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Flavonoids in Horse Chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) Seeds and Powdered Waste Water Byproducts
Abstract
Horse chestnut extracts are widely used in pharmacy and cosmetic industries. The main active constituents are saponins of oleane type, but seeds of horse chestnut also contain flavonoids, being glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol. Their contribution to the overall activity of the extracts was not clear. In the present work, the main flavonoids from horse chestnut seeds were isolated and their structures established with spectral methods. Seven glycosides were isolated, out of which six ( 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 13) were previously reported and one ( 9) was identified as a new tamarixetin 3- O- [beta- d-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)]- O-beta- d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)- O-beta- d-glucopyranoside. The structures of three additional compounds 1, 10, and 12, not previously reported, were deduced on the basis of their LC-ESI/MS/MS fragmentation characteristics. A new ultraperformance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method has been developed for profiling and quantitation of horse chestnut flavonoids. The method allowed good separation over 4.5 min. Thirteen compounds could be identified in the profile, out of which di- and triglycoisdes of quercetin and kaempferol were the dominant forms and their acylated forms occurred in just trace amounts. The total concentration of flavonoids in the powdered horse chestnut seed was 0.88% of dry matter. The alcohol extract contained 3.46%, and after purification on C18 solid phase, this concentration increased to 9.40% of dry matter. The flavonoid profile and their content were also measured in the horse chestnut wastewater obtained as byproduct in industrial processing of horse chestnut seeds. The total flavonoid concentration in the powder obtained after evaporation of water was 2.58%, while after purification on solid phase, this increased to 11.23% dry matter. It was concluded that flavonoids are present in a horse chestnut extract in a relatively high amount and have the potential to contribute to the overall activity of these extracts. Industrial horse chestnut wastewater can be used to obtain quercetine and kaempferol glycosides for cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food supplement industries.
... mg/g (Owczarek and Olszewska, 2020) wood isolation, comparison with standards 0.035 mg/g - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) fruit shell isolation, comparison with standards 0.016 mg/g - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) seed isolation, comparison with standards 0.062 mg/g - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) flower paper chromatography with standards -- (Komissarenko et al., 1994) C10 isoscopoletin bark isolation, comparison with standards 0.018 mg/g - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) flower, leaf, seed, fruit shell paper chromatography with standards - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) C11 isoscopoletin 6-Oβ-glucopyranoside bark isolation, comparison with standards 0.107 mg/g - (Komissarenko et al., 1994) (isoscopolin) UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS 2 with standards -1.13-2.42 mg/g (Owczarek and Olszewska, 2020) flower, seed, fruit shell paper chromatography with standards -- (Komissarenko et al., 1994) A. Owczarek-Januszkiewicz et al. quercetin (F21), kaempferol (F9) and tamarixetin (F27) as well as quercetin 3-(2 ′′ -xylosyl)glucoside-3 ′ -glucoside (F22) (Hübner et al., 1999;Kapusta et al., 2007). They also indicated the presence of highly specific to the plant material nicotinoyl (F23) and indolinoyl (F24, F25) esters of F22 that have not been found in any other source (Hübner et al., 1999;Kapusta et al., 2007). ...
... mg/g (Owczarek and Olszewska, 2020) flower, seed, fruit shell paper chromatography with standards -- (Komissarenko et al., 1994) A. Owczarek-Januszkiewicz et al. quercetin (F21), kaempferol (F9) and tamarixetin (F27) as well as quercetin 3-(2 ′′ -xylosyl)glucoside-3 ′ -glucoside (F22) (Hübner et al., 1999;Kapusta et al., 2007). They also indicated the presence of highly specific to the plant material nicotinoyl (F23) and indolinoyl (F24, F25) esters of F22 that have not been found in any other source (Hübner et al., 1999;Kapusta et al., 2007). By UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS, Kapusta et al. (2007) tentatively identified also quercetin 3- ...
... They also indicated the presence of highly specific to the plant material nicotinoyl (F23) and indolinoyl (F24, F25) esters of F22 that have not been found in any other source (Hübner et al., 1999;Kapusta et al., 2007). By UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS, Kapusta et al. (2007) tentatively identified also quercetin 3- ...
... The presence of phenolic compounds (21,(34)(35)(36) in A. hippocastanum had been reported in literature. The antioxidant activity of the seeds was attributed to the presence of flavonoids, as indicated in the report of Kapusta et al. (35) . ...
... The presence of phenolic compounds (21,(34)(35)(36) in A. hippocastanum had been reported in literature. The antioxidant activity of the seeds was attributed to the presence of flavonoids, as indicated in the report of Kapusta et al. (35) . In 1999, Hübner, Wray and Nahrstedt demonstrated that the seeds of A. hippocastanum contained glycoside and acylated forms of quercetin and kaempferol (35,36) . ...
... The antioxidant activity of the seeds was attributed to the presence of flavonoids, as indicated in the report of Kapusta et al. (35) . In 1999, Hübner, Wray and Nahrstedt demonstrated that the seeds of A. hippocastanum contained glycoside and acylated forms of quercetin and kaempferol (35,36) . In numerous studies, A. hippocastanum, particularly the seeds (36)(37)(38)(39) , and its most common bioactive constituent escin (39)(40)(41)(42) were investigated thoroughly. ...
Aesculus hippocastanum L. is a native tree of Asia. Its leaves, seeds and flowers have long been used in folk medicine and in traditional food ingredients. In this study, the bark, seeds, leaves and flowers as aerial parts of A. hippocastanum were extracted in ethanol. The antioxidant capacity of each part was determined for its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity, microsomal lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity and total phenolic content. Among all the parts examined, the bark extract of A. hippocastanum revealed the highest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 value of 0.025 mg/mL and 0.014 mg/mL for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and for the scavenging of DPPH radical, respectively. The bark extract was further examined for its cytotoxic effect on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and on healthy cells (3T3) using the MTT method. Cell viability was reduced to 30% upon the addition of 0.5 mg/mL bark extract for both cell lines.
... Overall, forty compounds were identified: 18 in pulp, 13 in skin, and 15 in husk, with all fruit parts presenting a distinct chemical profile. The phenolic profile of horse chestnut has been previously described by other authors, mainly in the pulp [25][26][27] and husk [28,29]. The main family of phenolic compounds found in horse chestnut skin and husk were (epi)catechin derivatives, being the common compounds between both samples at peaks 2, 11, 12, 17, 21, and 24. ...
... The main family of phenolic compounds found in horse chestnut skin and husk were (epi)catechin derivatives, being the common compounds between both samples at peaks 2, 11, 12, 17, 21, and 24. Peaks 7, 26, and 29 presented a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 577 and MS 2 [26] in horse chestnut seeds and powdered waste water by-products. Regarding the phenolic acid derivatives, caffeic and p-coumaric acid derivatives were the only compounds present in pulp (peaks 1, 6, 13, and 14) and husk (8,35, and 38) samples, whereas skin samples did not reveal these types of compounds. ...
Aesculus hippocastanum L., also known as horse chestnut, is an ornamental tree whose seeds are mostly discarded in landfills in the regions where they are grown. However, recent studies have shown that these seeds can be a source of interesting compounds for several industries. This work aimed to chemically characterize horse chestnut seeds at the level of compounds recognized for their wide bioactivity, i.e., organic acids, including phenolic compounds, using chromatographic methodologies (UFLC-DAD and LC-DAD-ESI/MSn). In addition, the bioactivity of these seeds was evaluated by in vitro methodologies, seeking to relate the respective (bio)activity to the compounds present in the endocarp (husk), seed coat (skin), and peeled seed (pulp). The antioxidant activity (lipid peroxidation inhibition and oxidative haemolysis inhibition), antibacterial potential (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and cytotoxicity (in human tumour cell lines and porcine liver primary cells) were evaluated. Kaempferol-O-pentoside-O-hexoside-O-hexoside was the main phenolic identified in the pulp. At the same time, (-)-epicatechin and β-type (epi)catechin dimer were the major phenolics present in husk and skin, respectively. In general, A. hippocastanum extracts presented antioxidant and antibacterial potential, without toxicity up to the maximal tested dose. Overall, these findings anticipate potential applications of A. hippocastanum seeds in food- or pharmaceutical-related uses.
... The presence of sugar moieties was con rmed by acid-hydrolysis, semi-synthesis of its derivatives and gas chromatography. Kapusta et al. (2007 ) isolated from the same plant, and an ion consistent with the deoxy analog 53 was analyzed using mass spectrometry ( Figure 21.3 ) ( Kapusta et al., 2007 ). Kanchanapoom et al. (2002 ) identi ed (+)-lotthanongine ( 54 ) in the roots of Trigonostemon reidioides Craib, a shrub found in Southeast Asia which is used in traditional medicines due to its antiseptic and emetic properties and thus could be useful in treating mycetism ( Figure 21.3 ). ...
