John D. Mayer

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• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor at University of New Hampshire

The personality systems framework is a fieldwide outline for organizing the contemporary science of personality. I examine the theoretical impact of systems thinking on the discipline and, drawing on ideas from general systems theory, argue that personality psychologists understand individuals’ personalities by studying four topics: (a) personality...

The ability model of emotional intelligence (EI) specifies that four related abilities are involved: perceiving emotions, facilitating thought using emotions, understanding emotions, and managing them. Several performance-based assessments have been developed to measure those four abilities. Although some researchers find empirical support for the...

Personal intelligence (PI) refers to the capacity to accurately reason about personality in oneself and other people. We hypothesize that people who are higher in personal intelligence differ from others in their relationships and behaviors. We conducted a series of theoretically-guided studies to examine how PI is associated with a person’s self-r...

A student's choice of major is influenced by their parents and peers, as well as by the quality of the college department that offers the major and by broader cultural and economic issues. The student's own personality, including their ability to reason about themselves and their interests, also contributes to the choice and its outcomes. In a prel...

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We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as self-judgment, mental ability, and lifespace measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: personal-source data, which arise from the target person’s own reports, and external-source data, which derive from the areas surro...

Does human intelligence properly consist of one general intelligence to understand the world, or multiple, partially-distinct intelligences—that is, “intelligences” in the plural. If there were one overall general intelligence, or g, then a single IQ could sum up a person's intellectual prowess; if there were many, somewhat distinct mental abilitie...

Personal intelligence concerns the ability to understand personality in oneself and others—including the understanding of motives, socioemotional traits, and abilities. We examined if people’s scores on the ability-based Test of Personal Intelligence (TOPI) would be reflected in their narratives about someone whose personality they had learned abou...

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) or three-stratum model of intelligence envisions human intelligence as a hierarchy. General intelligence (g) is situated at the top, under which are a group of broad intelligences such as verbal, visuospatial processing, and quantitative knowledge that pertain to more specific areas of reasoning. Some broad intelligen...

We examined the dimensions people use when estimating their ability to understand personality—an ability we refer to as personal intelligence. In the first two studies (Ns = 434 and 393), a four-factor model fit people's self-estimates reasonably, with scales of the “Explained Self”, “Self-Understanding”, “Understanding Others,” and “Goals and Plan...

The personality systems framework depicts personality's inner organization and situates personality with regard to the systems that surround it. In this chapter, we describe the framework and use it to illustrate both the structure and the dynamic pathways of personality. We trace the pathways of dynamics of self-control and of action, using contem...

Agradecimientos de Peter Salovey y John Mayer

Mother‐child conversations reflect and support many important skills—including, perhaps, children’s understanding of personality. Children acquire an understanding of people’s personalities during the preschool and early elementary years. This study of 4‐ to 9‐year‐old children and their mothers (Npairs = 135) investigated the relation between moth...

The broad intelligences include a group of mental abilities such as comprehension knowledge, quantitative reasoning, and visuospatial processing that are relatively specific in their focus and fall at the second stratum of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence. In recent years, the field has seen a proliferation of mental abilities b...

Objective We explore accurate self‐knowledge versus overconfidence in personal intelligence—a “broad” intelligence about personality. The theory of personal intelligence proposes that people vary in their ability to understand the traits, goals, plans, and actions of themselves and others. We wondered who accurately knew that they were higher in pe...

Psychologists who carry out personality assessments must be conversant in diverse technical languages to describe their clients’ social contexts and inner personality function. The clinician needs to understand a person’s family, gender role, ethnic identity, religious beliefs, and similar qualities, and also a client’s inner personality functionin...

People use their personal intelligence (PI) to understand the personality in themselves and others. In Studies 1 and 2 (Ns = 961 and 548), individuals completed the Test of Personal Intelligence, Version 5 (TOPI 5), which is introduced here. The TOPI 5 is an ability assessment with a broader range of content and more challenging items than the earl...

