-year university students at three different moments. The results showed that self-efficacy in academic tasks at T2 totally mediated the relationship between performance-approach goals at T1 and the deep approach at T3 and partially the relationship with the surface approach at T3. The results underline that if the direct effect of performance-approach goals is that of the surface approach intensification without any impact on the deep approach, an increase in the deep approach and a decline in the surface approach can be observed through self-efficacy in academic tasks. K E Y W O R D S deep and surface approach to learning, longitudinal study, performance-approach goals, self-efficacy
... Given that the measurement instruments in this study included both multidimensional scales (Electronic Media Use Questionnaire) and unidimensional scales (Parental Phubbing Scale, Parent-Child Conflict Subscale, and Emotion Regulation Subscale), we followed the item-parceling recommendations of Little et al. [71]: specifically, we applied isolated parceling for the multidimensional Electronic Media Use Questionnaire, wherein each subscale was condensed into a single indicator. For the unidimensional scales, we employed the factorial algorithm for item parceling, as suggested by Rogers and Schmitt [72], to improve model fit. ...
In this digital age, where parental attention is often diverted by digital engagement, the phenomenon of “parental phubbing,” defined as parents ignoring their children in favor of mobile devices, is scrutinized for its potential impact on child development. This study, utilizing questionnaire data from 612 parents and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with moderated mediation, examines the potential association between parental phubbing and young children’s electronic media use. The findings revealed a correlation between parental phubbing and increased electronic media use in children. Parent–child conflict, informed by instances of parental phubbing, was identified as a partial mediator in this relation. Notably, children’s emotion regulation emerged as a moderating factor, with adept regulation linked to reduced adverse effects of parental phubbing and improved relational harmony. These findings underscore the importance of parental awareness of their digital behaviors and the benefits of fostering robust parent–child relationships and supporting children’s emotional regulation to nurture well-adjusted “digital citizens” in the contemporary media landscape.
... In order to test the hypothesized model, we carried out a full structural equation model (SEM; Jöreskog, 1970), using the R package lavaan (Rosseel, 2012). For each latent variables representing attitude, intention, PBC, professionalism and continuous learning culture, two parcels (i.e., measured indicators) were constructed because parceling offers several advantages over item-level modeling (e.g., reduction of sampling error, greater parsimony, reduced likelihood of correlated residuals; Byrne, 2013;Little, 2013;Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). We followed the 3-step procedure described by Russell et al. (1998) and adopted by prior studies (Dakanalis et al., 2015;Lee et al., 2010;Tylka, 2011;Schettino et al., 2023;Wei et al., 2005). ...
While Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are recognized as helpful learning tools for professional development in healthcare organizations, they often result in a low transfer of knowledge and skills into participants’ workplaces. Regarding this issue, little research has explored the factors shaping physicians’ intention to transfer learning acquired through these courses to their job. In light of the above, the present study adopted an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to address the low transfer rate in such a professional population by investigating the potential antecedents of transfer intention among 217 Italian physicians. They completed an online questionnaire measuring TPB traditional constructs (i.e., intention to transfer MOOCs content to the workplace, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), variables related to the MOOCs format, professionalism, and organizational learning culture. Findings showed that transfer intention was positively affected by attitude and perceived behavioral control; conversely, no significant association between subjective norms and intention emerged. Furthermore, the proximal antecedents of intention were affected by organizational learning culture. Lastly, attitude toward transfer was positively associated with MOOCs perceived usefulness, which mediated the path between MOOCs reputation and attitude. Study limitations and implications for future research and training programs development in the contest of professional continuing education are discussed.
... We conducted a set of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to test the construct distinctiveness of abusive supervision, hostile attribution bias, mindfulness and deviant behavior. Owing to the limited sample size, the factorial algorithm method of item parcelling (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004) was used before we conducted the CFAs. As shown in Table 2, the hypothesised four-factor (abusive supervision, hostile attribution bias, mindfulness, and deviant behavior) structure demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ 2 ...
Mindfulness has generally been viewed as beneficial for individuals at workplace. However, our understanding of its’ potential costs is still very limited. Based on social information processing theory, we propose that employee trait mindfulness amplifies the harm of abusive supervision on employees in terms of increased hostile attribution bias and deviant behavior. Results from a multi-wave multi-source field study (Study 1) and an experimental study (Study 2) supported our hypotheses. Our findings offer some important theoretical and practical implications.
... to develop parcels as manifest indicators of the latent constructs[61,62]. Mediation analyses in the final model used maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and bootstrapping with 5000 bootstrapped samples. ...
Background
Adolescent depression has grown to be a major social concern in China. During the coronavirus pandemic, the incidence of depression among Chinese adolescents increased substantially. More research is required to inform the prevention and intervention of adolescent depression in China. Depression is associated with Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Childhood abuse and neglect are distal antecedents of adolescent depression. It is not known how depression and EMSs interact in adolescence and how childhood abuse and neglect contribute to this relationship. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between depression and EMSs, as well as the long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs during adolescence. The work also investigates gender differences in these mechanisms.
Methods
Using a two-wave longitudinal design, we recruited 3,485 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.2; 43.2% females) from three Shanxi Province, China middle schools. All participants completed self-report questionnaires addressing childhood abuse and neglect, depression, and EMSs. Structural equation models examined reciprocal relationships between depression and EMS, as well as the effect of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs. Multi-group analysis addressed gender differences.
Results
Results indicated that greater depression predicted more EMSs measured later, but EMSs did not predict subsequent depression. Childhood abuse and neglect had different effects on depression and EMSs during adolescence. Specifically, exposure to childhood abuse related to more severe depression and EMSs in adolescence and contributed to the perpetuation of EMSs by increasing depression. Exposure to childhood neglect showed a direct effect on depression and indirectly reinforced subsequent EMSs through depression. There were no gender differences.
Conclusion
These findings contribute to a better understanding of the emergence and course of depression in early adolescence, suggesting that childhood abuse and neglect are critical early risk factors. Additionally, depression plays a key role in promoting schema perpetuation among adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment, providing important implications for relevant prevention and intervention in early adolescence.
... We used Mplus 7.4 to conduct a series of confirmatory factor analyses to confirm the distinctiveness of focal variables. Following Rogers and Schmitt's procedure [72], we parceled CPOEID, feedback-seeking, and developmental HRM practices into three items each. The results listed in Table 2 showed a good fit for the six-factor model (χ 2 = 237.453, ...
