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Mulitple victimization of Spanish adolescents: A multilevel analysis
Abstract
Multiple victimization in adolescence is an issue that has received little research attention. Furthermore, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to victimization in different contexts. The aim of this study is to analyze correlates of multiple victimization in three contexts (home, school, and street). The following forms of victimization were considered: stealing, hitting, insulting, threatening, blackmailing, and weapon intimidation. Multiple victimization correlates explored were: sex, age, public/private school, socioeconomic status, quality of family relationships, and antisocial behavior. A probabilistic sample of 1,908 adolescents (ages 13 to 18) was used. Multilevel analyses were conducted to separate correlates at the individual level from those operating at the contextual level. Results show that gender, quality of family relationships, and deviant behavior were related to multiple victimization in adolescence.
... Inną ważną grupę stanowią uwarunkowania związane rodziną. Na multiwiktymizację narażone są dzieci z rodzin, gdzie występuje przemoc oraz różne problemy i dysfunkcje, takie jak ubóstwo, bezrobocie, alkoholizm i narkomania (Finkelhor i in., 2009;Finkelhor i in., 2011), złe lub słabe relacje (Lila, Herrero, Gracia, 2008;Romano, Bell, Billette, 2011), konflikty (Riley, Wright, Bokszczanin, Essau, 2017), rozstanie lub rozwód rodziców (Dong i in. 2004) oraz zaburzenia psychiczne (Radford i in., 2011). ...
The study was conducted on a national sample of 822 teenagers aged 13-17 in Poland in 2018. The survey applied the Polish adaptation of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), which investigated 22 forms of victimization. The aim of the study was to identify the adolescents experiencing poly-victimization, to assess the risk of poly-victimization by adolescents from families with various types of dysfunctions, and to assess the risk of self-harm behaviors by adolescents who experienced poly-victimization. Respondents were asked about various forms of violence experienced in their lifetimes. The results showed high incidence of victimization among adolescents; 75% experienced at least one form of violence in their lifetimes, and every third adolescent experienced poly-victimization, i.e. at least 4 different forms of violence. Girls, older teenagers and those whose parents divorced or separated more often experience poly-victimization. Results showed that alcohol abuse in the family and household mental illness increase risks of poly-victimization. Adolescents who experienced poly-victimization more often attempted suicide or engaged in self-harm. The study implies the urgent need to develop the national and multi-sectoral system to identify adolescents at risk and wide access to professional help and support for these children and youth.
... La manera en que la ECCVA y otras pruebas se correlacionan permite sostener la validez concurrente del instrumento; de hecho, se detectó que los factores de conducta violenta y conducta disruptiva tienen una mayor relación con las puntuaciones en la Escala de Impulsividad de Plutchik, dato que coincide con los de numerosos estudios que muestran que los adolescentes violentos tienen un menor control de impulsos, lo que puede llevarlos a involucrarse en situaciones de violencia escolar (Cava, Musitu y Murgui, 2006). En cambio, el factor de victimización correlacionó negativamente con las puntuaciones de la Escala de Satisfacción Familiar, y positivamente con las escalas de Depresión, Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo e Impulsividad, datos que confirman los obtenidos en estudios previos en los que se subraya la importancia del clima familiar como factor protector ante la violencia escolar (Estévez, Murgui, Musitu y Moreno, 2008;Lila, Herrero y Gracia, 2008); además, se evidencia que los adolescentes agresores y las víctimas de la violencia en el aula manifiestan una mayor sintomatología depresiva (Carlson y Corcoran, 2001;Moreno, Ramos, Martínez y Musitu, 2010). En el caso de las víctimas, los comportamientos con dificultad para el control de peso corporal se manifiestan con una mayor prevalencia (Isohookana, Marttunen, Hakko, Riipinen y Riala, 2016;Piontak et al., 2017). ...