Personal intelligence (PI) involves the ability to recognize, reason, and use information about personality to understand oneself and other people. Employees in two studies (Ns = 394, 482) completed the Test of Personal Intelligence (TOPI; e.g., Mayer, Panter, & Caruso, 2017a) and assessments of workplace perception and behavior. Higher PI was asso...

Cambridge Core - Cognition - The Nature of Human Intelligence - edited by Robert J. Sternberg

Personal intelligence involves the capacity to reason about personality and personality-related information. Studying ability-based measures of personal intelligence creates a virtuous cycle of better measurement and better theoretical understanding. In Study 1 (N = 10,318), we conduct an item-level analysis of the Test of Personal Intelligence (TO...

Using data from the United States Military Academy at West Point (N = 1102 and N = 1049) from two successive years, we examined psychological measures of cadets and the correlations of those measures with consequential outcomes such as cadet performance and leadership potential. We examined four broad intelligences, two of which were thing-focused...

Our “Principles and Updates” article in this issue discussed the nature of emotional intelligence and its place in the overall intelligence pantheon. We welcome the comments by Schlegel and by Legree, Mullins, and Psotka, who describe their current research in the area and how it further informs our understanding of ability-based emotional intellig...

This article presents seven principles that have guided our thinking about emotional intelligence, some of them new. We have reformulated our original ability model here guided by these principles, clarified earlier statements of the model that were unclear, and revised portions of it in response to current research. In this revision, we also posit...

Although results from factor-analytic studies of the broad, second-stratum abilities of human intelligence have been fairly consistent for decades, the list of broad abilities is far from complete, much less understood. We propose criteria by which the list of broad abilities could be amended and envision alternatives for how our understanding of t...

Personal intelligence concerns the ability to reason about personality and personality-related information; it includes both self-knowledge and knowledge about the personalities of other people. Personal intelligence encompasses a wide range of areas of reasoning from perceiving cues to personality to planning one's life. There are individual diffe...

One of the more recently proposed hot intelligences is emotional intelligence. This chapter briefly explores the many meanings of EI and then focuses attention on EI as an intelligence. EI predicts a set of outcomes related to health and well-being as well as to longer-term relationships. This chapter expands upon research that demonstrates the val...

According to the Social Message Model, interpersonal judgments are transactions in which judges convey important social messages to the individuals they evaluate (the targets); targets can then respond to the judgments in more or less adaptive ways. We argue that judges' opinions emerge from their current concerns, be it to promote their own well-b...

Getting to know yourself—and your future self—can put you on a path toward contentment

We tried to replicate mood-dependent memory retrieval in a two-list interference design, as reported earlier in Experiment 3 of Bower, Monteiro, and Gilligan (1978, “Emotional mood as a context for learning and recall,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 573–585). Subjects in the experimental condition learned two word lists for fr...

We describe the Personality Systems Framework for organizing the discipline of psychology (J. D. Mayer, 2005, A tale of two visions: Can a new view of personality help integrate psychology? American Psychologist, Vol. 60, 294–307). The framework consists of a broad outline of topics that psychologists already research, along with a map of psycholog...

"Positive Affect and Decision Making" / A. M. Isen "A Goal Appraisal Theory of Emotional Understanding: Implications for Development and Learning" / N. L. Stein, T. Trabasso and M. D. Liwag "Cognitive and Social Construction in Emotions" / P. N. Johnson-Laird and K. Oatley "Emotion and Memory" / W. G. Parrott and M. P. Spackman "Emotion Con...

A Four-branch Model of Emotional IntelligenceMeasuring Emotional IntelligencePredicting OutcomesIn PracticeConclusion

We address concerns raised by Maul (2012) regarding the validity of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). We respond to requests for clarifications of our model, and explain why the MSCEIT's scoring methods stand up to scrutiny and why many reported reliabilities of the MSCEIT may be underestimates, using reanalyses of the...