... The presence of sugar moieties was con rmed by acid-hydrolysis, semi-synthesis of its derivatives and gas chromatography. Kapusta et al. (2007 ) isolated from the same plant, and an ion consistent with the deoxy analog 53 was analyzed using mass spectrometry ( Figure 21.3 ) ( Kapusta et al., 2007 ). Kanchanapoom et al. (2002 ) identi ed (+)-lotthanongine ( 54 ) in the roots of Trigonostemon reidioides Craib, a shrub found in Southeast Asia which is used in traditional medicines due to its antiseptic and emetic properties and thus could be useful in treating mycetism ( Figure 21.3 ). ...
... Moreover, some Aesculus spp. contain components that are beneficial to human health, especially flavonoids (Wei et al., 2004;Kapusta et al., 2007;Zlatanov et al., 2013;Oszmiański et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2020b;Jarzebski et al., 2021). Various herbal tea products have been developed from the flowers of the European horse chestnut (A. ...
... The sweet aftertaste of tea is due to the contents of (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin, while flavonol glycosides are associated with the astringency and bitterness of tea infusions (Scharbert et al., 2004;Scharbert and Hofmann, 2005;Cao et al., 2019;Dong et al., 2019;Guo et al., 2021). The seeds of A. chinensis, A. hippocastanum, A. carea, and A. turbinate contain various flavonol glycosides (Kapusta et al., 2007;Kimura et al., 2017;Cheng et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2020a). Glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol have been identified in the leaves of A. hippocastanum and A. carea (Oszmiański et al., 2014). ...
The seeds of Chinese horse chestnut are used as a source of starch and escin, whereas the potential use of whole plant has been ignored. The astringency and bitterness of tea produced from the leaves and flowers were found to be significantly better than those of green tea, suggesting that the enriched flavonoids maybe sensory determinates. During 47 flavonoids identified in leaves and flowers, seven flavonol glycosides in the top 10 including astragalin and isoquercitrin were significantly higher content in flowers than in leaves. The crude proteins of flowers could catalyze flavonol glucosides' formation, in which three glycosyltransferases contributed to the flavonol glucosylation were screened out by multi-dimensional integration of transcriptome, evolutionary analyses, recombinant enzymatic analysis and molecular docking. The deep exploration for flavonol profile and glycosylation provides theoretical and experimental basis for utilization of flowers and leaves of Aesculus chinensis as additives and dietary supplements.
... Four further diglycosides (20, 24, 28, and 20) were assigned as pentoside-hexosides and hexoside-rhamnosides of kaempferol and quercetin, judging by the neutral losses of −132 amu (pentose moiety), −162 amu (hexose moiety), or −146 amu (rhamnose moiety). The detected hexosiderhamnosides were compared with authentic standards of 3-O-(4"-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)α-L-rhamnopyranosides of kaempferol and quercetin, previously found in the seed of horse chestnut [21,22]; however, in neither case did the retention times overlap. The present work confirmed the occurrence of seven flavonoids previously isolated from the plant material and two whose presence was chromatographically inferred [5]. ...
... In the present work, the aglycones were, however, not detected. of horse chestnut [21,22]; however, in neither case did the retention times overlap. ...
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) flower is a traditional medicine applied to alleviate symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). However, its flavonoid-based composition has not been sufficiently recognized, and the data supporting its traditional application are lacking. In the work, 43 constituents were detected by UHPLC–PDA–ESI–TQ–MS/MS (flavonoids, phenolic acids, flavanols, and coumarins), including 31 reported in the flower for the first time. The quantitative HPLC–PDA study (developed and validated for quality control purposes) indicated the fractionated extraction as an efficient method for enhancing the total polyphenol content (TPHC) in the extracts (up to 414.06 mg/g) and kaempferol glycosides as their dominant constituents (75.05–82.14% TPHC). The activity studies showed significant scavenging properties of the extracts and their constituents towards reactive oxygen species (especially against highly reactive hydroxyl radical, with capacities up to 7.85 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g). Moreover, the analytes relevantly protected human plasma biomolecules from peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage; at 1–50 µg/mL, they hindered the protein nitration and lipid peroxidation, decreasing the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (by up to 50%) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (by up to 70%), respectively. The extracts also averted the depletion of plasma thiols (by up to 67%) and improved the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma. The demonstrated mechanisms might be partly responsible for the efficacy of the flower in CVI. Additionally, the anti-aggregatory and anticoagulant properties of the extracts were found only mild or negligible, which suggests that they may be safely applied with drugs impacting the coagulation process.
... Further herbal bioactives are cost-effective for any therapy in compared to Allopathic medications as they are much expensive and have higher toxicity risks [5,6,73]. Aesculus hippocastanum L. commonly known as horse chestnut and buckeyes [7], is a rapidly growing ornamental tree belonging to the family hippocastanaceae, used for the prevention of many diseases and highly adapted in polluted environment [8]. Trees are grown up to 30 m in height and 1 m thick with short stem having a rounded crown [9]. ...
... The most valuable constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract are escin and prosapogenin. Escin is a group of triterpenoid saponin glycoside including glycosides of protoaescigenin barringtogenol C [7]. Escin is categorized into two classes αand β-escin and they can be differentiated on the basis of its melting point, hemolytic index, solubility in water and by specific rotation [18]. ...
Medicinal plants are used from ancient times for treatment of various ailments. Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut), is the popular and most valuable tree native to the South East Europe. It's seed extracts and their concentrates contain phytocompounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoid saponin glycosides (escin), epicatechin, tannins, kaempferol, esculin, fraxin, carbohydrate, essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), oleic acid and purine bases (adenine and guanine). Due to these vital phyto-constituents, horse chestnut is used in phytomedicine for the prevention and treatment of diverse disorders as in venous congestion in leg ulcers, bruises, arthritis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, phlebitis etc. We collected the pharmacological applications of Aesculus hippocastanum L. extracts and escin as the cheif bioactive compound and their uses in traditionally and clinically for the management of various disorders. This review describes the efficacy of A. hippocastanum L. extracts and their bioactive compounds. So in the furtue this plant may be useful for the alternative treatment measure for various ailments via incorporating either extract or escin into novel delivery systems for improving the social health in future and would provide improved quality of life.
... Recently, many studies have demonstrated that Aesculus chinensis have beneficial effects involving their antitumor, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities [3,4]. Previous investigation of its chemical constituents resulted in various types of compounds, such as triterpenoids [5][6][7], flavonoids [8,9], coumarins [10] and steroids. So far, most studies have been focused on components of less polarity fractions and little has been known about polar fractions consists. ...
... So far, most studies have been focused on components of less polarity fractions and little has been known about polar fractions consists. As an extension study on biologically active compounds from polar portion, six new indole glycosides (1-6) and six known analogs (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) were obtained ( Figure 1) and their neuroprotective activities and cytotoxic activities were also evaluated. ...
The dried seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bge. var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang, called “Suo Luo Zi”, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Nevertheless, most studies have been focused on components of less polarity fractions. In this research, twelve indoles, including six new indole glycosides (1–6) as well as six known analogs were isolated from the polar portion which has been seldom studied. This is the first description of N-glucosylated indoles obtained from the genus of Aesculus. Structures of the new compounds (1–6) were elucidated based on comprehensive interpretation of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Additionally, the neuroprotective activities of the N-glucosylated indoles were evaluated for the first time indicating that compounds 1–5 and 9–10 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activities. Further cytotoxicity tests of isolates 1–10 on three human tumor cell lines suggested that none of these compounds were cytotoxic (IC50 > 50 μM).
... Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) is a tree which grows in Iran, Northern India, Asia Minor, and Southeast Europe, as well as in the U.S.A, commonly known as horse chestnut. It is also widely cultivated in parks and gardens for its bright white, yellow, or red flowers [10]. Horse chestnut seeds have been used traditionally for therapeutic purposes for many centuries. ...
... Moreover, A. hippocastanum extracts demonstrated an important presence of flavonoids, a group of secondary metabolites with antibacterial and antiviral activities and radical scavenging capacity and they are used in varicose veins and capillary fragility [10,22]. The main flavonoids and phenolic acids identified in the A. hippocastanum extracts were quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, esculetin, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid [3]. ...
Background: The advantageous health effects of extracts from different types of plants have been known for centuries and the search for new natural extracts is very important at present.
Methods: In this study, the antioxidant and the antimicrobial activities of Aesculus hippocastanum mother tincture (TM) against a range of foodborne bacteria were investigated to determine the major
components and the action spectrum and the antimicrobial efficacy of the extract.
Results: Results demonstrated a high antioxidant ability; total polyphenolic content was 506.8 ± 15.2mg GAE/100ml and the highest content was found for flavonoids. Moreover, TM demonstrated
the antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and all Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive with an high antimicrobial activity. The inhibitory activity showed a moderate effect on the growth
of 72.7% of strains in presence of different extract MIC.
Conclusion: The synergistic actions of bioactive compounds detected in the TM might be on the basis of the antioxidant and biological activities observed. These results can be applied in the
pharmaceutical field and also in food preservation, alternative medicine and natural therapies.
... It improves venous tone, supports lymphatic drainage, and protects microcirculation. 74,75 Daflon 500 mg twice daily for 6 months decreases the inflammatory response and the clinical symptoms of CVI. 74 Horse chestnut seed extract, derived from Aesculus hippocastanum, contains flavonoids. ...
