Larry J. Williams

University of North Dakota | UND · Department of Psychology

Increased use of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in organizational research increases the importance of key decision points in their implementation. Statistical developments with both methods have created more choices for researchers using one or both techniques, and researchers have new software programs av...

The importance of fairness to practitioners and scholars is evident as, within the past 40 years, fairness has become one of the most studied areas in the organizational sciences. Despite such proliferation, the construct clarity and measurement of fairness are far from settled, as researchers have assessed individuals’ experiences of organizationa...

A persistent concern in the management and applied psychology literature is the effect of common method variance on observed relations among variables. Recent work (i.e., Richardson, Simmering, & Sturman, 2009) evaluated 3 analytical approaches to controlling for common method variance, including the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) marker techni...

Reports an error in "Decomposing model fit: Measurement vs. theory in organizational research using latent variables" by Ernest H. O'Boyle Jr. and Larry J. Williams (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2011[Jan], Vol 96[1], 1-12). In this article the sample size of Study 18 in Table 1 (p. 6) is incorrect. The sample size for Study 18 should have been 17...

Goodness-of-fit indices have an important role in structural equation model evaluation. However, some studies (e.g., McDonald & Ho, 2002; Mulaik et al., 1989) have raised concerns that overall fit values primarily reflect the fit of the measurement model, and this allows significant misspecification among the latent variables to be masked. Using an...

This paper investigates experienced exporters' use of export environmental information in decision making, specifically examining the cognitive structure export managers manifest when contemplating market alternatives in the international arena. The authors develop and test a cognitive structure consisting of three levels of export market informati...

Lindell and Whitney introduced a partial correlation technique, now referred to as the correlational marker technique, for controlling method variance using a marker variable that is theoretically unrelated to substantive variables in a study. This article (a) first reviews their specific analysis plan, and then (b) reviews empirical studies that h...

A large segment of management research in recent years has used structural equation modeling (SEM) as an analytical approach that simultaneously combines factor analysis and linear regression models for theory testing. With this approach, latent variables (factors) represent the concepts of a theory, and data from measures (indicators) are used as...

This paper first reviews the various measurement model options for linking latent variables to indicators that are available to human resource management (HRM) researchers. A special emphasis is placed on the option of parcels, created by combining subsets of items to form indicators. Next, a review is presented of 27 articles from the major HRM jo...

We describe the results of two studies designed to develop a comprehensive theoretical model and measure of compensation satisfaction. Our typology of compensation satisfaction consists of seven dimensions: four for pay (level, structure, raises, and variable pay procedures satisfaction) and three dimensions for benefits (level, determination, and...

This study examined the potential mediating roles of coparenting and parenting practices on the relationship between marital status and young adult adjustment in intact and divorced or separated families. Participants were 340 undergraduate students from intact and divorced or separated families who completed questionnaires that tapped a range of a...

This study evaluated structural equation models of the associations among family functioning, childhood abuse, depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and eating disorder symptomatology in a sample of 412 European American and 192 African American female undergraduates. Additionally, the specific roles of anxiety, depression, and alexithymia as mediators...

The author expresses gratitude and cherishes the growth of the journal "Organizational Research Methods" (ORM). He takes note of the important contributions made by the associate editors of ORM, including Herman Aguinis, Jeff Edwards, Karen Locke, and Bob Vandenberg. The journal has published several feature topics, and provides constructive feedba...

The purpose of this article is to review recent advanced applications of causal modeling methods in organizational and management research. Developments over the past 10 years involving research on measurement and structural components of causal models will be discussed. Specific topics to be addressed include reflective vs. formative measurement,...

Introduction to Confirmatory Factor AnalysisAdvanced Measurement Models and Tests for Method EffectsConclusions References

Nurses and support staff ( N = 465; mostly women) participated in a survey study examining the relationships among helping, help seeking, quality of work relationships, and job and individual factors. The results were consistent with a model that linked relationship quality and helping behavior and linked 1 person's help seeking and the other's hel...

Examination of Meyer and Allen's Affective and Continuance Commitment Scales using confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 7 provided strong support across multiple diagnostics for the existence of a reverse coding method factor defined by the six negatively worded items in the scales.

The partial-correlation approach to investigating negative affectivity (NA) is discussed, and 2 alternative latent-variable techniques are presented. The results of these 3 analytic techniques were compared using a data set consisting of NA, job satisfaction, affective commitment, role stressors, leader-member exchange, and job complexity. The find...

Brannick (1995) offers several criticisms of how covariance structure analysis techniques (CSA—also known as causal modeling methods) are being used by organizational researchers, as well as some suggestions for improving organizational research. This article responds to some of the issues raised by Brannick (1995), points out areas of agreement an...

Reviews recent research in the area of organizational behavior on social desirability and negative affectivity as potential sources of artifactual covariance. An example of a latent-variable structural equation approach is presented as a more appropriate strategy for analyzing method effects that circumvents problems associated with prior statistic...

This paper reviews the literature on structural model evaluation. It discusses the use of fit indices, the influential work of James, Mulaik, and Brett (1982), with emphasis on their prescriptions for model assessment, and recent developments in model evaluation presented since James et al. It then analyzes current modeling practices to determine h...

This research simulates the effects of method variance on correlations, standardized regression (path) coefficients, and squared multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that method variance can have extreme effects on these measures of association, depending on assumptions made about the nature of the method factors. The analysis also i...

A frequently used type of model in applications of covariance structure analysis is one referred to as a multiple‐indicator regression model. This study takes a simulation approach to investigate seven parsimony‐based indices used to evaluate this type of model. Four representative theoretical models were examined, and the number of indicators used...

Examined recent applications of latent variable modeling (LVM) of reciprocal relationships involving employee attitudes with regard to assumptions made about unmeasured variables and correlations among residuals of structural equations. Data from 2 published studies from the job satisfaction and organizational commitment literature were reanalyzed...

Previous organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research (a) has not demonstrated that extra-role behaviors can be distinguished empirically from in-role activities, and (b) has not examined the relative contributions of components ofjob satisfaction a nd organizational commitment to the performance of OCBs. Factor analysis of survey data from 1...