Organizations have come to recognize the importance of their human capital, particularly their top-performing employees, in sustaining their businesses in today’s competitive 21st-century landscape. To reward these few talented employees, organizations offer them preferential treatment in the form of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals). I-deals can effectively improve the performance of recipients, but this is not enough to demonstrate their management effectiveness. We should also measure their functional impact from the perspective of bystanders. This study seeks to explore the functional and dysfunctional impacts of i-deals on bystanders. We collected two-wave leader–employee matching data from sales teams, obtaining a sample of 108 leaders and 546 employees. The results indicate that coworkers’ perceptions of other employees’ i-deals (CPOEID) can provoke either malicious envy, which can lead to negative workplace gossip, or benign envy, which encourages feedback seeking. Developmental HRM practices not only lessen the positive effect of CPOEID on malicious and benign envy but also reduce the indirect effect of CPOEID on negative workplace gossip and feedback-seeking through malicious or benign envy. Our study, which applies social comparison theory, examines the double-edged effects of differentiated HRM practices on coworker interactive behavior. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the complementarity between differentiated and standardized HRM practices.
... We employed Mplus 7.4 to conduct a series of confirmatory factor analyses to confirm the distinctiveness of focal variables. Following Rogers and Schmitt's procedure [73], we parceled CPOEID, ERI, knowledge hiding, and ethical leadership into three items each. The results of Table 3 showed a good fit for the five-factor model (χ 2 = 187.245, ...
The essence of knowledge management involves the personalized management of talented employees who possess tacit knowledge. Unfortunately, non-standardized practices can lead to negative knowledge behaviors among coworkers, which can hamper beneficial knowledge interactions. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) on knowledge hiding from the bystander perspective. We conducted a two-wave on-site survey of 321 knowledge-based employees in Kunshan Industrial Park, China. During the first wave, employees provided information regarding their perceptions of others’ i-deals and ethical leadership. Two weeks later, employees reported their effort–reward imbalance (ERI), psychological distress, and knowledge hiding behaviors. To test our hypothesis, we used a hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS 26.0 and a path analysis with Mplus 7.4. The results indicate that (a) coworkers’ perceptions of other employees’ idiosyncratic deals (CPOEID) have an indirect effect on knowledge hiding via ERI and psychological distress; (b) ERI and psychological distress serially mediate the relationship between CPOEID and knowledge hiding; and (c) ethical leadership not only reduces the positive effect of CPOEID on ERI but also weakens the serial mediation effects of ERI and psychological distress between CPOEID and knowledge hiding. Our investigation, by using a cognitive-emotional processing system framework, provides a new theoretical perspective on the potential dysfunctionality of differentiated human resource management practices. Furthermore, our findings offer evidence for the compatibility of leadership and policy factors, as ethical leadership lessens the destructive effects of management practices.
... GFI = 0.965, AGFI = 0.944, CFI = 0.979, and RMSEA = 0.049. Based on Rogers and Schmitt's (2004) guidelines, the items from the FLA test were grouped into three parcels to generate three observable indicators that represented this latent variable. The latent variable for ideal L2 self was constructed based on the 8 items from the ideal L2 self scale, each serving as an indicator. ...
Considering the recent, burgeoning interest in positive psychology individual difference factors and the prominent role of ideal L2 self in learning foreign languages, this study is an attempt to investigate the mechanism through which Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) and L2 grit could have a mediating role in the association between ideal L2 self and Foreign Language Achievement (FLA). A total of 452 English language learners, selected by convenience sampling from different branches of a language institute, responded to the survey items. The results of data analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM) demonstrated that learners’ ideal L2 self, i.e., their image of themselves as competent and proficient EFL users in future, was directly and positively associated with their FLA. Additionally, ideal L2 self was linked to FLA through both L2 grit and FLE. Implications regarding teachers’ roles in promoting FLE, ideal L2 self, and L2 grit are discussed.
... Therefore, we utilized dimensional scores to construct four parcels for career adaptability and two for subjective career success (Grant & Berry, 2011). Following Rogers and Schmitt (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004), we constructed three parcels each for POQ and perceived supervisor support using a high-load strategy. Since there are various combinations of the two-factor to four-factor model, the models with the best fitting degree are selected respectively in Table 1. ...
Perceived overqualification (POQ) has become a common experience across different workplaces. However, the present research has overlooked the circumstances in which overqualification can lead to favorable results, not to mention the career development of overqualified employees. Drawing on career construction theory, we formulate a model examining how POQ relates to subjective career success/promotability. The questionnaire survey collected data from 204 supervisor-subordinate dyads within 65 teams from three Chinese companies in Shanghai, Shandong, and Hebei provinces across three time periods. The results revealed that POQ is related to career adaptability positively when perceived supervisor support is high but negatively when it is low. Career adaptability positively affects subjective career success and promotability. The indirect effect of POQ on career-related results through career adaptability is positive when perceived supervisor support is high but negative when it is low. We analyze these findings’ potential implications in theory and practice.
... We used a factor algorithm or single-factor analysis parceling (Little et al., 2002;Matsunaga, 2008;Rogers & Schmitt, 2004) and set item parceling to be equivalent across parcels in terms of average factor loading. The parcels were named CNI1-CNI3 and Altru1-Altru3. ...
This study aimed to examine the difference between communal narcissism and altruism using close-other reports, especially in collectivistic cultures (e.g., Korea). There may be differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures in the evaluation of communality. However, research on acquaintance evaluations of the difference between communal narcissism and altruism has never been conducted in a collectivistic culture. Accordingly, 179 Korean college students (115 females) completed self-report questionnaires to assess communal narcissism and altruism, selecting three close others who rated the psychological adjustment of the participants in terms of communality, altruism, and well-being. We found that self-reported communal narcissism was positively correlated with self-reported altruism but not significantly correlated with close-other-reported altruism. Additionally, the effect of self-reported communal narcissism on psychological adjustment as evaluated by close others was not significant after controlling for the effect of self-reported altruism. However, after controlling for the effect of self-reported communal narcissism, the effect of self-reported altruism on psychological adjustment as evaluated by close others was significant. Although communal narcissism and altruism are closely related in self-reports, findings based on reports of close others provide empirical evidence that they are distinguishable personality traits.
... Item parceling was used to create latent variables for constructs measured with more than six items . For CAM and distress, factorial algorithm-based item parceling (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004) was used. Supplemental Table 2 provides the items assigned to each parcel and their factor loadings. ...