... In several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it was found to be safe and effective in the management of edema associated with venous disease. 75,76 A Cochrane review examined the role of flavonoids in the management of VLUs and found 9 studies with 1075 participants. MPFF (Daflon 500), consisting of micronized desomin and flavonoids, improved the healing rate in the treatment of VLUs through inhibition of the inflammatory cascade. ...
Venous leg ulcers account for approximately 70% of all leg ulcers and affect 2.2 million Americans annually. After a comprehensive patient and wound assessment, compression therapy remains the cornerstone of standard care. Adjuvant care with topical or systemic agents is used for wounds that do not heal within 4 weeks. Once healed, long-term compression therapy with stockings or surgical intervention will reduce the incidence of recurrence. This continuing medical education article aims to outline optimal management for patients with venous leg ulcers, highlighting the role of a multidisciplinary team in delivering high quality care.
... and linoleic acids (35.2%) are the predominant components. 22,23 Coumarins like esculin, esculetin, scopoletin, and fraxetin can be found in flowers. Esculetin, scopoletin, and fraxetin are anti-inflammatory agents inhibiting the pro-inflammatory pathways of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. ...
For centuries, herbal remedies have been used to prevent and treat disease. Horse chestnut seeds are an abundant source of phytoconstituents containing triterpenoid saponins, with thirty molecules isolated and characterized. Escin, which is a combination of acylated triterpene glycosides composed of α- and β-escin, is the major biologically active component of horse chestnut seed extract. Escin is the most researched veno-active compound having anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous, and anti-oxidant properties to date. Due to their unique three pharmacological actions, escin is a well-established molecule for the management of venous diseases such as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and hemorrhoids. The available treatments for CVI have some disadvantages, including severe side effects, expensive surgical options, long duration of treatment, and limited accessibility to allopathic drugs. As a result, phytoconstituents and lifestyle changes can be seen as safe and effective therapy options for CVI management because they have no major side effects and can simultaneously function on several targets. This review article focuses on the chemical components of horse chestnut extract, particularly the phytoconstituents escin, and proanthocyanidins, which have been extensively studied in preclinical and clinical studies. The review article provides a comprehensive overview of their potential therapeutic benefits in managing symptoms of CVI, as well as their regulatory status.
Keywords: Escin; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-edema; Anti-oxidant; Horse chestnut extract; Varicose Veins.
... There have been several studies utilizing 13 C NMR for studying wastewater, in both the solution [108,168,188,189,192,193,229,231,232,265,[272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280] and solid states [124,157,163,[281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290][291]. In general, 13 C is used alongside 1 H NMR (which is easier to acquire) as they provide complementary information about chemical systems, and therefore are commonly applied to the identification of wastewater components. ...
NMR spectroscopy is arguably the most powerful tool for the study of molecular structures and interactions, and is increasingly being applied to environmental research, such as the study of wastewater. With over 97% of the planet’s water being saltwater, and two thirds of freshwater being frozen in the ice caps and glaciers, there is a significant need to maintain and reuse the remaining 1%, which is a precious resource, critical to the sustainability of most life on Earth. Sanitation and reutilization of wastewater is an important method of water conservation, especially in arid regions, making the understanding of wastewater itself, and of its treatment processes, a highly relevant area of environmental research. Here, the benefits, challenges and subtleties of using NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of wastewater are considered. First, the techniques available to overcome the specific challenges arising from the nature of wastewater (which is a complex and dilute matrix), including an examination of sample preparation and NMR techniques (such as solvent suppression), in both the solid and solution states, are discussed. Then the arsenal of available NMR techniques for both structure elucidation (e.g., heteronuclear, multidimensional NMR, homonuclear scalar coupling-based experiments) and the study of intermolecular interactions (e.g., diffusion, nuclear Overhauser and saturation transfer-based techniques) in wastewater are examined. Examples of wastewater NMR studies from the literature are reviewed and potential areas for future research are identified. Organized by nucleus, this review includes the common heteronuclei (¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁹F, ³¹P, ²⁹Si) as well as other environmentally relevant nuclei and metals such as ²⁷Al, ⁵¹V, ²⁰⁷Pb and ¹¹³Cd, among others. Further, the potential of additional NMR methods such as comprehensive multiphase NMR, NMR microscopy and hyphenated techniques (for example, LC-SPE-NMR-MS) for advancing the current understanding of wastewater are discussed. In addition, a case study that combines natural abundance (i.e. non-concentrated), targeted and non-targeted NMR to characterize wastewater, along with in vivo based NMR to understand its toxicity, is included. The study demonstrates that, when applied comprehensively, NMR can provide unique insights into not just the structure, but also potential impacts, of wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Finally, low-field NMR, which holds considerable future potential for on-site wastewater monitoring, is briefly discussed. In summary, NMR spectroscopy is one of the most versatile tools in modern science, with abilities to study all phases (gases, liquids, gels and solids), chemical structures, interactions, interfaces, toxicity and much more. The authors hope this review will inspire more scientists to embrace NMR, given its huge potential for both wastewater analysis in particular and environmental research in general.
... Methylquercetin is one of the phytochemicals with an antioxidant effect, very rich in polyphenols, found in Crataegus L. and Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chestnut) plants, was detected at high levels in samples taken from Hakkari (22), Igdır (25) and Bergama district of ˙I zmir province (20) (Kapusta et al., 2007). Epigallocatechin, which is the active ingredient of green tea, was determined in Bergama district of ˙I zmir province (20), Muradiye district of Manisa province (3), Trabzon (12) and Gümüşhane (21) (Chacko et al., 2010). ...
Propolis is a natural product with many biological activities, and it has been used in many industrial areas, such as pharmaceuticals, food and cosmetics. Thus, in this study, we aim to evaluate the chemical content, antioxidant, antiviral activities, cytotoxicity and the iNOS of propolis samples collected from 39 different regions in Turkey. Phenolic, flavonoid and triterpene profiles were determined using the LC-HRMS method. The main phenolic compounds identified were flavonoids, including diosmetin, rhamnocitrin, isosakuranetin, naringenin, chrysin, 3-O-methyl-quercetin and acacetin, the main phenolic acid was found as caffeic acid. The major triterpene compounds were also detected as oleanolic acid and hederagenin. The composition of volatile compounds in the propolis samples was examined using GC–MS. α-Pinene, β-pinene and limonene were found as the main compounds in most of the samples. Cytotoxic activities against MDA-MB-231, PC-3, A549, HeLa and a non-tumor cell line HEK293 were performed using the MTT method. The iNOS was also determined using LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Propolis samples exhibited significant cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibition activities with a significant range of IC50 values. The total antioxidant/phenolic capacities in TR equivalents of propolis samples were assayed by DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, and Folin methods. The total phenolics content in the studied propolis extracts were found as between 0.96 and 13.53 mmol TR/g. TAC of propolis samples range with respect to the CUPRAC and FRAP methods were found from 0.71 to 8.24 and 0.21 to 2.27 mmol TR/g, respectively. Most of the propolis extracts exhibited more than 80 % DPPH scavenging activities, almost similar or higher than the positive controls. Antiviral activities of the samples were measured as virucidal activity by in ovo. All propolis samples promise for the significant inhibition of avian coronavirus. To our knowledge, this study is the first detailed study in the literature that includes the chemical content and biological activities of Turkish propolis collected from different geographical regions.
... It was proved that wastewater from the distillation of these herbs contains important metabolites such as glycosylated flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives, above all, rosmarinic acid [78]. Wastewater generated from aescin (a saponin from horse chestnuts) production contains kaempferol and quercetin [79]. ...
Moving toward a more sustainable development, a pivotal role is played by circular economy and a smarter waste management. Industrial wastes from plants offer a wide spectrum of possibilities for their valorization, still being enriched in high added-value molecules, such as secondary metabolites (SMs). The current review provides an overview of the most common SM classes (chemical structures, classification, biological activities) present in different plant waste/by-products and their potential use in various fields. A bibliographic survey was carried out, taking into account 99 research articles (from 2006 to 2020), summarizing all the information about waste type, its plant source, industrial sector of provenience, contained SMs, reported bioactivities, and proposals for its valorization. This survey highlighted that a great deal of the current publications are focused on the exploitation of plant wastes in human healthcare and food (including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food additives). However, as summarized in this review, plant SMs also possess an enormous potential for further uses. Accordingly, an increasing number of investigations on neglected plant matrices and their use in areas such as veterinary science or agriculture are expected, considering also the need to implement “greener” practices in the latter sector.
... • from the chemical point of view, it is necessary to collect more information about their different physico-chemical variability and their composition in order to increase the database of knowledge about these natural materials, even if in presence of their apparent marginality. • from the agronomic and botanical point of view, to better understand the specific taxa, or to consolidate the background about other features and relevant topics to these disciplines [34]. • from the pharmacological-nutraceutical point of view, to eventually establish specific applications for each variety, if they exist to some extent [24,25]. ...
