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Pathways to Adolescent Alcohol Use: Family Environment, Peer Influence, and Parental Expectations
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the relationships among family environment, peer influence, stress, self-efficacy, and adolescent alcohol use and to test for the potential moderating effects of parental expectations regarding adolescent alcohol use.
Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by high school students (n = 2573) participating in a longitudinal study of substance use and other problem behaviors. Variables were lagged across three time points to reflect a causal sequence relating family environment to adolescent alcohol use through self-efficacy, peer influence, and stress. A latent measure of family environment included adolescents' perceptions of parental acceptance, parental monitoring, and communication with parents. The latent measure of peer influence included use of alcohol by same-age peers and friends and friends' approval of alcohol use. Observed scale scores were used for self-efficacy and stress measures, and the latent measure of alcohol behaviors included quantity, frequency, and associated problems.
Structural equation modeling indicated good model fit, chi(2) (144) = 831.69, p < .001, comparative fit index (CFI) = .992, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .043 (.040, .046). Family environment exerted significant indirect effects on adolescent alcohol use through peer influence, self-efficacy, and stress, and parental expectations significantly moderated all structural paths.
Parental expectations of adolescent alcohol use significantly moderated all structural relationships, and greater parental disapproval was associated with less involvement with friends and peers who use alcohol, less peer influence to use alcohol, greater self-efficacy for avoiding alcohol use, and lower subsequent alcohol use and related problems.
... Parental behaviors, expectations, attitudes and norms play an important role in shaping adolescent substance use behaviors. It is well documented that parental permissive attitudes toward cigarette, alcohol and marijuana increase adolescent's risk of use of the same substance, whereas parental disapproval exerts a protective effect [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
... It has been also observed that adolescents tend to affiliate with peers who hold attitudes and behaviors similar to those of parents [5]. Therefore, perceived parental permissiveness may also favor the affiliation with substance using peers, and/or reinforce the pro-drug influence of peers [3,7,9,14,17,22,40]. ...
... On the contrary, clear and comprehensive communication may increase the accurate perceptions of parental sanctions and disapproving norms toward drugs, protecting against the involvement in risk behaviors [45][46][47]. Effective messages of parental disapproval may prevent escalation of substance use also among adolescents who already experiemented drugs [7]. ...
Purpose
Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study.
Methods
The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models.
Results
Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use.
Conclusion
Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.
... Those include the Theory of Social Integration (22), Theory of Social Control (23), and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (24). In line with the principles of the IPM, the model assumes that adolescents who grow up in supportive environments from their parents or caregivers and family, have non-substance-using friends, attend a supportive and nurturing school, and have access to positive, character-building, and pro-social leisure activities are less likely to engage in substance use at an early age compared to those who lack such support (25)(26)(27). As such, the IPM risk and protective factors can be summarised into four key domains: family, peer groups, leisure time, and school. ...
... Decreases in smoking behaviour, cannabis-use, and intoxication in Zone 5 may be due to increased parental monitoring and a general reduction in substance use among adolescents. Parental monitoring has consistently been linked to reduced substance use in adolescents (20,25,34), and in this study, it was associated with lower odds of intoxication and alcohol use. Time did not show an independent effect, but parental monitoring was associated with a greater decrease in alcohol use over time in model 2. ...
Background
There is a great need for effective primary prevention intervention strategies to reduce and delay onset of adolescent substance use. The Icelandic Prevention Model (IPM) showed great success in Iceland over the past twenty plus years, however, evidence for the transferability of model is still somewhat limited. Using data collected in Tarragona during regional efforts to begin adoption of the IPM in Catalonia, this study tested the transferability and stability of the core risk and protective factor assumptions of the IPM overtime and examined trends of lifetime smoking, e-cigarette-use, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use within the same time period.
Methods
This study includes responses from 15- to 16-years-olds from two region-wide samples taken in 2015 and 2019 in Tarragona (N = 2,867). Survey questions assessed frequency of lifetime: smoking, e-cigarette-use, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use, and the core model assumptions. Demographic data were also collected. Logistic regression models of main effects with and without time interaction were used to test assumptions and their stability across time. Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare prevalence of substance use and mean scores of primary prevention variables respectively.
Results
Lifetime: smoking (−7%, p < 0.001) and cannabis-use (−4%, p < 0.001) decreased, and e-cigarette-use increased (+33%, p < 0.001) in Tarragona. Lifetime intoxication (−7%, p < 0.001) decreased in a single zone exclusively. Most core model assumptions held in their hypothesised direction across time. The strongest positive association was observed between time spent with parents during weekends and reduced odds of lifetime smoking (OR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.57–0.67) and the strongest negative association was observed between being outside after midnight and increased odds of lifetime intoxication (OR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.32–1.51). Mean scores of primary prevention variables also changed disproportionately in Tarragona.
Conclusion
This study confirms that the core IPM assumptions are similar in Tarragona as in Iceland and other contexts previously examined. They also indicate that prevalence of lifetime smoking, intoxication, and cannabis-use decreased disproportionately in Tarragona between 2015 and 2019 during the first phase of regional adoption of the model. Thus, targeting model assumptions represents a viable primary prevention strategy for communities that hope to reduce smoking, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use among adolescents.
... Indeed, numerous studies have linked specific parenting behaviors, as well as the overall family environment, to child outcomes. For example, parenting behaviors such as parental monitoring and acceptance have been associated with lower levels of alcohol use among adolescents (Nash et al., 2005;Webb et al., 2002). Parental monitoring may lead parents to be more aware if their child begins engaging in or socializing with peers who engage in alcohol use (Branstetter & Furman, 2013;Soenens et al., 2006). ...
... Parents with greater knowledge of their child's lives may be more successful in influencing their adolescent's friend group and restricting access to alcohol . Parental acceptance has been associated with less drinking, decreased stress, and fewer alcohol-related problems in adolescence (Nash et al., 2005). Similarly, parenting behaviors characterized by high warmth and acceptance have been linked to higher self-control and lower impulsivity among children and adolescents (Brody et al., 2005;Conway, 2020;Eisenberg et al., 2005). ...
This study examined the independent and interactive effects of genetic risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), parenting behaviors, and family environment on childhood impulsivity. Data were drawn from White ( n = 5,991), Black/African American ( n = 1,693), and Hispanic/Latino ( n = 2,118) youth who completed the baseline assessment (age 9–10) and had genotypic data available from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Participants completed questionnaires and provided saliva or blood samples for genotyping. Results indicated no significant main effects of AUD genome-wide polygenic scores (AUD-PRS) on childhood impulsivity as measured by the UPPS-P scale across racial/ethnic groups. In general, parental monitoring and parental acceptance were associated with lower impulsivity; family conflict was associated with higher impulsivity. There was an interaction effect between AUD-PRS and family conflict, such that family conflict exacerbated the association between AUD-PRS and positive urgency, only among Black/African American youth. This was the only significant interaction effect detected from a total of 45 tests (five impulsivity dimensions, three subsamples, and three family factors), and thus may be a false positive and needs to be replicated. These findings highlight the important role of parenting behaviors and family conflict in relation to impulsivity among children.
... Availability and supply of alcohol at home may serve as a norm setting that affects drinking behavior in adolescents (Nash et al., 2005;van der Vo rst et al., 2006;Va n Zundert et al., 2006). Parental alcohol use has indeed been associated with alcohol use in offspring (Rossow et al., 2016). ...
... Our finding that exposure to alcohol by parents mediated the association between parental and adolescent drinking is consistent with the hypothesized role of family norm setting related to alcohol in predicting adolescent alcohol use (Nash et al., 2005;van der Vo rst et al., 2006;Va n Zundert et al., 2006). Parents who regularly consume alcohol may consider this behavior normative and thus may be more likely to offer alcohol to their underage children. ...
Objective:
Many children and adolescents get their first experience with alcohol in a family setting. Evidence suggests that parental supply of alcohol is a risk factor for drinking later in life. However, most of the previous studies have been conducted in Western countries. The Czech Republic has among the highest alcohol consumption per capita, including among adolescents, and providing their own children with sips of alcohol is widely considered by parents to be a good way to introduce children to safe drinking. This study examined whether the parental supply of alcohol is associated with later use among adolescents in an Eastern European alcohol-permissive context.
Method:
The sample included children (49% female) assessed at age 11 (n = 2,202) and age 15 (n = 1,279) from the European Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ELSPAC). The outcome was adolescent alcohol use at age 15, reported by adolescents and pediatricians. Predictors included different sources of alcohol (parents, family member, friend, own supply, or other sources) reported by adolescent at age 11.
Results:
Parental supply of alcohol consistently emerged as a robust longitudinal predictor of adolescent alcohol use, with adjusted odds ratios of self-reported and pediatrician-reported frequent drinking at age 15 of 2.34 [1.19, 4.44] and 2.37 [1.02, 5.47], respectively. It also mediated the association between parental drinking and adolescent alcohol use.
Conclusions:
Parental supply of alcohol is an important risk factor for later adolescent alcohol use in the high alcohol-permissive population of the Czech Republic, suggesting that the association might not be context dependent.
... Regarding the investigations carried out on psychometric properties of the family communication scale (7), there are studies carried out in the Spanish (14) North American (15) and Italian (16) population; At the Latin American level, there are interesting studies in Peru (17) and the Latino population residing in the United States (18) that show that the family communication scale has adequate properties that make it a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate family communication in In those countries, the present investigation becomes the first study of psychometric properties of the family communication scale in the Colombian population and the second study in Latin America. ...
... These results are similar to those found in the Peruvian population (17) where alphas between 0.80 and 0.90 were found; in the Spanish population (14) where alphas between 0.89 and 0.88, and 0.87 and 0.89 were obtained; in the North American population (15), which showed alphas of 0.84 and 0.95; in the Italian population (16) who obtained alphas of 0.83 and in the Latin population residing in the United States (18), whose alpha was 0.89. ...
Family communication establishes a vehicle for the transmission of information between family members and completely marks the nature and quality of family life. Family communication can be understood as an index of the climate and quality of the family system. La comunicación familiar establece un vehículo para la transmisión de información entre los miembros dela familia y marca por completo la naturaleza y la calidad de la vida familiar. La comunicación familiar puede entenderse como un índice del clima y la calidaddel sistema familiar.
... Tout compte fait, les adolescents issus des familles pauvres développent un sentiment d'abandon qui les incline à la consommation des substances psychoactives. Il a été constaté qu'un manque de soutien financier des parents est lié aux problèmes de consommation ainsi qu'aux comportements délinquants chez les adolescents (Nash, McQueen & Bray, 2005 ;El Khoury, 2016) Les adolescents font état de ce que certains parents pratiquent le « laisser faire ». On en déduit un indicateur d'un manque de préoccupation parentale à leur égard. ...
Cette contribution repositionne le débat sur l'incidence de l'environnement familial sur le développement des conduites addictives chez les élèves du lycée Bilingue d'Ekounou. Dans ces institutions, il apparaît que les stratégies gouvernementales de lutte contre la prise des substances psychoactives, leurs taux de consommation chez les élèves croissent au point de devenir un problème de santé publique. L'étude mixte réalisée auprès de 284 élèves, l'analyse de contenu y afférent ainsi que l'utilisation du logiciel SPSS 13 20.0 et du test de khi-2 ont permis de relever un lien d'interdépendance entre les variables associées. En effet, le test, significatif à P < 0,05, indique des liens d'interdépendance entre la consommation de substances psychoactives et la dissociation familiale (X 2 = 24,54, P < 0,05), la situation économique des parents (X 2 = 28,32, P < 0,05) et l'autorité parentale (X 2 = 38,43, P < 0,05). Eu égard à ces incidences, il ressort que les facteurs tels que la dissociation familiale, la situation économique des parents, une autorité parentale inappropriée au sein de la structure familiale, éléments constitutifs de l'environnement familial, influencent la consommation des substances psychoactives chez les élèves du lycée Bilingue d'Ekounou. Abstract This contribution repositioned the debate on the impact of the family environment on the development of addictive behaviour among pupils at the Bilingual high school of Ekounou. In these institutions, it appears that government strategies to combat the use of psychoactive substances have led to an increase in consumption rates among students to the point of becoming a public health problem. dissociation, parents' economic situation and inappropriate parental authority within the family structure, combined with the family environment, influence psychoactive substance use among pupils at the Bilingual high school of Ekounou. The mixed study of 284 pupils, the related content analysis and the use of SPSS 20.0 software and the chi-square test revealed an interdependent link between the associated variables. The test, which was significant at P < 0.05, indicated interdependence between psychoactive substance use and family dissociation (X2 = 24.54, P < 0.05), parents' economic situation (X2 = 28.32, P < 0.05) and parental authority (X2 = 38.43, P < 0.05). In view of these effects, it appears that factors such as family dissociation, the economic situation of the parents and inappropriate parental authority within the family structure, which are all elements of the family environment, influence the use of psychoactive substances among pupils at the Lycée Bilingue d'Ekounou.