Objectives: In response to increased anti-Asian discrimination and violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examined pathways from discrimination experiences to own-group collective action in a diverse sample of 689 Asian Americans. Method: Informed by theories of ethnoracial identity, critical consciousness, and collective action and utilizing structural equation modeling, we examined the associations among discrimination, psychological distress, critical awareness and motivation (CAM) to resist racism, and two types of own-group collective action: political activism and benevolent support. Multigroup invariance tests also examined whether these associations differed by ethnic subgroup, immigrant generation, and age. Results: Results supported our integrated model in which distress mediated the relationship between discrimination and CAM, and CAM mediated the relationship between discrimination and collective action. The structural pathways from discrimination to own-group collective action generally did not differ by ethnic subgroup and immigrant generation, although path coefficients for the effect of discrimination on distress did vary by age (p < .01). Further, discrimination did not appear to have the same catalyzing effect on CAM for South and Southeast Asians compared to East Asians. Conclusions: While anti-Asian discrimination was associated with both distress and engagement in collective action during the COVID-19 pandemic, group differences in mediational processes highlight the importance of disaggregating analyses to explore both similarities and differences in Asian Americans’ responses to discrimination.
... Next, to examine Hypotheses 6 and 7, item parceling with a factor algorithm was used to simplify the model analysis and improve structural parameters (Rhemtulla, 2016;Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). CFA was conducted to test the measurement model that included all the study variables. ...
Objectives
While the negative effects of family incivility have been found for work-related outcomes, few studies have explored its impact on adolescents’ interpersonal interactions. This study explores the role of family incivility (situational factor) on loneliness and interpersonal adaptation among adolescents, via the mediating role of self-compassion.
Method
We conducted a two-wave survey among 167 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 16.83 years, SD = 1.32). Participants completed measures of family incivility, self-compassion, loneliness and interpersonal adaptation. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the mediating role of self-compassion between family incivility and loneliness and between family incivility and interpersonal adaptation.
Results
Family incivility is negatively related to interpersonal adaptation and positively related to loneliness. When controlling for baseline levels of loneliness and interpersonal adaptation, self-compassion mediates the relationship between family incivility and loneliness. It also mediates the relationship between family incivility and interpersonal adaptation.
Conclusions
Family incivility is linked to reduced interpersonal adaptation and increased loneliness through decreasing self-compassion. The results provide new insights relevant for interventions to alleviate the adverse effects of family incivility.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
... First, with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we evaluate two measurement models: a model with one factor (M1) and a three-factor model (M2). Before testing the structural models, we used item parcels based on the factorial algorithm to optimize the indicator-tosample size ratio and apply a latent variable approach for CSE (Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). Based on the Little et al. (2002) recommendation, each parcel should contain between three and five items. ...
Introduction
An academic environment with continuously more demanding tasks requires students to capitalize on their strengths to meet the challenges and engage in learning experiences. Engaged students are deeply involved in their work, are strongly connected with their studies, and are more successful in academic tasks. The present study aimed to test a model in that core self-evaluations (CSE) predicts academic engagement (AE) directly and indirectly by increasing personal resources (i.e., psychological capital; PsyCap) in the case of two different samples, Romanian and Serbian.
Methods
Data were collected through three online questionnaires from 672 undergraduate students (Romania – 458; Serbia – 214).
Results
The findings confirmed that CSE was positively related to PsyCap, which was positively associated with AE, and PsyCap mediates the relationship between the two variables in both samples. A positive evaluation of one’s characteristics (high CSE) mainly affects the cognitive and emotional mechanism of appraising the academic-related tasks one encounters (high PsyCap), ultimately shaping their motivation and engagement.
Discussion
These results pointed out the importance of the CSE and PsyCap that support each other and increase students’ AE, explaining the mediating mechanism of PsyCap. Also, they provide insight into the students’ engagement from two different cultural and educational contexts, being helpful to universities in their effort to increase students’ engagement.
... In this study, item parceling method was used, and among the various item parceling methods, the factor-parceling approach was used to allocate questions based on the factor load size and bind questions [82][83]. Based on this logic, the study measures comprising consumer-brand relationship were divided into three parts of Preference (5 items), Trust (3 items), and Bonding (3 items). ...
Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) has emerged as a new concept that links CSR activities to marketing, enabling corporations to pursue both building company-consumer partnership and gaining sustainable mutual benefits that are elicited from the partnership. Among various cause-related marketing activities, on-line cause-related advertising is the most commonly used one. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of on-line cause-related advertising and moderating role of ethical consumption propensity. In particular, this study intends to contribute to successful development of on-line cause-related advertising strategy by focusing on the relationship between the four factors: customers' perception of on-line cause-related advertising, brand-consumer relationship, brand attachment and loyalty. The results of this study are as follows: First, customers' perception of on-line cause-related advertising was related positively to consumer-brand- relationship. Second, brand-consumer relationship was related positively to brand attachment and customer loyalty. Third, brand attachment was related positively to customer loyalty. Furthermore, from the consumer’s psychological viewpoint, ethical consumption propensity had a significant moderating effect to between customers' perception of cause-related advertising and brand-consumer relationship as well as brand attachment. The results of this study may contribute to the existing literature as an new empirical attempt to examine the effect of the on-line cause-related advertising.
... Missing data was handled using full information maximum likelihood. Parcels were created using the factorial algorithm technique (Little et al., 2002;Rogers & Schmitt, 2004) .001). Further, the parceled measurement model had better fit than a one-factor model and a twofactor model (Factor 1 = job incumbent items; Factor 2 = spouse items). ...
While there may be no difference in terms of the love, care, and bond shared between parent and child, relationships created through adoption are often viewed less favorably in our society compared with those that possess a biological tie. Integrating minority stress and family systems theories, we seek to better understand working adoptive parents’ experiences and how the perceived stigma of being an adoptive parent negatively impacts a variety of work and family outcomes. Using a sample of 501 couples that adopted a child, we find that work–family conflict mediates the relationship between perceived adoption stigma and primary effects (i.e. job satisfaction and depression) as well as spillover effects (i.e. family satisfaction and parent–child bonding) for the job incumbent. Further, we find that the employee’s perceived adoption stigma also has crossover effects to their spouse, negatively impacting the spouse’s depression, family satisfaction, and parent–child bonding. Implications for theory and practice, limitations, and future research are discussed.
... Orosz et al., 2016a, b). In line with Rogers and Schmitt (2004), a factorial algorithm was used to assign items to the parcels. ...
Objectives
Growth mindset beliefs promote adaptive motivations to learn and challenge seeking; however, the learning process promoted by a growth mindset is not always positive. Adverse experiences may be especially true if one faces harsh criticism. However, mindfulness may be a potential adaptive mechanism in a situation that evokes harsh criticism. The present research examined the interplay between growth mindset beliefs and trait mindfulness regarding the motivation to learn from harsh criticism.
