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Emotional intelligence in nursing work
Abstract
Emotional labour has been widely accepted in the literature as part of nursing work, however the contribution of emotional intelligence in the nursing context requires further study.
This paper aims to present an analysis of the literature on emotional intelligence and emotional labour, and consider the value of emotional intelligence to nursing.
A literature search was undertaken using the CINAHL and MEDLINE databases. Search terms used were 'emotions', 'intelligence', 'emotions and intelligence' and 'emotional labour'. A hand-search of relevant journals and significant references added to the data.
Emotional intelligence plays an important part in forming successful human relationships. Emotional labour is important in establishing therapeutic nurse-patient relationships but carries the risk of 'burnout' if prolonged or intense. To prevent this, nurses need to adopt strategies to protect their health. The potential value of emotional intelligence in this emotional work is an issue that still needs to be explored.
Analysis of the literature suggests that the modern demands of nursing draw on the skills of emotional intelligence to meet the needs of direct patient care and co-operative negotiations with the multidisciplinary team. The significance of this needs to be recognized in nurse education. The link between emotional intelligence and emotional labour is a fruitful area for further research. The potential benefits of gaining a better understanding of how these concepts interact is largely conjecture until we have more evidence. The prospect that there may be advantages to both nurses and patients is a motivating factor for future researchers.
... This can be a deep or surface exchange. In the nursing profession, caring as a form of emotional engagement is seen as essential to practice , but is best managed through training and preparation (Bolton, 2000;Craig & Sprang, 2010;Henderson, 2001;McQueen, 2004). ...
... In a supportive work environment, emotional labor can foster deep satisfaction, increase compassion, and build resilience in workers (Craig & Sprang, 2010;Grandey, 2000;Miller, Birkholt, Scott, & Stage, 1995). On the other hand, repeated exposure to work-related stress, without adequate support and built-in buffers, can trigger a compassion fatigue response, including short-term emotional exhaustion (Bolton, 2000;Bride, 2007;McQueen, 2004). As emotional resources are depleted, workers feel they are limited in how they care for others (St. ...
... This preparation can result in improved communication among staff, patients, and management. On the other hand, the following consequences can occur as a result of poor emotional management: a) staff burnout; b) reduced staff and patient satisfaction; c) compromised patient care; and d) a decrease in patient and staff quality of life (McQueen, 2004;Miller et al., 1995;St. Pierre et al., 2011). ...
The demands of the chronically ill elderly population, underutilization of end-of-life care in dialysis, and the projected nursing shortage will have serious implications for dialysis staff care over the next decade. Little information exists regarding the effects of emotional labor on the dialysis staff and patient outcomes, or about effective programs that can be used to specifically address compassion fatigue in the dialysis unit setting. Masters–level social workers have the necessary training to facilitate in-center programs to reduce compassion fatigue symptoms, improve staff satisfaction and patient outcomes. The following article outlines a structured intervention aimed to address effective management of emotional labor experienced among dialysis unit professionals using the trauma-informed approach of the Sanctuary Model.
... Emotional Intelligence is gaining recognition within the nursing profession due to its proven benefits for both Patients and Nurses (McQueen, 2004) [32] . Patients perceive genuine care when Nurses display positive physical behaviour, attentiveness, and dedicate time to meet their needs, as highlighted by Smith (1992). ...
... Emotional Intelligence is gaining recognition within the nursing profession due to its proven benefits for both Patients and Nurses (McQueen, 2004) [32] . Patients perceive genuine care when Nurses display positive physical behaviour, attentiveness, and dedicate time to meet their needs, as highlighted by Smith (1992). ...
... Specifically, perception of emotions (beta = -0.315, p = 0.000) and emotional use and facilitation of thinking (beta = 0.484, p = 0.000) were found to have a significant relationship with Continuance Commitment, aligning with previous research findings by Gholami et al. (2013), Lordanoglou (2008), McQueen (2004) [32] , and Ghomri (2009). On the other hand, understanding emotions (beta= 0062, p = 0.515) and regulations of emotions (beta = 0.05, p = 0.415) did not show a significant relationship with Continuance Commitment. ...
The study investigated the effect of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on the Commitment level of Nurses at Tamale Central Hospital in Ghana. The study involved all the 253 Nurses working at the Tamale Central Hospital. A total of 253 questionnaires were returned, but after screening for suitability, 248 responses were used for the study. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression. Nurses' perception of emotions had a positive and significant relationship with Affective Commitment (B=0.153, p=0.028). Understanding emotions showed a stronger positive and significant relationship with Affective Commitment (B=0.358, p=0.001). Nurses' ability to regulate emotions also had a positive significant relationship with Affective Commitment (B=0.195, p=0.009). Nurses' perception of emotions positively significantly influenced Normative Commitment (B=0.175, p=0.011), indicating a sense of obligation towards the Organisation. Understanding emotions had a strong positive significant relationship with Normative Commitment (B=0.438, p=0.000). Nurses' perception of emotions showed a positive significant relationship with Continuance Commitment (B=0.315, p=0.000), which is commitment based on the costs associated with leaving the Organisation. Emotional use and facilitation of thinking had a strong positive significant relationship with Continuance Commitment (B=0.484, p=0.000). The study recommends for Nurses and healthcare facilities managers to prioritise Emotional Intelligence issues among their Nursing staff. This will enable them to create a supportive and emotionally intelligent work environment, which may lead to increased commitment, improved job satisfaction, and better overall healthcare services.
... Emosi dan kerja dalam keperawatan merupakan sebuah ranah yang diteliti dalam industri perawatan (McQueen, 2004). Menurut Goleman dalam McQueen (2004), ada empat kemampuan yang terpisah dalam kecerdasan kepribadian, seperti keterampilan membentuk kelompok dengan baik dan benar, negosiasi untuk menemukan solusi bagi sebuah masalah, hubungan personal dan terlibat dalam analisis sosial. ...
... Dengan demikian, kecerdasan interpersonal dalam dunia keperawatan telah diakui dalam sejumlah literatur yang ada. Kecerdasan interpersonal merupakan bagian penting dalam pekerjaan keperawatan karena kebutuhan perawat untuk memahami bagaimana perasaan pasien, sehingga bisa berempati dalam merawat mereka (McQueen, 2004). Perawat dengan tingkat EQ lebih tinggi itu memiliki pola perilaku yang lebih etis (Deshpande & Joseph, 2009). ...
... Dalam kaitan dengan pelayanan rumaha sakit yang diteliti hal ini tentu saja dipupuk dengan baik karena adanya pembinaan-pembinaan perawat secara intern bias melalui pembinaan spiritual yang terkait dengan emosional, retret, lokakarya maupun kegiatan terpadu lainnya. Kecerdasan emosional berarti kemampuan individu untuk menganalisa dan memahami perasaan serta menggunakan dalam proses hidup (McQueen, 2004). ...
Kecerdasan Emosional membantu perawat dalam memberikan pelayanan yang benar, baik, dan efektif di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kecerdasan emosional perawat di rumah sakit swasta di Sulawesi Selatan. Seratus dua puluh tiga (123) responden/perawat yang bekerja di ruang VIP, UGD dan ruang perawatan dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini yang tersebar di Rumah sakit Swasta di Sulawesi Selatan. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Short Form (Baron EQ-i:S). Instrumen terdiri dari 51 item dengan komponen: intrapersonal; interpersonal; manajemen stres; adaptasi; dan general mood. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif-korelasi dengan pengukuran statistik, frekuensi, dan distribusi persentase, rata-rata, standar deviasi, dan Kruskal Wallis. Teknik sampling menggunakan non probability dengan pendekatan purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kecerdasan emosional responden dalam penelitian ini tergolong tinggi serta tidak terdapat perbedaan kecerdasan emosional perawat jika dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan masa kerja. Selain itu, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan kecerdasan emosional perawat jika dikelompokkan berdasarkan area kerja, kecuali perawat yang bekerja di ruang VIP dan ruang perawatan. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan referensi bagi rumah sakit untuk mengembangkan kualitas pelayanannya dengan meningkatkan kecerdasan emosional perawat melalui program-program yang ditawarkan dalam penelitian ini.
... Yoğun kaygı, karamsarlık, alınganlıklardan kurtulabilme ve kendi kendini sakinleştirebilme gibi kabiliyetleri kapsar. Bu kabiliyetleri zayıf olan bireyler devamlı huzursuzluklar ile mücadele ederken, bu kabiliyeti yüksek olan bireyler yaşadıkları olumsuzluklar, hayatın getirmiş olduğu negatif sürprizler ve herhangi bir terslik durumu ile karşılaşıldığında kendilerini rahat bir şekilde toparlayabilirler (McQueen, 2003). ...
... Örneğin bazı bireyler başkalarının endişelerini sakinleştirme konusunda başarılı olmalarına rağmen, aynı yeteneği bireyin kendi duygularını sakinleştirmede göstermeyebilirler. Bazı bireylerin empati yetenekleri gelişmişken bazı bireylerin yetenekleri olmayabilir (McQueen, 2003). ...
... Duygusal zeka kavramına sağlık sektöründe çalışan personeller açısından bakıldığı zaman; özellikle hekim, hemşire ve hasta bakıcıların hasta bireyler ile etkin bir iletişim kurabilmeleri için, sağlık personelinin önce kendi duygularının farkında olması ve duygularını yönetebilmesi, empati yapabilmesi, kendi motivasyonunu sağlayabilmesi ve etkili bir iletişim içinde olması yani duygusal zekasının gelişmiş olması gerekmektedir (McQueen, 2003). ...
HEMODİYALİZ HASTALARINDA YORGUNLUĞU AZALTMAK İÇİN KULLANILAN TAMAMLAYICI TERAPİLER
... EI may be a more significant factor in career performance because how well one does their job is not based on just cognitive intelligence, but other intelligences as well. 7 Other intelligences like interpersonal skills, understanding emotions of self and others, and adapting to change in the environment. IQ is a distinct quality that one is born with; it is not flexible or changeable like emotional quotient (EQ). ...
... EI is flexible and can be trained, thus increasing one's EQ score. 7 To modify the running headings, select View | Header and Footer. Click inside the text box to type the name of the journal the article is being submitted to and the manuscript identification number. ...
... Moreover, it is proposed that EI has a protective effect regarding occupational stress (Mikolajczak, Menil & Luminet, 2007). Although the relationship between EI, and job satisfaction have been studied in several professions, less research has been carried out in the medical profession (McQueen, 2004). The present research aims at investigating the role of EI & job satisfaction in predicting burnout among health workers. ...
