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Strategic windows in the entrepreneurial process
... This line of thinking parallels the logic behind the concept of "window of opportunity" that reflects the finite nature of competitive market imperfections in the sense that there is an optimal time and place for market receptiveness to specific offerings (Harvey and Evans, 1995). In other words, entrepreneurs and firms have a limited period of time to act on unexploited market opportunities for which they have the competencies to satisfy (Abell, 1978;Kirzner, 1973). ...
... Despite being identified as an important element of the regional entrepreneurial environment (Audretsch et al., 2012;Spigel, 2017;Stam, 2015), the role of physical infrastructure development in the entrepreneurial process has received sparse attention (Audretsch et al., 2015). Investments in infrastructure and the environmental changes they engender are likely to impact the actions of entrepreneurs as they create changes in the physical environment that may act to both open and close opportunities for entrepreneurs (Abell, 1978;Harvey and Evans, 1995), thereby serving to both enable and disable entrepreneurial opportunities. ...
... Incumbent businesses may strategically relocate to an infrastructureenabled growth center, but the development of new infrastructure will also attract entry from risk taking and proactive entrepreneurs alert and ready to act on the exploitable opportunities that it enables (Covin and Slevin, 1991;Hirschman, 1988;Kirzner, 1973). In this way, infrastructure investments trigger a window of opportunity for entrepreneurs to act by establishing a new firm or expanding an existing firm into a new created or expanded market (Harvey and Evans, 1995). That is, entry may come in the form of a new business or the expansion of an existing firm via the creation of a new establishment in a location that it now perceives as a viable market to enter. ...
Investments in physical infrastructure induce environmental changes that serve both an enabling and disabling function, potentially acting to simultaneously stimulate new business establishment and provoke exit by some incumbent establishments. The opening of a new establishment results in the creation of jobs that did not previously exist. Similarly, the closing of an establishment results in the permanent loss of jobs. I develop a theoretical model that depicts this external enabler/disabler process and test the model's predictions empirically tested using annual state-level data spanning the period 1993–2015. The results from dynamic panel system GMM estimation suggest that public and private infrastructure investments exert opposite effects on dynamism. Whereas private infrastructure investment is positively and significantly associated with the creation of businesses and jobs, public infrastructure investments are associated with the destruction of businesses and jobs. These results point to private infrastructure investment serving primarily an entrepreneurial enabler role and public infrastructure investment an entrepreneurial disabler role.
... Further, Festervand and Forrest (1993) develop a multi-stage model of EP by which an entrepreneurial aspirant can better prepare for an entrepreneurial career. Since then, whilst a handful of studies have touched on the concept (Harvey and Evans, 1995;Jones and Tullous, 2002;Johnsen and McMahon, 2005;Dimov, 2007;Lee and Jones, 2008;Cooper and Park, 2008), it is Cope (2005) who brings it to the forefront of the EL literature and places EP as a core concept within the EL literature (Pittaway and Thorpe, 2012). However, Cope's (2005) work only focuses on the cumulative nature of EP -"learning history" that shapes EL, rather than a systematic development of the EP concept. ...
... The fact that during the recession an increasing number of white collar employees turn into "accidental entrepreneurs" -entrepreneurs by chance (Aldrich and Kenworthy, 1999;Haynes et al., 1999;Shah and Tripsas, 2007), is a testimony to the limitation of the traits approach, and to the importance of the changing entrepreneurial context as well as learning and development in entrepreneurial career. EP, essentially a learning process in which prior accumulated knowledge, skills and experience shape individuals' attitudes, beliefs and abilities, and prepare them for entrepreneurial career (Harvey and Evans, 1995;Starr and Fondas, 1992), offers a better scope to understand entrepreneurial behaviours and processes. However, more research is required to understand the processes by which individuals prepare themselves for entrepreneurial endeavours, and the context in which learning takes place. ...