Method
We hypothesized that three forms of engagement with criticism (over-engagement, disengagement, and constructive engagement) could be potential setback-specific mediators between growth mindset, trait mindfulness, and motivation to learn from criticism. Cross-sectional, self-report methods have been used on a diverse Hungarian sample (n = 1469).
Results
We found that a growth mindset and trait mindfulness are positively and directly related to the motivation to learn from criticism. Having a growth mindset was unrelated to constructive engagement. At the same time, disengagement and over-engagement negatively mediated the link between a growth mindset and the motivation to learn from setbacks. In contrast, the link between trait mindfulness and learning from setbacks was negatively mediated by both disengagement and over-engagement and positively mediated by constructive engagement.
Conclusions
The results suggest that growth mindset beliefs do not let individuals disengage from criticism and may promote constructive or a potentially harmful form of over-engagement with criticism. Complementarily, trait mindfulness is associated with the struggling way of learning characterized by constructive engagement and inhibits the suffering path of learning characterized by over-engagement the criticism.
... The conceptual model is shown in Fig. 1. Factor algorithm [45] was introduced for packaging CDC, and internal consistency method [46] for packaging perception of death and meaning of life. We evaluate the fitness of the model by chi-square values (χ 2 /df ), the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). ...
Background
It is important to understand how the perception of death affects the competence to cope with death.
Objectives
To explore whether the perception of death has an indirect effect on competence to cope with death through the mediation of attitude toward death and meaning of life.
Methods
A total of 786 nurses from Hunan Province, China, selected by random sampling method and asked to complete an online electronic questionnaire between October and November 2021 were included in the study.
Results
The nurses’ scored 125.39 ± 23.88 on the competence to cope with death. There was a positive correlation among perception of death, competence to cope with death, the meaning of life, and attitude toward death. There were three mediating pathways: the separate mediating effect of natural acceptance and meaning of life, and the chain mediating effect of natural acceptance and meaning of life.
Conclusion
The nurses’ competence to cope with death was moderate. Perception of death could indirectly and positively predict nurses’ competence to cope with death by enhancing natural acceptance or sense of meaning in life. In addition, perception of death could improve natural acceptance and then enhance the sense of meaning in life to positively predict nurses’ competence to cope with death.
... First, the measurement model was examined using confirmatory factor analysis to test the hypothesized latent factor structure. Self-warmth and self-coldness were each represented by three parcels of items in the Self-Compassion Scale (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). Internalized homonegativity was indicated by the mean scores of internalized homonegativity and identity affirmation (reverse-scored) of ...
Objectives
Self-compassion has consistently been linked to positive health outcomes. Emerging evidence has been gathered that reveals self-warmth and self-coldness as two distinctive components of self-compassion in cultures that embrace dialecticism (i.e., a belief that change is constant, contradictions coexist, and everything is interconnected). Each of these components contributed unique variances in explaining health outcomes. While self-compassion may be particularly relevant for the stigmatized population such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people given their exposure to and internationalization of public stigma, little evidence has been gathered to clarify the links of self-compassion, proximal stressors, and well-being among LGB people in dialectical cultures.
Method
Using a sample of 505 LGB adults in Hong Kong, this study examined how the two self-compassion components were linked to life satisfaction via proximal stressors and whether the self-compassion dimensions moderated the links between proximal stressors and life satisfaction.
Results
Results indicated that internalized homonegativity partially mediated the association between components of self-compassion (i.e., self-warmth and self-coldness) and life satisfaction. The association between self-coldness and life satisfaction was also partially mediated by acceptance concerns. Self-coldness also moderated the associations of internalized homonegativity and acceptance concerns with life satisfaction, such that internalized homonegativity and acceptance concerns were only negatively associated with life satisfaction when self-coldness was high.
Conclusions
Our study shows that supporting LGB people in dialectical cultures to cultivate self-compassion may involve separate processes: acknowledging the survival functions of self-coldness while fostering self-warmth.
Preregistration
This study is not pre-registered.
... We used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to further analyze the link between parental burnout, parental harsh discipline, psychological distress and academic burnout. According to the suggestion of Rogers and Schmitt (2004), we adopted item parceling strategies for the unidimensional variable (psychological distress) to control the inflated measurement error. In this process, we first conducted a factor analysis to rank the items according to the value of loadings. ...
Parental burnout is an emerging hot issue in discussions about children’s mental health and development. However, little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms of parental burnout on children’s academic burnout. To fill in this gap, we aim to examine the relationship between parental burnout and adolescents’ academic burnout, as well as the mediating effects of harsh discipline, adolescents’ psychological distress, and the moderating effect of gender. A sample of 871 junior high school students (477 boys and 394 girls) and their primary caregivers from Eastern China participated in this study. The results showed a direct relationship between parental burnout and academic burnout as well as an indirect relationship through the mediating role of psychological distress and the chain-mediating roles of parental harsh discipline and psychological distress. Furthermore, we discovered that fathers’ parental burnout had a stronger effect on children’s psychological distress than mothers. These findings contribute to our understanding of how parental burnout relates to children’s academic burnout and underline the significance of fathers’ parental burnout.
... Constructs that could not be directly observed (flow proneness, state flow, and attitudes/behavioural intentions towards the e-store) were treated as latent variables. In line with Matsunaga's (2008) recommendations, flow proneness and state flow were indicated by three item parcels, which were created using the factorial algorithm method (Rogers & Schmitt, 2004). As only five items were used to assess attitudes/behavioural intentions towards the e-store, the latent variable was indicated by the five individual survey items; no parcelling was used. ...
Given that flow experiences when shopping can encourage positive brand attitudes and purchase behaviours, consumer psychologists are interested in the antecedents to flow within retail environments. Emerging findings suggest that a materialistic goal orientation can undermine an individual’s tendency to have optimal experiences of flow. However, this existing work has been conducted largely within the field of Environmental Psychology and thus focused on flow experiences that occur in more ecologically sustainable activities. We hypothesized that materialism may not have the same flow-limiting effects when participants are engaged in shopping activities, which are more in line with the goals of highly materialistic individuals. Across two studies, we tested the relationship between materialism and the experience of flow during shopping activities using cross-sectional ( N = 886) and experimental ( N = 140) methods. Contrary to our hypothesis, both studies documented a negative effect of materialism on flow experiences when shopping, and this was not moderated by the type of store browsed. Accordingly, it appears that a materialistic goal orientation limits the extent to which people can have enjoyable flow experiences even during activities which are consistent with the life goals of highly materialistic individuals. We discuss the implications of these findings for wellbeing, marketing, and sustainability.