... Cannabis use among adolescents is linked to factors such as male gender [5,11,12], older age [11,13], mental health issues [5,12,[14][15][16][17], alcohol use [5], and current smoking [12,18]. School social dynamics, such as bullying [5,19], physical fighting [19], school truancy [4,[18][19][20], lack of peer support [18], and having many friends [4,21,22], also contribute to cannabis use. Parental characteristics, such as substance use [14,23], lack of parental support [18], and maternal demandingness [12], also influence cannabis use among school-going adolescents. ...
Background
In Sierra Leone, adolescents are increasingly engaging in risky activities, including cannabis use, which can lead to substance abuse, poor academic performance, and psychotic symptoms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of cannabis use among school-going adolescents in the country.
Method
Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a nationally representative survey conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. A weighted sample of 1,467 adolescents in Sierra Leone was included in the study. The study utilised bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors linked to cannabis use, presenting results using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
Results
The prevalence of cannabis use was 5.1% [3.0,8.6] among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. School-going adolescents who attempted suicide [aOR = 6.34, 95% CI = 1.71–23.45], used amphetamine [aOR = 15.84, 95% CI = 7.94–31.62] and were involved in sexual risk behaviour [aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = 2.18–14.20] were more likely to be associated with cannabis use.
Conclusion
In Sierra Leone, a small but non-trivial minority of students use cannabis. Ever-used amphetamines or methamphetamines, suicidal attempts, and sexual risk behaviour were the factors associated with cannabis use in Sierra Leone. The development of school-based health intervention programmes is crucial to address the risk factors associated with cannabis use among school-going adolescents.
... [19][20][21] Parental factors, such as disapproval, participation, monitoring, support and strained relationships also influence alcohol consumption patterns in adolescents. [23][24][25] Socioeconomic determinants are also influential in the development of alcohol issues among in-school adolescents. 15 26 27 Mental health characteristics, such as anxiety, loneliness and smoking, also significantly impact alcohol consumption and misuse in adolescents. ...
Objective
To examine the prevalence of alcohol use and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone.
Design
Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-Based Student Health Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted among in-school adolescents aged 10–19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. Percentages were used to present the prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI).
Setting
Sierra Leone.
Participants
A weighted sample of 1730 in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone.
Outcome measure
Current alcohol use.
Results
The prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents was 10.7% (7.3, 15.3). In-school adolescents in senior secondary schools were more likely to use alcohol compared with those in junior secondary school (aOR=2.13; 95% CI 1.37, 3.30). The odds of alcohol use was higher among in-school adolescents who were truant at school relative to those who were not (aOR=2.24; 95% CI 1.54, 3.26). Also, in-school adolescents who were bullied (aOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.24, 2.76), ever engaged in sexual intercourse (aOR=2.06; 95% CI 1.39, 3.06), and used marijuana (aOR=3.36; 95% CI 1.72, 6.53) were more likely to use alcohol compared with those who were not. However, in-school adolescents who reported that their parents understood their problems (aOR=0.52; 95% CI 0.33, 0.82) had a lower likelihood of consuming alcohol.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that alcohol use is prevalent among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. Grade level, experiences of being bullied, history of sexual intercourse, truancy at school, and previous use of marijuana were the factors influencing alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The findings emphasise the necessity of creating school-based health interventions in Sierra Leone that can effectively identify in-school adolescents potentially vulnerable to alcohol-related issues. Also, existing policies and programmes aimed at reducing alcohol use among in-school adolescents need to be strengthened.
... Likewise, any lack in a resiliency factor was significantly associated with the usage of all psychoactive substances. Previous literature linking substance use with risk factors (e.g., Gray & Squeglia, 2018;Nash et al., 2005;Squeglia & Cservenka, 2017) and with lack of resiliency factors (El Kazdouh et al., 2018;Hodder et al., 2016;Moore et al., 2018), corroborates our results. Moreover, the odds of using all psychoactive substances increased significantly for each unit in the cumulative scales of risk factors and lack of resiliency factors, suggesting that adolescents who are exposed to a greater number of risk factors and fewer protective factors are more likely to be involved in health risk behaviors. ...
Adolescence is a critical period of growth in which youth are vulnerable to a variety of risk factors that affect their development, including exposure to psychoactive substances. Studies showed that health risk behaviors tend to be interrelated with evidence suggesting a cumulative impact of these behaviors. The current study aims to examine the accumulation of risk factors and the accumulated lack of resiliency factors that predict substance use among youth in the northern Mediterranean region. Data were obtained from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study in 2018/2019. Adolescents (10,084; age 15; 51.7% girls) were selected using representative cluster sampling and surveyed by questionnaire in the classroom. Findings revealed that cumulative risk factors and a cumulative lack of resiliency factors were associated with a higher likelihood of psychoactive substance use. Furthermore, each additional unit of increase in either risk factors or lack of resiliency factors demonstrated higher odds of substance use. Among the examined resiliency factors, negative school feelings and lack of familial support emerged as the most significant predictors of substance use. Likewise, early sexual initiation was the most prominent predictor among the examined risk factors. Our findings demonstrated the importance of resiliency factors in reducing adolescents’ risk behaviors. It may also contribute to developing and implementing intervention programs specifically designed for the shared characteristics and culture of the Mediterranean countries to prevent substance use among adolescents.
... The literature has shown that school social dynamics are associated with cannabis usage: being bullied [5,19], physical ghting and being physically attacked [19], school truancy [4,[18][19][20], lack of peer support [18], having a more signi cant number of friends [4,21,22] and hunger [12]. Furthermore, parental characteristics, including parental substance use [14,23], lack of parental support and monitoring [18], lack of parental connectedness [14] and lack of maternal demandingness [12], have been shown to in uence cannabis use among school-going adolescents. ...
Background: Adolescents who use cannabis are more prone to participate in risky activities, such as taking other drugs, doing poorly in school, and exhibiting psychotic symptoms. No recent estimates of cannabis use and its correlates among adolescents have been documented in Sierra Leone. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of cannabis use and to determine its associated factors among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone.
Method: We analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-Based Health Survey. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the factors associated with cannabis usage.
Results: The result showed that the prevalence of cannabis use was 4.3% among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. Males [aOR= 2.956, 95% CI = 1.169-7.603], alcohol use [aOR= 3.379, 95% CI = 1.208-9.448], ever used amphetamines or methamphetamines [aOR= 20.469, 95% CI = 8.905-47.053], suicidal attempt [aOR= 4.180, 95% CI = 1.468-11.905] and sexual risk behaviour [aOR= 2.798, 95% CI = 1.369-5.717] were associated cannabis use.
Conclusion: The use of cannabis is prevalent among Sierra Leonean in-school adolescents. School-based health intervention programmes should be developed, considering the risk factors associated with cannabis use among adolescents.
... This study underscores the importance of parenting and siblings on alcohol use at the family level. As such having a sibling and parents who used alcohol was associated with high odds of reporting alcohol use [3,10,20,[32][33][34] and that could be explained by the social learning process in which children of parents who adopt norms Table 3 Factors associated with alcohol-use and alcohol-use-disorder among the WITS Faculty of Health Sciences undergraduate students favourable to alcohol use imitate their parents, as such behaviours are seen as normative to the children, subsequently socially reinforced, and are thus also adopted by them [35]. However, Mahedy et al., 2018 found an indirect effect between parental alcohol use and children's alcohol use in adulthood through the mediators associating with deviant peers and early alcohol initiation [36]. ...
Abstract Background Alcohol use and risky drinking are significant public health problem globally. Young people, including university students, are among the most affected populations. We conducted the study to determine the prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and risky drinking among undergraduate students in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using an anonymous, self-administered online survey in REDCap. The survey questionnaire consisted of socio demographic, and alcohol use questions using the risky drinking identification screening tool (AUDIT-C). We performed descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with alcohol use and risky drinking. The p-value of
... Other studies show that families that tolerate alcohol consumption by adolescents under 18 years old contribute to increase this consumption 15 . By contrast, when families are stricter on this regard, adolescents are less likely to consume alcohol 16 . ...
Objective
To analyze factors that influence alcohol consumption by Brazilian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from the five macro-regions of Brazil, according to sociodemographic, schooling, and family characteristics.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). The outcome was assessed by alcohol consumption and considered the variables sex, age, ethnicity/skin color, maternal schooling level, having housemaids, number of bathrooms at home, living or not with parents, and type of school. For the analyses, the survey mode was used for complex samples. Poisson regression was performed to assess the magnitude of factors associated with alcohol consumption among adolescents.
Results
The prevalence of alcohol consumption by adolescents was 22.1%. The variables age range of 15 to 17 years, higher socioeconomic status, and living alone or with only one of the parents were factors that remained associated with alcohol consumption by adolescents regardless of their region of residence. Protective factors in alcohol consumption were associated with variables related to lower economic conditions and being of Asian or indigenous descent.
Conclusion
The percentage of adolescents who consume alcohol is worrisome and must be tackled with public policies and health education. Understanding which factors are related to this situation contributes to practices and policies aimed to reduce its prevalence and damage to health.
Keywords:
Adolescent; Alcohol consumption; Ethanol; Public health
... Regulating parental riding behavior may have an impact on student behavior. The behavior of parents and peers is widely believed to have a direct or indirect influence on adolescents' decisions [77]. The same is true for prototype similarity, where students that are more supportive of aggressive behaviors are more likely to behave similarly themselves. ...
Cycling has always been popular in China, especially during the years when the government encouraged green travel. Many people participate in rides to ease traffic congestion and increase transfer convenience. Due to the disorganized and tidal nature of cycling, cyclists create many conflicts with other groups. Adolescents are vulnerable road users with a strong curiosity and risk-taking mindset. Identifying the factors influencing adolescents’ aggressive riding behavior can assist in developing strategies to prevent this behavior. An online questionnaire was used to collect data on bicycling among students in a middle school in Guangzhou, China. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and prototype willingness model (PWM) have been applied to study travel behavior and adolescent risk behavior. To investigate the impact of psychological variables on adolescent aggressive behavior, we used TPB, PWM, TPB + PWM, and an integrated model. Behavioral intentions are greatly influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Both descriptive and moral norms played a role in behavioral willingness. The integrated model explained 18.3% more behavioral variance than the TPB model. The social reactive pathway explained more variance in behavior than the rational path.
... Studies have shown that the food environment is associated with adolescents' eating behaviors, e.g., calorie/fat intake [10][11][12][13][14]. Some studies have shown that family environmental factors have a certain impact on adolescent drinking behavior [15][16][17]. However, as adolescents age, peer influence increases, and family influence decreases [18]. ...
Drinking alcohol during adolescence has short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. At this stage, teenagers are greatly influenced by their schoolmates and friends. We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study to investigate the association between school environment factors and adolescents' drinking behavior in China. Using multistage stratified cluster sampling, the study investigated 27,762 middle school students from six cities in China. The logistic regression model was used to explore the association between the school environment and adolescent alcohol drinking behaviors after adjusting for confounders, including gender, age, city, location, and smoking status. Compared with students with none of their close friends drinking, students with more than half of their close friends drinking were more likely to drink in a year (OR = 20.148, 95% CI: 17.722-22.905, p < 0.001) and in a month (OR = 13.433, 95% CI: 11.779-15.319, p < 0.001). In addition, classmates' drinking behaviors, friends' persuasion, and attending parties were risk factors for adolescents' drinking behavior, while the propaganda and regulations of banning drinking in school were protective factors. The school environment, especially friends drinking, is associated with students' drinking behavior. It is necessary to mobilize the strength of schools and peers to strengthen the prevention and control of adolescent drinking.
... [ Downloaded from rbs.mui.ac.ir on 2022-[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] ...
Aim and Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the emerging social phenomena. Among these, the most vulnerable group is young women who are more prone to alcohol consumption due to psychological crises caused by social problems. The aim of the present study was the Phenomenology of Behavioral and Emotional Experiences of Tendency to consume alcohol in Women in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: The method of qualitative phenomenological research with Colaizzi approach has been used. The statistical population of this study is women consuming alcohol in Isfahan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews for 30-40 minutes.
Findings: The results showed that women started consuming alcohol at the suggestion of their husbands, friends and family members and pointed to two categories of negative emotions (feeling sad, monotonous and lack of excitement) and positive emotions (feeling of laughter and happiness, attractiveness and availability of alcohol) Which has led to their tendency to consume alcohol.
Conclusions: It seems that women's experiences after alcohol consumption include two categories, emotional (feeling of loss and falling behind in life, feelings of regret and emptiness) and behavioral (cartwheel, imbalance, profanity, loss of consciousness, Violence).
... This study underscores the importance of parenting and siblings on alcohol use at the family level. As such having a sibling and parents who used alcohol was associated with high odds of reporting alcohol use (5,8,17,(25)(26)(27) and that could be explained by the social learning process in which children of parents who adopt norms favourable to alcohol use imitate their parents, as such behaviours are seen as normative to the children, subsequently socially reinforced, and are thus also adopted by them (28). However, Mahedy et. ...