The metal content in some samples of horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) was monitored over time (years 2016–2019) considering the two most common and representative Mediterranean varieties: the pure species (AHP, which gives white flowers) and a hybrid one (AHH, which gives pink flowers). The selected elemental composition of the samples was determined by applying the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique. Several samples obtained from different preliminary treatments of the peeled seeds were examined, such as: (i) floury samples (wild-type) mineralized with the wet method; (ii) the ashes of both AHP and AHH varieties; (iii) the fraction of total inorganic soluble salts (TISS). Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic crude extracts (as a tincture) were obtained according to the official Pharmacopoeia methods, and the relevant results were compared with those of a commercial sample, an herbal product-food supplement of similar characteristics. The main characteristics of this research work underline that the two botanical varieties give different distinctive characters, due to the Fe content (80.05 vs. 1.42 mg/100 g d.s., for AHP and AHH wild-type flour samples, respectively), along with K, Ca, Mn, Ni and Cu, which are more abundant in the AHP samples. Furthermore, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the experimental dataset in order to classify and discriminate the samples, in relation to their similar botanical origin, but different for the color of the bloom. These results can be useful for the traceability of raw materials potentially intended for the production of auxiliary systems of pharmacological interest.
... Halocnemum strobilaceum Flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, tannins, nitrateAesculus hippocastanumFlavonoids (tamarixetin 3-O[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)]-O-βd-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside)Kapusta et al. (2007) Ginkgo biloba Phenolics, flavonoid glycosides terpenes (terpene trilactones)He et al. (2009), Hao et al. (2010 andSingh et al. (2009) ...
Halophytic plants are known to be capable to adapt themselves to harsh conditions such as high salt and inorganic ion concentration (heavy metals), xerothermic atmosphere, improper irrigation, and cold seasonal temperatures. To mitigate the hazardous effects of heavy metals and saline environment, halophytic plants have evolved biological detoxification mechanisms in terms of avoidance or exclusion, evacuation, and accumulation of toxic ions. Halophytes restrain the toxic effects of high ion concentration by regulating certain biochemical pathways and physiological modifications. These detoxification mechanisms shield the plants against the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and protect them from biomolecular damage. One of the most important defense mechanisms includes production of antioxidants. This chapter explores the detoxification mechanism of halophytic plant system for salt and heavy metal stress by their inherent potential to accumulate certain nonenzymatic antioxidants such as secondary metabolites and to absorb and safely handle toxic ions
... In stark contrast with the huge number of both alkaloids and flavonoids, flavoalkaloids constitute an intriguingly small phytochemical group with pyrrole-, pyrrolidine-, piperidine-, and piperidinone flavoalkaloids being the most frequent scaffolds. Accordingly, the small group of indole flavoalkaloids, which ushered in the late 1990s with the isolation of (−)-licorice glycoside E from Glycyrrhiza uralensis [29] was so far represented by only eight structures; two oxindole-flavoalkaloids from Aesculus hippocastanum [30,31] (one of which being only tentatively identified), (+)lotthanongine from Trigonostemon reidioides [32], yuremamine isolated from Mimosa tenuiflora [33] along with the aforementioned uncariagambiriines A−C. ...
Epicatechocorynantheines A and B, and epicatechocorynantheidine were isolated from the stem bark of Corynanthe pachyceras. These molecules were pinpointed, and their isolation streamlined, by a molecular networking strategy. The structural elucidation was unambiguously accomplished from HRMS and 1D/2D NMR data. These compounds represent the first examples of corynanthean-type alkaloids tethered with a flavonoid. Epicatechocorynantheidine notably instigated two connections between the monoterpene indole alkaloid and the flavonoid, yielding an unprecedented octacyclic appendage. These flavoalkaloids exerted moderate antiplasmodial activities.
... In addition, the crude extracts of the seeds contain significant amounts of some other families of different compounds, such as condensed tannins (mainly flavonoids) and sterols. 19 A significant literature contribution about the chemical composition of AH chestnut was given by Kapusta et al., 18 tracing the flavonoid profile of the seeds and the wastewater obtained as by-product in the industrial processing of AH seeds. It was concluded that flavonoids present in these fractions can be safely used to obtain quercetine and kaempferol glycoside for cosmetic, nutraceutical, and supplement industries. ...
Some investigations have been conducted about the composition of Aesculus × carnea seeds (red horse-chestnuts). Different experimental techniques have been used to gain more information on morphological structure and proximate chemical composition of this product. Surface analysis by SEM showed internal typical structure of globular-form bodies, containing starch, lipids, proteins, mineral components, and many others species, confined in cell walls and cemented by a gelled hydrocolloid. The most representative data related to the chemical composition of naturally desiccated specimen are as follows: proteins 3.16%; lipids 4.34%; and total glucides 15.6%. Obviously, this chemical faces modulate some other undifferentiated chemical parameters, such as cold water solubility (53.9%) and total inorganic soluble salts (2.79%). A stringent comparison of the present findings has been made with our previous results obtained by working with the seeds of two Hippocastanaceae parent cultivars.
... chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang, Aesculus chinensis Bge and Aesculus wilsonii Rehd are commonly used to treat chest and abdomen pain, dysentery and ague [1,2] in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies on the genus of Aesculus revealed the presences of diverse secondary metabolites such as triterpenoids [3][4][5][6][7], flavonoids [8,9], coumarins [10] and steroids [11]. And a number of pharmacological studies have suggested that A. chinensis exhibited beneficial effects on antitumor [12], neuroprotective [13], anti-inflammatory [14] and cardio-protective activities [15]. ...
Abstract Three new phenylethanol glycosides (1-3) and one known analogue (4) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bge. var. chekiangensis. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first isolation of phenylethanol glycosides from the genus of Aesculus, which enriched its chemical composition. Structure elucidations were performed via extensive NMR and HRESIMS data together with comparison with literature data. Thereafter, the isolated compounds were assayed for their neuroprotective activities against CoCl2-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells and compound 3 exhibited moderate activity.
... Hubner et al. (1999) stated that the content in quercetin and kaempferol in horse chesnut trials was low and amounted to 0.3%. This is in disagreement with the data publish by Kapusta et al. (2007), showing that total concentration of flavonoids in horse chestnut seeds was 0.88% of dry matter, which can be further increased to 10% of dry matter when the extract is purified by solid-phase extraction. Authors Zhang et al. (2010) have confirmed that flavonoids and their derivatives constitute one of the main components of the seed, not only of horse chestnut (A. ...
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is a deciduous tree which is widely used on urban green spaces in Serbia. Also, the seed of horse chestnut is an important raw material in pharmaceutical industry, owing to its medicinal properties. In this study, the content of fatty acids, flavonoids, aescin and heavy metals in seeds of 11 horse chestnut genotypes growing in urban conditions was investigated. A total of 16 fatty acids were identified. Unsaturated fatty acids in seed samples were the most abundat. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid was the dominant one, with a total average content of 8.12%. Oleic acid, with the total average content of 53.46%, was the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid. The results of this study indicated the presence of the following flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol and rutin. Rutin was the most abundant, averagely contributing with 6.071 μg/g to the total quantified polyphenolics in all samples. The total aescin content ranged from 0.82% to 4.16%. Fruits of park and street trees from small- and middle-sized cities can be used in pharmaceutical industry as raw material. Differences between different urban site categories and localities were detected, which indicates the biochemical plasticity of the seeds to urban morphology.
... var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang obtained various types of isolates, for example, triterpenoids (Yuan et al., 2013), flavonoids (Kapusta et al., 2007), coumarins (Niu et al., 2015) together with steroids (Zhang et al., 2009). Polyhydroxylated triterpenoid saponins, isolated from Aesculus genus (Wei et al., 2004;Kim et al., 2017) with great structural diversity, have been proved to be the major bioactive principles including anticancer (Patlolla et al., 2006), neuroprotective (Cheng et al., 2016), anti-inflammatory (Matsuda et al., 1997), antioxidative (Küçükkurt et al., 2010), and antiedematous activities (Piller, 1976). ...
Phytochemical investigation of Aesculus chinensis Bge. var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang obtained 33 triterpenoid saponins, including 14 new ones, aesculiside C–P (1–14). The structure elucidations were performed through comprehensive MS, 1D and 2D-NMR analysis, and their absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction analysis as well as Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD method for the first time. All the substances were examined for their cytotoxic activities against three tumor cell lines, Hep G2, HCT-116, and MGC-803. Of these, compounds 8, 9, 14–16, 18, and 22 exhibited potent cytotoxicities against all cell lines with IC50 of 2–21 μM, while compounds 3, 6, 7, 17–19, 20, 24, and 28 depicted moderate activity (IC50 13 to >40 μM). On these bases, the preliminary structure-activity correlations were also discussed. Meanwhile the neuroprotective properties of triterpenoid saponins from Aesculus genus were evaluated for the first time. Among them, compounds 1, 4, 12, 20, 22, 25, 29, and 31 exhibited moderate activities against COCl2-induced PC12 cell injury.