... For the current study, structural equation model (SEM) of partially latent variables was used to test whether (a) callous-unemotional traits were directly associated with suicide ideation, (b) callous-unemotional traits were indirectly related to suicide ideation via negative affect, and (c) the paths from callous-unemotional traits to negative affect was moderated by level of future orientation. Specifically, four parcels were created for each latent variable (callous-unemotional traits, negative affect, and future orientation) based on the factor loading information of each item (Little et al., 2002;Rogers and Schmitt, 2004). In addition, considering the characteristics of the BSI-CV (Only when participants did not answer 0 for item 4 or item 5, whether in the last week or the worst-point, they continued to answer items 6 to 19. ...
Background:
The relationship between callous-unemotional (CU) traits (the affective facet of psychopathy and the psychopathy that occurs during childhood and adolescence) and suicide ideation (SI) remains unclear. The mechanisms underlying this association still have a gap in the literature. The aims of this study were to determine whether and how callous-unemotional traits were associated with suicide ideation, and to evaluate the mediating effect of negative affect (includes irritability, depression, and anxiety) and the moderating effect of future orientation on the association.
Methods:
Data were extracted from a longitudinal study involving middle and high school students, with 1913 students (55.3 % girls) aged 11 to 19 years (14.9 ± 1.6 years) completing a self-reported online survey. The conditional process analysis was examined using Mplus 8.3.
Results:
We found that callous-unemotional traits positively predicted youths' current suicide ideation, with the observed positive relationship partly mediated by negative affect. However, callous-unemotional traits did not predict the worst-point suicide ideation, which indicated the connection fully mediated by negative affect. Furthermore, future orientation moderated these indirect effects.
Limitations:
Use of self-report measures and cross-sectional design.
Conclusions:
These findings provided evidence for current debates and conflicting conclusions, and set the foundation for future research, as well as implied the important intervention goals for reducing suicide ideation in youth.
... FD was defined by its sub-scales (mutuality, communication, and conflicts). As for IA, we followed the suggestions of Rogers and Schmitt (2004) that parceling could be used as indicators for uni-dimension variables to simplify their structures. Specifically, we used three sub-scales scores as manifest indicators of FD, and three parcels as manifest indicators of IA. ...
The primary aim of the current study was to probe the longitudinal relationships between family dysfunction (FD) and adolescent Internet addiction (IA), as well as the group difference between only child and non-only child. Data were from a three-wave longitudinal data of 1301 Chinese adolescents, collected when adolescents were at Grade 7, Grade 8, and Grade 9. FD and IA were assessed via adolescent self-reported questionaries of Chinese Family Assessment Instrument and Internet Addiction Test. Cross-lagged panel model was constructed to estimate possible associations between FD and adolescent IA after controlling for demographic variables. Our results suggest that adolescents might get stuck in a vicious cycle of dysfunctional family and addictive Internet use: adolescents who lived in a dysfunctional family showed increased risk in IA in the subsequent year; in turn, adolescent IA further increased the possibility of FD. Moreover, multigroup comparison analysis revealed that the vicious cycle between FD and adolescent IA could be applied to both the only child and the non-only child. The findings may enrich the application of the Developmental Contextualism Theory and contribute to the identification of the starting points for intervention strategies of adolescent IA.
... Thus, in this study, all four latent variables (ASMU, Trait-FoMO, State-FoMO, and Loneliness) were parceled (Item parceling). According to Rogers and Schmitt's (2004) suggestion, the measurement items of each latent variable were parceled into three indicators using the factorial algorithm parceling method. ...
Introduction
Social media' impact on loneliness has attracted widespread scholarly attention. One hypothesis is that active social media use (ASMU) is associated with a decrease in loneliness. However, several empirical studies did not find a significant correlation between ASMU and loneliness, and ASMU may even increase loneliness. This study explored the mechanism of the double-edged sword effects of ASMU on loneliness.
Methods
Data were collected through convenience sampling from three universities in China. A total of 454 Chinese college social media users (Mean age 19.75 ± 1.33; 59.92% female) completed an online questionnaire.
Results
ASMU was positively related to interpersonal relationship satisfaction, which was negatively related to general trait-fear of missing out (FoMO) and loneliness. Further structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis showed that ASMU could negatively predict loneliness through the mediation pathways of interpersonal satisfaction and “Interpersonal satisfaction → Trait-FoMO.” At the same time, ASMU was also positively associated with online-specific state-FoMO, which was positively associated with trait-FoMO and loneliness. Further SEM analysis found no mediation effect of state-FoMO between ASMU and loneliness, but state-FoMO and traitFoMO sequentially mediate the relationship between ASMU and loneliness.
Discussion
This study indicates that ASMU may increase and decrease loneliness. Interpersonal satisfaction and FoMO explained the double-edged mechanism of ASMU on loneliness. These findings contribute to dialectically understanding the effectiveness of active social media use and provide theoretical guidance for promoting the beneficial aspects of social media while weakening its harmful consequences.
This study addresses an understudied research area in current voice research—the employee voice gap, defined as the extent to which employees perceived actual voice falls short of their demand for voice. Drawing on social exchange theory, we propose that the employee voice gap can be a significant reason for turnover intention, and such a relationship is mediated by employees’ perceptions of working conditions and industrial relations climate. We also argue that these relationships exist at the firm level and that the aggregated voice gaps are associated with organizational turnover rates. We provide empirical evidence for the relationships using the 2019 China Employer-Employee Matched Survey data of 4602 employees from 301 firms. The findings of our study point to similar voice gap patterns to those found in the North American context, indicating the universal effects of workplace voice gaps. In addition, our analysis reveals that having more voice than needed is not associated with these outcomes. Our study enriches the employee voice literature in general and in the Chinese context specifically through an interdisciplinary lens.
Perceived overqualification has been studied by researchers but limited research focuses on the role of leader overqualification. Based on relative deprivation theory and social exchange theory, this article introduces employees’ perceived leader overqualification to provide insight into whether, when, and how perceived overqualification influences speaking up. We conducted two studies to empirically test our hypotheses. In Study 1, data collected from 207 employees over two phases supported our hypotheses. Also, in Study 2, 3 wave time-lagged research design and a sample of 576 were utilized to enhance the robustness of the findings. Our results show that employees’ perceived leader overqualification moderates the relationship between employee perceived overqualification and speaking up. Furthermore, this moderation is mediated by trust in leader. Specifically, when overqualified employees perceived a lower level of leader overqualification, they were more unlikely to trust their leaders, which in turn, could decrease speaking up. Together, the findings suggest that employees’ perceived leader overqualification is a crucial factor for overqualified employees to have extra-role behaviors. The article includes a discussion of the findings’ implications for theory, practice, and future research.