Background: Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are a significant public health problem globally. Young people, including university students, are among the most affected populations. We conducted the study to determine the prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and AUD among undergraduate students in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using an anonymous, self-administered online survey in REDCap. The survey questionnaire consisted of socio demographic, and alcohol use questions using the AUD identification screening tool (AUDIT-C). We performed descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with alcohol use and AUD. The p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The response rate was 15.7%, most participants were female (69.6%), in their 3rd and 4th year of study; and the largest racial representation was from those identifying as White (38.1%). The prevalence of reported ever use of alcohol was 79.1%, and among the ever users; 70.2% reported alcohol use in the last 12-months, 37.1% reported alcohol use in the last 30 days. The prevalence of AUD was 54.8% among ever drinkers. Factors significantly associated with reported current alcohol use were family members alcohol use as follows: siblings (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.02-3.15) and parents (aOR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.39–4.80), white race (aOR = 5.70, 95% CI: 3.12–10.41), and high exposure to alcohol in the media (aOR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.07–10.24). Whereas those associated with AUD were: Indian/Asian race (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.09-7.31), White race (aOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.14-4.04), and most of the time (aOR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.29-9.04) and high (aOR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.07-10.24) exposure to alcohol through media.
Conclusion: The reported alcohol use and AUD were common amongst undergraduate students at Wits university. There is an urgent need to design, pilot and adapt targeted interventions for this population group.
... Older adolescents and high-school aged youths commonly abuse synthetic marijuana and prescription medication such as Adderall in addition to alcohol and tobacco (NIDA, 2014). Some common risk factors for adolescent substance use include stressful early life experiences and trauma, authoritarian and permissive parenting, and association with drug-using peers (Nash et al., 2005;Shane et al., 2006), as discussed in turn next. ...
Substance use is a perennial public health concern with associated health risks and economic impacts on society. In this article, we present a selective review of the epidemiological and clinical literatures on alcohol and substance use from a lifespan developmental perspective. We compare and contrast risk factors for the initiation of use and the development of a substance use disorder in adolescence, young adulthood, middle-age and later life. During adolescence, alcohol use experimentation is at its peak. Specific risk factors have been identified including trauma and parenting style that can increase the risk of substance use for teenagers. Emerging adults and college students are likely to experiment with other substances in addition to alcohol such as nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, and prescription medication such as Adderall. Middle-age and older adults with alcohol and substance use in their developmental histories may have an undiagnosed alcohol use disorder. Others will develop a late-onset substance use disorder in older age, possibly due to a dearth of social support, coping with bereavement, and medical complication. Based on Social Cognitive Theory, the roles of expectancies and self-efficacy are hypothesized to impact substance use and the risk of substance use disorder across the lifespan. Implications of the present review for future research on age-specific risk factors in alcohol use in relation to underlying developmental processes are considered.
... These behaviors include goal-directed behaviors, through which parents perform their parental duties, such as taking care of their children's health by communicating with them about alcohol. Prior research shows that alcohol education provided by parents has a significant impact on a person's future behavior toward substance use (Nash et al., 2005), suggesting that parenting styles and, more specifically, communication within families are of primary importance for understanding young adults' alcohol consumption. ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine within-family and peer communication (type and frequency) and subsequent wine consumption of young adults. Specifically, this research investigates whether the distinct types of technical, prohibition and moderation-based communication affect wine knowledge, responsible drinking practices, and ultimately, wine consumption.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopted an econometric approach based on a cross-sectional study with data collected from a large sample of 1,466 students in France.
Findings
The authors show that wine technical-based messages from parents help young adults acquire knowledge about wine, which in turn increases consumption. Also, moderation-based messages make young adults both, more knowledgeable about wine and, as expected, more responsible in terms of drinking practices, subsequently limiting their consumption. Finally, prohibition-based messages marginally decrease wine knowledge and have no impact on responsible drinking practices.
Social implications
This article provides relevant recommendations for public policymakers and brands, who should target parents and peers as part of their responsible drinking communication or advertising campaigns.
Originality/value
To fill a gap in the literature on young consumer behavior and food marketing, this research primarily investigates the relationship between family (and peer) communication and young adults' wine consumption, particularly whether and how, which type(s) of parental communication influences young adults' wine knowledge and adoption of responsible drinking practices.
... Higher parental closeness was a risk for the CW youth but protective for the non-CW youth. The expectation was that parental closeness would be protective in both groups [84,85], yet as others have shown expected associations do not always hold in youth with maltreatment or CW experiences [86]. Maltreated youth are more likely to experience insecure attachments with their parents [87] and although they report closeness, it may be reflective of an unhealthy attachment style which may exacerbate vulnerability for risk behavior such as marijuana use. ...
Objective
This study used machine learning (ML) to test an empirically derived set of risk factors for marijuana use. Models were built separately for child welfare (CW) and non-CW adolescents in order to compare the variables selected as important features/risk factors.
Method
Data were from a Time 4 (M age = 18.22) of longitudinal study of the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development (n = 350; CW = 222; non-CW = 128; 56%male). Marijuana use in the past 12 months (none versus any) was obtained from a single item self-report. Risk factors entered into the model included mental health, parent/family social support, peer risk behavior, self-reported risk behavior, self-esteem, and self-reported adversities (e.g., abuse, neglect, witnessing family violence or community violence).
Results
The ML approaches indicated 80% accuracy in predicting marijuana use in the CW group and 85% accuracy in the non-CW group. In addition, the top features differed for the CW and non-CW groups with peer marijuana use emerging as the most important risk factor for CW youth, whereas externalizing behavior was the most important for the non-CW group. The most important common risk factor between group was gender, with males having higher risk.
Conclusions
This is the first study to examine the shared and unique risk factors for marijuana use for CW and non-CW youth using a machine learning approach. The results support our assertion that there may be similar risk factors for both groups, but there are also risks unique to each population. Therefore, risk factors derived from normative populations may not have the same importance when used for CW youth. These differences should be considered in clinical practice when assessing risk for substance use among adolescents.
... Parental monitoring has been shown to be associated with reduced adolescent drinking behaviors (Carroll et al., 2016;Nash et al., 2005;Patrick et al., 2013;Ryan et al., 2010;Tobler & Komro, 2010) and to promote responsible drinking (Wadolowski et al., 2016;Yakam, 2021). Evidence has been provided that there is a negative association between parents' knowledge of children's whereabouts, social activities and peers and the tendency to use alcohol during adolescence (Branstetter & Furman, 2013;Inguglia et al., 2021;Thompson et al., 2015), whereas high parental monitoring and supervision contribute to minimizing teens' involvement in dangerous situations and may encourage motivations for responsible drinking (Bohnert et al., 2012;Fletcher et al., 2004). ...
This study investigated the associations between parental monitoring, peer pressure, and motivations for responsible drinking, while also taking the mediating role of positive alcohol expectancies into account. The participants were 579 Italian adolescents, aged 14-20 years (M = 16.39 years, SD = 1.27; 55.3% females), involved in a cross-sectional survey. They were administered online self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling revealed both direct and indirect positive associations between study variables. Parental monitoring was positively associated, both directly and indirectly, with adolescents’ motivations for responsible drinking through the mediation of positive alcohol expectancies; peer pressure was negatively and indirectly associated with adolescents’ motivations for responsible drinking, via the mediating role of positive alcohol expectancies. Findings highlighted the importance of environmental factors with regard to motivations for responsible drinking, suggesting the opportunity to implement prevention programs to improve parental monitoring and increase adolescents’ skills to manage peer pressure and to develop realistic expectancies about drinking.
... Good family functioning, characterized by parental supervision and parental support, is also found to significantly impact the level of substance use in adolescents [59][60][61]. In most urban areas, like Macau, consistent involvement and support from parents in their children's daily activities is challenging, because most of the parents have nonstandard work arrangements (e.g., shift work). ...
Most of the research on adolescent substance use is from either the U.S, Europe, or other non-Eastern countries, but very little attention is paid to that in the Greater China Region. As a special administrative region of China, Macau is known for its gambling industry, its proximity to the Golden Triangle, and its lenient drug laws, all of which can be conducive to high-level drug use in the population, including its adolescents. Yet, the extent and patterns of adolescent substance use in Macau are not well understood. Using the data collected from two large representative samples of secondary school students in 2014 and 2018, this study provided population-based estimates of the prevalence rates of lifetime and past 30-day substance use among Macau adolescents in the two separate survey years. By comparing the two sets of estimates, it established the patterns of changes in cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use among adolescents in Macau during the period. Additionally, through the analysis of the data in the latest year, it identified risk factors for adolescent substance use in the special administrative region. Among the key results, the rates of cigarette smoking and illicit drug use were low to moderate while the rates of alcohol use were relatively high; cigarette smoking decreased during the period, but alcohol use and illicit drug use remained stable; Macau adolescents shared similar risk factors for substance use with adolescents elsewhere, but unique circumstances might exist to influence their alcohol consumption.
... It has been proved that the food environment can affect adolescents' eating behaviors, such as fruit and vegetable intake, calorie intake, fat intake, and water drinking behavior (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Some studies have also attempted to explore the influence of family environment on adolescent drinking behavior (15,16). Family composition (17,18), family economic status (19), parents' educational level (20), drinking behavior (21)(22)(23)(24), and parents' attitude (19) toward their children were all mentioned (25). ...
Objective
Adolescents' alcohol consumption has lifetime adverse physical and mental health effects. Family environment factors have a significant influence in shaping adolescents' beliefs and habits. We conducted the multicenter cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the association between family environment factors and adolescent drinking behavior in China.
Methods
The study investigated 27,762 middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jinan, Chengdu, and Harbin. A logistic regression model was used to explore the association between family environmental factors and adolescent drinking behavior. Participants were asked to self-report previous experiences of drinking and getting drunk to access their drinking status. Factors of family environment related to alcohol consumption included: parents' educational level, family economic status, family composition, the number of times parents drank alcohol in the past 30 days, and parents' attitudes toward their drinking behavior. The logistic regression model was used to adjust the demographic confounders, including gender, age, city, location, and smoking status, and to explore the association between family environmental factors and adolescent alcohol drinking behaviors.
Results
Compared with students whose parents prohibited drinking, students who were approved drinking were more likely to drink in this year (OR = 16.544, 95%CI:15.265–17.929, P < 0.001; Full adjustment: OR = 13.111, 95% CI: 12.031–14.288, P < 0.001), drink in this month (OR = 7.791, 95% CI: 7.077–8.565, P < 0.001; Full adjustment: OR = 6.010, 95% CI: 5.439–6.641, P < 0.001). In addition, Low family economic status, not living with the mother, parents' ambivalent attitudes toward their children's drinking and parental drinking were risk factors for drinking among middle school students.
Conclusion
The family environment, especially parents' attitudes, is associated with students' drinking and drunken behavior. Mobilizing the power of parents may play a positive role in the effective prevention and control of adolescent drinking.
... Indeed, though family members' positive attitudes towards substance use have been shown to relate to adolescents' own substance use patterns, literature suggests deviant peers impart a particularly strong (direct) influence on youths' decisions to engage in or desist from substance use (Bahr et al., 2005). Peers have been shown to impact youths' initiation of cigarette use (Maxwell, 2002), willingness to engage in risk-taking (Gardner & Steinberg, 2005), and alcohol consumption (Nash et al., 2005). Additionally, research suggests greater peer drug use and delinquency are both associated with greater illicit substance use by the target adolescent (e.g., marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine; Wongtongkam et al., 2014), and, though early initiation of substance use (e.g., at 13 years of age) is not heavily prevalent, greater perceived peer substance use has been shown to be associated with greater likelihood of early first-time use (Trucco et al., 2011). ...
Adolescents who befriend drug using peers may be at risk for initiated and continued substance use. The present secondary data analysis examined how drug use homophily (i.e., similarity) in justice-involved boys’ friendship groups relates to their subsequent substance use variety across a period of five years. Participants were 1216 first-time adolescent offenders (Mage Baseline = 15.29; 100% male). Multilevel model analyses revealed that, among participants who entered the study with a history of substance use, drug use homophily was associated with greater subsequent substance use variety. Among participants who entered the study without a history of substance use, this association was no longer significant. The findings have implications for guiding justice system programming aimed at decreasing adolescent offenders’ substance use.
... Another reason could be that some students in Metro Manila live away from their families, such as in dormitories and condominiums, during school days and have friends in their immediate social environment instead. In this case, less parental guidance, new role models, and negative peer influence could contribute to more health risk behaviors of students (Nash et al. 2005). Nonetheless, health promotion programs and materials may equip the students with more capability to have a firm ground against peer pressure. ...