... The characteristic compounds identified in the horse-chestnut extract by HPLC-PDA and their concentrations are presented in Table 2. The HPLC determinations reveal similar flavonoid composition in our extract to other studies [55,56]. The total phenolic content of the alcoholic extract of horsechestnut was 2.53 % and 1.01 % flavone/flavonol contents. ...
Horse-chestnut ethanolic extract was tested as potential corrosion inhibitor of bronze in simulated acid rain. The extract was analysed by FTIR, GC–MS and HPLC-PDA, and its anti-corrosion behaviour studied using a multiscale electrochemical approach by polarization curves, EIS and scanning electrochemical microscopy, along with SEM-EDS. 94 % inhibition efficiency was attained by developing a surface physisorbed film. A novel methodology for kinetic evaluation of dynamic adsorption of inhibitive species on metal surface is proposed using SECM, achieving good agreement with results from conventional electrochemical techniques. Excellent adsorption-desorption kinetic constants (ka = 0.102 s⁻¹ mol⁻¹ L; kd = 3.33 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹) were determined.
... Flavonoids A number of flavonoids have been detected in A.hi ppocastanum, including astragalin, isoquercitrin, leucocyanidin and rutin. Most of these compounds are found in seeds but also have been found in fruits leaves and buds [6,7]. ...
The article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific heritage of the Fergana fiqhschoolscholars in the field of the fiqh foundations (usul alfiqh). The scientific traditions of this school are the least studied in the historical science of this region in the Middle Ages. The article touched upon the history of the emergence of decision-making methods in various areas of the Islamic law foundations, as well as the place and importance of the positions and points of view of Fergana school scholars in this matter.
... Additional analyses, including 1H-NMR analysis and the Acid Butanol Assay, provided strong hints at different sugars and proanthocyanidins being present in the seed coats, inter alia supported by Kapusta et al. who found sugars in AEH seeds and Kimura et al. and Ogawa et al. proving proanthocyanidins being present in AET seed coats [10,11,34]. Again, this stresses the potential of AEH seed coats, as proanthocyanidins are classified as food-safe by the European Food Safety Authority [35]. ...
Background: To protect renewable packaging materials against autoxidation and decomposition when substituting harmful synthetic stabilizers with bioactive and bio-based compounds, extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum L. seeds were evaluated. The study objectives were to determine the antioxidant efficacy of bioactive compounds in horse chestnut seeds with regard to different seed fractions, improve their extraction, and to evaluate waste reuse. Methods: Different extraction techniques for field samples were evaluated and compared with extracts of industrial waste samples based on total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)). The molecular weight distribution and absorbance in ultraviolet range (UV) of seed coat extracts were determined, and the possibility of extracts containing proanthocyanidins was examined. Results: Seed coat extracts show a remarkable antioxidant activity and a high UV absorbance. Passive extractions are efficient and much less laborious. Applying waste product seed coats leads to a reduced antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and UV absorbance compared to the field sample counterparts. In contrast to peeled seed extracts, all seed coat extracts contain proanthocyanidins. Discussion: Seed coats are a potential source of bioactive compounds, particularly regarding sustainable production and waste reuse. With minimum effort, highly bioactive extracts with high potential as additives can be prepared.
... Phytochemistry 159 (2019) 148-158 occurring at position 3 of the aglycone. Fragmentation pattern of these compounds provided mainly the ion fragment corresponding to the aglycones (Kapusta et al., 2007). Isomeric compounds were assigned based on the chromatographic behaviour and confirmed with standard compounds isolated during the present study. ...
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. leaves are receiving a great attention for their ability to improve sleep, exerting beneficial effects for both the heart and the central nervous system. With the aim to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the specialised metabolites occurring in the leaves of Z. jujuba, a LC-ESI/(HR)Orbitrap/MS profile in negative ion mode of the methanol extract was carried out. The LC-MS profile guided the isolation of 42 compounds, of which the structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR experiments. Based on this approach, 2 previously unreported dammarane-type saponins have been characterized along with flavonoid derivatives, dammarane-type saponins and triterpenic acids. Dammarane-type saponins were tested for their cytotoxic activity against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines. None of the tested compounds, in a range of concentrations between 12.5 and 100 μM, caused a significant reduction of the cell number.
This work provides a deep insight on the chemistry of the leaves of Z. jujuba and could be useful for further biological studies aimed at identifying phytochemicals contributing to the health benefits attributed to this herbal drug.
... Various parts of Aesculus hippocastanum contain high levels of triterpene glycosides or saponins, including aescigenin, hippocaesculin and barringtogenol (Konoshima & Lee, 1986), the mix collectively called aesculin, aescin or escin; these have medical uses (Section 10.1). Horse-chestnut also contains tannins, carotenoids (including aesculaxanthin, lutein and citraurin), fatty acids (including lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, archaic and oleic acids), at least 10 coumarin derivatives (including esculetin) and at least 15 flavonoids, mainly glycosides of quercetin, leucocyanidin, procyanidin and kaempferol (Birtić & Kranner, 2006;Coruh & Ozdogan, 2014;Czeczuga, 1986;Deli, Matus, & Tóth, 2000;Dudek-Makuch & Matławska, 2011;Kapusta et al., 2007;Kędzierski, Kukula-Kocha, Widelski, & Głowniak, 2016;Kim et al., 2017;Morimoto, Nonaka, & Nishioka, 1987;Turkekul, Colpan, Baykul, Ozdemir, & Erdogan, 2018;Yoshikawa, Murakami, Yamahara, & Matsuda, 1998;Zhang et al., 2010) and polyprenols including undecaprenol, tridecaprenol and particularly dodecaprenol and castoprenol (Khidyrova & Shakhidoyatov, 2002;Wellburn, Stevenson, Hemming, & Morton, 1967). The highest concentration of most chemicals is in the seeds, particularly the cotyledons but they are also found in the fruit, bark, leaves and buds (Bombardelli, Morazzoni, & Griffini, 1996;Otajagić, Pinjić, Ćavar, Vidic, & Maksimović, 2012) and in embryonic callus tissue (Profumo, Caviglia, Gastaldo, & Dameri, 1991). ...
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse‐chestnut) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.
Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree native to the Balkan Peninsula. Native populations are small (<10,000 trees total) and apparently in decline, but the tree has been widely planted in gardens and streets across Europe and other temperate areas from the 17th century onwards. It was voted the UK's favourite tree in a 2017 poll. As a British neophyte, it is occasionally naturalised in open wooded habitats.
Horse‐chestnut is renowned for the beauty of its large (up to 30 cm long), upright panicles of white flowers, and for the large seeds (up to 42 g each) used in the formerly common children's game of “conkers.” More recently, the triterpene glycosides, extractable from various plant parts but especially the seeds, have been widely used in medicine.
In much of Europe, horse‐chestnut is affected by chestnut bleeding canker (caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi), the horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella and the leaf blotch fungus Guignardia aesculi. The canker is likely to lead to death of <10% individuals, but seeds of plants infested with the leaf miner are 40%–50% smaller, which may affect long‐term establishment in non‐planted areas.
... Herein, the structure elucidation by 1D-and 2D-NMR analysis along with computational chemistry aspects of the two flavone C-glycosides was reported, confirming their structures by theoretical study of the 1 H, 13 C chemical shifts and UV data. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the flavone Cglycosides was evaluated by the TEAC assay and the calculated theoretical BDE (bond dissociation enthalpy) and IP ( The 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 1 showed two singlets at δ 6.97 and 6.73, assigned to H-6 and H-3 of a flavone skeleton respectively, and further signals in the aromatic region at δ 7.95 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz) and 6.97 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz) typical of a 1,4-disubstituted aromatic ring (Table 1) (Kapusta et al., 2007). The 1 H NMR spectrum displayed also signals corresponding to anomeric protons at δ 5.12 (d, J = 7.6 Hz) and 4.94 (d, J = 7.6 Hz), assigned to two β-glucopyranosyl units (Polat et al., 2010). ...
The flavone C-glycosides namely apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and apigenin-8-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with p-methoxycinnamic acid (3), vaccaroside A (4), vaccaroside D (5), vaccaroside E (6) and abscisic acid glucose ester (7) were isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Vaccaria pyramidata. Structure elucidation of compounds 1-7 was accomplished by the extensive use of 1D- and 2D NMR experiments along with HR-ESI-MS. The structures of 1-2 have been confirmed by theoretical study of the ¹H, ¹³C chemical shifts and UV data. In addition, Ionization Potential (IP) and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy (BDE) were used to evaluate the theoretical antioxidant activity of compounds 1 and 2. TD-DFT method (time-dependent density functional) was used to calculate the electronic absorption spectra of compounds 1 and 2 from optimized structures in methanol and the orbitals involved in the electronic transition were elucidated.
... Aescin Kapusta et al. (2007) Cherry birch (Betula lenta) ...