La violencia en el ámbito escolar se ha convertido en un problema creciente que afecta a los adolescentes por los comportamientos perturbadores frecuentes y graves que acarrea. Ante esta situación se requiere contar con instrumentos con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas que permitan la medición y la investigación de este fenómeno. El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar los parámetros psicométricos de la Escala de Comportamiento Criminal y Violento en el Aula mediante la categorización de la conducta disruptiva y violenta y la victimización de estudiantes del sureste mexicano. Método. Se evaluaron 393 adolescentes: 211 mujeres (53.7%) y 182 varones (46.3%), que cursaban el noveno grado de escolaridad, con edades de 14 a 16 años. Se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento, la validez convergente con otras variables y la capacidad discriminativa de los ítems. Resultados. Se encontró en dicha escala una fiabilidad interna adecuada (coficiente omega de .884); sus 18 ítems representaron 52.4% de varianza y valoran tres dominios: conducta disruptiva, conducta violenta y victimización. Se obtuvo una correlación entre las variables de satisfacción familiar, depresión, conductas alimentarias de riesgo e impulsividad. Discusión. La escala analizada demostró ser un instrumento fiable y válido para estimar el comportamiento delictivo y violento en el aula de estudiantes de la ciudad de Oaxaca, México.
... En el ámbito familiar, diversas encuestas vinculan la violencia escolar con los problemas dentro de este espacio; en tal sentido, las relaciones cálidas que puedan tener los integrantes de una familia contribuyen a que los jóvenes se mantengan alejados de actitudes violentas en la escuela (Estévez et al., 2008;Lila et al., 2008). De igual manera, Bazignan (2015) afirma la importancia que los adultos y, sobre todo, los padres intervengan en las situaciones de bullying, de lo contrario el daño puede ser muy grave y afectar el desarrollo social y emocional futuro del niño o niña, así como su rendimiento académico. ...
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferentes teorías de interfaces entre familia y bullying escolar, para tratar de conocer la profundidad de las investigaciones entre familia y bullying. El diseño fue de revisión sistemática, el cual consiste en la revisión teórica de las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años; para ello, se seleccionaron artículos publicados en revistas científicas de psicología indexadas en bases de datos electrónicos, mediante la adopción de criterios predeterminados. La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por 40 artículos de investigación extraídos de revistas de psicología, educación y medicina como lo son: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Psicología Escolar e Educacional, Psychosocial Intervention. Los resultados demuestran que los estudios realizados respecto al tema de interfaces entre familia y bullying reportan una relación directa, ello quiere decir que las familias influyen en el comportamiento del estudiante, dentro de las instituciones educativas.
... According to this theory-oriented paper, the most significant and recent studies on poly-victimization in Spain were performed by Soler, Paretilla, Kirchner, and Forns (2012), Pereda-Beltrán, Abad-Gil, and Guilera-Ferré (2012) and Lila, Herrero, and Gracia (2008). ...
Existe evidencia que sugiere que los estudiantes inmigrantes latinoamericanos de estrato socioeconómico bajo tienen más riesgo de sufrir victimización múltiple y, por tanto, ver amenazado su ajuste emocional y competencia académica. Este artículo de corte teórico propone que ciertas características presentes en el estatus de inmigrante han sido ignoradas o bien, no debidamente consideradas. De hecho, el estudio considera a los inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España susceptibles de sufrir más de una forma de victimización porque distintos factores como son el proceso de adaptación a una nueva cultura y la desventaja económica ejercen mucho estrés en la familia dando lugar a situaciones de maltrato hacia los niños y adolescentes, afectando considerablemente la competencia del individuo en varias áreas. La inclusión en esta investigación de algunos estudios de la neurociencia de países como los Estados Unidos y Canadá sobre deficiencias en la atención de los niños, se hace necesarios para así entender mejor la crítica situación que sufren muchos inmigrantes en los centros educativos españoles. Finalmente, además de discutir sobre los efectos perniciosos de la polivictimización, se habla del beneficio potencial que tienen los programas de prevención e intervención.
... Drawing on the developmental victimology perspective (Finkelhor, 1995(Finkelhor, , 2007, several variables were used to assess factors associated with victimization risk and vulnerability: individual and environmental or contextual variables (demographic, family variables, previous experiences of victimization, satisfaction with physical appearance, major activities, involvement in delinquency, peers' involvement in delinquency, and contextual characteristics neighborhoods). These selected variables have generally been shown to be associated with different types of victimization and poly-victimization in previous literature (,Esbensen, Huizinga, & Menard, 1999;Finkelhor & Asdigian, 1996;Frías & Erviti, 2014;Lauritsen et al., 1991;Lila et al., 2008;Malik et al., 1997). ...