... For example, if in items 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12 the numbers that were marked were 3,2,4,5,1,2 respectively, the score for the six item is 3+2+4+5+1+2 = 17 (addition of the marked numbers). For intrinsic satisfaction: I Items = 1,2, 3,4,7,8,9,10,11,15,16,20 For Extrinsic satisfaction: E items = 5, 6,12,13,14,19 For General satisfaction: G Items = all the 20 items. ...
This study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among health workers. A total of 116 participants comprising 45 doctors and 71 nurses were selected from National Orthopedic Hospital, Enugu State. They between the ages of 24 years-64 years with a mean age of 45 years. They were selected, making use of purposive stratified sampling technique. The participants were administered a 20-item Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire, 33-item emotional intelligence scale and 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory. Here, regression analysis was applied as a statistical test to analyze the data. The findings revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among health workers (r = .67 < 0.01). This shows that as emotional intelligence increases, job satisfaction will increase.
... EI may be a more significant factor in career performance because how well one does their job is not based on just cognitive intelligence, but other intelligences as well. 7 Other intelligences like interpersonal skills, understanding emotions of self and others, and adapting to change in the environment. IQ is a distinct quality that one is born with; it is not flexible or changeable like emotional quotient (EQ). ...
... EI is flexible and can be trained, thus increasing one's EQ score. 7 To modify the running headings, select View | Header and Footer. Click inside the text box to type the name of the journal the article is being submitted to and the manuscript identification number. ...
Objective: To determine the emotional intelligence among the students of Karachi University involved in different sports. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi University's Gymnasium Hall from June 2013 to December 2013. Convenience sampling allows participants to want whether or not they participate in the study. 74 students from different departments and sports of Karachi University were selected for this study. Those participants who were physically fit and active and have age range below 18 to 29 years and involved in different sports at different levels were included in this study. Students not willing to participate were excluded from the study. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-short form (TEQue-SF) used in this study assessed the self-awareness, self-management, motivation, empathy and social skills.The survey instrument was a twenty five-item, closed-ended questionnaire. Results: Participant identified their emotional intelligence. Result shows that those that 22% of people are motivated, 21% are self-aware, 20% have social skills, 19% are empathy and 18% have self-management. Conclusions: It is concluded that most of the participants were above than average scores of emotional intelligence and there is no significance difference in Emotional intelligence among male and female.
... Among health professionals with particular reference to nurses and midwives, emotional regulation (ability of nurses and midwives to manage emotional situations of their profession) forms central part of healthcare delivery and has a direct impact on the quality of healthcare delivery (McQueen, 2004). Nurses and midwives are therefore required to enhance positive emotions while suppressing negative emotions (Hur, Han, Yoo, & Moon, 2015;McQueen, 2004). ...
... Among health professionals with particular reference to nurses and midwives, emotional regulation (ability of nurses and midwives to manage emotional situations of their profession) forms central part of healthcare delivery and has a direct impact on the quality of healthcare delivery (McQueen, 2004). Nurses and midwives are therefore required to enhance positive emotions while suppressing negative emotions (Hur, Han, Yoo, & Moon, 2015;McQueen, 2004). ...
... In particular, there is an emphasis in healthcare on the up-regulation of positive emotions (Glomb & Tews, 2004) to create a safe, comfortable, and compassionate environment for patients (Mann, 2005). Healthcare employees must be able to amplify positive emotions such as companionate love, compassion, and sympathy (Barsade & O'Neill, 2014;Glomb & Tews, 2004) to make patients feel cared for (Mann, 2005;McQueen, 2004). Thus, healthcare is a particularly appropriate setting in which to examine whether amplifying positive emotions increases resources and is beneficial for employees and organizations. ...
... Further research should compare the effects of physicians' emotion regulation to that of other healthcare providers and determine whether there are differences in terms of the relationship of emotion regulation to burnout and outcomes. For example, physicians are trained in accordance with the principle of "Aequanimitas," which promotes a calm, cool, and clinical approach to healthcare, whereas nurses, who comprised the majority of our sample, are trained in accordance with the principles of caring and patient advocacy (Awdish, 2017;John Hopkins Medicine, n.d.;McQueen, 2004). These differences between different healthcare providers' approaches to emotion at work and orientation regarding patients may affect the use and consequences of amplification of positive emotion. ...
Prior research has framed emotion regulation as resource-depleting and has primarily focused on strategies that avoid feelings. In this paper, we present an alternative view that emotion regulation can generate resources, and we investigate amplification of positive emotions, a potential resource-generating strategy. In study 1, using a field design, we demonstrate that amplification of positive emotion is positively related to employee psychological resources. Furthermore, we show that amplification of positive emotion may reduce absenteeism. In study 2, using a longitudinal lab design, we demonstrate that amplification of positive emotions predicts changes in employee psychological resources over time and does so above and beyond positive affect. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings for emotion researchers, the practical applications of our findings for managers, and areas that require future research.
... Quantity is a result that can be calculated the extent to which a person can successfully achieve the goals that have been set. A person's performance is related to one's maturity, maturity, and ability at work (McQueen, 2004). Mental maturity and faster rational thinking of nursing, are proves to show the nurses are able to make decisions, wiser, able to control emotions, obey rules and norms and commitment to work (Yosiana et al., 2020). ...
... The transformational leadership supported by emotional intelligence can also improve nurse performance more optimally (Kaslow et al., 2012;McQueen, 2004). The patient safety climate in hospitals is also built through transformational leadership that prioritizes patient safety to reduce unexpected events through supervision (L. ...
Background: Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership are two important factors for nurses to be able to motivate themselves and build intra relationships in hospitals, and may affect to the nurses’ performance. Aims: The purpose of the study was to determine how emotional intelligence and leadership affecting the nurses’ performance at the General Hospital of the Evangelical Masehi Church, Bolaang Mongondow Monompia, Kotamobagu, Indonesia Methods: This original research employed an analytic observational with a quantitative approach and a cross sectional study design. A set of questionnaires was distributed to the participated nurses to define the respondents’ characteristics, emotional intelligence (10 questions), leadership transformation (12 questions), and the nurses’ performances (8 questions). A total of 48 nurses were selected in August 2022 using a total sampling technique, and their answers were included to the further statistical analysis using PSS software version 15. Results: Not different with other hospitals, at the Regional General Hospital of Kotamobagu the majority of nurses was female, and relatively has worked for more than 5 years. It has been noted that the nurses were measured with sufficient emotional intelligence (43.8%), transformational leadership (54.1%), and performances (58.3%). However, the number of nurses having poor emotional intelligence and performance were relatively high, respectively at 12.4% and 14.6%. It is indicated that the nurses performance were significantly resulted by the two factors: Emotional intelligence (p-value: 0.025) and transformational leadership (p-value: 0.005). Conclusion: This study concludes that the emotional intelligence and transformational leadership are moderating variables to strengthen the nurses’ performance. This study noted that the higher number of nurses highly perform if having good emotional intelligence and good transformational leadership. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the two strong indicators from this study if a hospital manager plans to improve the nurses’ performance.
... 20 In addition, according to McQueen, a skill in emotional intelligence is a skill needs to be developed throughout life, not only throughout nursing education program. 21 The agency of Tabanan General Hospital is classified as private hospital with the capacity of 20 hospital beds with 96 executive nurses. An interview with the head of nursing division held in June of 2020 resulted in the finding that nursing staffs at the agency of Tabanan General Hospital had not received any training or discussion regarding the topic of emotional intelligence, bringing up the evidence that nurses' interpersonal relationship was on a near to the ground level. ...
... The exclusion criteria as follows: subjects on a paid-leave period during the whole process of the research (be it annual, marriage, delivery, or sick); is on any study period including formal education/training impacting on the abandon of hospital responsibilities. 1,2,21 The respective respondents would be divided into two groups i.e. intervening group and control group numbering 39 nurses for each group with simple random sampling technique. Pre-test was arranged on the intervention group and control group by filling out a nurse's interpersonal relationship style questionnaire. ...
Background: A skill training course on emotional intelligence is primary when it comes to nursing practice, contradicting the result of a particular research, exposing the fact that ample numbers of nurses are lacking the adequacy of interpersonal relationship which remains ignored instead. In consequence, a strategy in increasing nurses’ interpersonal relationship style through a training program is viewed as necessary. The aim of the study was to recognize training course on emotional intelligence (TCEI) effect of nurses’ interpersonal relationship style on Tabanan General Hospital.Methods: This research was designed as quasi-experiment including both pre-test and post-test with the use of control group. The corresponding population was all 78 nurses at the agency of Tabanan General Hospital determined by a technique of total sampling. The method to teach emotional intelligence includes both techniques of exploration and reflection, for instance brain storming, question and answer session, case analysis, small group discussion, and critical thinking on emotionality. The instrument used was interpersonal style inventory rating scale questionnaire with its validity and reliability been tested.Results: The result of this research exposes the presence of TCEI effect nurses’ interpersonal relationship style on Tabanan General Hospital with the value of p≤0.0001. In addition, it as well shows an increasing score in regard with the TCEI. Concluding from the statistic test using Wilcoxon, it is stated the said increasing score is worth p≤0.0001.Conclusions: The TCEI has been proven to have an influence on nurses’ interpersonal relationship style on Tabanan General Hospital.
... Persons who plan to pursue a career in nursing should be assessed for their emotional intelligence abilities before enrolling in nursing programs, and they should foster interpersonal bonds while they do so (Cadman & Brewer, 2001). In addition, EI abilities should be acquired throughout one's life, not simply during the study of nursing (McQueen, 2004). Empirical investigations have con rmed the notion that those with high emotional intelligence levels experience less somatic symptoms, suicide thoughts, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional coping ability in the relationship between EI and wellness. The study was conducted in public and private hospitals and 766 valid responses were considered for the analysis. Information related to the demographic, correlation coefficient, direct and indirect effects, and the path coefficient of the model was presented in tabular form. Data were analysed using SPSS 22 and Smart PLS 3. Findings show that the path between EI and wellness was mediated by emotional coping ability and the effect was found to be statistically significant. The R ² for the model was found to be 41.5%. Moreover, the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.527–0.601. The present study was able to establish the mediating effect of emotional coping ability and proposes a model of wellness, which is of great significance for the psychological intervention of nursing professionals in the future.
... Hearing how others cope can teach a nurse the rules of right and wrong, causing the nurse to either suppress their true emotions or encouraging them to delve inward to genuinely modify their emotions to align with the expected ones, thereby resulting in elevated levels of surface and deep expressions. This exemplifies the argument of Theodosius (2008), who posited that nurses also engage in emotional labor with their colleagues ("collegial emotional labor"), as well as with patients and their families ("therapeutic emotional labor") or when performing various professional procedures ("instrumental emotional labor") (McQueen, 2004;Theodosius, 2008). Additionally, this finding is consistent with studies suggesting that peer interactions can be more demanding (Glasø & Einarsen, 2008) and that peer emotional labor strategies play a significant role in nurses' turnover intentions (Becker et al., 2017). ...