Salt stress decreased plant growth and development; affects carbon metabolism, ion toxicity, nutritional status, and oxidative metabolism; and modulates the levels of secondary metabolites which are important physiological parameters in salt stress tolerance. Recent progress has been made in the identification and characterization of the mechanisms that allow plants to tolerate high salt concentrations and drought stress. Accumulation of secondary metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. The focus of the present chapter is the influence of salt stress on secondary metabolite production and some of important plant pharmaceuticals. Enhanced synthesis in the cytosol of determined secondary metabolites (anthocyanins, flavones, phenolics, and specific phenolic acids) under stress condition may protect cells from ion-induced oxidative damage by binding the ions and thereby showing reduced toxicity on cytoplasmic structures. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological implication of secondary metabolites in salt-tolerant crops.
... Aesculus hippocastanum, commonly known as horse chestnut, is a plant belonging to the family Hippocastanaceae. It can be found in Balkan region, Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria and mostly planted in Turkey as an ornamental tree due to the flowers and shade bearing characteristics [4]. A. hippocastanum has been generally used for pharmaceutical and medical preparations due to the aescin saponin content [5] and aesculin is the dye stuff found in the shells of the seeds [6]. ...
Aesculus hippocastanum L, known as horse chestnut, is generally used for therapeutic, medicinal and pharmaceutical applications and has large seed shells containing aesculin which is responsible for the dyeing property. Due to the lack of information on dyeing characteristics of horse chestnut extracts in leather and also textile engineering field, ecofriendly dyeing process of leathers with the extracts of horse chestnut seed shells has gained an interest. Therefore, in the study the dyeing properties of double face leathers with extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum L were investigated. Seed shells of A. hippocastanum were extracted with sodium hydroxide in different concentrations and the extraction yields were determined. In accordance with extraction results, the horse chestnut extracts were used for the dyeing process of double face leathers. To evaluate the effect of A. hippocastanum extract on dyeing properties of double face leathers, the proportions of the extracts were differentiated. The quality performance of dyed leathers was investigated in terms of colour measurements and to-and-fro rubbing fastness characteristics. The colour measurements were determined with Minolta CM-3600A spectrophotometer and to-and-fro rubbing fastness was examined in accordance with TS EN ISO 11640 standard. The results revealed that A. hippocastanum extract could be used as newly adapted natural dye stuff in eco-friendly double face production.
... In the HSQC spectrum, these protons correlated to carbons at δ 107.5 and 105.1, respectively (Table 2). Complete assignments of the 1 H and 13 C NMR signals of the sugar portion were accomplished by 1D-TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC and DQF-COSY experiments which allowed us to unambiguously assign all proton sugar signals and to identify one β-D-glucopyranosyl (δ 4.37) unit and one β-D-xylopyranosyl (δ 4.33) unit [27]. Τhe sites of attachment of the sugar moieties on the aglycone of 1 were determined by HMBC experiment, which showed key correlation peaks between the anomeric proton signals at δ 4.37 (H-1 xyl ) with the carbon resonance at δ 90.0 (C-3) and between the proton signal at δ 4.33 (H-1 glc ) with the carbon resonance at δ 80.2 (C-6) (Fig. 2). ...
... A significant contribution to the literature on the chemical composition of AH was made by Kapusta et al. (2007), who traced the flavonoid profile of the seeds and the wastewater obtained as a by-product during industrial processing of AH seeds. It was concluded that flavonoids present in these fractions can be safely used to obtain quercetine and kaempferol glycoside for the cosmetic, nutraceutical, and supplement industries. ...
This chapter appraises the seeds of horse chestnuts (. Aesculus hippocastanum [AH]) and their derived products. Escin, the major bioactive principle in AH seeds, has shown satisfactory evidence of clinically significant activity in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, postoperative edema, and mammary induration. There is some evidence that various escin molecules, such as saponins and sapogenins, show beneficial effects when administered at the right concentration, exhibiting an ethanol absorption inhibitory effect and hypoglycemic activity in the oral glucose tolerance test in vivo. Horse chestnut extract has a higher antioxidant activity than vitamin E, showing one of the highest "active-oxygen" scavenging abilities compared to other natural products. β-Escin from AH extracts was also tested to evaluate the chemopreventive efficacy of its dietary intake on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci. The main adverse effects of escins in humans are due to their hemolytic activity. Research efforts in this field are devoted to improving the selectivity for aberrant red corpuscles, promoting the β-escin fraction as a useful candidate agent for exploring new potential antileukemic drugs. Fresh or naturally desiccated seeds are usually treated by long leaching with water or wooden ashes to remove harshness and bitterness. These treatments cause a variation in the molecular structures of escin fractions, reducing the toxicity but maintaining their nutraceutical potential and anti-obesity effects. Alternatively, the slow roasting of nuts makes the escins harmless and the seeds edible. The claimed toxicity of these extracts makes them natural antibacterials, antimicrobials, antivirals, and antifungals, to some extent, that also act as environmentally biocompatible phytotherapeutics.
The primary focus of this study is the nurturing and adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions prevalent in the Republic of Uzbekistan, with an objective of yielding unusually high-quality olive oil that is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. Investigations were carried out into the physical and chemical properties of olives cultivated within Uzbekistan. The research findings support the assertion that the olive oils produced can be integrated into the diet, and also diversify the range of non-traditional vegetable oils available. Furthermore, this could enhance food security in response to rising population pressures. From a socioeconomic perspective, the cultivation of olives could serve as a viable financial endeavour for Uzbek residents, given that the process of producing this nutritious oil can be undertaken domestically with minimal expenditure.Conducting the results of the research work on the studies optimal timing of harvesting and planting stem cuttings Russian olive. The formation of adventitious roots on cuttings Russian olive is dependent on callus. The roots are laid in the cambium of the stem cuttings and breaking through the crust near the pillow or sheet between the callus and bark.
Essential oil of brown color was obtained by hydro-distillation from fresh flowers of horse chestnut. All major components of the corresponding oils were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The microorganisms most sensitive to the studied essential oil of flowers were revealed: Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Extensive documentation on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their constituents has been carried out by several workers. Although the mechanism of action of a few essential oil components has been elucidated in many pioneering works in the past, detailed knowledge of most of the compounds and their mechanism of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important for the determination of the effect of essential oils on different microorganisms, how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, and their interaction with food matrix components. Also, recent studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with essential oils have significant antimicrobial potential against multidrug-resistant pathogens due to an increase in chemical stability and solubility, decreased rapid evaporation and minimized degradation of active essential oil components.
Tamarixetin and its glycosides are widely distributed in natural plants, and they are also natural flavonoid derivatives of quercetin. Its main pharmacological effects include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, cardiovascular effects, etc. The pharmacokinetics showed that the distribution of direct absorption differed from that of biosynthesis. At the same time, research shows that tamarixetin is safe to use because it has little self-toxicity. In this paper, 181 articles on tamarixetin published from 1976 to 2023 are obtained from PubMed, China Knowledge Base Database, Wanfang Data, and other electronic databases. Tamarixetin is searched based on keywords, and 121 articles remain. Transformation synthesis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological action, and structure-activity relationship of tamarixetin were reviewed.
Subcritical water extraction of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) parts, such as seeds, seed shell, bark and leaves has been performed in a batch reactor at temperatures of 150, 200 and 250?C and extraction times of 5, 15 and 30 min. The obtained extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods to determine the total phenols, total carbohydrates and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the compounds detected in the extracts, such as triterpene saponins (escins), coumarin glycosides (esculin and fraxin), phenolic compounds (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and gallic acids) and furfurals (5-hydroxymethyfurfural, furfural, and 5-methylfufrual) were quantified using HPLC. High amount of escins was obtained in the seed extracts, while the highest amounts of esculin and fraxin were obtained in bark extracts. The total phenol content was the highest in shell and bark extracts, which implies that these extracts gave the highest antioxidant activity.
In the present paper, we introduce the phytoscreening and antiradical characteristics of conker extracts prepared from 2-, 1-year stored and just collected plants as well as the anti-inflammatory effect of oinment composition based on the extract.
The sonoextraction (SE) of aescin saponins and phenolic compounds from the inedible seed kernels of Aesculus hippocastanum was optimized using a central composite rotatable design coupled with response surface methodology, where the joint effects of ultrasonic power, sonication time, and ethanol proportion were investigated. Flavonol glycosides (≥90 % of the phenolic fraction), flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and aescin saponins were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSⁿ, and the quantitative data was fitted to a quadratic model to predict the optimal SE conditions. After validating the models, the significant effect of the three factors was confirmed. The extraction of flavonols was maximized to 48 ± 2 mg/g extract by SE at 105.9 W for 4.1 min in 83.9 % ethanol, while 19.9 min sonication at 100.9 W in 95.8 % ethanol favored the recovery of 3.8 ± 0.1 mg/g extract of aescin saponins. A process for simultaneous SE of both classes of phytochemicals was also established. Overall, these SE processes proved to be time-saving and selective for the A. hippocastanum seed active constituents, which are cognized for their wide range of bioactivities and applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
One of the major moral challenges for modern society is the fact that nearly one in ten people in the world is exposed to severe levels of food insecurity, and an estimated 2 billion people worldwide cannot rely on safe, nutritious, and sufficient food, whereas industrialized countries are dealing with over-consumption of food, food-related diseases and increasing food waste production; this represents an environmental, economic, and ethical challenge for the modern society. This chapter deals with the classification of food waste sources and lists an impressive number of the high-value target compounds that can be obtained at different scale-up levels (from the lab-scale up to the biorefinery level), depending on food waste and technology availability.