Comments on the original article, "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments," by R. E. Nisbett, J. Aronson, C. Blair, W. Dickens, J. Flynn, D. F. Halpern, and E. Turkheimer (see record 2011-30298-001). The present authors note that Nisbett et al's review focuses on intelligences that have been topics of research through the 20th cent...

Emotional intelligence (EI) theory provides a framework to study the role of emotion skills in social, personal, and academic functioning. Reporting data validating the importance of EI among youth have been limited due to a dearth of measurement instruments. In two studies, the authors examined the reliability and validity of the Mayer-Salovey-Car...

Personal intelligence has been defined as the ability to reason about personality and personality-relevant information and to use that information to guide one's actions and more generally, one's life. We constructed an initial version of an ability-based measure to test whether personal intelligence can be measured and whether it exists as a unita...

People are intrinsically interested in the personalities of public figures such as the celebrities they follow, political leaders, and citizens at the center of newsworthy events. The goal of the present article is to examine the key issues that surround ethical commentary on public figures by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health p...

Emotional intelligence is contextualized historically and defined as a set of four interrelated abilities focused on the processing of emotional information. These four abilities involve (a) perceiving emotions, (b) using emotions to facilitate cognitive activities, (c) understanding emotions, and (d) managing emotions in oneself and other people....

Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to an individual's capacity to process emotional information in order to enhance cognitive activities and facilitate social functioning. It is defined as the perception, use, understanding, and management of one's own and others' emotional states to solve problems and regulate behaviour. This chapter argues that E...

We examined whether personality judgments were present in texts of the diverse religious and philo-sophical traditions that emerged during the Great Transformation, an era spanning roughly 1000 BCE to 200 BCE. Some psychologists have suggested that the tendency of humans to judge personality has evolved; if some ancient societies failed to record p...

How do you describe personality? One way is to begin with a picture of where personality is in relation to its neighboring systems. For example, a biopsychosocial model is often used to position personality between a lower-level brain and higher-level social groups. A more complete model, however, would also distinguish what is inside personality f...

This guide accompanies the following article: Mayer, J. D., & Korogodsky, M., ‘A really big picture of personality’. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5/2 (2011): 104–117, doi: 10.1111/j.1751‐9004.2010.00336.x Authors’ Introduction Whatever personality is, you cannot hold it in your hand, see it under a microscope, through a telescope, or...

An individual's intelligences promote success in a wide range of life areas, including at school and at work. A recently proposed intelligence, personal intelligence (PI), is defined as the “capacity to reason about personality and to use personality and personal information to enhance one's thoughts, plans and life experience.” This article employ...

Modern mass media typically employ archetypes—prototypical characters—in their narratives. This research proposes that people’s affective reactions to and preferences for these characters in rich cultural media—their “resonance” to archetypes—may be an indicator of their own personality and life themes. In the first of two studies, a Rich Culture A...

Three studies examined content dimensions of creativity. A life-report questionnaire was developed to measure everyday, artistic, and intellectual creativity. Multiple life areas were assessed, including self-presentation, education and work, arts and crafts, culture and media consumption, everyday relations and activities, and memberships in group...

The person–situation debate often characterized personality as equivalent to a few modestly stable behaviors: for example, the stability of sociability, or honesty, or helping across situations. Does a small group of social behaviors, however, really translate into an adequate vision of personality? Personality is really much more than its expresse...

An individual's cumulative life decisions help determine that person's well-being. To make good decisions requires knowing something about who one is and who one wants to be. It seems plausible that personality may draw on a specifically tailored intelligence that supports its own self-understanding and contributes to such life decisions. This pers...

Some individuals have a greater capacity than others to carry out sophisticated information processing about emotions and emotion-relevant stimuli and to use this information as a guide to thinking and behavior. The authors have termed this set of abilities emotional intelligence (EI). Since the introduction of the concept, however, a schism has de...