... This knowledge would involve a recognition of the importance of emotional intelligence (Freshwater & Stickley, 2004) or humanistic engagement of patients (Scanlon, 2006) in which the unique (and cyborg) features of each person are recognized and integrated into careremembering that patients too are neither merely human nor machine. Emotional intelligence is a body state that we feel and it influences responses and actions (Freshwater & Stickley, 2004), and can facilitate empathy and therapeutic relationships with patients (McQueen, 2004;Molina Kooker, Shoultz, & Codier, 2007). It is also a type of knowing that takes time to develop and can be limited by the fast pace, technological environments. ...
Person-centred practice indubitably seems to be the antithesis of technology. The ostensible polarity of technology and person-centred practice is an easy road to travel down and in their various forms has been probably travelled for decades if not centuries. By forging ahead or enduring these dualisms, we continue to approach and recede, but never encounter the elusive and the liminal space between technology and person-centred practice. Inspired by Haraway’s work, we argue that health care practitioners who critically consider their cyborg ontology may begin the process to initiate and complicate the liminal and sought after space between technology and person-centered practice. In this paper, we draw upon Haraway’s idea that we are all materially and ontologically cyborgs. Cyborgs, the hybridity of machine and human, are part of our social reality and embedded in our everyday existence. By considering our cyborg ontology, we suggest that person-centred practice can be actualized in the contextualized, embodied and relational spaces of technology. It is not a question of espousing technology or person-centred practice. Such dualisms have been historically produced and reproduced over many decades and prevented us from recognizing our own cyborg ontology. Rather, it is salient that we take notice of our own cyborg ontology and how technological, habitual ways of being may prevent (and facilitate) us to recognize the embodied and contextualized experiences of patients. A disruption and engagement with the habitual can ensure we are not governed by technology in our logics and practices of care and can move us to a conscious and critical integration of person-centred practice in the technologized care environments. By acknowledging ourselves as cyborgs, we can re-capture and preserve our humanness as caregivers, as well as thrive as we proceed in our technological way of being. Keywords: Technology; cyborg ontology; person-centred practice; Donna Haraway; liminal space; health care
... It has been emphasized that because nursing students undergo intensive theoretical education and clinical practice to develop their cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills, they have high stress levels and need high emotional intelligence to deal with this stress [12,13]. Studies conducted with nurses indicate that emotional intelligence skills contribute favorably to patient care, employee well-being and job satisfaction and that higher emotional intelligence is associated with greater stress coping ability and lower levels of burnout [14][15][16][17]. ...
Nursing students who started university during the COVID-19 pandemic had to attend via distance education, which increased their stress. This study aimed to determine the effect of a mindfulness-based psychoeducation program on the psychological well-being, emotional intelligence and stress levels of young adults in their first year of an undergraduate nursing program at a university in Turkey. The sample consisted of 59 students (mean age 19.3 years) who were randomized to the intervention group (n = 29) and control group (n = 30). Those in the intervention group participated in a mindfulness-based psychoeducation program twice a week for 4 weeks via video conference. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB) and Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS) were used as measurement tools. Between the pretest and posttest assessments, students in the intervention group showed a significant decrease in perceived stress scores and increases in emotional intelligence and psychological well-being scores. There were statistically significant differences in perceived stress, emotional intelligence and psychological well-being scores between the intervention and control groups in the posttest. Online mindfulness psychoeducation via video conferencing can be a useful intervention for nursing students to reduce stress and support psychological well-being and emotional intelligence.
... Over the past 20 years or so, there has been a radical transformation in the understanding of the influence of emotion in the workplace, at all levels, from the level of the individual worker right through to how it impacts on organizational culture (Ashkanasy and Dorris, 2017). Traditionally, in health training programmes, medical staff were encouraged to conceal their emotions and to maintain a professional barrier from patients (McQueen, 2004). However, in the past two decades there has been a significant move toward removing those barriers in the healthcare environment. ...
... Since nursing is one of these fields, defining the nursing profession without mentioning emotions would be inadequate. As such, nurses must be able to manage their emotions, empathize with others, and motivate themselves in order to communicate effectively, understand the needs of their patients, and provide the necessary care [9]. Various studies in nursing have demonstrated that nurses with high levels of emotional intelligence are able to provide patient care more effectively and work better together [10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Background: Nurses who constitute an important part of the health system play a critical role in all stages of disaster management, especially in providing care for disaster victims. It is essential for nurses to have adequate education and qualifications to reduce disaster-related mortality and morbidity rates in the community. The qualifications of nurses depend not only on their knowledge and skills but also on their emotional abilities such as empathy and stress management. Emotions can impact individuals' levels of self-efficacy in disaster response, and it may help explain the differences in self-efficacy among nurses.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and disaster response self-efficacy, and compare the scores between hospital nurses and National Medical Rescue Team nurses.
Design: A cross-sectional design.
Settings: This research was conducted at Bezmialem Foundation University Hospital and National Medical Rescue Team in Istanbul, Turkey.
Participants: This study included 565 nurses from two different institutions.
Methods: A survey consisting of the Demographic Information Form, the Modified Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, and the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale was administered to the nurses. The data collected from March to April of 2022 was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 program. The differences and relationships among variables were determined by using Chi-square tests, student's t-tests, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analyses.
Results: Of the 565 participants, 219 (38.8%) were hospital nurses and 346 (61.2%) were NMRT nurses. NMRT nurses scored significantly higher in emotional intelligence (131.45 ± 6.15 versus 129.75 ± 6.01) and disaster response self-efficacy (80.71 ± 11.38 versus 77.77 ± 11.33) than hospital nurses (p < 0.05). In addition, emotional intelligence was found to be significantly and positively correlated to disaster response self-efficacy (r = 0.885, p < 0.05).
Conclusions: The emotional intelligence and disaster response self-efficacy were positively correlated, and both levels of NMRT nurses higher than hospital nurses. These findings suggest that healthcare organizations should take the emotional intelligence of nurses as an important means to improve their disaster response selfefficacy. It can improve the quality of disaster response to obtain well self-efficacy by developing the emotional intelligence of nurses.
... These views are echoed by McQueen (2004), who identified emotional intelligence as distinct from academic abilities and involving a number of qualities such as, individual selfawareness, ability to recognize and control emotions, and having insight into how to relate to others, echoes these opinions. Parallel to the result of current study Mayer and Salovey (1997) identified that the ability to effectively sense, assess, and express emotions, comprehend the notion of emotional knowledge, and control emotion in a way that fosters both emotional and intellectual progress as emotional intelligence. ...
... (18,19) Nursing students with higher EI possess the ability to comprehend the feelings of patients, discern their needs, and proactively take measures to address and resolve their concerns. (20) Postgraduate education in nursing plays a crucial role in facilitating advanced practice nursing (APN) by training nursing talent to navigate complex situations, assume clinical leadership roles, and effectively implement evidence-based practice and quality improvement strategies. (21) As of the end of 2021, the number of nursing master programs in China has signi cantly increased to 122, comprising 78 academic (Master of Science, MS which focuses on research training) and 44 professional programs (Master of Nursing Specialist, MNS, which emphasizes advanced clinical practice). ...
Background
The foundation of nursing work lies in providing humanistic care, and nursing education places significant emphasis on fostering the development of humanistic caring ability (HCA). The objective of the current research was to explore the correlations between emotional intelligence (EI), resilience, and HCA, thus providing a reference for cultivating HCA among Chinese nursing postgraduates.
Methods
A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 189 postgraduates in nursing were recruited from four Universities across Eastern and Central China, and the following instruments were included in the survey: the demographic information questionnaire, the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) and the Caring Ability Inventory (CAI). Correlation, response surface, and moderated mediation analyses were conducted.
Results
The average score of CAI for nursing postgraduates was 182.86 ± 17.70. The correlation analysis and response surface analysis results revealed a significant positive association of EI and resilience with HCA. Resilience (B = 0.311, BootSE = 0.075, 95% CI: 0.169 ~ 0.470) remarkably mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and HCA in nursing postgraduate students. The interaction between the master program and emotional intelligence was significant (B = 0.126, 95% CI: 0.004 ~ 0.248, P = 0.043).
Conclusions
Chinese nursing postgraduates had poor HCA. EI and resilience were identified as two positive factors associated with HCA, with resilience potentially mediating the correlation between EI and HCA. Additionally, the master’s program may play a moderating role between EI and resilience.
Trial registration
ChiCTR2000038693. Registered on 28-09-2020.
... The correlation between Supportive Activities and perception of nursing role function emphasizes the importance of providing emotional support to patients and their families in nursing practice. Nurses play a vital role in offering comfort, empathy, and reassurance to patients and their loved ones during times of illness and distress [46]. The positive correlation between this dimension and nursing role function perception suggests that incorporating emotional support skills into nursing education may enhance nursing students' perceptions of their role function. ...
Abstract Background Perception of nursing roles among nursing students significantly influences their active engagement in nursing processes and care delivery. However, there is evidence to suggest that students’ interest in and perceptions from the nursing profession at the undergraduate level are often insufficient. Objective This study aimed to assess nursing students’ perceptions of nursing role function and identify areas that require improvement. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 among nursing students in the third- and fourth-years from three faculties in the Ardabil Province. The participants were selected through census sampling. The data were collected through interviews with the Standardized Professional Nursing Role Function (SP-NRF) questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS-18 software at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results A total of 320 nursing students participated in this study. The mean score for nursing role perception was 223.1 ± 20.3 out of 255. The results indicated significant gender differences in the mean scores of perception of the nursing role function, particularly in the supportive, professional-moral care, and professional-educational dimensions. Women scored significantly higher than men did (P
... Persons who plan to pursue a career in nursing should be assessed for their emotional intelligence abilities before enrolling in nursing programs, and they should foster interpersonal bonds while they do so (Cadman and Brewer 2001). In addition, EI abilities should be acquired throughout one's life, not simply during the study of nursing (McQueen 2004). Empirical investigations have confirmed the notion that those with high emotional intelligence levels experience less somatic symptoms, suicide thoughts, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. ...
... They face challenges regarding treatment, language and cultural barriers. It is complicated to work together those patients whose culture values are different and their understanding ability and perception has different (Anne, 2004). ...