Victimization of Mexican youth (aged 12–17) has received little attention compared to that of adults. Using the 2014 Social Survey on Social Cohesion for the Prevention of Violence and Delinquency, we examine prevalence and types of victimization; describe the characteristics of incidents in terms of relationship with perpetrator(s) and places where took place; and study significant correlates of forms of victimization and poly-victimization. During 2014 alone, more than 2.8 million minors were victims of bullying, cyberbullying, theft, sexual abuse, physical assault, threats, robbery, or extortion. About 10% of these were poly-victims-experienced at least four different types of victimization by at least four types of perpetrators. Youth tended to be victimized by people in their inner circle. The factors associated with victimization tended to vary by victimization type, but proximity to crime and peer delinquency increased the risk of experiencing all types of victimization. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
... Povedano, Hendry, Ramos and Varela (2011), for example, have examined sex differences in the contribution of family and individual variables (self-esteem and satisfaction with life) to accounting for peer victimisation in schools. Their approach not only explores sex differences, but also uses gender as an analytical tool, charting the social significance of gender in a number of-gendered‖ traits typically associated with masculinity, in which-in most published studies-boys have scored higher than girls, such as self-esteem and school victimisation ( Lila, Herrero, & Gracia, 2008;Kling, Hyde, Showers, & Buswell, 1999;Seals & Young, 2003). ...
One of the most provocative and influential areas of research of the past decade has investigated why people succeed or fail on self-control. This research has revealed that initial acts of self-control cause subsequent self-control failure (the so-called ego depletion effect), and that increasing motivation by providing monetary incentives or increasing task meaningfulness counteracts this effect. In this chapter, we show that motivation may play a role in how good people are at regulating themselves even if there are no apparent extra incentives. In a series of experiments, we asked participants to perform self-control tasks that may but need not arouse their implicit, unconscious motives. When the task included internal power-related cues, persons high in implicit power motive continued performing well on a subsequent self-control task, whereas persons low in implicit power motive showed the ego depletion effect. Similar results were found with implicit achievement motive after an achievement-related task. Hence, a task itself may contribute to motivation when it includes internal cues that match a person's implicit motives. In another set of experiments, participants were first tested on their ability to self-motivate under high demands and then performed a series of selfcontrol tasks. Persons high in self-motivation (action-oriented) continued performing well over time, whereas the performance of persons low in self-motivation (state-oriented) deteriorated. Physiological measures (the critical fusion frequency, the blood glucose) revealed that persons skilled in self-motivation increased their activation over time. Hence, a person's individual self-motivation skills may optimize the person's self-control over time. These findings fit very well with current models of self-control and provide important implications for research and practice that are discussed.
... En segundo lugar, ya que algunas investigaciones sugieren asociaciones directas no significativas entre victimización escolar y las relaciones positivas entre padres e hijos adolescentes (Beran y Violato, 2004;Herrero et al., 2006), esperamos encontrar una relación indirecta entre la percepción de la expresividad familiar y la victimización escolar a través de la autoestima y la sintomatología depresiva. Por último, siguiendo las evidencias de trabajos previos (Blum et al., 2003;Lila et al., 2008), hipotetizamos que las relaciones entre las variables de este estudio respecto de la victimización serán significativamente diferentes en ambos géneros. ...
This study aims to analyse the relationships between the perception of the quality of the family environment and school victimisation in educational centres taking into account the role played by adolescents' self-esteem, depressive symptomatology and gender. The associations between variables were analysed in a sample of 1,884 adolescents (52% boys and 48% girls), aged from 11 to 17 years (M = 13.7, SD = 1.4). The results of structural equation modelling analyses performed showed that family conflict and expressivity were significantly related to school victimisation, as indicated by the total effects found. However, whereas family conflict was directly related to victimisation, family expressivity was indirectly related to school victimisation through adolescents' self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Multigroup analyses did not show significant differences between boys and girls. The results obtained and their implications are discussed.