Considering that large‐scale events such as natural disasters, epidemics, and wars affect people all over the world through online news channels, it is inevitable to investigate the impact of following or avoiding negative news on well‐being. This study investigated the effect of doomscrolling on mental well‐being and the mediating role of mindfulness and secondary traumatic stress in social media users. A total of 400 Turkish adults completed scales to assess doomscrolling, mental well‐being, mindfulness, and secondary traumatic stress. The average age of the participants was 29.42 (SD = 8.38; ranged = 18−65). Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the mediating roles of mindfulness and secondary traumatic stress in the relationship between doomscrolling and mental well‐being. Mindfulness and secondary traumatic stress fully mediated the relationship between doomscrolling and mental well‐being. The results are discussed in light of existing knowledge of doomscrolling, mental well‐being, mindfulness, and secondary traumatic stress. High levels of doomscrolling, which is related to an individual's mental well‐being, can predict the individual's distraction from the here and now and fixation on negative news. This situation, in which mindfulness is low, is related to the individual's indirect traumatization and increased secondary traumatic stress symptoms in the face of the negative news he/she follows.
Time scarcity has become one of the most ubiquitous phenomena in daily life worldwide. Five studies (total valid N = 1332) examined whether time scarcity elicits people's agentic orientation and dampens their communal orientation, thus increasing the likelihood of objectification towards others. Results suggested that people who perceived time scarcity were more likely to exhibit objectification towards others regardless of whether time scarcity was measured (Studies 1 and 3) or manipulated using either a scenario (Study 2a) or a recall task (Studies 2b and 4). Furthermore, agentic and communal orientations mediated the link between time scarcity and objectification (Studies 3 and 4). Additionally, the current research provided a nuanced understanding of these effects by differentiating the people being objectified into acquaintances and close friends (Study 2b) and by taking into consideration the trait‐level prosociality of participants (Study 4). Results suggested that the effect persisted when people interacted with others who were close to them, and it was also applicable to people who were highly prosocial by nature. Overall, our findings highlighted the serious interpersonal consequence of time scarcity and highlighted the crucial role of value orientation in understanding this effect.
Due to high reiliance on human ressources for customer satisfaction in the hair and beauty service industry, it is questioned how to increase their custumer orientation. This study aims to investigate the structural relationship among psychological capital, burnout, job satisfaction of hairdressers, and customer orientation. Targeting hairdressers, the survey was conducted from May 1 to May 12, 2023 focused on the hair and beauty service industry in Seoul and Gyunggi province. The number of 301 cases was used for analysis and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. The main findings are as follows. First, hairdressers’ burnout and job satisfaction directly affected customer orientation, while positive psychological capital had no direct influence. Second, hairdressers’ positive psychological capital and burnout directly affected job satisfaction. Third, the positive psychological capital of hairdressers had a direct effect on burnout, and the higher the positive psychological capital, the lower the burnout. Fourth, the positive psychological capital of hairdressers indirectly affected customer orientation through burnout and job satisfaction. Fifth, the positive psychological capital of hairdressers had an indirect effect on job satisfaction through burnout. Finally, hairdressers’ burnout indirectly affected customer orientation through job satisfaction. Based on the study results above, positive psychological capital, burnout, and job satisfaction of hairdressers were significant variables that directly or indirectly affect customer orientation. In particular, the influence of job satisfaction is relatively strong among the variables that directly affect the customer orientation of hairdressers. The indirect effect of job satisfaction on customer orientation was also relatively high, indicating that it was an important variable for increasing customer orientation among hairdressers.
Given its negative consequences for children's mental health and academic performance, parental burnout has recently drawn researchers’ attention. However, its effects on children's behavior remain unclear. To fill this gap, this study examined the relationship between parental burnout and adolescents’ phubbing as well as the mediating roles of parental phubbing and adolescents’ psychological distress based on the family system theory. This study included 871 adolescents and their primary caregivers. Results indicated positive correlations between parental burnout, parental phubbing, adolescents’ psychological distress and adolescents’ phubbing. Parental burnout had a direct relationship with adolescents’ phubbing; it also had an indirect relationship with adolescents’ phubbing through the independent mediating roles of parental phubbing and adolescents’ psychological distress as well as the chain-mediating roles of these two factors. The findings contribute to our understanding of how parental burnout is related to adolescents’ phubbing and highlight the importance of attending to parental phubbing and adolescents’ psychological distress in preventing and intervening in adolescents’ phubbing.
Background:
Negative life events are major triggers for depression. How individual physical qualities and psychological resources affect the relationship between negative life events and depression in college students remains to be studied. Therefore, we constructed a structural equation model to explore the mediating effect of trait anxiety and the moderating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between negative life events and depression among college students.
Methods:
A total of 6224 Chinese college students (aged 16-25) in Jiangxi Province in the central area of China completed the online survey. A moderated mediation model was tested to verify the hypothesis.
Results:
The mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of negative life events on depression through trait-anxiety. Mediation was moderated by self-esteem, which significantly interacted with negative life events to reduce their effect on both anxiety and depression.
Limitations:
All measures were self-reported. The cross-sectional design only provides evidence of correlation.
Conclusions:
The results in this study revealed that self-esteem as a component of psychological defense mechanism to reduce the harm of environmental threats to individuals. Low self-esteem college students are more likely to have adverse effects when experiencing low-level life events. University mental health education reduces the effects of negative life events on trait anxiety and depression of college students by raising their self-esteem levels.
Violent video game exposure (VVGE) is a significant predictor of adolescent cyberbullying perpetration. However, little is known about the mediating and moderated mechanisms between them. This study examined the mediating role of moral disengagement between VVGE and cyberbullying perpetration as well as the moderating role of callous-unemotional (CU) traits on those associations. A total of 2,523 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.22, SD = 1.60, 48.4 percent girls) participated this study. Structural equation modeling showed that VVGE was significantly related to cyberbullying perpetration and moral disengagement play a mediating role between them. Latent moderated structural equation modeling showed that CU traits strengthened the effect of VVGE on moral disengagement and of VVGE on cyberbullying perpetration. Results further showed that the mediating effect of moral disengagement was more prominent for youths who have higher levels of CU traits. Interventions to reduce moral disengagement and CU traits among adolescents may interrupt the effect of VVGE to cyberbullying perpetration.