Nursing students trained to be health advocates have engaged in cigarette and electronic cigarette (EC) use. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of cigarette and EC use among nursing students and examine how EC vaping and cigarette smoking are associated with various risk factors. This cross-sectional survey of smoking and vaping was administered to 249 nursing students in a private university in Manila, Philippines. An online-based self-assessment questionnaire (SAQ) that includes socio-demographic information, cigarette and EC usage, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and other risk factors was administered using on-campus and online recruitment strategies. Generalized linear models were fitted to estimate the effect of stress and other risk factors on smoking and vaping. Approximately one out of eight were exclusive vapers, one out of 25 were exclusive smokers, and one out of five were both smokers 412 and vapers. The prevalence of smoking/vaping was 47% higher [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.47, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.04-2.07, p-value = 0.028] among students with high-stress levels than students with low to moderate stress levels. In addition, students who were sophomores (aPR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.12-2.53, p-value = 0.012), juniors (aPR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.91-5.42, p-value < 0.001), and seniors (aPR: 1.53, 95% CI: 0.76-3.08, p-value = 0.230) had a higher prevalence of smoking/vaping compared to freshmen students. Having a positive attitude towards vaping health impacts and a smoker/vaper peer was also associated with a higher prevalence of smoking/vaping. Therefore, effective health communication strategies and policies in universities and the community are recommended to reinforce existing smoking and vaping control efforts.
... Hence strong family values, careful parental monitoring with strict disapproval of underage drinking and close bonds between family members has a protective role against adolescent alcohol use [32,33]. ...
This chapter aims to bring out the problem of alcohol use, its risk factors and lifestyle habits which leads to its initiation from early phases of life. This chapter also focuses on important consequences, preventive measures, corrective intervention and effective treatment of the problem. Alcohol use from early phases of life remains a major public health concern in various nations. It creates serious consequences among alcohol users affecting whole nation individually, socially, economically not even sparing their families and communities in which they reside. Adolescents and youth represents an important segment of society constituting majority of the population. Alcohol is the most commonly abused psychoactive drug accounting for greater morbidity and mortality among youth. It is a ‘gateway drug’ for consumers because its use often precedes the use of other illicit substances causing serious and potential life threatening problems. Prevention strategies are an integral part of reducing alcohol use at young ages.
... Thus, it may be reasonably assumed that the poor parental education, occupation, income, and lower parental attachment were signi cant. The adolescents who were from most deprived parental SES were negatively in uenced by family, low education, work stress, and poor support from parents, all of which caused drunkenness in adolescents [104][105][106][107][108]. ...
Background:
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of health behaviors in individuals and contributes to a complex relationship with health. Because of this complexity, the relationship between SES and health behavior is still unclear. Thus, this literature review aims to assess the association between socioeconomic inequalities and health behaviors in children and adolescents from both developed and developing countries.
Methods:
Preferred Reporting for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol (PRISMA-P) guideline was used to conduct a systematic literature review. The electronic online databases EBSCO Host, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct were utilized to systematically search the published articles. Joanna Briggs Institute of critical appeal tool was deployed to assess the quality of included studies. Eligibilities criteria such as study population, study design, study type, study objective, language, and publication date were used to identify the relevant literature that measured the association between socioeconomic status and health behaviors.
Results:
Out of 1483 articles, only 31 met the final eligibility criteria and were assessed in this paper. Out of these studies: ten, nine, seven and five studies identified a positive association between socioeconomic status (SES) and (a) drinking alcohol; (b) physical activity; (c) fruits and vegetable consumption; (d) consumption of a healthy diet respectively. On the other hand, a negative association between SES and smoking and SES and consumption of cannabis were found by eleven and one study respectively among the children and adolescents.
Conclusions:
This review study found that the problem of health behaviors is continuing to be a major concern in children and adolescents, particularly those who are of low socioeconomic status. The findings of this study revealed that some specific intervention packages are needed for reducing these damaging health behaviors and enhancing the protective health behaviors in those children and adolescents from a low socioeconomic status.
... However, previous research on social influences and pressures to drink almost exclusively has focused on adolescents and young adults in college environments (Monk & Heim, 2014). The reasons for this may be that the young are more likely to engage in heavy drinking activities and be more susceptible to peer pressure and drinking-related cues than adults (Kuntsche et al., 2004;Nash et al., 2005) and also because the young often seem to be easier objects of study and concern. Still, adults are not immune to these influences, but very little is known about negative social consequences and reactions to abstinence experienced by adults. ...
Background
People should be able to quit or moderate their drinking without negative social consequences, but studies have shown how nondrinkers often face pressure and negative reactions. As previous research has mostly focused on youth, we conducted a population-level study of the ways adult nondrinkers encounter their drinking companions on drinking occasions and what kinds of reactions they perceive from their social environments.
Method
The data were based on the Finnish Drinking Habits Survey (FDHS), a general population survey of Finns aged 15–79 collected in 2016 (N = 2,285; 330 nondrinkers; response rate 60%). Characteristics of drinking occasions where nondrinkers participate (“non-drinking occasions”) were measured through self-reports of frequency, time, purpose, and social companion on those occasions. Nondrinkers’ experiences of non-drinking occasions and reactions from the social environment were measured by question batteries on social consequences.
Results
Compared with drinking occasions, non-drinking occasions occurred more often at family events at home than on late-night drinking occasions. Accordingly, nondrinkers reported relatively low levels of negative consequences, and the reported consequences were least frequent in the oldest age group. Nondrinkers reported mostly positive feedback from people around them, more often from family members than from peers. However, negative consequences were reported in all studied groups, most commonly among youth and former drinkers.
Conclusions
The study indicates that nondrinkers’ social environments may be more supportive than what has been suggested previously, yet coping mechanisms are required especially from youth and former drinkers. The positive social experiences of being a nondrinker should guide the promotion of moderate and non-drinking.
... Positive parenting (e.g., parental monitoring, support) can directly or indirectly influence adolescent drinking through buffering multiple risk factors, including negative peer influences (Barnes et al., 2006;Clark et al., 2012;Costa et al., 1999;Jaccard et al., 2005;Marschall-Lévesque et al., 2014;Wood et al., 2004). Although direct evidence on the mechanisms of these moderating effects is lacking, previous research found various pathways of positive parenting to adolescent drinking (Nash et al., 2005). Higher levels of perceived parental monitoring were associated with lower alcohol use frequency through higher alcohol resistance self-efficacy (Watkins et al., 2006) and lower perceived peer alcohol use (Kim & Neff, 2010). ...
Positive parenting behaviors such as parental monitoring and support can protect adolescents from alcohol use, either directly or through buffering risk factors such as perceived peer alcohol use. However, it is unclear whether such moderating effects vary as a function of race, ethnicity, and gender. This study addressed the knowledge gap by exploring racial, ethnic, and gender differences in the potential moderating effects of perceived positive parenting on the association between perceived peer alcohol use and adolescent alcohol use. Using data from the U.S. Heath Behavior in School-Aged Children study collected in 2009–2010, this study focused on 6744 adolescents from Grades 7 to 10 and five racial and ethnic groups (White, Black, Asian American, Latinx, and multiracial). Multiple regression analyses with three-way interaction effects were conducted. All three perceived positive parenting measures (i.e., maternal monitoring, paternal monitoring, and parental support) moderated the influence of perceived peer alcohol use on adolescent alcohol use among White girls and boys, but the moderating effects were inconsistent for boys and girls of color. Racial, ethnic and gender differences exist among the moderating effects of perceived positive parenting. Parenting programs designed for White adolescents need to be tailored for adolescent boys and girls of color.
... Some studies even find that peers have a greater influence on adolescent drinking than any parenting factor [28]. In fact, Nash, et al. [53] found that a promotive effect of positive family environment predicted weaker strength of peer influence, which then later predicted lower alcohol behaviors (although no mediation analyses were presented). Thus, the impact of parenting factors on youth alcohol use may be partly explained by the effect of parenting on selection of peers and their shared activities-activities that may include drinking. ...
Previous studies on parental support have consistently shown it predicts lower adolescent alcohol use, yet findings regarding the influence of parental monitoring have been mixed. The current study aims to resolve this concern while examining peer selection as a mediator of both parenting factors. The current study used structural equation modeling and bootstrapping mediation analysis on data from 3,027 youth across three waves of the Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trial to examine these factors. We tested a latent path model where the effect of parental support and monitoring in 7th grade on adolescent alcohol use in 9th grade was hypothesized to be mediated by best friends’ alcohol use in 8th grade. Results: Higher parental support in seventh grade predicted lower adolescent alcohol use in 9th grade, mediated by lower best friends’ use in eighth grade (ab = -0.025, CI = [-0.152, -0.003]). Yet parental monitoring in seventh grade did not predict alcohol use in 9th grade when parental support was included as a co-predictor in the model (ab = 0.018, CI = -0.135 – 0.025). There was also no significant mediation effect for the monitoring to youth drinking path. Adolescent’s closeness with their parents may direct them to choose non-drinking friends, which leads to lower alcohol use in high school. Previously suggested effects of parental monitoring may be accounted for by support from parents.
... The social influences of family and peers are among the most frequently studied risk or protective factors associated with underage drinking (Petraitis et al., 1995). Perceived parental and peer disapproval are significant influences within the interpersonal level (Nash, McQueen, & Bray, 2005;Windle, 2000). Other interpersonal factors predicting underage drinking use are parental alcoholism (King & Chassin, 2007;Wong et al., 2004), greater parental drinking (Hawkins et al., 1997), maternal drinking and smoking (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2008), lower parental monitoring (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2008;Rose et al., 2001), worse home environment (Rose et al., 2001), family disruption (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2008), having more friends who drink (Hawkins et al., 1997), and greater exposure to alcohol use in the movies (Sargent et al., 2006). ...
... However, peers can have negative effects and can promote delinquent behaviors (Brown, 2004). For instance, some adolescents may be more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors such as alcohol use, substance abuse, and sexual risk-taking behaviors if peers also engage in them (Nash et al., 2005;Santor et al., 2000). ...
This thesis concerns sexting among Swedish adolescents and adolescent sexual development. Adolescence is a period of major bodily, cognitive, and social changes and of sexual exploration. As many post-millennials have intertwined their lives with digital technologies, this sexual exploration also occurs in the digital context in the form of sexting. Sexting is the sending of nude or semi-nude pictures or video clips online. With sexting being a relatively common phenomenon among adolescents, questions have been raised concerning why adolescents engage in it and with whom, what sexting experiences adolescents have, and how sexting affects adolescent sexual development. Answering these questions may be central to better understanding adolescent sexting and, more importantly, may shed light on the role of sexting in healthy adolescent sexual development. The three constituent studies of this thesis addressed these questions. In Study I, 1653 adolescents (mean age 14.20 years) completed a questionnaire. The results indicated that, depending on whom the adolescent had sexted with, the prevalence rates were 4.4–16.0% for sending sexts and 23.5–26.8% for receiving sexts. It was most common for participants to send sexts to a romantic partner, and the least common to a stranger. Girls were more likely to report negative experiences of sexting than were boys and felt more pressure to send sexts. Developmental factors such as age, perceived pubertal timing, online risk-taking, and peer and family support were all related to sexting, but different relationship patterns emerged depending on gender and to whom the sext was sent. In Study II, a hypothesized model was tested using SEM to examine whether different aspects of body image were related to sexting. The study showed that sexting was more common among adolescents who perceived appearance to be important for their self-image and in their social context (i.e., dysfunctional appearance beliefs). How much one monitors and views one’s body as an object of others’ desire (i.e., self-objectification) was also related to sexting with a stranger among boys. In Study III, 808 answers to an open-ended question were qualitatively analyzed for content, to examine the social norms that operate in the adolescents’ peer groups. Among peers, sexting was seen as an acceptable activity based on certain conditions, for example, that it occurs within a trusting relationship and that there is mutual agreement between the sexting partners. It was not seen as an accepted practice if, for example, the partner was someone unknown. In the peer group, it was also perceived that girls were unfairly treated when engaging in sexting, that sexting entailed certain risks, and that some adolescents may engage in sexting for attention or pleasure. The results of the three studies were discussed in relation to the overarching aims of the thesis. More specifically, sexting was assumed to be related to several psychosocial factors within and outside the adolescent. It was also concluded that it is important to consider whom the adolescents’ sext with and that although sexting may play an important role in adolescents’ sexual exploration and expression, it may also entail certain risks of harm. Sexting can be understood as one sexual behavior among others that may fit into adolescent sexual development.
Importance
Parents’ overdose death can have a profound short- and long-term impact on their children, yet little is known about the number of children who have lost a parent to drug overdose in the US.
Objective
To estimate the number and rate of children who have lost a parent to drug overdose from 2011 to 2021 overall and by parental age, sex, and race and ethnicity.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This was a cross-sectional study of US community-dwelling persons using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2010-2014 and 2015-2019) and the National Vital Statistics System (2011-2021). Data were analyzed from January to June 2023.
Exposure
Parental drug overdose death, stratified by age group, sex, and race and ethnicity.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Numbers, rates, and average annual percentage change (AAPC) in rates of children losing a parent aged 18 to 64 years to drug overdose, overall and by age, sex, and race and ethnicity.