Although the impacts of the school context on victimization in adolescents are well researched in Western societies, empirical testing of the contextual impacts are lacking in China. The present study examines both violent and property victimization in adolescents in the Chinese setting from a lifestyle/routine activity perspective using a multilevel approach. These data are collected from a sample of 3,628 high school students in a southern city of China. The results of a hierarchical logistic regression model reveal that school contextual variables including school type, level of bonding to school, and school history are significant predictors of violent victimization while student-staff ratio is significant in predicting property victimization in adolescents. At the student level, a higher level of perceived school disorder and delinquency with friends is related with higher odds of both violent and property victimizations; bonding to parents and schools tends to reduce the odds of both violent and property victimizations, net of demographic factors. The results lend support to lifestyle/routine activity theories. Implications of the findings are highlighted in the section “Discussion and Conclusion.”
In the past, children and adolescents who suffered child abuse and neglect in Spain were mostly attended to by private charities. Today, each region in Spain has its own structured child welfare system, which protects vulnerable children by applying measures such as foster or residential care. Previous studies have shown that children and adolescents cared for by the child welfare system are among the most likely to suffer multiple types of victimization or poly-victimization. This chapter presents an original report that analyzes the relationship between poly-victimization and symptom severity among youth cared for in residential facilities. The sample consisted of 95 adolescents (51.6% males and 48.4% females), aged between 12 and 17 (M = 14.49, SD = 1.64) recruited from short- and long-term residential centers. The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report were used to assess interpersonal victimization experiences and psychopathology, respectively. Poly-victimization was found to be a significant predictor of clinically severe internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Our findings highlight the importance of regular assessment of the ability of residential care facilities to protect children and adolescents against re-victimization, since the accumulation of multiple types of victimization places adolescent poly-victims at a high risk of developing serious mental health problems.
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of poly-victimization in Polish adolescents and assess factors associated with poly-victimization risk across different ecological levels. This study further examined whether coping styles could moderate the impact of poly-victimization on emotional well-being. Participants were 454 adolescents, aged between 13 and 19 years, from an urban region of Poland. Adolescents completed self-report measures assessing community, school, and family risks, along with a peer nomination task measuring social preference. Teachers also completed a measure assessing adolescent problem behaviors. Findings revealed that the majority of the sample (70%) experienced more than one type of victimization in the past year, and 35.7% were classified as poly-victims (≥ 6 victimizations). As hypothesized, community disorganization, low commitment to school, poor family management, family conflict, peer social preference, and teacher-rated withdrawn and disruptive behavioral problems were predictive of poly-victimization. In addition, the relationship between poly-victimization and emotional well-being was moderated by problem-solving coping, in that greater use of problem-solving strategies lessened the negative impact of poly-victimization on positive affect and life satisfaction. Other investigated coping strategies (social support-seeking, internalizing, externalizing, and distraction) failed to demonstrate any moderation effect. Findings highlight the high rate of victimization experienced by adolescents in Poland and have implications for the identification of those at risk of poly-victimization, suggesting that there is a need to consider factors related to the adolescent themselves, their relationships with family and peers, and school and community factors. Results also indicate that there may be value in training victims in the use of problem-solving coping styles as a source of resilience.
The authors review literature on the developmental tasks of adolescence and the unique problems faced by adolescent victims of maltreatment. The developmental domains addressed include cognition, identity, behavior and affect regulation, family and peer relationships, and sexuality. Research on the co-occurrence of multiple types of victimization is discussed. The relationship between multiple victimization and violent crime, with a focus on parricide, is examined. The authors call for greater attention to the assessment and study of multiple forms of maltreatment and its outcomes in adolescence, since adolescence is one of the least researched developmental periods in terms of single or multiple victimization.
We test three risk models (independent-additive, interactive, and exponential) to examine how multiple risk factors in the family environment - overt interparental conflict, poor parenting, and economic hardship - operate conjointly to predict youth problem behaviors. The sample includes 335 preadolescent and early adolescent youth. Findings from this study support the pattern of independent, additive effects of individual family stressors. We found no support for the idea that the effects of poor parenting, overt interparental conflict, and family economic hardship exacerbate one another, nor did the converse serve as buffers. The independent, additive model explains more variance in externalizing problem behavior for youth in nondivorced, two-parent households. Poor parenting is the strongest risk factor. Economic hardship is the only significant risk factor for youth internalizing problem behavior.