A model of personal intelligence is developed. Personal intelligence is defined as the capacity to reason about personality and to use personality and personal information to enhance one's thoughts, plans, and life experience. Approaches to related concepts such as intrapersonal intelligence and psychological-mindedness are reviewed. Next, a model...

Emotional intelligence (EI) involves the ability to carry out accurate reasoning about emotions and the ability to use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought. We discuss the origins of the EI concept, define EI, and describe the scope of the field today. We review three approaches taken to date from both a theoretical and methodologica...

قياس حالة ما وراء المزاج يعني أن الشخص يمر بمرحلتين تقييم ما وراء خبرته المزاجية إصلاح ما وراء خبرته المزاجية https://www.anglo-egyptian.com/ar/book.php?id=15403

Big questions of personality are those that are simple, important, and often have been asked repeatedly over time, such as "Who am I?" "What is human nature?" and "How does personality work?" This article identifies 20 big questions relevant to personality psychology. The historical background of each question is briefly described, and the question...

The literature on motivational measures from 1930 to 2005 is reviewed. First, major theoretical models in the area are discussed. Next, a search of PsycINFO is reported for the most frequently employed measures of motivation, with additional support from an SPSP Listserv query of researchers. From this, a diverse group of measures is sorted into va...

Three studies examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and emotional creativity (EC) and whether each construct was predictive of creative behavior. It was hypothesized that the relationship between EI and EC corresponds to the relationship between cognitive intelligence and creative ability. Therefore, EI and EC were expected...

A revised measure of the Life Space with a large sample (N = 1021) of university undergraduates was developed. The Life Space divides the external environment into four domains, which broadly encompass a person's bio- logical foundations, owned possessions, daily interactions and activities, and group memberships. Factor analysis of over 1000 items...

The present study aimed to identify types of creative activities and to examine which personality traits differentiate these behavioral types. Participants reported their activities concerning creative life-style, artistic creativity, and intellectual achievement. Also, they completed measures of personality traits concerning whole personality, emo...

التفهم الوجداني سمة تحدد الفرق بين التعاطف والتفهم فالتفهم قد يكون معرفيا وقد يكون وجدانيا https://www.anglo-egyptian.com/ar/book.php?id=13071 المقياس ببنوده ودليله وقف لله تعالى لكل طلاب العلم

Replies to comments by Maddi (see record 2006-05893-007) on "A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?" (see record 2005-05480-001). In the original article, the current author proposed a new fieldwide framework for the discipline of personality psychology; in essence, it is a new outline to organize contempo...

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قياس سمة ما وراء المزاج في البداية كان قياس للذكاء الوجداني على مستوى السمة وهو قياس نابع من فكرة التكشف أو الإفصاح للذات عما تمر به من حالات انفعالية

Replies to comments made by G. E. Gignac (see record 2005-06671-010) on the current authors' original article (see record 2003-02341-015). Gignac reanalyzed the factor structure of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and found results that differed from those the authors obtained initially. The authors tracked down the s...

Personality psychology studies how psychological systems work together. Consequently, the field can act as a unifying resource for the broader discipline of psychology. Yet personality's current fieldwide organization promotes a fragmented view of the person, seen through such competing theories as the psychodynamic, trait, and humanistic. There ex...

A given type of psychotherapy (e.g., psychodynamic) is associated with a set of specific change techniques (e.g., interpreting defenses, identifying relationship themes). Different change techniques can be conceived of as influencing different parts of personality (e.g., interpreting defense increases conscious awareness). An integrated model of pe...

Classes of data are often distinguished according to whether the person produces them, as is the case with self-report data or according to the type of test that produces them, for example, ability or personality tests. In a new classification system, data about personality are first divided according to whether they originate outside of the person...

Classes of data are often distinguished according to whether the person produces them, as is the case with self-report data or according to the type of test that produces them, for example, ability or personality tests. In a new classification system, data about personality are first divided according to whether they originate outside of the person...