Legumes and nuts are some of the most nutritious foods widely consumed in the world. The majority of the legumes are common beans, chickpea, lentil, cowpea, and green peas, whereas nuts include almonds, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnut, pecan, macadamias, and Brazil nuts. The major polyphenolic compounds of legumes consist mainly of tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. In nuts, phenolic compounds are usually present at the highest concentration in the seed coat i.e., the skin or pellicle surrounding the kernel. Walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, and pecans have been reported to contain the highest total phenolic contents amongst all types of nuts.
The study of the composition of biologically active substances, alcoholic extracts from flowers of Aeculus hippocastanum L. According to the results of HPLC-MS and GC-MS analyzes, the extract contains the main amounts of phenolic compounds: quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol. In addition, the extract contains fatty acids and their esters, alcohols, 3-deoxy-d-manno lactone, 1,2,3,5-cyclohexantethrol, α-methyl-mannofuranoside, γ sitosterol. Antioxidant activity of an extract from flowers of A. hippocastanum is associated with the peculiarities of the compositionof biologically active substances. The toxological-hygienic assessment of flowers of this species in acute and subacute experiments showed that it belongs to the 4th hazard class (low hazard).
Introduction
Prunus dulcis Mill. is a plant cultivated for the production of its edible seeds, known as sweet almonds. In the last decades almond demand has highly increased due to their wide use in the industrial manufacturing of almond‐based foods; this has led to a huge production of waste materials, mainly corresponding to shells and husks.
Objective
To achieve a deeper understanding of the chemical composition of almond husks with the aim of exploring these byproducts as a source of bioactives to be used in nutraceutical and cosmetic formulations.
Methods
Methanol, ethanol and ethanol–water extracts of the almond husks were analysed by high‐resolution liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HR‐LC‐ESI‐Orbitrap‐MS) in negative ion mode. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data were acquired by using the Data‐Dependent Scan experiment, allowing the precursor ion to be selected as the most intense peak during LC‐MS analyses. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were performed on a Bruker DRX‐600 spectrometer. Folin–Ciocalteu, DPPH• (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assays were employed to determine the total phenolic content and the radical scavenging activity of the extracts.
Results
The LC‐MS/MS analysis of the methanol extract guided the isolation of phloroglucinol derivatives, flavonoids and terpenes. Eco‐friendly extraction methods showed to be selective in extracting flavonoids while the comparison of the LC‐MS profiles of the Italian cultivars Toritto and Avola showed significant differences, confirming how different growing conditions may influence the metabolome of a plant species.
Conclusion
This study led to a deeper insight into the chemical constituents of almond husks and showed how the eco‐friendly extraction resulted in an effective method to obtain extracts rich in antioxidant sources.
Dyeing with natural plant extracts was the only way prior to the invention of synthetic dyes for dyeing every kind of textile material including leather. However natural dyes couldn’t compete with this new generation dyestuffs due to their disadvantages like weak fastness properties, narrow shade ranges and production costs. These drawbacks of natural dyes can be improved with the use of mordant agents in the process of dyeing. Although it is known that different types of mordants can be used in the dyeing process to improve the fastness and color properties of the materials, the generally accepted ones are the metal salts such as aluminum, copper, iron, chromium and tin. Mordants create an affinity between the dye and fiber, result a dye–mordant–fiber complex and generally cause an increase in the dye performance and give a broad spectrum of colors. In this point of view, the natural dye extracts of horse chestnut seed shells (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) were aimed to use for the dyeing process of the garment leathers in the presence of mordanting chemicals such as FeSO4 and AlSO4. The natural dye extractions from horse chestnut shells were performed with water and sodium hydroxide in different concentrations and their extraction yields were calculated. Later, the garment leathers were mordanted in three different concentrations before the dyeing process of the leathers. The effect of two different mordants on dyeing properties of the leathers was investigated in the terms of color, to-and-fro rubbing and light fastness properties. The results revealed that different mordants gave different color hues and the significant effect of the mordant concentration only determined for the 0.5% NaOH extraction method with the use of 5% mordant concentration. Considerable high rubbing fastness values were observed from all leathers and no significant increase was achieved after the mordanting process. However, low light fastness values of the leathers did not change after using the mordants in different concentrations. As a result, the use of aluminum and iron salts as mordanting agent before the dyeing process of the horse chestnut extracts was found applicable for obtaining different shades of colors.
Four new benzophenone glycosides named as aquilaside A–D (1–4) along with five known compounds (5–9) were isolated from the methanol extract of the flower buds of Aquilaria sinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. All purified compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Aquilasides B and C displayed moderate cytotoxicity against SK-MEL cells with IC50 of 17.0 and 12.0 μM and weak NF-κB inhibitive activity at 100 μM with 30% and 60%, respectively.
We attempted to evaluate the contents and distribution of antioxidants in the whole seeds, seed shells, and peeled seeds of the Japanese horse chestnut. The seed shells exhibited the highest antioxidant activities due to the presence of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins as we have reported recently. On the other hand, the peeled seeds predominantly contained flavonols such as quercetin and kaempferol at a high level of 66.7% of total polyphenols, also contributing to the predominant antioxidant activities. The instrumental analysis of the extract from the whole seeds revealed the identification of eight flavonol O-glycosides, including six compounds with quercetin and two species with kaempferol as aglycones. The isolated species exhibited different antioxidant activities depending on the types of aglycones, glycosides, and acylated moieties. The results indicate that the peeled seeds are a good source of flavonol O-glycosides serving as antioxidants to be used for food additives and dietary supplements.
The flavoalkaloids possess unique molecular frameworks that contain both a flavonoid and alkaloid component. Flavoalkaloids result from the convergence of distinct biosynthetic pathways, affording natural products that display a wide range of interesting biological activities that would not be expected for flavonoids or alkaloids alone. This chapter collates all the known flavoalkaloids up until early 2016, detailing their isolation, bioactivity, and successful total syntheses.
Finding a suitable biomass feedstock for conversion to energy or refining to bio-based products is the first step of a bio-based supply chain. It is a prerequisite before establishing any conversion facility to review the four W's in the overall approach: What type of biomass, What quantities it is available at What time of the year, and What properties does it have? Proper logistic solutions must be implemented to establish economic feasible and environmental sustainable value-added chains using crop and plant biomass as feedstock. Afterward, valuable compounds can be extracted, and/or biomass can be used as feedstock for fermentation processes.
Plants continue to be a major source of medicine, as they have been throughout human history. Plants are the only source of food and energy in our ecosystem. Food itself is a medicine. Food in our diet either enhances or disturbs the potency of the drug consumed. The human body consists of five elements: ether, water, air, fire, and earth. Every ancient medicine system, such as the Indian medicine system Ayurveda, the Chinese medicine Unani, and the Japanese healing system of Reiki, has described it in one way or another. The key to maintaining good physical and mental health is in keeping these five elements in harmonic balance through proper diet, herbs, and lifestyle; otherwise, early aging and various diseases can manifest. In light of the research in progress on the benefits of various phytochemicals in foods, it appears feasible that the naturally occurring chemical compounds in herbs could be helpful in the prevention or treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Although food has been used for a long time to improve health, around 400 BC, Hippocrates said, “Let your food be your medicine, and your medicine be your food.” Now, modern knowledge of health is being used to improve food. In recent years, scientific evidence has revealed that bioactive dietary components benefi t health in ways that extend beyond meeting basic nutritional needs. The food and nutrition science has moved from simply identifying and correcting nutritional defi ciencies to nutraceuticals, foods that promote optimal health and reduce the risk of certain debilitating diseases.
The ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) technique is relatively new, few works focused on UHPLC methods for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and isoflavones) in biological fluids, food products, and plant extracts. The application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polyphenolic compounds in biological samples produced excellent results. Mass spectrometry is one of the most effective techniques for the analysis of polyphenolic compounds in food samples, because it allows very low limits of detection of polyphenolic compounds to be obtained and allows for the selective detection of individual analytes. The combination of UHPLC with mass spectrometry greatly increases the sensitivity and selectivity of the quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in complex matrixes. UHPLC-Q- TOF/MS (quadrupole analyzer combined with time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer) and TOF/MS techniques enable the identification of new polyphenolic compounds in plants.
Nine flavonol oligosides of quercetin and kaempferol with glucose, xylose, and rhamnose as sugars were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae). Five of them are new compounds (2 trisaccharides, 1 bisdesmoside, a nicotinic and a indolinone hydroxyacetic acid ester of the bisdesmoside). Their structures were elucidated mainly using (1)H- and (13)C-NMR techniques.