Background:
Due to its diversifying and appealing content, short-form videos have developed very rapidly since its emergence, with more and more users enjoying the transient pleasures from such videos, which have triggered widespread concern over the detrimental influence of short-form video addiction on adolescent health.
Objective:
The present study intended to examine the longitudinal relations among paternal/maternal harsh parenting, adolescents' emotional dysregulation and their short-form video addiction using a cross-lagged longitudinal design.
Participants and setting:
We recruited a sample of 1064 adolescent students from two middle schools located in rural areas of eastern China.
Methods:
Adolescents reported on paternal and maternal harsh parenting, their own emotional dysregulation and short-form video addiction at three time points across two years. Autoregressive and cross-lagged models were analyzed using three-wave variables to test the associations among parental (maternal) harsh parenting, adolescent emotional dysregulation, and short-form video addiction. A multi-group analysis was used to test for potential gender differences in the model.
Results:
We found that harsh fathering but not harsh mothering contributed to adolescent emotional dysregulation, which in turn predicted adolescent short-form video addiction. However, the reverse longitudinal relationships did not exist. Multiple group analyses revealed that the predictive effect of harsh fathering on adolescent emotional dysregulation was stronger in boys.
Conclusions:
Our findings help clarify the complex relationships among harsh parenting, adolescent emotional dysregulation and short-form addiction, providing more effective guidance for prevention against adolescent short-form video addiction.
The factor analysis literature includes a range of recommendations regarding the minimum sample size necessary to obtain factor solutions that are adequately stable and that correspond closely to population factors. A fundamental misconception about this issue is that the minimum sample size, or the minimum ratio of sample size to the number of variables, is invariant across studies. In fact, necessary sample size is dependent on several aspects of any given study, including the level of communality of the variables and the level of overdetermination of the factors. The authors present a theoretical and mathematical framework that provides a basis for understanding and predicting these effects. The hypothesized effects are verified by a sampling study using artificial data. Results demonstrate the lack of validity of common rules of thumb and provide a basis for establishing guidelines for sample size in factor analysis.
A frequently used type of model in applications of covariance structure analysis is one referred to as a multiple‐indicator regression model. This study takes a simulation approach to investigate seven parsimony‐based indices used to evaluate this type of model. Four representative theoretical models were examined, and the number of indicators used to represent latent variables was varied with two of the models. Both correctly and incorrectly specified models were fit to the data. The results show that the Akaike information criteria, the root mean square index, and the Tucker‐Lewis index were the most effective indices. The implications of the findings for the model selection process are discussed.
Testing fit is a critical and controversial step in structural equation modeling (SEM), and alternative fit indices have been proposed. To provide guidance, a simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effects of estimation method, number of indicators per factor (p/r ratio), sample size, and loading size on six SEM fit indices: chi-square/degree of freedom ratio (chi(2)/df), Normed Fit Index (NFI), Nonnormed Fit Index (NNFI), Centrality m index, Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI). When improper solutions occurred, the effects of constraining out-of-bounds estimates to a reasonable range (the method used in EQS software) on the fit indices was evaluated. Four levels of sample size (50, 100, 200, and 500), three levels of loading size (0.50, 0.70, and 0.90), five levels of p/r ratio (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), and two levels of estimation method (Generalized Least Squares [GLS] and Maximum Likelihood [ML]) were examined. The results of this study indicated that: (a) improper solutions occurred frequently when p/r = 2 and sample size was small or loadings were low; (b) GLS produced more improper solutions than ML in general; (c) there was no effect of improper solutions (constrained to some boundary) found for any of the fit indices but NFI (more downward bias occurred for NFI when improper solutions were present); (d) four incremental fit indices (NFI, NNFI, RNI, and CFI) were negatively affected by increasing the p/r ratio; (e) NFI was affected much more seriously than the other three fit indices and should not be used; (f) all fit indices except NNFI were found to be significantly affected by estimation method (less bias occurred for GLS than for ML); and (g) interaction effects between estimation method, p/r ratio, sample size, and loading size also occurred. Recommendations regarding selection of a fit index are made based on the findings.
Factor analysis, path analysis, structural equation modeling, and related multivariate statistical methods are based on maximum likelihood or generalized least squares estimation developed for covariance structure models (CSMs). Large-sample theory provides a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for comparing a model (M) against a general alternative M based on correlated variables. It is suggested that this comparison is insufficient for M evaluation. A general null M based on modified independence among variables is proposed as an additional reference point for the statistical and scientific evaluation of CSMs. Use of the null M in the context of a procedure that sequentially evaluates the statistical necessity of various sets of parameters places statistical methods in covariance structure analysis into a more complete framework. The concepts of ideal Ms and pseudo chi-square tests are introduced, and their roles in hypothesis testing are developed. The importance of supplementing statistical evaluation with incremental fit indices associated with the comparison of hierarchical Ms is also emphasized. Normed and nonnormed fit indices are developed and illustrated. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A common practice in applications of structural equation modeling techniques is to create composite measures from individual items. The purpose of this article was to provide an empirical comparison of several composite formation methods on model fit. Data from 1, 177 public school teachers were used to test a model of union commitment in which alternative composite formation methods were used to specify the measurement components of the model. Bootstrapping procedures were used to generate data for two additional sample sizes. Results indicated that the use of composites, in general, resulted in improved overall model fit as compared to treating all items as individual indicators. Lambda values and explained criterion variance indicated that this improved model fit was due to the creation of strong measurement models. Implications of these results for researchers using composites are discussed.
We examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures. After detailing arguments pro and con, we conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of parcels cannot be dismissed out of hand. In large part, the decision to parcel or not depends on one's philosophical stance regard- ing scientific inquiry (e.g., empiricist vs. pragmatist) and the substantive goal of a study (e.g., to understand the structure of a set of items or to examine the nature of a set of constructs). Prior to creating parcels, however, we recommend strongly that in- vestigators acquire a thorough understanding of the nature and dimensionality of the items to be parceled. With this knowledge in hand, various techniques for creating parcels can be utilized to minimize potential pitfalls and to optimize the measure- ment structure of constructs in SEM procedures. A number of parceling techniques are described, noting their strengths and weaknesses.
Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment was assessed with data from 194 bus drivers and 311 engineers. In each sample, LISREL VI confirmatory factor analyses illustrated that indicators of the 3 variables better fit a 3-factor model than several 2- and 1 single-factor models. Additional LISREL analyses were used to evaluate whether sets of correlates related consistently with estimated latent job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment constructs. In the bus driver sample, 5 of 9 correlates related differentially with at least 2 of the 3 variables; in the engineer sample, 5 of 7 correlates related differentially with at least 2 of the 3 variables. These findings are consistent with an earlier study conducted by P. P. Brooke et al (see record 1988-25180-001), although they sampled different employee populations and investigated different sets of correlates. Implications for future research are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.