This chapter describes recent advances in the scientific study of emotional intelligence. Setting the idea of an emotional intelligence in a historical context, the authors' four-branch model of these competencies is then described. Research on the measurement of emotional intelligence, especially as a set of abilities rather than as self-reported...

This study assessed the discriminant, criterion and incremental validity of an ability measure of emotional intelligence (EI). College students (N=330) took an ability test of EI, a measure of the Big Five personality traits, and provided information on Life Space scales that assessed an array of self-care behaviours, leisure pursuits, academic act...

Like it or not, leaders need to manage the mood of their organizations. The most gifted leaders accomplish that by using a mysterious blend of psychological abilities known as emotional intelligence. Them are self-aware and empathetic. They can read and regulate their own emotions while intuitively grasping how others feel and gauging their organiz...

Structural models divide the personality system and its associated traits into distinct areas. Four structural models are examined in regard to how well they do this. Three of the models--the trilogy of mind, Freud's structural model, and the recently introduced systems set--divide personality and its traits on conceptual bases. The last model, the...

This study investigated the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of one ability test of emotional intelligence (EI)--the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)--and two self-report measures of EI--the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and the self-report EI test (SREIT). The MSCEIT showed minimal relations to the...

There has been a proliferation of new measures of individual differences in emotional processing, but too little research that evaluates the distinctiveness and utility of such measures. We critically evaluated the Level of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), which is a measure of people's awareness of emotions in both the self and others. Across two...

Does a recently introduced ability scale adequately measure emotional intelligence (EI) skills? Using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT; J. D. Mayer, P. Salovey, & D. R. Caruso, 2002b), the authors examined (a) whether members of a general standardization sample and emotions experts identified the same test answers as cor...

A content coding system was developed for people's open-ended self-descriptions. Self-descriptive statements of N = 174 individuals were classified into content clusters based on similarity of meaning. Those clusters, in turn, were organized into content areas of personality functioning (cognitive, motivational and emotional, self-regulatory, socia...

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive and express emotions, to understand and use them, and to manage them to foster personal growth. It is conceived of along four dimensions or branches: perceiving emotion, using emotion to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, managing emotion. The authors describe two batteries they have develop...

Is emotional intelligence simply a naive theory of personality, or is it a form of intelligence? If emotional intelligence is to be of value, it must measure something unique and distinct from standard personality traits. To explore this question, this study examined an ability test of emotional intelligence and its relationship to personality test...

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Presents an overview of an ability model of emotional intelligence, and explores the role that emotional intelligence plays in effective leadership. According to these authors, emotional intelligence underlies a leader's "people" or "relationship" skills. The authors apply their model of emotional intelligence to leadership in work organizations an...

Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weap...

Personality theories often identify sets of primary parts. These are sets of a few personality parts expansive enough to collectively describe the total personality. Examples of such sets include the trilogy of mind (motivation, emotion, and cognition), Freud’s structural set (id, ego, superego), and the recently-introduced systems set (energy latt...

The authors have claimed that emotional intelligence (EI) meets traditional standards for an intelligence (J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, & P. Salovey, 1999). R. D. Roberts, M. Zeidner, and G. Matthews (2001) questioned whether that claim was warranted. The central issue raised by Roberts et al. concerning Mayer et al. (1999) is whether there are corre...

The authors have claimed that emotional intelligence (EI) meets traditional standards for an intelligence (J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, & P. Salovey, 1999). R. D. Roberts, M. Zeidner, and G. Matthews (2001) questioned whether that claim was warranted. The central issue raised by Roberts et al. concerning Mayer et al. (1999) is whether there are corre...

This article examines the relation between concepts of emotional giftedness and emotional intelligence, and attempts to relate a person's level of emotional intelligence to the actual ways they cope with challenging social situations. Emotional intelligence and social behavior were explored in a pilot study with adolescents. Emotional intelligence...