Results
From 2011 to 2021, 649 599 adults aged 18 to 64 years died from a drug overdose (mean [SD] age, 41.7 [12.0] years; 430 050 [66.2%] male and 219 549 [33.8%] female; 62 606 [9.6%] Hispanic, 6899 [1.1%] non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, 6133 [0.9%] non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, 82 313 [12.7%] non-Hispanic Black, 485 623 [74.8%] non-Hispanic White, and 6025 [0.9%] non-Hispanic with more than 1 race). Among these decedents, from 2011 to 2021, an estimated 321 566 (95% CI, 276 592-366 662) community-dwelling children lost a parent aged 18 to 64 years to drug overdose. The rate of community-dwelling children who lost a parent to drug overdose per 100 000 children increased from 27.0 per 100 000 in 2011 to 63.1 per 100 000 in 2021. The highest rates were found among children of non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native individuals, who had a rate of 187.1 per 100 000 in 2021, more than double the rate among children of non-Hispanic White individuals (76.5 per 100 000) and non-Hispanic Black individuals (73.2 per 100 000). While rates increased consistently each year for all parental age, sex, and race and ethnicity groups, non-Hispanic Black parents aged 18 to 25 years had the largest AAPC (23.8%; 95% CI, 16.5-31.6). Rates increased for both fathers and mothers; however, more children overall lost fathers (estimated 192 459; 95% CI, 164 081-220 838) than mothers (estimated 129 107; 95% CI, 112 510-145 824).
Conclusions and Relevance
An estimated 321 566 children lost a parent to drug overdose in the US from 2011 to 2021, with significant disparities evident across racial and ethnic groups. Given the potential short- and long-term negative impact of parental loss, program and policy planning should ensure that responses to the overdose crisis account for the full burden of drug overdose on families and children, including addressing the economic, social, educational, and health care needs of children who have lost parents to overdose.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured educational module on substance abuse prevention program among adolescents in enhancing their knowledge against substance abuse.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed involving 120 students (mean age: 14.3±1.03 years, 59.2% boys) from two English medium schools. Participants were exposed to a structured module on substance abuse over a month. The study assessed changes in knowledge through pretest and post-test evaluations. Statistical analyses examined improvements in scores and the relationship between class of study and post-test knowledge scores.
Results: The intervention significantly improved students' knowledge about substance abuse (p<0.001) across all measured domains, genders, and classes, with the exception of the 7th class. A positive correlation was found between the class of study and post-test scores (Rs=0.288, p<0.001), indicating that higher classes were associated with greater improvements in knowledge. These findings suggest that the training effectively increased awareness and understanding of substance abuse among participants.
Conclusions: The substance abuse prevention program successfully enhanced adolescents' knowledge and equipped them with resilience and coping strategies, thus reducing their vulnerability to peer pressure and substance abuse. Despite the lack of significant improvement in the 7th class, the overall positive outcomes underscore the importance of implementing such educational interventions to foster healthy development and well-being among students. Further research is encouraged to explore the specific barriers to effectiveness in younger classes and to refine program content accordingly.
Keywords: adolescent; prevention module; substance abuse.
Alcohol drinking in college is part of college life and it can be misused. Risky drinking, the first phase of alcohol misuse is prevalent among Filipino college students and thus the purpose of this study was to describe the phenomenon of risky drinking among Filipino college students by answering the questions: 1) What is the essence of the lived experiences of Filipino college students in Manila who engage in risky alcohol drinking? 2) Based on the findings of the study, what psychological intervention program can be developed to address risky drinking of Filipino college students? In-depth interviews were conducted among 6 Filipino college students who are engaging in risky drinking. Data were analysed following the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis. The study revealed that the beneficial effects of drinking alcohol with friends (boosting confidence, dealing with problems, bonding with friends and open conversations) overshadows the unwanted side effects (accidents, risky sexual behavior, irritability, alcohol use disorder etc.) that even though they’ve experienced some minor negative consequences of alcohol, they still opt to drink again after a few days or weeks. This
indicated that they may not fully realize the negative consequences of risky drinking and the need to change it as they haven’t experienced any real or major consequences of drinking alcohol that could permanently affect their lives. Therefore, the proposed intervention of psychoeducation by having an alcohol awareness month was encouraged to motivate the college students to change their behavior by spreading awareness on the consequences of risky drinking.
Keywords: phenomenology, alcoholism, risky drinking, consequences, intervention
The Cambridge Handbook of International Prevention Science offers a comprehensive global overview on prevention science with the most up-to-date research from around the world. Over 100 scholars from 27 different countries (including Australia, Bhutan, Botswana, India, Israel, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Spain and Thailand) contributed to this volume, which covers a wide range of topics important to prevention science. It includes major sections on the foundations of prevention as well as examples of new initiatives in the field, detailing current prevention efforts across the five continents. A unique and innovative volume, The Cambridge Handbook of International Prevention Science is a valuable resource for established scholars, early professionals, students, practitioners and policy-makers.
This study revisits the association between coercive parent-adolescent interactions and adolescent externalizing behaviors. Specifically, we investigate the moment-to-moment coercive exchanges between parents and adolescents and how these dynamic processes map to the long-term development of substance use and antisocial behavior from middle adolescence to early adulthood. We collected videotaped observations with 794 adolescents (ages 16-17 years) and their parents during interactions and coded their real-time behavioral exchanges. State Space Grid analyses were used to measure the proportion of time in which each parent-adolescent dyad engaged in the Dyadic Coercion region as an indicator of rigidity in dyadic coercion. We also measured adolescents' substance use and antisocial behavior at ages 16-17, ages 18-19, and ages 21-22. The enduring impact of parent-adolescent coercive interaction on substance use and antisocial behavior was tested using categorical latent growth curve models and path models. Adolescents with more coercive interactions with parents showed higher rates of increase in alcohol use and higher levels of antisocial behavior through early adulthood. The findings highlight the unique contribution of using intensive data to understand coercive interactions on a micro-timescale and how these dynamics influence long-term development in externalizing behaviors. Implications for intervention studies are discussed.
The flaws in today’s healthcare systems and practices are well-documented: millions remain far from optimal health due to a variety of psychological and social factors; large numbers of patients do not fully cooperate with medical advice; errors in medical decision-making—some stemming from flaws in interpersonal relations—regularly lead to needless suffering and death. Further, the effects of emotions, personality, and motivation on healing are not well incorporated into traditional medical care. The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology compiles the most relevant scholarship from psychology, medicine, and public health to offer a thorough and authoritative model of the biopsychosocial approach to health. Articles addresses all relevant concepts in this model, including its applications to health promotion, health behavior change, and treatment.
Prospective associations over a 5-year period were examined among perceived parent, closest friend, and popular peer injunctive norms and the onset and frequency of adolescent substance use within a diverse (53% female, 45.5% White non-Hispanic, 22.3% Hispanic, 21.5% Black, 1% Asian, and 6.4% another race) sample of 868 seventh- and eighth-grade adolescents from 2012 to 2017. Analyses revealed adolescents' substance use norms were more lenient than perceptions of their parents' and stricter than perceptions of their closest friends'. Stricter perceptions of parent and closest friend norms, but not popular peer norms, were significantly associated with a later onset of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use, and the magnitude of the effect of each source' on later substance use varied across development.
Alcohol use is rarely initiated after adolescence. Many adults with alcohol abuse problems often began drinking alcohol during childhood or adolescence (Hutchinson et al., 2020). Although adolescents’ alcohol use and behaviors (e.g., getting drunk) have dropped substantially over the last few decades in many countries, alcohol is still more widely used by adolescents than nicotine or illicit drugs (ESPAD Group, 2020; Guerin and White, 2020; Miech et al., 2021; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020). Alcohol use during adolescence is related to a range of mental health difficulties, social problems, troubles with law enforcement, alcohol use disorder, illicit drug use, diminished brain health, and other physical health issues (Chen and Yoon, 2021). Thus, adolescents’ alcohol use is a major public health concern. In this chapter, we first discuss the prevalence and harms of adolescents’ alcohol use. Then, we use the biopsychosocial model of alcohol to categorize and explore the etiology and epidemiology of adolescents’ alcohol use. And finally, we examine research, prevention and intervention strategies, and policy implications related to adolescents’ alcohol use.
Objective:
Myriad reasons, including stigma, may prevent patients from self-reporting harmful use of alcohol in Tanzania. Family members may be more forthright but might not know the extent of the patient's alcohol use or suffer alcohol-related stigma as well. Our study aims to compare the reporting of patient alcohol use by emergency department patients themselves and their family members in Tanzania in order to describe the potential use of family reports as a proxy for patient self-reports.
Method:
We conducted a secondary descriptive analysis of a prospective cohort of adult patients seeking treatment for injury and their family members. We evaluated alcohol use behavior, alcohol-related consequences, and alcohol-related stigma reported by 231 patients and 231 family members (both majority male, ages 25-45 years), measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Perceived Alcohol Stigma (PAS) scale, and the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). Alcohol use behavior concordance/discordance between patients and families was established, and alcohol use and perceived stigma were analyzed.
Results:
More than 72% of patient-family pairs showed alcohol use (AUDIT) concordance. Receiver operating characteristic curve and regression analysis suggests family reports to be clinically relevant, significant, and potentially accurate markers of patient alcohol use (sensitivity: 95.10%, specificity: 69.77%). Findings support the existence of stigma toward alcohol in this context, with similar stigma levels of patients and family members.
Conclusions:
Family-reported patient alcohol use may be an accurate proxy for patient self-reporting. Further research is needed into stigma toward alcohol that is culturally appropriate and adopted.
Purpose
Dependent alcohol use is a severe addictive disorder with significant enduring consequences for health and social functioning. This study aims to inductively explore the process of identity change for alcohol dependent people progressing through a “pre-habilitation” intervention, alcohol detoxification and post-detoxification recovery support.
Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative study as a part of a process evaluation situated within a UK feasibility trial of a group-based intervention in preparation for structured alcohol detoxification. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (face-to-face or telephone) collected self-reported data on experiences of treatment provision as part of the feasibility trial. Thematic analysis of transcripts and iterative categorisation of identity-related themes and concepts was conducted with verification of analysis undertaken by a second coder.
Findings
Identity change was revealed in participant narratives around the meta themes of external (social-identity) and internal (self-identity) concepts. External influences impacting social identity were key, having influenced initiation into alcohol use, influencing acceptance of the stigmatised “alcoholic” label and then being central to the treatment journey. Internal influences on self-identity also impacted on the process of identity change. In recovery, there was hope in discovering a new “normal” identity or rediscovering normality.
Originality/value
Analysis demonstrates that moving from regular alcohol use to problematic use is a journey of identity change that is influenced at the macro (cultural), meso (group) and micro (relational) social levels. Throughout the treatment journey, social influences in gaining a new non-drinker identity are key. Findings suggest a need for long-term support through treatment and community-based groups specifically to foster positive identity change that may not have been addressed previously.
The goal of the study is to understand the role of parents in developing financial behaviour among young adults. A total of 868 responses of college students in the age group of 18–28 years have been collected to achieve the objectives of the study. The study examines the data to understand the influence of the family’s financial interactions and financial environment in developing a young adult’s financial, psychological, and personal well-being. The study enriches the existing literature in two ways; first, it gives an exposure to the association of perceived financial parenting with the well-being of Indian students. It also highlights the significant indirect effect of financial parenting (through financial coping behaviour) on well-being. The results suggest promoting financial education among parents and guiding them about their role in improving positive financial behaviour among their next generation.
Introduction . Living in urban and rural areas can affect the risk of developing and the course of alcohol dependence and comorbid conditions. The aim of the work was to evaluate the degree of depressive symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics of patients with alcoholism in the Republic of Dagestan, depending on the territorial features of residence. Materials and methods . The study involved 104 patients aged 51.2±9.9 years (27 to 74 years), registered in the State Budgetary Institution «Republican narcological dispensary» of the Republic of Dagestan with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the territorial features of their residence: 62 (59.6%) patients residing in urban areas and 42 (40.4%) residing in rural areas. In order to evaluate socio-demographic characteristics all patients were questioned. The degree of severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck scale. Results . Analysis of alcohol dependence characteristics revealed no differences between the groups (p>0.05). The degree of depression was found to be more pronounced in patients living in rural areas than in those living in urban areas: mild depression was 7.3% and 29.0% (p<0.05), moderate depression was 9.8% and 1.6% (p<0.05), and severe depression was 39.0% and 25.8% (p<0.05), respectively. The severity of depression correlated with the presence of work in patients (r=0.324; p<0.001). Discussion . Alcohol consumption leads to a more severe manifestation of depression, contributing to physiological changes in the body. Conversely, depressed people are more prone to uncontrolled alcohol consumption, which in their subjective opinion alleviates psychosocial suffering. The connection between alcohol abuse and depressive symptoms is bidirectional, meaning that both of these disorders influence the development and course of the other and simultaneously exacerbate the risk of developing the other disorder. Conclusions . Alcohol-dependent individuals living in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan are characterized by unemployment that correlates with anxiety-depressive symptoms, as well as a more severe degree of depression severity.