The Main objective of the study is to examine the relationships between emotional intelligence, stress, anxiety and depression among transcultural nursing. The Sample of present study is comprised of 100 male and female (students) of ages 25 to 40 years. The mean age 31.64 and SD is 2.837. Participants of the study were selected from College of Nursing Quetta by applying systematic random sampling technique. The measures used, are: Personal information form, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF; Petrides, & Furnham, 2006), and depression, anxiety and stress Scale- 21 (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Results of present study indicated that there are negative relationships between in emotional intelligence anxiety and depression among healthcare students. Findings of the present study revealed that transcultural nursing is most complex because bilingual and cultural barriers generate complications for nursing.
... Persons who plan to pursue a career in nursing should be assessed for their emotional intelligence abilities before enrolling in nursing programs, and they should foster interpersonal bonds while they do so (Cadman and Brewer 2001). In addition, EI abilities should be acquired throughout one's life, not simply during the study of nursing (McQueen 2004). Empirical investigations have confirmed the notion that those with high emotional intelligence levels experience less somatic symptoms, suicide thoughts, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of interpersonal relationships at the workplace (IPR) and emotional coping ability in the relationship between EI and wellness and propose a model. The study was quantitative in nature and a cross-sectional research design was used. The study was conducted in public and private hospitals in Delhi (India). 766 valid responses from registered nurses were considered for the analysis. Information related to the demographic profile, the correlation coefficient of the constructs, direct and indirect effects, and the path coefficient of the structural model was presented in tabular form. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 22) and Smart PLS (M3 Version). Study findings show that the path between EI and wellness was sequentially mediated by Emotional Coping Ability and IPR and the effect was found to be statistically significant. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the model was found to be 44%. Moreover, the predictive relevance (Q2) ranged from 0.138 to 0.253 and the effect size (Cohen’s f2) of the research model was found to be 0.143 (excluding EI).The model suggested in the study was able to contribute to the growing literature on EI and wellness. Using PLS-SEM evaluation criteria, the present study was able to propose a model of wellness, which is of great significance for the psychological intervention of nursing professionals in the future
... EQ may enhance clinical diagnostic and prognostic skills, academic achievement, and doctor-patient interaction (McQueen 2004, & Mikolajczak et al., 2007. The impact of stress and burnout (Pagnini, 2009), workplace stress, and depression are lessened by "emotionally savvy organizations (Lopes et al., 2005),". ...
... Kendi duygularını yönetebilen çalışanlar daha sonra başkalarının hislerini ve duygularını denetleyebilme, karşılıklı ilişkileri kontrol edebilme, kendini karşısındakinin yerine koyabilme, moral ve motivasyonunu arttırabilme, özgüvenini geliştirebilme gibi birtakım yeteneklere sahip olabilmektedirler (Onay ve Uğur, 2011;Baykara G, 2010). Bireyler arası ilişkilerin en yaygın biçimde yaşandığı meslek dallarından olan hemşirelik mesleğini icra eden hemşireler, sağlık hizmetini sunarken hastaları anlayabilme, onların ihtiyaçlarını belirleyebilme ve onlarla kurdukları ilişkileri etkili ve etkin bir biçimde yönetebilmelerine katkı sağlaması açısından duygusal zeka becerileri önem arz etmektedir (McQueen, 2004). Etkili bir biçimde karşısındakini anlayan, onların duygularını özümseyen, çalışma arkadaşlarıyla bütünlük sağlayabilen çalışanlar, örgütlerine daha fazla katkı sağlamakta ve örgütlerini benimsemektedirler. ...
Bu araştırma, hemşirelerin duygusal zeka ve kişilik özelliklerinin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerinde etkisini belirlemeye yönelik olarak yapılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini Kastamonu Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde görev yapan 150 hemşire oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak anket yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada “Rotterdam Duygusal Zeka Ölçeği”, “ A ve B Tipi Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği” ve “Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda hemşirelerin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı ile Duygusal Zeka arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki bir varken (r=0,290 p
... As such, emo1onal labor has been examined across a variety of occupa1onal roles, including airline cabin crew aEendants (Bolton and Boyd 2003;Hochschild 1983), nursing (Carson and Carson 1998;McQueen 2004), theater actors (Orzechowicz 2008), hospitality workers (Jung and Yoon 2012), finance experts (Borch and Lange 2017), academics (Dickson-SwiZ et al. 2009), and social media influencers (Duffy and Wissinger 2017). For instance, in finance and academia, workers' emo1on management is focused on building legi1macy and construc1ng workers as "ra1onal" or "objec1ve" actors (Borch and Lange 2017;Dickson-SwiZ et al. 2009). ...
... Furthermore, there does also seem to be a dearth of literary descriptions that supports a notion that the self-sustaining or mental toughening strategies of acute psychiatric nurses is a reflection of the utilisation of an emotional intelligence (Guy, 2019;McQueen, 2004;Powel, Mabry, and Mixer, 2014;Van Dusseldorp, Meijel and Dertisen, 2011). ...
This study has concerned itself with the therapeutic nature of the relationship between psychiatric nurses and the inpatients of acute psychiatric wards. In particular it sought the insights that those nurses held in relation to their strategic endeavour to form such a relationship. Existing theory was considered and a comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken; this identified a paucity of research and theory into how therapeutic relationships are formed between nurse and patient within a contemporary acute psychiatric ward.
In order to answer the research question, this study adopted an interpretive phenomenological methodology. The convergent interview; with its inter-interview analytical process (Dick, 2017) was utilised as the method. The research was undertaken across four wards that make up the acute inpatient facilities of a single NHS site. A maximum variance sample was sought and seventeen interviews were conducted. Six major themes emerged from the responses of the participants: making a connection and relating to one another; the utilisation of values; appraising the situation and manoeuvring; using and working with boundaries; managing the challenges and pressures of acute psychiatric work; and work as a team.
Themes were re-reviewed in the light of theory, literature and contemporary commentary and then conclusions and recommendations are made. The study concluded that the endeavour to form a therapeutic relationship is a boundaried, reflective, and altruistic driven social endeavour. One that utilises the opportunities that arise out of the relational intensity of sharing a living space, whilst one party experiences an episode of acute psychiatric illness. Such intensity requires nurses to engage in self-sustaining strategies, and to adopt a team approach if their endeavours are to be successful.
The study made recommendations for recruitment practices that enable the identification of individuals with pre-existing social skill, altruistic values, an ability for personal reflection and a degree of personal resilience. Recommendations are also made for training that supports an examination of the relational impacts of power imbalances, psychiatric symptoms, professional boundaries and professional values.
Additionally, the study presents it is the establishment of a relational bond alone, which most closely resembles acute psychiatric nurses’ understanding of therapeutic relationship. Hence a recommendation is made to rethink the framing of future research or measurement of the phenomena based on the tri-partite definition of bond, goal and task agreement that defines psychotherapy understandings of therapeutic relationship (Bordin, 1979). The study also makes recommendations for both further research and theoretical development.
... Research on Emotional labor supported that the regulation of emotions for a prolonged time is dysfunctional, and it leads to emotional exhaustion and burnout. McQueen (2004) observed that intense and constant emotional work in interpersonal interactions can be stressful and exhausting (p. 104). ...
Over the past few decades, the philosophy of workplace emotions has gained ample significance. Dismantling the previous notion of considering the workplace as a rational environment, emotions and emotional demands are considered critical in everyday organizational life. Employers are looking for emotionally competent employees to ensure quality interpersonal interactions in the workplace. The mounting attention towards the emotional dynamics at work emphasizes the significance of managing emotions in the workplace. Employees are expected to articulate suitable emotions as part of their job requirements. This effort to express appropriate emotions prescribed by the organization during interface is termed emotional labor. With the expansion of service-oriented businesses, Emotional labor has surfaced as a work-related stressor. This chapter addresses the relationship between Emotional Labour and Stress in the workplace and its repercussions on both employees and organizations.
... Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to perceive emotions, to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, to reflectively regulate emotions, to promote emotional and intellectual growth (Mayer & Salovery 1997). McQueen (2004) suggests that EI is highly predictive of an individual's general domains such as career performance. ...
While intelligent Quotient (IQ) has long been used as a predictor of student success, as the worldenters the 21st century, research shows that Emotional intelligence (EI) is a better predictor of successthan the more traditional measures of cognitive intelligence (Goleman, 1995). Emotional intelligence isdefined as the ability to perceive emotions, to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotionalknowledge, to reflectively regulate emotions, to promote emotional and intellectual growth (Mayer &Salovery 1997). McQueen (2004) suggests that EI is highly predictive of an individual’s generaldomains such as career performance.
... The need for excellent bedside manner is not a novel idea in health care, however, recent studies indicate that beyond presenting with a positive and friendly attitude, practitioners should be skilled at recognizing emotions in patients and have the ability to adapt to them. 1,2 Emotions play a pivotal role in the patient-provider interaction. Health care providers skilled at interpreting emotions has shown higher rates of patient satisfaction and compliance to care plans designed for patients. ...
No funding sources and no conflicts of interest to disclose Background: Recent evidence suggests that a major factor in patient satisfaction and practitioner happiness in health care may be emotional intelligence (EI), or the ability to recognize and modulate the emotions of oneself and others. Literature has demonstrated that EI has decreased in health care providers. Objective: This study sought to find differences in EI levels of bachelors and master's level athletic training (AT) students. Design: Cross Sectional Analysis Setting: Bachelors and master's level professional programs. Participants: Snowball sampling through program directors yielded 44 bachelor's and 35 master's students. Method(s): Self-reported opinions of EI were collected via the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS). Two one-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine if there were mean differences in EI between degree level and gender. Pearson correlations coefficients were conducted to examine the association between age and EI. Results: There were no significant differences in bachelor's and master's student's EIS scores, however, a gender difference was noted, with males scoring higher. There was a significant correlation between age and EIS score. Conclusions: This project demonstrates EI differences in men and women that are not supported by past research and should be further explored. EI education should be included in AT curricula to slow the downward trend in EI and improve the health care experience for practitioners and patients. Introduction:
... Furthermore, some professionals seem to experience compassion fatigue, as they cited that domains of their personal and professional life were affected by their work on ESN cases (Day et al., 2012;Doron et al., 2013) and is not surprising, given the nature of ESN cases (Austin et al., 2009). In the context of self-neglect, recommendations have been made for professionals to recognize and regulate their emotions through skills of self-control, emotional intelligence, and constant reflection (Band-Winterstein, 2018; Mcqueen, 2004). Still, the lack of, and need for, formal and regulated support frameworks cannot be avoided. ...
Purpose:
Given the global trajectory toward an aging population, renewed interest in the phenomena of self-neglect is needed if relevant stakeholders are to be adequately prepared for an expected increase in the number of elder self-neglect cases. This current study is designed to systematically review and synthesize the qualitative literature on the perspectives and experiences of older adults living with self-neglect.