This article presents a review of the empirical literature examining the initial effects of witnessing domestic violence on children's functioning. Previous reviews of the literature suggested that witnessing was harmful to children, but they also indicated that the state of knowledge was quite limited due to an emphasis on exploratory methodologies, reliance on untested theories, and inconsistent findings. Nearly a decade of research has been conducted since the most recent review. Although results are still somewhat inconclusive regarding children's social, cognitive, and physical development, the findings of recently conducted investigations, when combined and compared with the previously reviewed literature, suggest much less equivocation concerning the negative effects of witnessing domestic violence on children's emotional and behavioral development. Theoretical developments and methodological refinements appear related to the recent findings.
The current study examines the prevalence of bullying in 375 U.S. American children, determines the relationship between peer bullying and sibling bullying, and examines the link between psychological difficulties and bullying. Twenty-five percent of the children reported being victims of peer bullying and 28% acknowledged being bullies. Children who were peer bullies and victims of peer bullying reported the highest frequency of sibling bullying and victimization. In addition, there were significant group effects for sibling and peer-bully involvement as well as a sibling by peer bullying interaction in level of self-reported psychological difficulties. In general, those who were both bullies and victims reported the highest level of psychological difficulty followed by victims, bullies, and those not involved in bullying, in that order.
There is growing evidence that child maltreatment and posttraumatic stress disorder result in numerous neurobiological alterations in children and adolescents, including abnormalities in brain structure and functioning. This article reviews several psychobiological systems with regard to their functioning under normal stress and in the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder, with a focus on recent research findings in children and adolescents, and the implications these findings have on clinical intervention for traumatized children. The importance of early identification and treatment of traumatized children and the need to empirically evaluate psychopharmacological interventions for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder are discussed in detail. Research and policy priorities are also addressed.
Repeat victimization may involve multiple incidents of victimization in a single year, multiple years of victimization, or both. This study examines both types of repeat victimization as well as the concentration of victimization among a relatively few highfrequency victims and the intermittency of victimization in a sample of adolescents in high-risk neighborhoods. During a 5-year period, the results indicate that chronic, multiple, intermittent victimization is the usual pattern among respondents in the sample.
Although comprehensive studies examining a variety of violence types and potential outcomes are becoming more common, there continues to be an overreliance on relatively simple, single violence type, criterion group comparisons. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of what is known about different forms of childhood violence, the many potential outcomes that have been shown to be related to a history of violence in childhood, and emerging research on mediators and moderators makes conducting comprehensive research a significant theoretical and technical challenge. Complicating this situation is that vertically organized and isolated professional fields of study and practice have emerged around specific types of childhood violence and outcomes, making cross-fertilization of ideas and methods difficult. Suggestions concerning theory, methods, and professional integration are offered to promote more integration of the field of childhood violence.
Surveys of crime victims provide a valuable supplement to official record measures of serious crime, enabling a more complete picture of street crime levels and a more dynamic view of crime as interactions between offenders and victims. Initiated in 1973, the National Crime Survey (now called the National Crime Victimization Survey [NCVS]) provides a systematic, reliable, national assessment of crime and constitutes the preferred source of data for many analytic purposes. However, this article suggests that the NCVS is not equally reliable for all types of victims and offenses. The authors compare the NCVS profile of youthful victimization with comparable patterns of events from two other national data sets (the National Youth Survey and Monitoring the Future) that focus specifically on juveniles and their experiences. These comparisons indicate that young persons are less reliably represented in the NCVS due to such factors as sampling frame of the survey, form of the questionnaire interview, and wording of questions.
Using telephone interview methods, a national probability sample of adult women was screened for a history of completed rape in childhood, and characteristics of child rape incidents were assessed. All respondents were evaluated for a history of major depressive episode, post-traumatic stress dis-order (PTSD), and substance use problems. Implications of the results for prevention, intervention, and future research are discussed.