This study investigated the effect of parental financial teaching on college students’ financial attitude and behavior and the mediating roles of college students’ self-esteem and financial knowledge within these relationships. An online survey including questions on demographics, parental financial teaching, self-esteem, financial knowledge, attitude, and behavior was given to a sample of 193 undergraduate and graduate students at a Midwestern university in the U.S. A model consisting of nine hypotheses reflecting these relationships was established and tested by structural equation modeling. The results revealed that parental financial teaching positively affected financial behavior both directly and indirectly through self-esteem and financial attitude. Most importantly, self-esteem played a mediating role in connecting parental financial teaching to students’ financial attitude and behavior, whereas financial knowledge did not play any role. Consequently, this study found that parents’ financial teaching positively influences their children’s financial attitude and behavior by increasing their self-esteem.
Objective
This study investigated the association between family financial socialization during adolescence and seeking financial advice in early adulthood. Personality, financial risk tolerance, and financial knowledge were examined as mediators. Gender differences throughout the parental financial socialization process and outcome were also explored.
Background
Young adults are transitioning into adulthood. It has been found they lack fundamental financial knowledge and are more vulnerable to financial stress and financial shocks. Understanding young adults' financial advice-seeking behavior is important because it is linked to positive financial outcomes. Parents serve as significant financial socialization agents for their children and can influence their financial knowledge, attitude, behavior, and long-term well-being. However, little attention has been paid to the role of parents in the financial socialization process on children's financial advice seeking in early adulthood.
Method
Using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the family financial socialization model, we constructed a structural framework in which we could examine whether two aspects of family financial socialization, parenting style and receiving allowance, influenced young adults' propensity to seek financial advice. Also, the mediating roles of personality traits, financial risk tolerance, and financial knowledge were examined.
Results
Personality traits, financial risk tolerance, and financial knowledge were directly associated with financial advice-seeking behavior. Parenting style and receiving allowance during adolescence were indirectly associated with young adults' financial advice-seeking behavior. Additional analyses by gender showed significant differences in the direct and indirect associations among financial socialization factors, personality traits, and financial advice-seeking behavior between men and women.
Conclusion
This study illustrates the association between early financial socialization and financial advice-seeking behavior through psychological and knowledge factors focusing on the importance of family influence. Using a national dataset and the structural equation modeling method, we found insightful direct, indirect, and total effects of parental financial socialization on young adults' financial advice-seeking behavior and significant gender differences in these effects.
Implications
The findings provide implications for policymakers and financial educators and practitioners. This study underscores the significant role of parents as financial socialization agents and their long-term influence on adult children's financial advice-seeking decisions. Current financial literacy programs not only should focus on educator–student relationships but also need to pay attention to parental involvement in children's financial socialization process. Adult financial education would help parents play a role in providing financial advice to their children as more capable socialization agents. Accessible financial counseling services at the community level can potentially meet the needs of young adults who have a lower financial knowledge to benefit from professional advice.
Background: Marijuana use among adolescents is concerning in the United States, meanwhile, the effectiveness of school-based programs is inconclusive. This study examines the impact of school-based programs, school-based activities, and community-based activities on marijuana use among adolescents. Methods: A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted, using a sample of 16,509 adolescents (age = 12 to 17, male = 51.3%, White = 60.1%, Hispanic = 21.4%, African American = 14.7%, and Asian American = 3.9%) from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Results: Results of the main effects revealed that school-based programs, school-based activities, and community-based activities were deterrent factors against marijuana use among adolescents. Adolescents are less likely to use marijuana if they participate in school-based programs, school-based activities, and community-based activities. Conclusion: The findings of this study have implications for schools and those making educational policy.
Youth violence victimization continues to be pervasive and a significant cause of adolescent mortality. Since their 2014 “Connecting the Dots” report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have encouraged researchers to identify shared protective factors that prevent multiple forms of youth violence. Parental monitoring, a bidirectional construct encompassing parental knowledge and regulation of their child’s activities with children’s concurrent perception of their parent’s awareness of such activities, could be such a cross-cutting protective factor. In this study, we examined associations between parental monitoring and multiple types of violence victimization among a school-based sample of adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of an anonymous survey of health risk and protective behaviors completed by students across Pittsburgh Public Schools ( N = 2,426). In separate analyses, we used logistic regression to examine associations between youth-reported parental monitoring and multiple experiences of youth violence victimization, ranging from school- and electronic-based bullying to different forms of sexual and physical violence. We found that many experiences of youth violence victimization were consistent with nationally representative data. In addition, we determined that higher parental monitoring was significantly and inversely associated with all violence victimization outcomes examined (school-based bullying, electronic-based bullying, threatening someone with a weapon, adolescent relationship abuse, sexual assault, and exchange sex) at the p < .05 threshold. Overall, this study is one of the first that examines how parental monitoring relates to multiple forms of youth violence victimization, including exchange sex, which is a critical but less-studied violence experience. This work adds to the growing literature on how parental monitoring may serve as a shared protective factor for multiple forms of violence victimization.
Context
Native American (Native) youth face high rates of substance use, teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Native communities are strengthened by values of family, yet limited research exists examining the associations between parental communication, monitoring and these risk behaviors.
Methods
Analyses of a cross-sectional sample of Native youth ages 11-19 examined associations between youth and parental communication, parental monitoring and sexual and substance use behaviors. Logistic regressions, controlled by age, were performed in sex-specific bivariate models and multivariate models.
Results
N=543 youth were enrolled.
Bivariable analyses
Female youth with greater parental communication about sex were significantly less likely to report intention to use marijuana. Female youth with high parental monitoring were significantly less likely to report intention to drink alcohol or have sex; they were significantly less likely to have ever smoked, used marijuana, or had vaginal sex. Male youth were significantly more likely to report intention to use a condom if they had higher parental communication, higher parental communication about sex and higher parental monitoring.
Multivariable analyses
Female youth with greater parental communication were significantly less likely to ever have drank alcohol. Female youth with high parental monitoring were significantly less likely to report intentions to drink alcohol or have sex; they were also significantly less likely to have ever smoked, used marijuana, or had vaginal sex. Among male youth, intention to use condoms was significantly higher for those with high parental communication and high parental monitoring.
Conclusions
Positive associations between parental monitoring, parental communication and reduced youth risk-taking show that families, parents and trusted adults are a meaningful and crucial protective factor against high risk substance and sexual behaviors and should be included in prevention programming for Native youth. Parental monitoring and communication impacted genders differently, suggesting that the quality and depth of communication surrounding substance use and sex may vary widely between families, community and Native cultures and by youth gender.
Konzumacija alkohola adolescenata rizična je zbog niza kratkoročnih i dugoročnih posljedica. Neprijeporan je utjecaj obitelji na početak konzumacije te na učestalo i prekomjerno pijenje, što je objašnjeno nizom rizičnih i zaštitnih čimbenika obiteljskog okruženja. Njihovo poznavanje i prepoznavanje pomaže u osmišljavanju učinkovitih preventivnih programa radi smanjivanja prevalencije konzumacije alkohola djece i mladih. U školskoj godini 2019./2020. provedeno je istraživanje na stratificiranom uzorku. Sudjelovalo je 1409 učenika (48,3% mladića i 51,7% djevojaka) u dobi od 13 do 19 godina (M = 15,84; sd = 1,46) iz 16 osnovnih (osmi razred) i 20 srednjih škola (sva četiri razreda) s područja Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Cilj je rada utvrditi odnos konzumacije alkohola među adolescentima s njihovom percepcijom roditeljskog nadzora, očekivanih roditeljskih reakcija na opijanje te zadovoljstvom odnosa s roditeljima, ali i ponuditi uvid u trenutačne navike konzumacije alkohola među adolescentima Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Utvrđene su razlike u navikama konzumacije alkohola s obzirom na rod i razred. U usporedbi s učenicima koji manje piju, učenici skloniji konzumaciji alkohola rjeđe smatraju da postoje pravila ponašanja izvan kuće, da njihovi roditelji znaju gdje su i s kim se druže te misle da bi reakcije njihovih roditelja na opijanje bile blaže. Konzumacija alkohola nije se pokazala povezanom sa zadovoljstvom odnosa s roditeljima. Rod, dob, percepcija nadzora i očekivane roditeljske reakcije na opijanje predviđaju 33,7% varijabiliteta konzumacije alkohola u životu i 22,3% varijabiliteta konzumacije u posljednjih mjesec dana. Dob, rod, percepcija roditeljskog nadzora, očekivane reakcije roditelja na opijanje i učestalost konzumacije alkohola u posljednjih mjesec dana predviđaju zajedno 40,3% varijabiliteta učestalosti opijanja u životu i 24,3% varijabiliteta učestalosti opijanja u posljednjih mjesec dana.
Numerous recent attempts to identify mediated and moderated effects in child-clinical and pediatric research on child adjustment have been characterized by terminological, conceptual, and statistical inconsistencies. To promote greater clarity, the terms mediating and moderating are defined and differentiated. Recommended statistical strategies that can be used to test for these effects are reviewed (i.e., multiple regression and structural equation modeling techniques). The distinction between mediated and indirect effects is also discussed. Examples of troublesome and appropriate uses of these terms in the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures are highlighted.
Almost half the children born in the last decade will experience the divorce of their parents, and many of these children will also go through the changes associated with their custodial parent's remarriage. Most children initially experience their parents' marital rearrangements as stressful; however, children's responses to their parents' marital transitions are diverse and are likely to vary with the age of the child and to change over time as family members adjust to their new circumstances. This longitudinal study examined family relationships and adolescents' adjustment during the transition to remarriage. Three groups of families were studied: stepfamilies with a divorced custodial mother who was in the first months of a remarriage; families with a divorced custodial mother who had not remarried; and nondivorced families. Families were assessed three times during a 26-month period, and there were approximately equal numbers of early adolescent male and female target children in each family type. Family relationships and children's adjustment were assessed using interview measures obtained from multiple perspectives and from observational measures of family interactions in the home. This Monograph examined differences between the three family groups in children's adjustment, marital relationships, parent-child relationships, and sibling relationships as the children were moving through early adolescence and as stepfamilies were coping with a new remarriage. Authoritative child rearing was associated with positive adjustment in children in all family groups. Children in nondivorced families were more competent and exhibited fewer behavior problems than children in divorced or remarried families. Unlike the findings with younger children, few gender X family-type interactions were obtained, and no adjustment to the remarriage over the 26 months of the study was found in stepfather-stepchild relations or in the adjustment of stepchildren.
the case will be made in this chapter that the coercion model (Patterson, 1982) provides a basis for better understanding the parent–child process associated with serious child antisocial behavior, and that this understanding can be applied to enhance early adolescents' adaption within the family and school / coercion theory poses that a child's interpersonal style is learned within the family, and under more extreme conditions carries over to a child's interactions with others outside the family, including peers and teachers
discusses our [the authors'] initial outcome results to an experimental manipulation of parenting practices on young (11- to 14-year-old) adolescents' antisocial behavior [the Adolescent Transition Program] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This book presents a thorough and concise historical overview of the emerging science of family intervention, which is considered the applied branch of family psychology. Leading experts in the field present therapy techniques, procedures, and research strategies that are empirically based. Contributors stress the need to link research and practice so that questions targeted by researchers are those confronted by clinicians and results can directly influence the practice of family therapy. Also emphasized is the need to identify specific patient characteristics that set these patients apart from the rest of the population and, if addressed in a more focused manner, would enhance the effectiveness of the intervention. This book will be a valuable resource for advanced graduate students, family therapists, and family researchers committed to conducting clinically meaningful and scientifically sound intervention research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This chapter provides an overview of the subspecialty within family psychology of family psychology intervention science and proposes areas of future study and expansion. The authors conclude that further work is required to develop reliable and valid measures that can be applied to the diversity of families as well as methodologies that can consider the variety of family structures and relationship patterns. The development of ways to successfully recruit and retain participants in longitudinal studies, particularly those from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, and procedures for dealing with the varied methods and data from multiple family members, are also needed. Finally, as family-based interventions have become more broad-based and comprehensive, questions about the limitations of this complexity and comprehensiveness remain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined how the interactions between 2 aspects of individuation (separation and intergenerational individuation) and family conflict, stress, and parental monitoring are related to changes in adolescent alcohol use over a 3-yr period using a prospective, school-based study of 7,540 adolescents. It was hypothesized that higher levels of stress and family conflict and lower levels of parental monitoring would be associated with the largest increases in alcohol use when high levels of separation were reported. In contrast, it was hypothesized that high stress and family conflict and low levels of parental monitoring would predict increases in youth's drinking when low levels of intergenerational individuation were reoirted. These relationships were proposed to operate similarly for boys and girls and across 3 different ethnic groups (white non-Hispanics, Mexican Americans, and African Americans). Three cohorts of students starting in the 6th, 7th, or 8th grades were tracked for 3 yrs, during which Ss were surveyed 1-3 times. Results show that the effects of stress were moderated by ethnic status and individuation. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.