... Second, early work on EP is largely based on empirical evidence from student samples, examining students' entrepreneurial career choice (e.g. Scherer et al., 1989;Harvey and Evans, 1995;Thandi and Sharma, 2004). Whilst it offers insight into certain aspects of learning, such as vicarious learning from role models (Scherer et al., 1989) and prior education (Thandi and Sharma, 2004), such research cannot offer insight into how real-life entrepreneurs learn as a "lived experience" involving a cumulative series of independent events (Morris et al., 2012) or how learning occurs from moments in which an entrepreneur is situated (Rae, 2013a). ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to advance the conceptualisation of entrepreneurial preparedness (EP), and study how EP occurs in new venture creation and management.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper primarily draws evidence from an exploratory case study of two Chinese high-tech private enterprises operating in the healthcare industry in Beijing, following a two-stage sampling process: informal, purposive sampling; and formal, theoretical sampling. Qualitative data collected from multiple semi-structured interviews within each firm were analysed using a thematic analytical framework.
Findings
– The paper advances the conceptualisation of EP as a cumulative, social and purposeful learning process. Accordingly, the paper highlights the roles of experiential learning, social learning and entrepreneurial goals (both performance and learning goals) as mechanisms that enable EP in entrepreneurial management.
Research limitations/implications
– The findings reveal idiosyncrasies of EP in a particular context. Future research may investigate different types of entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial firms. Furthermore, this study uses triangulation of retrospective interview data with concurrent interview and secondary data. Future research may pursue concurrent longitudinal case study data to unpack real-time events in entrepreneurial management.
Practical implications
– The findings have practical implications for entrepreneurs and “would-be” entrepreneurs to better understand their learning needs and how they can prepare themselves for entrepreneurial challenges.
Originality/value
– EP as an emerging concept within the entrepreneurial learning (EL) literature requires conceptual and empirical development. The paper advances the conceptualisation of EP, supported with empirical evidence. By articulating the cumulative, social and purposeful nature of EP, the paper contributes to the understanding of the human and social dynamics of EL.
... Although it is still a relatively new field of study, where the agreements are still insufficient (Fiet, 2000), there is an important level of coincidence about the division of what we could denominate the "Entrepreneurial Process" (Krueger, 1993;Harvey and Evans, 1995) into a series of phases. So, those people who have not still taken any step towards the creation of an enterprise, but who are somehow prone to that activity, are considered Potential Entrepreneurs (Krueger and Brazeal, 1993). ...
... Besides those subjective variables, we could consider what Krueger and Casrud (1993) call "precipitating events", i.e., those environmental variables (economic opportunities, institutional framework…) that -in addition to their indirect effect through perceptions and attitudes-exercise a direct effect on the decision of starting an enterprise in a certain moment of time and not in another. In the same way, the concept of "strategic windows" (Harvey and Evans, 1995) tries to show the need of a coincidence between personal characteristics and environmental circumstances for individuals to effectively start their entrepreneurial project. In this way, Birley and Westhead (1994) found an important relationship among reasons for creation and age in which entrepreneurs start their venture. ...
Currently, the rate of creation of new enterprises -or start-ups- is considered as one of the maximum exponents of competitiveness within the different economies. The interest regarding the appearance of new enterprises has made numerous governments in the continent implement a series of support measures in that direction. It is expected that the European productive fabric can be revitalized in this way, and therefore to be able to compete with the present superiority of the United States, specially in the field of the so-called 'new economy'. However, very little is still known with respect to the specific characteristics of the individuals who create those enterprises. The knowledge about the figure of the entrepreneur could allow a greater effectiveness of the measures already in operation, as well as of others that may be implemented.
In this work we seek to contribute to a better knowledge of the European entrepreneur through an analysis of the characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs in Germany, a major Central European country. Given that Germany is the most important economy in the continent, and taking into account the narrow cultural interrelations with the neighbouring countries, we understand that this study can be representative of that area in Europe.
For this study we will be using data from the Panel Comparability (PACO) Project, which includes a longitudinal panel of German households. The Panel data provide information on economic variables and both personal and family characteristics that may influence the decision of creating a new enterprise. It allows us to analyze the features presented by the prospective entrepreneurs before the creation of their enterprises. Thus, we can approach to the ideal situation of studying which are the factors that cause the decision of settling down as an entrepreneur.