Design:
A narrative meta-synthesis was used.
Methods:
Six English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO) were comprehensively searched from inception to May 2022. The thematic synthesis method was applied to analyze and synthesize the findings of the included studies. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist was applied to evaluate the quality of the included studies.
Findings:
A total of six qualitative studies were finally included with four studies conducted in the United States, one in Israel, and one in Ireland. Through meta-synthesis, five analytical themes were identified: attributes of self-neglect, life shaped by misery, insufficient social networks and resources, self-protection and preservation, and anchoring beliefs and practices.
Conclusions:
This qualitative synthesis provides profound insights into the self-neglect phenomenon from the standpoint of older adults with self-neglect and can provide guidance to relevant stakeholders on how to address elder self-neglect cases with respect to its assessment, reporting and management. Future research across geographical locations on the experiences of older adults with self-neglect are needed to provide a more global understanding of this significant and emerging public health issue.
Clinical relevance:
The development of future self-neglect management practices based on medical and sociocultural models of care can focus on supporting self-neglecters with positive coping mechanisms and supporting service providers with spiritual care competencies to ensure interventions achieve ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence.
... One of the widely recognized elements in the area of nursing is Emotional Labor, and in recent times it is accepted that nurses should be allowed to show their emotions which was previously restricted. Evidently, it is required that nurses should be able to manage their emotions properly to cut down their occupational stress, as they also have to manage the complex emotions of their patients [6]. Assessment of nursing performance incorporates the following factors namely, attention to the capability of nurses to accomplish their respective work goals, meeting the job expectations, the achievement of benchmarks [7]. ...
The current study investigates the effect of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on the performance of nurses with the mediating effect of job satisfaction. This study measures the concept of EI, Job Performance, and Job Satisfaction across 385 respondents from various private and government hospitals and the locale of the study was the Delhi NCR region.
PLS-SEM was used for analyzing the data. The result indicates that a relationship exists between these three variables and job satisfaction mediates the relationship between Emotional Intelligence & Job performance. The findings of the current study showed that awareness of emotions, regulation of emotions, and managing of emotions are the significant components of EI which enhances leadership, critical care, professional development, interpersonal relationships, planning and collaboration aspects of Job Performance. Further, the mediating effects support that the positive working conditions and organizations’ compensation policy fetches higher level of Job Satisfaction among the professional and nursing employees who are satisfied as well as having a higher level of Emotional Quotient would be a better performer than the employees who are having a low level of emotional intelligence.
It can be recommended that while recruiting nursing employees along with their technical competence EI competence needs to be equally emphasized. Similarly, EI needs to be integrated into healthcare practice guidelines and performance evaluations as it is one of the important assets of individual persona.
Background
Emotional intelligence is regarded as an important characteristic for building stable and healthy emotions among nursing staff that enhances nursing performance, supports the concept of nurse–patient relationship, and encourages the nurses to be more involved in decision making in providing care. Emotional intelligence helps individuals to perform well in risky tasks and could be beneficial for patients under the care of nurses through improving the patient safety climate.
Aim
The aim was to assess the relationship between nurses’ emotional intelligence and their perception of patient safety climate.
Design
A descriptive correlational design was used for this study sample.
Patients and methods
The study was conducted at New Kasr Al-Aini Teaching Hospital, Cairo University Hospital, on a convenience sample of 250 staff nurses.
Results
The results revealed that the total mean percent of emotional intelligence of nurses was 86.64%, which indicates high level of emotional intelligence, and the total mean score of patient safety climate was 72.33%, which indicates high level of patient safety. In addition, there was a highly statistically significant positive correlation ( P =0.00) between emotional intelligence and patient safety climate.
Conclusion
Nurses had high level of emotional intelligence and patient safety climate. There was a highly statistically significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence and patient safety climate.
Recommendation
There should be increased staff participation in development and training to emphasize the power of emotional intelligence. The aim should be to improve the level of self-awareness, self-management, social consciousness, and relationship management among nurses to increase emotional intelligence and maintain patient safety climate.
The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and desirable nursing behaviors, measured as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We used Mayer and Salovey's (1997) four-dimensional model of emotional intelligence and Organ's (1988) OCB construct to test the EI-OCB relationships. Using a sample of 137 clinical nurses, and analyzing the data with hierarchical multiple regressions, we obtained results indicating that the EI dimension perceiving emotion was linked to conscientiousness, and facilitating thinking was linked to civic virtue. Managing emotion was linked to conscientiousness, civic virtue, altruism and courtesy. There were no relationships between facilitating thinking and the OCB dimensions. Results suggest that EI may increase conscientiousness in performing nursing duties, and in the levels of involvement and participation in hospital affairs. Higher levels of emotional intelligence may also increase altruistic activities and discretionary coordinating efforts. However, there is no reason to expect that a poor work climate, and grieving, complaining behaviors will respond positively to increasing EI. Managers should realize that efforts to improve EI may not provide global results.
Health organizations face many challenges resulting from the rapid developments and the
multiplicity of means of communication, which in turn cause various pressures on the workers, affecting
negatively and directly the human resources within the organization, in addition to the large costs resulting
from them.
Study Objective: The study aimed to determine the level of emotional intelligence and to know the strategy of
coping with work pressures among nursing staff in Tishreen University Hospital in Lattakia.
Research Materials and Methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on an appropriate sample of
(200) nurses working in Tishreen University Hospital, working during the data collection period (the available
sample). The researcher relied on a questionnaire to assess self-management emotional intelligence
developed by (Schutte et.al, 1998), and a questionnaire to assess strategies for coping with work stress,
which was used by Al-Shawi (2010) in his research on coping strategies and their relationship to
psychological stress to collect data related to the study, and after unpacking The data were statistically
processed and tabulated using the SPSS statistical program version )20( .
Results: The results of the current study showed that the level of emotional intelligence of the nursing staff
(study sample) as a whole was medium, and the level of using strategies to cope with work stress for the
nursing staff (study sample) as a whole was medium, with a strong and statistically significant relationship
between emotional intelligence And the use of coping strategies for work stress.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Emotional intelligence is considered one of the most important
psychological factors that nurses must have in order to practice their work in a healthy manner, hospital
managers were recommended to assess the emotional intelligence of nurses, encourage them to use positive
work stress coping strategies, and conduct induction courses.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Strategy of facing work pressure, work stress, nursing staff.
Çalışmanın amacı intörnlük stajının hemşirelik dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin duygusal zeka düzeylerine etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırma, ön test ve son test kullanılarak yapılan tek gruplu yarı deneysel tasarımda bir çalışmadır. Çalışmanın verileri 2019-2020 Eğitim-Öğretim yılı bahar döneminde hemşirelik bölümünde intörnlük stajına çıkan 90 öğrenci ile, Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ve Duygusal Zeka Değerlendirme Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çalışmada tüm intörnlük alanlarında Duygusal Zeka Değerlendirme Ölçeği ön test–son test puanları açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p
Quarterlife crisis is an emotional crisis in the form of negative emotions in individuals in early adulthood. Negative emotions that occur can inhibit individual productivity, and even cause disturbances both physically and mentally. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and quarter-life crisis in college alumni. The sample in this study were 115 individuals aged 22-30 years who were graduate from universities in Makassar. The research method uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques using a Likert scale, namely the QLC scale from Mutiara (2018) and the self-efficacy scale made by the researcher. The results of hypothesis testing using the Spearman Rank Correlation test showed significant results with a total of 0.00 (p < 0.05) and a correlation coefficient of -0.418. These results indicate that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and quarterlife crisis, which means Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and quarter-life crisis in college graduates in Makassar. It was found that the lower the level of self-efficacy, the higher the level of the individual's quarterlife crisis.
The Digital Emotional Intelligence(DEI) Model optimizes workplace engagement and well-being by combining digital technologies, emotional intelligence training, and a nurturing work environment. This holistic approach cultivates employee satisfaction, enhances productivity, and promotes overall wellness in the workplace.
The emotional load and the confrontation with the end of life and death that health professionals regularly endure are occupational health and public health issues. Understanding their deleterious effects on the health of caregivers is only a first step, which must be followed by the identification of the various levers of action that can be mobilized.
Nursing personnel being an important part of the Healthcare team members has a major responsibility in providing the quality Healthcare services to the clients. Nurses has to be high emotionally quotient, self-compassionate and should have good communication skills in providing quality Healthcare services. Modern nursing demands skill of EQ to meet the need of direct patient care and cooperative negotiations with the multidisciplinary team membersbecause these parameters are interrelated and strongly influence the nurses in delivering the services. People develop concern for compassion for the Welfare and well-being of others. Compassion includes a non-judgemental approach in responding to failure or mistakes.
Emotional Intelligence refers to a different way of being smart. EI is a key to high performance, particularly for outstanding leadership. It's not your IQ, but rather it's how you manage yourself and your relationships with others.-Daniel Goleman, Crucial Competence: Building Emotional and Social Leadership Emotions determine our individual and professional performance and our relationships on different levels. Emotional Intelligence (EI) has recently turned from a new concept into the core of successful professional realization. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of emotional intelligence for healthcare professionals' success either on individual or on professional level. Literature review was conducted as the main research method in order to evaluate the role of EI in the field of healthcare and to answer the research questions. The conducted research provided a link between the basic competences in the field of healthcare and high levels of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the path to establishing and maintaining positive social and professional relationships in a caring environment. Based on the review of 27 articles, we conclude that EI is positively and significantly associated with personal and professional performance. When emotion and cognition are intertwined, this leads to adaptive perception and intelligent use of both resulting in better personal, social and professional functioning.