The role of psychosocial protective factors in adolescent health-enhancing behaviors--healthy diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, good dental hygiene, and seatbelt use--was investigated among 1,493 Hispanic, White, and Black high school students in a large, urban school district. Both proximal (health-related) and distal (conventionality-related) protective factors have significant positive relations with health-enhancing behavior and with the development of health-enhancing behavior. In addition, in cross-sectional analyses, protection was shown to moderate risk. Key proximal protective factors are value on health, perceived effects of health-compromising behavior, and parents who model health behavior. Key distal protective factors are positive orientation to school, friends who model conventional behavior, involvement in prosocial activities, and church attendance. The findings suggest the importance of individual differences on a dimension of conventionality-unconventionality. Strengthening both proximal and distal protective factors may help to promote healthful behaviors in adolescence.
Hundreds of studies have tested the efficacy or effectiveness of school curriculum-based (CB) substance use prevention programs. Over the years, various researchers have also tested programs that included school curricula, but with the addition of school environment, family, mass media, or community components. The purpose of this review is to determine the extent to which adding any of these components to CB programs improves overall program effectiveness in the prevention of substance use (SU).
To examine models of risk for adolescent health-risk behavior, including family dysfunction, social acceptance, and depression as factors that may compound or mitigate the associations between adolescents' and peers' risk behavior.
Participants were 527 adolescents in grades 9-12. Adolescents reported on their substance use (cigarette and marijuana use, heavy episodic drinking), violent behavior (weapon carrying, physical fighting), suicidality (suicidal ideation and attempts), and the health-risk behavior of their friends.
Adolescents' substance use, violence, and suicidal behavior were related to their friends' substance use, deviance, and suicidal behaviors, respectively. Friends' prosocial behavior was negatively associated with adolescent violence and substance use. Family dysfunction, social acceptance, and depression altered the magnitude of association between peers' and adolescents' risk behavior. In cumulative risk factor models, rates of adolescent health-risk behavior increased twofold with each added risk factor.
Results supported both additive and multiplicative models of risk. Implications for intervention and primary prevention are discussed.
To evaluate the hypothesis that adolescents are less likely to smoke if their parents voice strong disapproval of smoking.
Three-wave school-based cohort study of rural Vermont adolescents attending 3 K-12 schools. We evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived parental disapproval of smoking and the adoption of smoking behavior.
Students' perceptions of their parents' reaction to their own smoking was ascertained by asking the following question for mothers and fathers: "How do you think your mother (father) would react if you were smoking cigarettes and she (he) knew about it?" A response of "S/he would tell me to stop and be very upset" was considered to indicate strong parental disapproval. Outcome measures include a 6-level smoking index for cross-sectional analyses and, for a longitudinal analysis of 372 never smokers at baseline, being an established smoker (smoked > or =100 cigarettes lifetime and within the past 30 days) by survey 3.
The study samples for the cross-sectional analyses were 662 (baseline), 758 (year 2), and 730 (year 3). Students were equally distributed across grade (4th-11th grades) and gender. At baseline, most (65.9%) adolescents perceived both parents as disapproving of smoking, with 110 (16.6) perceiving 1 parent as disapproving, and 116 (17.5%) perceiving neither parent as disapproving. Perceived disapproval of smoking was inversely associated with adolescent smoking, grade in school, parental and sibling smoking, friend smoking, and ownership of tobacco promotional items. After controlling for confounding influences, adolescents who perceived strong parental disapproval of their smoking were less than half as likely to have higher smoking index levels compared with those who did not perceive strong parental disapproval. In the longitudinal sample of baseline never smokers, those who perceived strong disapproval in both parents at baseline were less than half as likely to become established smokers (adjusted odds ratio 0.4 [0.1, 1.0]). Those who perceived their parents becoming more lenient over time were significantly more likely to progress to established smokers. In all analyses, the effect of parental disapproval of smoking was stronger and more robust than the effect of parent smoking. In addition, the effect of parent disapproval was as strong for parents who smoked as it was for nonsmoking parents. An interaction analysis suggests that the peer smoking effect is attenuated when both parents strongly disapprove of smoking, suggesting that parent disapproval makes adolescents more resistant to the influence of peer smoking.
These findings contrast with the widespread notion that there is little parents can do to prevent their adolescents from becoming smokers. Instead, adolescents who perceive that both parents would respond negatively and be upset by their smoking are less likely to smoke. Interventions that enhance parental self-efficacy in conveying and enforcing no-smoking policies for their children could reduce adolescent smoking.
To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention (Informed Parents and Children Together [ImPACT]) alone or with "boosters" could enhance (either broaden or sustain or both) the effect of a small group, face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids (FOK).
A longitudinal, randomized, community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income, community-based, in-town settings. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied. After completion of baseline measures, youths were randomized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone (FOK only), a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention (FOK plus ImPACT), or both of the above plus boosters (FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters). Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention.
At 6 months' follow-up, youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse, sex without a condom, alcohol use, and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of "risky sexual behavior" compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only. At 12 months after intervention, rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths. With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months, 2 risk behaviors--use of crack/cocaine and drug selling--were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters. The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly.
The results of this randomized, controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only. At the same time, the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention.
What determines adolescents' accuracy in perceiving parental values? The current study examined potential predictors including parental value communication, family value agreement, and parenting styles. In the study, 547 Israeli adolescents (aged 16 to 18) of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds participated with their parents. Adolescents reported the values they perceive their parents want them to hold. Parents reported their socialization values. Accuracy in perceiving parents' overall value system correlated positively with parents' actual and perceived value agreement and perceived parental warmth and responsiveness, but negatively with perceived value conflict, indifferent parenting, and autocratic parenting in all gender compositions of parent-child dyads. Other associations varied by dyad type. Findings were similar for predicting accuracy in perceiving two specific values: tradition and hedonism. The article discusses implications for the processes that underlie accurate perception, gender differences, and other potential influences on accuracy in value perception.
The influence of the developmental process of individuation, family conflict and cohesion, and ethnicity on adolescent alcohol use was examined in a 3-year longitudinal study. Participants included non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, and African American adolescents (n = 6,522) from 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. They were surveyed annually for 3 years. Depending on which aspect of individuation was measured, hierarchical linear modeling indicated that changes in adolescent individuation were related to either increases or decreases in alcohol use over the 3-year period. Separation and family conflict were related to increases in alcohol use, and intergenerational individuation and family cohesion were related to decreases in alcohol use. White and Mexican American adolescents had a faster rate of increase in alcohol use than did African American youth. Separation and family process similarly influenced adolescent alcohol use from different ethnic groups. Implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
Almost half the children born in the last decade will experience the divorce of their parents, and many of these children will also go through the changes associated with their custodial parent's remarriage. Most children initially experience their parents' marital rearrangements as stressful; however, children's responses to their parents' marital transitions are diverse and are likely to vary with the age of the child and to change over time as family members adjust to their new circumstances. This longitudinal study examined family relationships and adolescents' adjustment during the transition to remarriage. Three groups of families were studied: stepfamilies with a divorced custodial mother who was in the first months of a remarriage; families with a divorced custodial mother who had not remarried; and nondivorced families. Families were assessed three times during a 26-month period, and there were approximately equal numbers of early adolescent male and female target children in each family type. Family relationships and children's adjustment were assessed using interview measures obtained from multiple perspectives and from observational measures of family interactions in the home. This Monograph examined differences between the three family groups in children's adjustment, marital relationships, parentchild relationships, and sibling relationships as the children were moving through early adolescence and as stepfamilies were coping with a new remarriage. Authoritative child rearing was associated with positive adjustment in children in all family groups. Children in nondivorced families were more competent and exhibited fewer behavior problems than children in divorced or remarried families. Unlike the findings with younger children, few gender × family-type interactions were obtained, and no adjustment to the remarriage over the 26 months of the study was found in stepfather-stepchild relations or in the adjustment of stepchildren.
Family interaction and attachment assume prominent roles in social control theories of delinquency. However, the degree of conceptualization and the measurement strategies generally employed arguably are inadequate to capture the real dynamic quality of such relationships and to specify their effects on delinquency involvement. The purpose of this research is to distinguish more precisely those family interaction mechanisms which are associated with delinquency. The analysis, based on a sample of 824 adolescents, leads to the specification of seven distinct family interaction dimensions: control and supervision, identity support, caring and trust, intimate communication, instrumental communication, parental disapproval of peers, and conflict. Compared with research based on a single attached-unattached dimension, this multidimensional model gives a much more complete and precise sense of the kind of relationships which exist between parents and their more or less delinquent children. In addition, the analysis shows that the family interaction variables have similar effects on delinquency in both-parent, mother-only, and mother/stepfather homes. The analysis by race, sex, and race-sex subgroups suggests, however, that while there is a core of family attachment dimensions that is important for all adolescents, there are several important subgroup differences.
* Research sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.
A series of structural equation models was specified to examine whether parental involvement predicts adolescents' development, controlling on family socioeconomic statuses, family composition, mothers 'work status, race, and gender Three measures of adolescent development and two dimensions of parental involvement were entered in the equations. The measures of development were grade point average, a standardized achievement test score, and an indicator of misbehavior The dimensions of parental involvement were connection (three measures) and regulation (fourmeasures). The study was based on data from high school juniors (N = 362) in two county school systems in North Carolina. Analyses consist of descriptive statistics, Cronbach s alpha, and ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression. The findings provided equivocal support for the hypotheses, which was consistent with reports from earlier research, in which results differed depending on the operational definitions of both parental involvement and outcome measures of adolescent development. Directions for further research were outlined.
This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, with optimally chosen but unknown parameter values, to the population covariance matrix. The second is overall error which involves the fit of the model, with parameter values estimated from the sample, to the population covariance matrix. Measures of the two types of error are proposed and point and interval estimates of the measures are suggested. These measures take the number of parameters in the model into account in order to avoid penalizing parsimonious models. Practical difficulties associated with the usual tests of exact fit or a model are discussed and a test of “close fit” of a model is suggested.
consider the following issues: (a) the usefulness of the χ[superscript]2 statistic based on various estimation methods for model evaluation and selection; (b) the conceptual elaboration of and selection criteria for fit indexes; and (c) identifying some crucial factors that will affect the magnitude of χ[superscript]2 statistics and fit indexes / review previous research findings as well as report results of some new, unpublished research (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This study examines how experiences in the family domain may magnify or mitigate experiences in the peer domain, and how processes in both milieus may influence adolescent substance use. The data derived from 666 European American mother-adolescent dyads and 510 European American father-adolescent dyads. Consistent with individuation-connectedness theory, mothers' responsiveness lessened their adolescents' orientation to peers, which, in turn, reduced adolescent substance use. This process was moderated by maternal values regarding adolescent alcohol use; that is, the relation of maternal responsiveness to adolescent substance use depended on the extent of maternal approval or disapproval of adolescent alcohol use. Among fathers, closer monitoring was directly associated with less adolescent substance use, with stronger effects among fathers who held more disapproving values regarding adolescent alcohol use. Theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic implications are given.
This paper presents evidence that the Patterson et al. (1992)model of development of antisocial behavior in children generalizes to the development of a wide array of problem behaviors during later adolescence and that youth antisocial behavior, high-risk sexual behavior, academic failure and substance use form a single problem behavior construct. Structural equation modeling methods were applied to 24-month longitudinal data from 204 adolescents and parents. The model fit the data well, accounting for 52% of the variance in adolescent problem behavior. Specifically, families experiencing high levels of conflict were more likely to have low levels of parent–child involvement. These family conditions were related to poor parental monitoring and association with deviant peers one year later. Poor parental monitoring and associations with deviant peers were strong proximal predictors of engagement in an array of problem behaviors at two-year follow-up.
Adolescent involvement with alcohol, drugs, tobacco, sexual relationships, and gang violence begins at increasingly younger ages. Awareness of the dangers and consequences of risk-taking behavior has not had a profound or lasting impact on adolescent behavior, and there appears to be no relation between risk behavior and general knowledge concerning these topics.
Using paired anonymous questionnaires, we surveyed 215 seventh-grade students and their parents about their experience with and attitudes toward adolescent risk-taking behaviors. The results of each student questionnaire were compared with results of his or her own parents. The survey instrument contained questions concerning tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, sexual activity, gang membership, general knowledge concerning these topics, and parental guidance given. Data were analyzed using the chi2 test of significance.
Parent and student recollection of issues discussed and guidance given differed widely, as did the students' understanding of their parents' guidance. Factors found to have a meaningful impact on the reduction of risk behavior in the adolescent population were (1) students perceiving a satisfactory relationship with their parents, and (2) parents successfully communicating their expectations regarding these behaviors to their children.
Parental direction has a powerful effect on the reduction of risk behavior in young adolescents. A limited ability for abstract reasoning during early adolescence requires clear anticipatory guidance by parents and an active effort to maintain communication in the child-parent relationship.
This controlled parent-targeted drug prevention intervention followed two cohorts of students to determine the effect of encouraging parents to intervene in risk factors for adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Suggestions included limiting association with substance-using peers and asking parents to limit adolescent access to alcohol. Although student participation and retention in the study was good parent participation was poor. Parents were unlikely to know whether their children had substance-using friends and there was no impact on adolescent substance use. However, parent monitoring of children's whereabouts, maintaining high rapport and a respectful parent-child relationship did protect against adolescent substance use. Future parent-targeted prevention programs should target protective factors, rather than trying to control risk factors.