Seeds and bark A. hippocastanum, or horse chestnut tree, have been widely used in European traditional medicine since the 16th century. Nowadays horse chestnut extracts (HCE), escin, a pure saponin and esculin, a glucosidate coumarin, are still widely employed in clinical practice mainly for the treatment of peripheral chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Due to the effect on capillary permeability, HCE and escin have found an application in the cosmetic field. Furthermore, esculin is reported to possess microvasculokinetic activity and is indicated for the treatment of unattractiveness such as cellulitis and hair loss. More recently proanthocyanidin A2, a catechic dimer isolated from the bark, has shown an interesting protective effect against UV damage, mainly due to its very strong antioxidant properties.
Synthetic carbohydrate chemistry has undergone a renaissance in the last decade, and the purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the more significant advances that have taken place in the area. All aspects of the subject are reviewed annually in the Royal Society of Chemistry publication Specialist Periodical Reports: Carbohydrate Chemistry.
The relationship between the structure of 42 flavonoids and their antioxidant and antiradical activities was elucidated by heat-induced oxidation in a beta-carotene and linoleic acid system and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl decoloration test. From seven structurally divergent groups of flavonoids, only flavonols with a free hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the flavonoid skeleton showed high inhibitory activity to beta-carotene oxidation. Antiradical activity depended on the presence of a flavonol structure or free hydroxyl group at the C-4' position. The effect of the 4'-hydroxyl was strongly modified by other structural features, such as the presence of free hydroxyls at C-3 and/or C-3' and a C2-C3 double bond.
A Practical, Authoritative CompendiumThis handbook catalogs 365 species of herbs having medicinal or folk medicinal uses, presenting whatever useful information has been documented on their toxicity and utility in humans and ani-mals. Plants from all over the world - from common cultivars to rare species - are included in these 700 pages. The toxicity of these species varies, but the safety of each has been formally or informally questioned by the Food and Drug Administration, National Cancer Institute, Department of Agriculture, Drug Enforcement Administra-tion, or Herb Trade Association. Easy-to-Locate Facts and FiguresDesigned to enable fast access to important information, this hand-book presents information in both catalog and tabular forms. In the catalog section, plants are presented alphabetically by scientific name. (The index permits you to locate an herb by its common name.) A detailed sketch of the chief identifying features accompa-nies most catalog entries. For each species the following information, as available, is presented and referenced: Family and colloquial namesChemical contentUses and applications - present and historicalProcessing, distribution, and economic potentialToxicological agents and degree of toxicityPoison symptoms in humans and animalsTreatment and antidotes References to original literature Five Tables of Accessible DataGiven a plant species, you can easily determine its toxins; or, given a toxin, you can discover which plants contain it. These and other data are presented in convenient tabular formats as appendixes to the handbook. Other information contained in these tables include toxicity ranking and other toxicity data (as applicable), such as mode of contact, organs affected, and lethal dose; and proximate analyses of selected foods. These tables are titled: Medicinal Herbs: Toxicity Ranking and PricelistToxins: Their Toxicity and Distribution in Plant GeneraHigh Plant Genera and Their ToxinsPharmacologically Active PhytochemicalsProximate Analyses of Conventional Plant Foods
A comparison is presented of product ion mass spectra of protonated and deprotonated molecules of kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercitin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin), quercitin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoin), apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, genistein-7-O-glucoside, naringenin-7-O-glucoside (prunin), luteolin-4′-O-glucoside, luteolin-6-C-glucoside (homoorientin, known also as isoorientin), apigenin-8-C-glucoside (vitexin), and luteolin-8-C-glucoside (orientin) together with the product ion mass spectrum of deprotonated kaempferol-7-O-glucoside. All isomeric ions were distinguishable on the basis of their product ion mass spectra. For protonated 3-O-, 7-O-, and 4′-O-glycosides at a collision energy of 46–47 eV, homolytic cleavage of the O-glycosidic bond yielded aglycon Y+ ions, whereas in deprotonated 3-O-, 7-O-, and 4′-O-glycosides, heterolytic and homolytic cleavage of the O-glycosidic bond yielded radical aglycon (Y–H)− and aglycon (Y−) ions. In each case, fragmentation of either the glycan or the aglycon or both was observed. For 6-C- and 8-C-glycosides at a collision energy of 46–47 eV, fragmentation was restricted almost exclusively to the glycan. For luteolin-6-C-glucoside, the integrity of the aglycon structure is preserved at the expense of the glycan for which some 30 fragmentations were observed. Breakdown curves were determined as a function of collision energy for protonated and deprotonated luteolin-6-C-glucoside. An attempt has been made to rationalize the product ion mass spectra derived from C–O- and C–C-luteolin glucosides in terms of computed structures that indicate significant intramolecular hydrogen bonding and rotation of the B-ring to form a coplanar luteolin structure. It is proposed that protonated and deprotonated luteolin-6-C-glucoside may afford examples of cooperative interactive bonding that plays a major role in directing fragmentation.
To find antioxidative compounds present in plants, 65 types of plant extract were tested using the neotetrazolium method for evidence of superoxide anion-scavenging effects and 7 plant extracts were selected for further investigation. The activity of active-oxygen scavengers such as superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygens and lipid peroxides in the 7 plant extracts (Aeseclus hippocastanum L., Hamamelis virginiana L. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb., Quercus robur L., Rosemarinous officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Sanguisorba officinalis L.) was examined in detail by both ESR spin-trapping and malondialdehyde generation. Furthermore, the active-oxygen scavenging activity of these plant extracts was evaluated using a murine dermal fibroblast culture system. Both Aeseclus hippocastanum L. and Hamamelis virginia L. were found to have strong active-oxygen scavenging activity of and protective activity against cell damage induced by active oxygen. Both Aeseclus hippocastanum L. and Hamamelis virginiana L. are proposed as potent plant extracts with potential application as anti-aging or anti-wrinkle material for the skin.
Aescin, the major active principle from Aesculus hippocastanum (Hippocastanaceae) the horse chestnut tree, has shown satisfactory evidence for a clinically significant activity in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), haemorrhoids and post-operative oedema. In one controlled trial aescin was shown to be as effective as compression therapy as an alternative to medical treatment for CVI. The therapeutic benefit is well supported by a number of experimental investigations in different animal models, indicative of clearcut anti-oedematous, anti-inflammatory and venotonic properties, mainly related to the molecular mechanism of the agent, allowing improved entry of ions into channels, thus raising venous tension in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Other mechanisms, i.e. release of PGF(2) from veins, antagonism to 5-HT and histamine, reduced catabolism of tissue mucopolysaccharides, further underline the wide ranging mechanisms of the therapeutic activity of aescin. The excellent tolerability of aescin in the clinic indicates this treatment is of definite clinical benefit in patients with clinical conditions resulting in CVI, haemorrhoids or peripheral oedema formation.
A bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of the seeds of Aesculus chinensis led to the isolation of two new flavanoids (1 and 2), along with eight known ones (3-10). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR. All compounds were tested for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV 3), and influenza virus type A (Flu A). Compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed significant antiviral activities against RSV with IC(50) values of 4.5, 6.7, and 4.1 microg/mL and selective index (SI) values of 15.8, 32, and 63.8, respectively. Compound 8 demonstrated significant antiviral activity against Flu A with an IC(50) of 24.5 microg/mL and a SI of 16.0, respectively.
In addition to the well reported beneficial effects of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) extracts on venous insufficiency and associated conditions, such preparations also have many potential positive pharmacological effects on the skin. Extracts from this species, and in particular, those based on horse chestnut seeds, contain saponins, known collectively as ’aescin’, which have a gentle soapy feel, and are potent anti-inflammatory compounds. Saponins, such as escin, also reduce capillary fragility, and therefore help to prevent leakage of fluids into surrounding tissues, which can cause swelling. An extract of horse chestnut has recently been shown to have one of the highest ’active-oxygen’ scavenging abilities of 65 different plant extracts tested. Such extracts are more powerful anti-oxidants than vitamin E, and also exhibit potent cell-protective effects, which are linked to the well-known anti-ageing properties of anti-oxidants.
The extract is also rich in a number of flavonoids, such as derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol. Flavonoids also have protective effects on blood vessels, and are well-known, powerful anti-oxidants.
Antioxidant and antiradical activity of flavonoids Rice-Evans, C. Wake up to flaVonoids Received for review June 11 Revised manuscript received
- S Burda
- W Oleszek
Burda, S.; Oleszek, W. Antioxidant and antiradical activity of flavonoids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2774–2779. (11) Rice-Evans, C. Wake up to flaVonoids; The Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.: London, 2000. Received for review June 11, 2007. Revised manuscript received July 30, 2007. Accepted July 31, 2007. JF071709T 8490 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 55, No. 21, 2007 Kapusta et al.
Wake up to flaVonoids Received for review
- C Kapusta
Rice-Evans, C. Wake up to flaVonoids; The Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.: London, 2000. Received for review June 11, 2007. Revised manuscript received July 30, 2007. Accepted July 31, 2007. JF071709T 8490 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 55, No. 21, 2007 Kapusta et al.
Revised manuscript received
- C Rice-Evans
Rice-Evans, C. Wake up to flaVonoids; The Royal Society of
Medicine Press Ltd.: London, 2000.
Received for review June 11, 2007. Revised manuscript received July
30, 2007. Accepted July 31, 2007.