Cuidar de crianças vítimas de maus tratos implica uma multiplicidade de desafios para os enfermeiros, e entre estes a gestão emocional. Os enfermeiros precisam de gerir sentimentos ambivalentes no sentido de protegerem a criança (maltratada) e simultaneamente, apoiarem os pais (maltratantes). Na literatura tem sido reconhecida a importância da gestão emocional dos enfermeiros para evitar que as emoções experienciadas tenham implicações negativas ao nível da qualidade dos cuidados, bem como no seu bem-estar e equilíbrio emocional. Assim, pretendemos responder à seguinte questão de investigação: como é que os enfermeiros de saúde infantil gerem a sua emocionalidade nos encontros com os pais maltratantes? Foram definidos os seguintes objetivos: 1) Analisar o que experienciam emocionalmente os enfermeiros nos encontros com os pais maltratantes; 2) Compreender o processo de gestão emocional dos enfermeiros na interação de cuidados com os pais maltratantes. Este estudo situa-se no paradigma naturalista, tendo-se optado pela metodologia de Grounded Theory, de abordagem predominantemente indutiva. Quanto aos instrumentos de colheita de dados, foi efetuada a observação de 11 consultas de enfermagem, realizadas 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas e foi efetuado um focus group com 6 enfermeiros. As ferramentas analíticas são decorrentes das etapas desta metodologia de investigação, com recurso ao Software de análise de conteúdo NVivo 12. Os achados revelam que o processo de gestão emocional dos enfermeiros nos encontros com os pais maltratantes se caracteriza pelo impacto emocional nos primeiros encontros com a criança maltratada/ pais maltratantes, que pode conduzir a uma situação emocional limite que compromete a relação terapêutica. No entanto, na maioria das vezes, os enfermeiros conseguem estruturar uma relação próxima com estas famílias, caracterizada por uma relação terapêutica e de proximidade com a criança e com os pais, mobilizando estratégias de gestão emocional num continuum da intervenção com os pais maltratantes, que podem constituir um desafio emocional gratificante ou perturbador. Porém, tanto o desafio emocional gratificante como o desafio emocional perturbador são potenciadores da aprendizagem experiencial, que conduz a um processo adaptativo e resiliente dos enfermeiros que acompanham estas famílias.
The aim of the study was to better understand the health impairment process, postulated by Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Previous studies on the process have not clearly explained which types of job demands (challenge vs. hindrance) lead to depression and which burnout component (exhaustion or disengagement from work) mediates job demands—depression link. The direct and indirect (mediated via exhaustion and disengagement from work) effects of challenge and hindrance stressors (included 6 different demands) on depression were investigated in this 1-year cross-lagged study. Data were collected among 752 social service workers in Poland. Structural equation modeling confirmed a slightly different effects of challenge and hindrance stressors (T1) on the two components of job burnout (T2) and depression (T2). Hindrance (but not challenge) stressors were related to high depression. Hindrance stressors intensified exhaustion and disengagement from work, while challenge stressors were only associated with high exhaustion. Exhaustion (but not disengagement from work) was related to depression. These findings support the mediation function of burnout in the health impairment process but only in relation to exhaustion. They also showed that the challenge–hindrance distinction is justified also in the JD-R model. The implications for theory and research on the mental health of employees, as well as for human management practice are discussed.
Learning with, from and about each other within a multidisciplinary forum of Reflective Practice Meetings (RPMs) encourages individuals to gain a shared understanding of the nature of the caring task, offers an insight into differing (inter)disciplinary perspectives and builds a collaborative ethos in the team’s approach to care. Despite such noticeable benefits of working collaboratively, there are challenges that often hinder this within the clinical practice environment. RPMs can be identified as an example of interprofessional education (IPE) within a clinical setting. There is a plethora of drivers calling for the relationship between interprofessional education, collaboration and interprofessional working practice (IPW) to be fully realised in order for benefits to be embedded within the fabric of the health, education and social care systems. Therefore, one of the ways of encouraging a shared understanding that fosters collaborative approaches amongst professionals is to provide opportunities that encourage an open dialogue such as an RPM. Engaging with each other enables individuals to realise the ‘collaborative advantage vision’, leading to the social construction of knowledge and co-creation of a shared understanding of the nature of the caring task. Despite the divergence of opinion within the literature, there is a general acknowledgement and consensus about the immense benefits of embedding IPE and collaborative approaches within the health, education and social care systems. This thesis argues that RPMs are an example of IPE. As a result, a study was conducted within a specialist Secure Forensic Mental Health Service for Young People (SFMHSfYP (The Unit). The study is underpinned by IPE informing theory couched within a framework. The framework provides a lens to explore the research questions that were derived from the literature review. Methodologically, a case study approach (single site) is operationalized. The data collection methods included conducting Participant Observations, audio recording of RPMs, completion of Reflective logs (by participants), and audio recordings of One-to-One semi-structured interview. The data analysis process entailed transcribing of audio recorded material verbatim and this was followed by employing a thematic analysis of content. Three themes emerged namely; Nature of the Caring task, “Keeping the show on the Road”, and Use of Space. A critical descriptive analysis of the themes is presented within the findings chapter. This is followed by a critical analysis of the super-ordinate themes, thus providing refined research study outputs of the processes that occurred within the RPMs namely; Communication and sharing information, Negotiation of different value systems, Power relations and reflections on power, Emotional offloading, and Personal and group reflection. The study recommends that further research is required in order to extend the field of IPE in particular understanding the role of the unconscious processes within a reflective practice context
Background
Neonatal nurses play an important role in the development of effective partnerships, as they have more consistent interactions with the patients' parents and can encourage parental involvement. This study aimed to identify factors influencing neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses' development of partnerships with parents of high-risk infants in South Korea based on King's interacting systems theory.
Methods
We collected data utilizing a structured questionnaire, which included the following variables: developmental supportive nursing competency, empowerment, emotional intelligence, patient-centered communication skills, interpersonal competence, nursing work environment, and nurse-parent partnership. The participants were 140 pediatric nurses with at least one year of NICU experience in South Korea. We used SPSS/WIN 26.0 to analyze the data.
Findings
Of the factors evaluated, empowerment (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), patient-centered communication skills (β = 0.25, p < 0.01), interpersonal competence (β = −0.27, p = 0.001), emotional intelligence (β = 0.25, p = 0.005), age (β = −0.15, p < 0.01), and gender (β = 0.12, p = 0.03) explained 62.4% of the total variance of the nurse-parent partnership. Our results identify the factors affecting NICU nurses' development of partnerships with parents of high-risk infants.
Implications for practice
Strategies and efforts to enhance the nurse-parent relationship must consider improving nurse empowerment, intelligence, and interpersonal factors.
Demand for home and community-based services continues to outpace employment of home care workers (HCWs) who provide this vital assistance. HCWs face challenges that contribute to inadequate staff retention. Of particular concern is the lack of research on HCWs' emotional health. This research describes facilitators and resources that support HCW emotional health. Qualitative descriptive interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of HCWs (n = 17) who were formally recognized for their success. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded in Dedoose. Thematic analysis revealed three facilitators of emotional health that HCWs link to their professional success: "right state of mind," practicing self-care, and a combined sense of appreciation and support. HCWs highlight specific, practicable resources that promote their emotional health. Policy implications connects low wages and benefits to HCW emotional health, and practice implications for enhancing training and support to retain these important workers.
Introduction: Qualified nursing services can be manifested through the provision of nursing care based on nurses´ caring behavior. Therefore, a nurse’s caring behavior can affect patient satisfaction which can contribute to a nurse's attitudes, and the specific baseline is emotional intelligence. As one of the clinical indicators for nursing care quality, it is associated directly with patient’s satisfaction towards nurses´ caring behavior, because it is conceptualized and measurable. Objective: To identify the association of nurses’ emotional intelligence and their caring behavior throughout nursing practice hospitalization in Ambun Suri ward Dr. Achmad Mochtar Hospital, Bukittinggi, Indonesia. Methods: This is descriptive-analytic research with a cross-sectional approach involving 69 nurses. The instruments for this study were self-report questionnaires of professional caring behavior items. Data were categorized to specific criteria and measured with descriptive statistics. Results: The statistical analysis revealed 44.9% of nurses had a deficient caring attitude while high emotional intelligence reached out of 53.7% during nurses’ caring behavior. A significant emotional intelligence association with caring behavior was found (p=0.001). Conclusion: The study findings may be recommended to the hospital ward headship throughout the functions of direction and supervision strive for nurses´ emotional intelligence development, including of nurses’ touching and listening abilities, explaining and talking intonation, technical and expression amongst therapeutic processes, environmental management, and family involvement. Those should be improved from various nurses' emotional intelligence educational workshops and training for decent caring behavior enhancement.
The contemporary concept of emotional intelligence (EI) as a critical set of management skills is traced through time to its current application for health care administration. EI is defined as proficiencies in intrapersonal and interpersonal skills in the areas of self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, social awareness, and social skills. The contributions of EI to effective management are supported by empirical research in the field. The importance of developing these skills in health care organizations is further clarified with examples familiar to health care administrators. Training suggestions and assessment resources are provided.
In this review article the author will attempt to contribute to the sociology of emotions by comparing
Hochschild’s theoretical approach with that of Figurational or Process Sociology, and by
comparing the results of her study of flight attendants in the USA with the data the author gathered in a
small similar study in the Netherlands. In such a theoretical and empirical comparison the
outlines of a sociology of emotions may become sharper
In this article we are looking for an answer to the question: what makes normal, common care good care? So, criteria for the quality of care are at stake. The question is an urgent and relevant one with an explicit political and normative point, and it goes beyond detached scientific analysis. In the case of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the associated feeling of emergency, care tends to be restricted to fundamental (or basic) means and needs, but what do we mean by ‘fundamental’ or ‘basic’? Is antiretroviral medicine more fundamental than bread, or than grants for children, or decent funerals, or education for vulnerable children and women? Is it more basic and necessary than personal, attentive proximity and treatment with honour or respect? Obviously there is a bottom line: without life, all talk about rights, education and respectfulness is pointless, but as soon as we rise above that absolute bottom line we are in trouble.
In this paper, a model describing nurses' responses to patients who are suffering is presented. The nurse's level of engagement with the patient is affected by whether the caregiver is focused on him-/herself or on the sufferer (i.e. embodied with the patient) and whether the caregiver is responding reflexively or with a learned response. Four types of communication patterns are identified: engaged responses (first-level) are used in a connected relationship; when the nurse responses reflexively and is focused on him-/herself, the response is reflected; when the caregiver is patient-focused, a learned response is labelled a professional response; and a self-focused, learned response is labelled detached. Examples of each type of response are provided.
Star performers can be differentiated from average ones by emotional intelligence. For jobs of all kinds, emotional intelligence is twice as important as a person's intelligence quotient and technical skills combined. Excellent performance by top-level managers adds directly to a company's "hard" results, such as increased profitability, lower costs, and improved customer retention. Those with high emotional intelligence enhance "softer" results by contributing to increased morale and motivation, greater cooperation, and lower turnover. The author discusses the five components of emotional intelligence, its role in facilitating organizational change, and ways to increase an organization's emotional intelligence.
Emotional intelligence is being touted in the popular literature as an important characteristic for successful leaders. However, caution needs to be exercised regarding the connection between emotional intelligence and workplace success. The author contrasts 2 current models of emotional intelligence, the measurements being used, and the ability of emotional intelligence to predict success. Implications for the workplace are discussed.
Emotional intelligence is a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). We discuss (a) whether intelligence is an appropriate metaphor for the construct, and (b) the abilities and mechanisms that may underlie emotional intelligence. © 1993.