This paper expands on a recent study by Muthen & Kaplan (1985) by examining the impact of non-normal Likert variables on testing and estimation in factor analysis for models of various size. Normal theory GLS and the recently developed ADF estimator are compared for six cases of non-normality, two sample sizes, and four models of increasing size in a Monte Carlo framework with a large number of replications. Results show that GLS and ADF chi-square tests are increasingly sensitive to non-normality when the size of the model increases. No parameter estimate bias was observed for GLS and only slight parameter bias was found for ADF. A downward bias in estimated standard errors was found for GLS which remains constant across model size. For ADF, a downward bias in estimated standard errors was also found which became increasingly worse with the size of the model.
For theoretical and empirical reasons, researchers may combine item-level re - sponses into aggregate item parcels to use as indicators in a structural equation modeling context. Yet the effects of specific parceling strategies on parameter esti - mation and model fit are not known. In Study 1, different parceling combinations meaningfully affected parameter estimates and fit indicators in two organiza- tional data sets. Based on the concept of external consistency, the authors pro- posed that combining items that shared an unmodeled secondary influence into the same parcel (shared uniqueness strategy) would enhance the accuracy of pa- rameter estimates. This proposal was supported in Study 2, using simulated data generated from a known model. When the unmodeled secondary influence was re- lated to indicators of only one latent construct, the shared uniqueness parceling strategy resulted in more accurate parameter estimates. When indicators of both target latent constructs were contaminated, bias was present but appropriately signaled by worsened fit statistics.
It is shown that the controversy over the item-vs-parcel factoring as commonly understood admits of solution and reconciliation by the new method of radical parcelling. Items have the defect of instability and blurred hyperplanes. Parcels as commonly used also have defects. Radial parcelling, avoiding the subjectivity and uneven sized in ordinary packaging, is shown theoretically to yield the same common factor space and better simple structure.
This paper considers the problem of applying factor analysis to non‐normal categorical variables. A Monte Carlo study is conducted where five prototypical cases of non‐normal variables are generated. Two normal theory estimators, ML and GLS, are compared to Browne's (1982) ADF estimator. A categorical variable methodology (CVM) estimator of Muthén (1984) is also considered for the most severely skewed case. Results show that ML and GLS chi‐square tests are quite robust but obtain too large values for variables that arc severely skewed and kurtotic. ADF, however, performs well.
Parameter estimate bias appears non‐existent for all estimators. Results also show that ML and GLS estimated standard errors are biased downward. For ADF no such standard error bias was found. The CVM estimator appears to work well when applied to severely skewed variables that had been dichotomized. ML and GLS results for a kurtosis only case showed no distortion of chi‐square or parameter estimates and only a slight downward bias in estimated standard errors. The results are compared to those of other related studies.
Two simulation studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the practice of item parceling. In Study 1, unidimensional sets of normally and nonnormally distrib- uted item-level data were categorized into 2-, 3-, and 4-item parcels. Analyses re- vealed that the use of item parcels resulted in better fitting solutions, as measured by the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and chi-square test, when items had a unidimensional structure. Parceled solu- tions also resulted in less bias in estimates of structural parameters under these condi- tions than did solutions based on the individual items. In Study 2 the issue of whether the use of item parceling could mask a known multidimensional factor structure among a set of items was investigated. Results indicated that certain types of item parceling can obfuscate a multidimensional factor structure in such a way that ac- ceptable values of fit indexes are found for a misspecified solution. In addition, par- celing under these conditions was found to result in bias in the estimates of structural parameters. Although parceling can ameliorate the effects of coarsely categorized and nonnormally distributed item-level data when the items are unidimensional, the use of parceling with items that are multidimensional or for which the factor structure is unknown cannot be recommended.
A general formula (α) of which a special case is the Kuder-Richardson coefficient of equivalence is shown to be the mean of
all split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of a test. α is therefore an estimate of the correlation between
two random samples of items from a universe of items like those in the test. α is found to be an appropriate index of equivalence
and, except for very short tests, of the first-factor concentration in the test. Tests divisible into distinct subtests should
be so divided before using the formula. The index
[`(r)]ij\bar r_{ij}
, derived from α, is shown to be an index of inter-item homogeneity. Comparison is made to the Guttman and Loevinger approaches.
Parallel split coefficients are shown to be unnecessary for tests of common types. In designing tests, maximum interpretability
of scores is obtained by increasing the first-factor concentration in any separately-scored subtest and avoiding substantial
group-factor clusters within a subtest. Scalability is not a requisite.
A key assumption underlying methods of construct validation is that constructs and their indicators are represented at the appropriate depth (i.e., the specificity versus generality of constructs and their indicators). This article presents a framework that depicts constructs and indicators at various depths and provides guidelines for choosing from among these depths. The framework is then integrated with methods of construct validation based on the confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrices. The authors apply these methods to the measurement of work values, using the Work Aspect Preference Scale (WAPS). Results show that the WAPS performs better when used to represent relatively specific work values as opposed to more global, general values. Further analyses supported the generalizability of the WAPS factor structure for men and women, although gender differences were found on structured means for several latent value dimensions. Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68713/2/10.1177_109442819800100104.pdf
A Monte Carlo study assessed the effect of sampling error and model characteristics on the occurrence of nonconvergent solutions, improper solutions and the distribution of goodness-of-fit indices in maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Nonconvergent and improper solutions occurred more frequently for smaller sample sizes and for models with fewer indicators of each factor. Effects of practical significance due to sample size, the number of indicators per factor and the number of factors were found for GFI, AGFI, and RMR, whereas no practical effects were found for the probability values associated with the chi-square likelihood ratio test.
The implications of secondary factors for the use of item parcels in Structural Equation Modeling. Paper presented at the 14 th annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology To parcel or not to parcel: The effects of item parceling in confirmatory factor analysis
- A F Snell
- R J Hall
- G M Davies
- M J Keeney
Snell, A. F., Hall, R. J., Davies, G. M., & Keeney, M. J. (1999, April). The implications of secondary factors for the use of item parcels in Structural Equation Modeling. Paper presented at the 14 th annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA. Plummer, B. A. (2000). To parcel or not to parcel: The effects of item parceling in confirmatory factor analysis. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Rhode Island.
LISREL 8: User's reference guide
- K G Jöreskog
- D Sörbom
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.