A developmental model of antisocial behavior is outlined. Recent findings are reviewed that concern the etiology and course of antisocial behavior from early childhood through adolescence. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the route to chronic delinquency is marked by a reliable developmental sequence of experiences. As a first step, ineffective parenting practices are viewed as determinants for childhood conduct disorders. The general model also takes into account the contextual variables that influence the family interaction process. As a second step, the conduct-disordered behaviors lead to academic failure and peer rejection. These dual failures lead, in turn, to increased risk for depressed mood and involvement in a deviant peer group. This third step usually occurs during later childhood and early adolescence. It is assumed that children following this developmental sequence are at high risk for engaging in chronic delinquent behavior. Finally, implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
This study examined alcohol use among seventh graders in relation to life events, daily hassles, the supportive quality of the family environment, coping, and anxiety. Four hundred twenty-five students participated, 228 girls and 197 boys. Stepwise regression and discriminant function analyses indicated that the students reported more alcohol use if they also reported more life events, more daily hassles, and more conflict in the family. A stress-buffering effect of low family conflict on life events could not be substantiated for extent of alcohol use. The results are discussed in the context of the developmental transitions of adolescence.
TRAUMATIC events have long been felt to be of importance as etiologic factors in disease. Physical trauma is one cause of physical illness, and psychological trauma is a cause of psychopathology. But what is psychological trauma? For the purpose of this and related studies we define psychological trauma as those events that require a readjustment on the part of the individual, a change in his life, so to speak; and we quantify this readjustment in terms of Life Change Units (L.C.U.s). This concept and terminology was introduced by HOLMES and RAHE [l] in 1967 and applied to the field of Child Psychiatry by the author [2] in 1970. The reader will note that the definition is very broad and includes events with a positive as well as a negative connotation. For example, a move to a new school district may be good or bad for a given child, but in either case requires some readjustment. By means of a survey [2] of 243 professionals (131 teachers, 25 pediatricians, and 87 mental health workers) we gathered the data necessary to assign a weight in L.C.U.s to each of the events noted in Table 2. The current study is aimed at establishing normal values for children of different ages and investigating the influence of the variables of sex, race socio-economic class, and religion on these normal values. How much psychological readjustment can the average child be expected to undergo in the course of a year? With this information a normal “growth” curve can then be constructed on which an individual child’s experience can be plotted and compared. METHOD Research was conducted by a bi-racial team of male and female students during a six week period in the summer of 1971. Attempting a valid cross-section of the population, surveying was done around the Columbus, Ohio, area at suburban and city swimming pools, community recreation centers, day care centres, county fairs, and by door-to-door canvassing. Parents were asked to complete the preschool and elementary school age forms, while junior high and senior high forms were filled out by the subjects themselves. To prevent repetition of family events, researchers polled only one member of a family and instructed him to indicate those events listed that have occurred in the past year. Information was obtained from 3620 individuals. Surveyors chose a sample population with a racial proportion approximating the state of Ohio (Table 1). Also considered was a balance of age and social class as determined by Hollingshead Index of social position score and Hollingshead Social class. Due to ambiguity of the printed forms, responses to the religious item were discounted. form through typographical error. “Death of a parent” was omitted from the elementary Further scrutiny of Table 1 reveals that 94 subjects indicated that they had had a serious illness requiring hospitalization in the past year. Since this was an attempt to study the effect of life events on the etiology of illness, these children were excluded from our calculations, hence our total N becomes 3526.
The reliability and stability of self-reports of licit and illicit drug use are estimated using longitudinal data, and found to be rather high. An apparent inconsistency in reporting (less use over a 12-month period than would be expected based on use reported over a 30-day period) is examined (1) for association with personal characteristics and (2) for individual consistency over time. Neither individual consistency nor significant associations are found, although there appears to be a tendency for discrepant reporting of marijuana and alcohol use to be correlated within time. The data used are from the Monitoring the Future project, an ongoing nationwide study of high school seniors, with follow-up surveys after graduation.
Given the sensitive topic of drug abuse and the private nature of the family, researchers must overcome a number of methodological obstacles when studying drug abuse and the family. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescents would provide honest and accurate answers to drug use questions in the context of their homes with their families participating in the same survey. Although there is no direct objective validation of the self-report measures used in this study, evidence from the analysis of the survey data suggests that adolescent self-reports are, in most cases, reliable and valid, and that the setting in which respondents complete questionnaires does not, in general, result in systematic reporting bias.
Numerous recent attempts to identify mediated and moderated effects in child-clinical and pediatric research on child adjustment have been characterized by terminological, conceptual, and statistical inconsistencies. To promote greater clarity, the terms mediating and moderating are defined and differentiated. Recommended statistical strategies that can be used to test for these effects are reviewed (i.e., multiple regression and structural equation modeling techniques). The distinction between mediated and indirect effects is also discussed. Examples of troublesome and appropriate uses of these terms in the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures are highlighted.
To test a socialization model of polydrug use among Mexican-American and white non-Hispanic school dropouts.
A sample of 910 Mexican-American and white non-Hispanic school dropouts were surveyed regarding their use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs, and socialization characteristics that have previously been shown to be predictive of adolescent substance use. A structural equation model based on peer cluster theory was evaluated for goodness of fit and for differences in model characteristics by ethnicity and gender.
Results partially confirmed peer cluster theory among school dropouts in that association with drug-using peers was the most powerful direct predictor of substance use. The effects of a number of other socializing influences were indirect, mediated through association with drug-using peers. Some differences were present between Mexican-American and white non-Hispanic subgroups.
Results were similar to those obtained from previous tests of this model among youth who remain in school, suggesting that social influences on drug use are similar across students and school dropouts. Association with drug-using peers dominates the prediction of substance use among school dropouts. However, family communication of drug use sanctions helps to both limit substance use and strengthen family bonds. Prior school adjustment is likely to be an important protective factor in limiting substance use among Mexican-American dropouts.
This study examines how experiences in the family domain may magnify or mitigate experiences in the peer domain, and how processes in both milieus may influence adolescent substance use. The data derived from 666 European American mother-adolescent dyads and 510 European American father-adolescent dyads. Consistent with individuation-connectedness theory, mothers' responsiveness lessened their adolescents' orientation to peers, which, in turn, reduced adolescent substance use. This process was moderated by maternal values regarding adolescent alcohol use; that is, the relation of maternal responsiveness to adolescent substance use depended on the extent of maternal approval or disapproval of adolescent alcohol use. Among fathers, closer monitoring was directly associated with less adolescent substance use, with stronger effects among fathers who held more disapproving values regarding adolescent alcohol use. Theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic implications are given.
A structural equation modeling approach is used to assess adolescent alcohol use as a function of two measures of individuation in the context of other family and peer psychosocial factors for adolescents in three ethnic groups. The separation measure captures aspects of individuation related to detachment or rebelliousness. Intergenerational individuation measures increasing self-reliance and control with maintenance of supportive family bonds.
A sample of 1,200 sixth through eighth grade black, Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white adolescents participated. A structural equation model describing adolescent alcohol use as a function of two measures of individuation, family conflict, communication with mother, stress and peer use of alcohol was tested and compared for the three ethnic groups.
Significant direct and indirect paths to adolescent alcohol use were indicated for individuation measures and family use, peer use and stress variables. The proposed model fit for each of the groups, although the way in which separation related to stress was different in the black group.
The findings support the role of individuation as a contributing factor in adolescent alcohol use for each ethnic group. They indicate the importance of family and parent-adolescent relationships in adolescent alcohol use and suggest directions for both family-based and school-based preventive interventions.
Monitoring (tracking and surveillance) of children's behavior is considered an essential parenting skill. Numerous studies show that well-monitored youths are less involved in delinquency and other normbreaking behaviors, and scholars conclude that parents should track their children more carefully. This study questions that conclusion. We point out that monitoring measures typically assess parents' knowledge but not its source, and parents could get knowledge from their children's free disclosure of information as well as their own active surveillance efforts. In our study of 703 14-year-olds in central Sweden and their parents, parental knowledge came mainly from child disclosure, and child disclosure was the source of knowledge that was most closely linked to broad and narrow measures of delinquency (normbreaking and police contact). These results held for both children's and parents' reports, for both sexes, and were independent of whether the children were exhibiting problem behavior or not. We conclude that tracking and surveillance is not the best prescription for parental behavior and that a new prescription must rest on an understanding of the factors that determine child disclosure.
Contemporary threats to adolescents' health are primarily the consequence of risk behaviors and their related adverse outcomes. Identifying factors associated with adolescents' risk behaviors is critical for developing effective prevention strategies. A number of risk factors have been identified, including familial environment; however, few studies have examined the impact of parental monitoring.
To examine the influence of less perceived parental monitoring on a spectrum of adolescent health-compromising behaviors and outcomes. Design. Survey.
A family medicine clinic. Participants. To assess eligibility, recruiters screened a sample of 1130 teens residing in low-income neighborhoods. Adolescents were eligible if they were black females, between the ages of 14 and 18 years, sexually active in the previous 6 months, and provided written informed consent. Most teens (n = 609) were eligible, with 522 (85.7%) agreeing to participate.
Variables in 6 domains were assessed, including: sexually transmitted diseases, sexual behaviors, marijuana use, alcohol use, antisocial behavior, and violence.
In logistic regression analyses, controlling for observed covariates, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to test positive for a sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7), report not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR: 1.7), have multiple sexual partners in the past 6 months (OR: 2.0), have risky sex partners (OR: 1.5), have a new sex partner in the past 30 days (OR: 3.0), and not use any contraception during the last sexual intercourse episode (OR: 1.9). Furthermore, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to have a history of marijuana use and use marijuana more often in the past 30 days (OR: 2.3 and OR: 2.5, respectively); a history of alcohol use and greater alcohol consumption in the past 30 days (OR: 1.4 and OR: 1.9, respectively); have a history of arrest (OR: 2.1); and there was a trend toward having engaged in fights in the past 6 months (OR: 1.4).
The findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of health risk behaviors and adverse biological outcomes associated with less perceived parental monitoring. Additional research needs to focus on developing theoretical models that help explain the influence of familial environment on adolescent health and develop and evaluate interventions to promote the health of adolescents.
The influence of the developmental process of individuation, family conflict and cohesion, and ethnicity on adolescent alcohol use was examined in a 3-year longitudinal study. Participants included non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, and African American adolescents (n = 6,522) from 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. They were surveyed annually for 3 years. Depending on which aspect of individuation was measured, hierarchical linear modeling indicated that changes in adolescent individuation were related to either increases or decreases in alcohol use over the 3-year period. Separation and family conflict were related to increases in alcohol use, and intergenerational individuation and family cohesion were related to decreases in alcohol use. White and Mexican American adolescents had a faster rate of increase in alcohol use than did African American youth. Separation and family process similarly influenced adolescent alcohol use from different ethnic groups. Implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
A prospective, school-based study of increasing alcohol use in a multi-ethnic sample of 7,540 adolescents showed that the effects of stress, family conflict, and parental monitoring were differentially moderated by two modes of individuation. The effects of stress were moderated by ethnic status and individuation. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
Despite an abundance of evaluative evidence concerning the effectiveness of several school-based substance use prevention curricula, many of the nation's middle schools continue to implement curricula that are either untested or ineffective. This study reports the prevalence of substance use prevention curricula in the nation's public and private schools that contain middle school grades. We also report school- and respondent-related background characteristics differentiating schools using at least 1 effective curriculum from those using ineffective or untested curricula. Respondents comprised the lead staff who taught substance use prevention in a representative sample of 1,905 of the nation's public and private schools that include middle school grades. Data were collected in 1999 by means of a self-administered survey. Altogether, 26.8% of all schools, including 34.6% of public schools and 12.6% of private schools, used at least 1 of the 10 effective curricula specified. Few school or respondent characteristics were related to program implementation. Over two thirds of schools reported using more than 1 curriculum, and almost half reported using 3 or more. Results demonstrate the considerable gap between our understanding of effective curricula and current school practice. Prevention researchers and practitioners should work closely together to find ways to increase the proportion of schools implementing effective curricula.
Links between parental knowledge and adolescent delinquent behavior were tested for correlated rates of developmental change and reciprocal associations. For 4 years beginning at age 14, adolescents (N = 396) reported on their delinquent behavior and on their parents' knowledge of their whereabouts and activities. Parents completed measures of their adolescents' delinquent behavior. Knowledge was negatively correlated with delinquent behaviors at baseline, and increases over time in knowledge were negatively correlated with increases in parent-reported delinquent behavior. Reciprocal associations indicate that low levels of parental knowledge predict increases in delinquent behavior and that high levels of delinquent behavior predict decreases in knowledge. Discussion considers both youth-driven and parent-driven processes that may account for the correlated developmental changes and reciprocal associations.