Hochschild's 1980s study of flight attendants found them estranged from their emotions. Using evidence drawn from interviews and observations of supermarket clerks' performance of customer service, this study replaces Hochschild's concept of emotional labor with new definitions of emotion as work-autonomous emotion management and regulated emotion management-making control rather than exchange value central to understanding emotion at work.
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This study examined the gender dependence of conceptions of intelligence: what kinds of gender stereotypes would emerge in identifications and descriptions of target persons, adults and pupils, whom the subjects knew personally and considered to be intelligent. Characteristics of an intelligent adult were rated by a sample of the general population (N = 152) and characteristics of an intelligent pupil by a group of parents (N = 69). It was found that the image of the intelligent person, whether adult or pupil, consists of many qualities. However, it was the cognitive one (i.e. problem-solving skills) that is seen as the essence of adult intelligence, whereas school success was regarded as the essential element of pupils intelligence. Traditional gender stereotypes appeared in the images of pupils' intelligence as cognitive skill differences favoring boys, and in the images of adult intelligence as social skill differences favoring women.
Addresses criticisms of the authors' previous linking of emotion and intelligence by explaining that many intellectual problems contain emotional information that must be processed. Using P. Salovey and J. D. Mayer's (1990) definition of emotional intelligence as a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking, it is argued that intelligence is an appropriate metaphor for the construct. The abilities and mechanisms that underlie emotional intelligence are described. These mechanisms are (1) emotionality itself, (2) facilitation and inhibition of emotional information flow, and (3) specialized neural mechanisms. Emotionality contributes to specific abilities, and emotional management influences information channels and problem solving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Compassionate care: a moral dimension of nursing
This paper focuses on the concept of compassion and its meaning for nursing practice. Compassion is often considered to be an essential component of nursing care; however, it is difficult to identify what exactly comprises compassionate care. To begin with, there is a general discussion of the meaning of compassion and an examination of its common usage. An argument then is presented that compassion is more than just a natural response to suffering, rather that it is a moral choice. The paper outlines the extent to which this concept has implications for nursing care, highlighting some of the obstacles that nurses need to overcome in order to maintain this essential moral value of the caring role.
The nurse–patient relationship traditionally has been thought central to professional practice For several decades, nurse theorists have explored the communication processes which mediate clinical practice and the variously described outcomes of these processes Yet while interpersonal skills and personal attributes have been considered integral to professional bonding, and while outcomes of the process are widely discussed, clinically based validation of theorized process components has not been definitively accomplished To this end, 67 critical incidents concerning experienced clinicians’ perceptions of their closest professional relationships were analysed The perceived professional bond was demonstrated to be a cumulative process of attachment with three qualitatively different levels of involvement and two impasse states The most intense levels of attachment were perceived to be the most beneficial by the nurses who described relationships characterized by mutuality and reciprocity This level was not, however, achieved by all nurses in the sample Implications of the perceived outcomes of the most intimate professional relationships were discussed
The importance of ‘knowing the patient’: community nurses’ constructions of quality in providing palliative care
This paper reports findings from a study conducted in one community health care trust where 62 members of the district nursing team (grades B–H) were interviewed. An adaptation of the critical incident technique was used to determine factors which contributed or detracted from high quality care for a number of key areas including palliative care. The centrality of knowing the patient and his/her family emerged as an essential antecedent to the provision of high quality palliative care. Factors enabling the formation of positive relationships were given prominence in descriptions of ideal care. Strategies used to achieve this included establishing early contact with the patient and family, ensuring continuity of care, spending time with the patient and providing more than the physical aspects of care. The characteristics described by the community nurses are similar to those advocated in ‘new nursing’ which identifies the uniqueness of patient needs, and where the nurse–patient relationship is objectified as the vehicle through which therapeutic nursing can be delivered. The link with ‘new nursing’ emerges at an interesting time for community nurses. The past decade has seen many changes in the way that community nursing services are configured. The work of the district nursing service has been redefined, making the ideals of new nursing, for example holism, less achievable than they were a decade ago. This study reiterates the view that palliative care is one aspect of district nursing work that is universally valued as it lends itself to being an exemplar of excellence in terms of the potential for realizing the ideals of nursing practice. This is of increasing importance in the context of changes that militate against this ideal.
• In the reformed UK National Health Service, shaped by government initiatives ( Department of Health, 1989, 1990, 1998), those receiving health care are encouraged to take an active part in decision-making affecting their therapy and care and to take steps to improve their health and well-being. This is endorsed by the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting.
• To enable this, healthcare consumers require information, education, encouragement and support, and nurses are in an ideal position to meet this need.
• Fundamental to this is the formation of a trusting professional relationship, the importance of which is arguably overshadowed by more observable nursing work.
• The argument here is that forming such a therapeutic relationship involves the nurse in work of an interpersonal and emotional nature that is required to be recognized in clinical practice, education and research.
The concept of caring, its intentions, actions and its achievements, as it relates to nursing is a concept on which many nurses’minds have been focused The concern and at times a major preoccupation with the need to explore and explain caring among the nursing body is a concern which is rooted in sociopolitical and cultural phenomena related to the evolution of nursing The need to explore and explain caring through philosophical discourse is a necessary and an ongoing part of this evolutionary process This paper represents an attempt to partake in such discourse More precisely, the paper undertakes an analysis of the concept of caring as it happens in both nonprofessional and in professional caring contexts and represents an attempt to characterize professional caring In an effort to do this the author considers the moral-ethical dimension of caring in the light of important theoretical positions on social morality When considered against these theories of social morality and against the professionally derived imperatives which guide caring actions, professional caring may be construed as a distinct mode of caring
A literature review on the concept of intimacy in nursing
Aim. This paper explores the concept of intimacy in nursing.
Rationale. Intimacy is an increasingly important concept in nursing and feature of the nurse–patient relationship, which is perceived to be intrinsic to the proposed therapeutic potential of nursing. The introduction to the paper highlights the theoretical enthusiasm and endorsement of intimacy, the apparent lack of conceptual clarity from a nursing perspective and little published research investigating intimacy in practice.
Method. Literature is reviewed from nursing and a variety of health–related disciplines.
Findings. The paper traces the historical background of the nurse–patient relationship and intimacy and highlights the change in value from detachment and distancing to intimacy, commitment and involvement. The nature of intimacy is examined and a concept analysis based on literature from psychology and psychiatric medicine is critically analysed. Intimacy is suggested to have psychological, emotional and physical aspects, which are explored. An ethnographic research study on intimacy in nursing is reviewed, which also recognizes physical and emotional dimensions of the concept and the importance of sufficient resources to allow the close relationships advocated. Attention is drawn to the constraints on intimacy imposed by the current market–led health service. Literature and research on the implications and consequences of intimacy for the nurse are discussed. These report practical difficulties of maintaining close relationships with individual patients and the potential for over-involvement and emotional labour.
Conclusion. The paper concludes with the increasing importance attached to intimacy in nursing and its complex, ill-defined nature. This serves to highlight the importance of research aimed at exploring and clarifying intimacy and further illustrating the therapeutic potential of nursing.
Shifts in power within the nursing profession and the health care system raise questions as to how nursing will develop and use its power. As a model for political action, empowerment involves the development of three dimensions; (a) raising the conscious of sociopolitical realities; (b) positive self-esteem; and (c) political skills needed to negotiate and change the health care system. This paper discusses these dimensions as they relate to nurses within a feminist context.
This study attempts to recognize and value emotional labour and the skills involved and embodied within it. Also, there is an attempt to deliberately re-value the caring component of nursing. Caring is identified as the central task of the nurse, emotional labour is part of caring and therefore a defence of emotional labour is central to affirming nursing's worth. The study draws on the work of Hochschild who first used the term emotional labour to define the undefined, unexplained component of the work mainly carried out by women. Such caring work also is not officially recorded and may only be passed on in an oral tradition. Case studies of three experienced enrolled nurses (level 2) who were on a course to convert their nursing qualification to registered nurse (level 1) were compiled. Phenomenology as an inductive, descriptive research method was used to investigate and describe their experiences as emotion managers at home and emotion workers in clinical hospital settings. From the case studies, it was concluded that all three women recognize emotion work as work but also that this type of work is not recorded. They also were not able to name skills used for such work and generally believe that it is through life experience that they have learnt emotion management. I used the information from my conversations with the women to name skills, indeed the title of the study is one such skill. All three women demonstrated a positive self-evaluation of their work although they felt that society did not value care work. I use some of their comments, the literature and my own thoughts to discuss ways of improving and valuing the emotional labour of nursing.
Shifts in power within the nursing profession and the health care system raise questions as to how nursing will develop and use its power. As a model for political action, empowerment involves the development of three dimensions; (a) raising the conscious of socio-political realities; (b) positive self-esteem; and (c) political skills needed to negotiate and change the health care system. This paper discusses these dimensions as they relate to nurses within a feminist context.
The relationship that is established between the nurse and the patient is the result of interplay or covert negotiations until a mutually satisfying relationship is reached. Depending on the duration of the contact between the nurse and the patient, the needs of the patient, the commitment of the nurse and the patient's willingness to trust the nurse, one of four types of mutual relationship will emerge: a clinical relationship, a therapeutic relationship, a connected relationship or an over-involved relationship. If the nurse is unwilling or unable to be committed to the patient, a unilateral relationship will develop, with the patient continuing to use manipulative or coercive behaviours, attempting to increase the nursing involvement in the relationship. If the patient is unwilling to trust the nurse and accept his or her illness situation, she or he will manifest 'difficult' behaviours, be withdrawn or elope. The changing nature of the relationship, and the conditions and consequences of each type of relationship are discussed.
This article is based on an invited challenge address at the 1989 National Doctoral Forum related to future directions for substantive knowledge development. The focus is on the inclusion of caring knowledge into nursing's metaparadigm. Art and metaphor are used to make a case for caring knowledge and caring ontology as a metaphorical landscape for diverse epistemological "set pieces," all converging on a Commons Room of caring knowledge within a broader human and natural landscape. Such a framework links ontology and epistemology as both substance and form, and allows matter and spirit to be of a piece, but distinguishable; human caring knowledge then becomes Annie Dillard's "Absolute base" and "Holy the Firm."
This exploration of contemporary nursing ideology and practice is based on a belief that the occupation has entered a period of major change, partly prompted by an internal reform movement which may be described as the 'New Nursing'. This movement is a complex phenomenon; here I focus on aspects of it which concern changes (actual and proposed) in the practice of nursing in British general hospitals. This study was conducted as part of a Master's degree in medical sociology. It therefore adopts a sociological perspective, aiming both to bring the discipline's general perspectives to an analysis of contemporary nursing, and to explore specific sociological studies which can develop that analysis. In so doing it incorporates a literature review and personal observation of a nursing unit which explicitly attempted to practise the New Nursing.
Kristen M. Swanson, RN, PhD, FAAN, Psi-At-Large, is Associate Professor of Parent and Child Nursing at the University of Washington. This article is based on insights derived from counseling women in the Miscarriage Caring Project, funded by the National Center for Nursing Research (R29 NR01899). Special thanks to Carol Leppa, RN, PhD, Katherine Klaich, RN, PhC, and Suzanned Sikma, RN, PhC of the Miscarriage Caring Project. Correspondence to University of Washington, Parent and Child Nursing SC-74, Seattle, WA 98195.
Nurses help individuals, families, groups, and communities promote health, reduce health-risking behavior, increase self-care management skills, and facilitate personal growth toward wholeness of mind, body, and spirit. To care for others and to promote health and well-being, nurses must first understand the role of healer and second practice personal care. The article provides a framework for both understanding the role of healer and engendering self-care and healing by introducing methods to care for ourselves, acknowledging the importance of knowledgeable and compassionate caregiving, and creating a vision for the future of health care and nursing.
Emotional labour has been an important topic of debate in nursing because of its perceived importance to those involved in the delivery of health care and to those patients who receive that care. The purpose of this paper is to consider what, if anything, this discussion has contributed to the sociological analysis of health care. A number of contributions to that analysis emerge. First, the discussion has revealed that emotional labour is a sizeable component of health care work which makes considerable demands on those delivering health care. Second, emotional labour has consequences for the position of women, for nurses and for patients, in the health care workplace and in wider society. Finally, the discussion on emotional labour has revealed a tension between the generally accepted theoretical move towards holism in health care and the practical reality of applying holistic health care in a society which continues to hold the scientific/biomedical paradigm in high regard.
In this paper the author briefly reviews the concept of caring
Emphasis is given to the emotional component and its management in caring relationships. This is illustrated with reference to a study of gynaecological nursing.
Analysis of nurses' perceptions and experiences revealed situations particularly relevant to empathy and emotional work in caring for gynaecological patients.
Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment
Based on data gathered from registered nurses at two hospitals, this research examined the extent to which empathy variables contributed to nursing stress and occupational commitment. The empathy variables examined were emotional contagion (i.e. sharing the emotions of patients), empathic concern (i.e. being concerned for patients) and communicative effectiveness (i.e. effectively communicating with patients and their families). Nursing stress was explored through the variables of depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the combination of the three emotional communication variables explained significant proportions of the variance in all three of the stress variables, as well as occupational commitment. The analyses further revealed that a lack of empathic concern and poor communicative responsiveness accounted for significant proportions of the variance in depersonalization. Lack of empathic concern, poor communicative responsiveness and high emotional contagion significantly contributed to reduced personal accomplishment. Emotional contagion explained a significant proportion of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Emotional contagion also significantly reduced occupational commitment. The findings are discussed in terms of nursing education and administration.
The self in self-awareness
The concepts of ‘self’ and ‘person’ are central to educational and therapeutic endeavours. This paper examines the emergence of ‘self-awareness’ as an explicit concern in the education of preregistration nurses. In particular, it questions the claims that specific experiential learning strategies are the most appropriate for promoting self-awareness in students, and that these strategies produce greater understanding of theory in students and give greater depth of meaning to theory for students. It argues that the long and complex history associated with the concepts of self, self-awareness and ‘person’ makes the unproblematic stance adopted towards them in the nursing literature untenable, and calls for a more rigorous and critical appraisal of experiential learning strategies commonly used to promote self-awareness.
Star performers can be differentiated from average ones by emotional intelligence. For jobs of all kinds, emotional intelligence is twice as important as a person's intelligence quotient and technical skills combined. Excellent performance by top-level managers adds directly to a company's "hard" results, such as increased profitability, lower costs, and improved customer retention. Those with high emotional intelligence enhance "softer" results by contributing to increased morale and motivation, greater cooperation, and lower turnover. The author discusses the five components of emotional intelligence, its role in facilitating organizational change, and ways to increase an organization's emotional intelligence.
This paper reports findings from a study conducted in one community health care trust where 62 members of the district nursing team (grades B-H) were interviewed. An adaptation of the critical incident technique was used to determine factors which contributed or detracted from high quality care for a number of key areas including palliative care. The centrality of knowing the patient and his/her family emerged as an essential antecedent to the provision of high quality palliative care. Factors enabling the formation of positive relationships were given prominence in descriptions of ideal care. Strategies used to achieve this included establishing early contact with the patient and family, ensuring continuity of care, spending time with the patient and providing more than the physical aspects of care. The characteristics described by the community nurses are similar to those advocated in 'new nursing' which identifies the uniqueness of patient needs, and where the nurse-patient relationship is objectified as the vehicle through which therapeutic nursing can be delivered. The link with 'new nursing' emerges at an interesting time for community nurses. The past decade has seen many changes in the way that community nursing services are configured. The work of the district nursing service has been redefined, making the ideals of new nursing, for example holism, less achievable than they were a decade ago. This study reiterates the view that palliative care is one aspect of district nursing work that is universally valued as it lends itself to being an exemplar of excellence in terms of the potential for realizing the ideals of nursing practice. This is of increasing importance in the context of changes that militate against this ideal.
To discuss the development, pilot testing, and analysis of a 34-item semantic differential instrument for measuring medical school applicants' emotional intelligence (the EI instrument).
The authors analyzed data from the admission interviews of 147 1997 applicants to a six-year BS/MD program that is composed of three consortium universities. They compared the applicants' scores on traditional admission criteria (e.g., GPA and traditional interview assessments) with their scores on the EI instrument (which comprised five dimensions of emotional intelligence), breaking the data out by consortium university (each of which has its own educational ethos) and gender. They assessed the EI instrument's reliability and validity for assessing noncognitive personal and interpersonal qualities of medical school applicants.
The five dimensions of emotional intelligence (maturity, compassion, morality, sociability, and calm disposition) indicated fair to excellent internal consistency: reliability coefficients were .66 to .95. Emotional intelligence as measured by the instrument was related to both being female and matriculating at the consortium university that has an educational ethos that values the social sciences and humanities.
Based on this pilot study, the 34-item EI instrument demonstrates the ability to measure attributes that indicate desirable personal and interpersonal skills in medical school applicants.
• This study was an enquiry into how clinical supervision could enable a team of six community psychiatric nurses to provide improved patient-centred care. It also examined how feelings of burn-out, stress and tedium when caring for people with dementia could be relieved.
• The methodology used in the study analysed the process, enabling the findings to be studied. This is new paradigm research, requiring the researcher and participants to be equal and active coenquirers into the process facilitating the enquiry.
• Six community psychiatric nurses allowed their period of supervision to be recorded over six months in order to identify relevant issues of concern and resolution in their practice. It was anticipated that the experiences revealed during supervision would provide a means by which the nurses could develop their skill and knowledge and improve their care-giving.
• The findings suggest that the education of community psychiatric nurses needs to enable them to develop the ability to demonstrate emotional competence and to carry out self-questioning.
• The primary health care team (PHCT) has a critical role to play in the care of people with mental health problems. However, little attention has been paid to the mental health training and preparation required by primary health care nurses.
• This paper reports on a training needs assessment undertaken in one London health authority area.
• The findings indicate that primary health care nurses are undertaking a wide range and increasing volume of mental health work with little preparation and training.
• Specific training needs include time and space to identify training gaps; basic training in mental health, safe working practices and management of role boundaries; and multidisciplinary training.
• In addition, NHS trusts, primary care groups and health authorities need to clarify which aspects of nurses’ mental health workloads are appropriate to their role and develop policies, procedures and training to support them in undertaking that role.
The management world knows by now that to be effective in the workplace, an individual needs high emotional intelligence. What isn't so well understood is that teams need it, too. Citing such companies as IDEO, Hewlett-Packard, and the Hay Group, the authors show that high emotional intelligence is at the heart of effective teams. These teams behave in ways that build relationships both inside and outside the team and that strengthen their ability to face challenges. High group emotional intelligence may seem like a simple matter of putting a group of emotionally intelligent individuals together. It's not. For a team to have high EI, it needs to create norms that establish mutual trust among members, a sense of group identity, and a sense of group efficacy. These three conditions are essential to a team's effectiveness because they are the foundation of true cooperation and collaboration. Group EI isn't a question of dealing with a necessary evil--catching emotions as they bubble up and promptly suppressing them. It's about bringing emotions deliberately to the surface and understanding how they affect the team's work. Group emotional intelligence is about exploring, embracing, and ultimately relying on the emotions that are at the core of teams.
This paper explores the concept of intimacy in nursing.
Intimacy is an increasingly important concept in nursing and feature of the nurse-patient relationship, which is perceived to be intrinsic to the proposed therapeutic potential of nursing. The introduction to the paper highlights the theoretical enthusiasm and endorsement of intimacy, the apparent lack of conceptual clarity from a nursing perspective and little published research investigating intimacy in practice.
Literature is reviewed from nursing and a variety of health-related disciplines.
The paper traces the historical background of the nurse-patient relationship and intimacy and highlights the change in value from detachment and distancing to intimacy, commitment and involvement. The nature of intimacy is examined and a concept analysis based on literature from psychology and psychiatric medicine is critically analysed. Intimacy is suggested to have psychological, emotional and physical aspects, which are explored. An ethnographic research study on intimacy in nursing is reviewed, which also recognizes physical and emotional dimensions of the concept and the importance of sufficient resources to allow the close relationships advocated. Attention is drawn to the constraints on intimacy imposed by the current market-led health service. Literature and research on the implications and consequences of intimacy for the nurse are discussed. These report practical difficulties of maintaining close relationships with individual patients and the potential for over-involvement and emotional labour.
The paper concludes with the increasing importance attached to intimacy in nursing and its complex, ill-defined nature. This serves to highlight the importance of research aimed at exploring and clarifying intimacy and further illustrating the therapeutic potential of nursing.
In 7 studies, the authors examined the link between emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. In Studies 1 and 2, the participants with higher scores for emotional intelligence had higher scores for empathic perspective taking and self-monitoring in social situations. In Study 3, the participants with higher scores for emotional intelligence had higher scores for social skills. In Study 4, the participants with higher scores for emotional intelligence displayed more cooperative responses toward partners. In Study 5, the participants with higher scores for emotional intelligence had higher scores for close and affectionate relationships. In Study 6, the participants' scores for marital satisfaction were higher when they rated their marital partners higher for emotional intelligence. In Study 7, the participants anticipated greater satisfaction in relationships with partners described as having emotional intelligence.