... That is, how family members personally experience the succession process (subjective assessment), and the effectiveness of the BSP (more objective assessments of the outcome of the transition). Harvey and Evans (1995) and Handler (1989b) along with Goldberg (1996), point out that stakeholder satisfaction with the BSP indicates not only a successful BSP, but also the successor's ability to keep the family business healthy by sustaining growth and continuing to be profitable. Sharma et al. (2001) express business performance as a criterion to show the BSP was effective. ...
... • Unrelated manager successors have higher levels of "initial satisfaction" than the family member successors in mediumsized family companies. Goldberg (1996), Handler (1989a), Harvey and Evans (1995), Sharma and Irving (2005), Venter and Mass (2005), ii. What type of successor is most successful, that brings prosperity for the FOB? 5.2.1 • BSPs cause reductions in profitability, both in family member successor and unrelated manager successor managed companies. ...
Post succession performance of family owned businesses has become ineffective. Literature specifies that inter-generational succession is the prime cause for succession failures. Due to this, current family owned businesses focus attention on finding alternative, profitable succession modes. The foremost purpose of this research was to compare performances of family and non-family successors. Secondly, this study evaluated the level of influence coming from each stakeholder group on business succession processes in various successor modes. Finally, this study measured the successor’s willingness to work under the existing ethical climate and the culture of the business. The study comprises two stages: Exploratory study was used to develop the conceptual framework and hypotheses, and also formal study was used. Sample units were selected through simple random sampling. The data collection modes were a mail survey and in-depth discussions. Data analysis was done mainly from using SPSS.
According to study findings, not all successors are completely satisfied with the business succession process. Unrelated manager successors have higher satisfaction the family member successors, but neither group exceeds the moderate level. All successors recorded lower performance than the incumbent but unrelated manager successors had better results the family member successors in both indicators. Therefore, if family members are not available or unprepared for business succession, unrelated manager successors are a viable alternative. All stakeholders’ related factors have a positive relationship of initial satisfaction with the business succession process. However, the relatively important factors generating higher levels of initial satisfaction with the business succession process are: successor’s commitment, competence, pre-training and experience, the relationship between incumbent and successor, family harmony and non-family management commitment. When succession is conducted with a family member successor, the relatively important factors for success are their commitment, competence and pre-training, experience, harmony with the family and the relationship with the incumbent. However, when succession is done with an unrelated manager successor, their competence and other non-family managers’ commitment are the most vital factors. Level of commitment, the relationship between the incumbent and successor, and family harmony are the relatively important factors needed to increase business performance. The majority of existing family owned businesses and most successors prefer working according to Clan culture.
The study is theoretically and practically significant. In practically, it measured post succession performances of two alternatives succession modes and recognizes unrelated manager successor as a most successful succession mode. Further, the study recognizes factors of relative importance for initial
... He explains this aspect through three concepts: entrepreneurial preparedness, learning history and learning task. Building on Harvey andEvans' (1995 cited in Cope, 2005) work, from a dynamic learning perspective Cope (2005: 378) argues: "... it is constructive to envisage 'entrepreneurial preparedness' as a concept that encapsulates the immense complexity of accumulated learning that individuals bring to the new venture creation process" (Cope, 2005: 378). Generative process of entrepreneurial learning Affective and social nature of entrepreneurial learning Entrepreneurial preparedness is inextricably linked to the idea of 'learning history' because preparing for entrepreneurship has personal and interactive dimensions that occurs throughout an individual's life rather than concentrated during the irnmcdiate prestart-up phase (Cope, 2001). ...
... All case accounts demonstrate that generative nature of learning is prevailing as a result of leaming episodes from such incidents. This contributes to 'entrepreneurial preparedness' (Harvey and Evans, 1995;Cope, 2005) of individuals as they accumulate entrepreneurial know-how and competences during new venture development process. This aids us to better understand the interrelated themes of 'cumulative learning', 'stock of knowledge' , or 'learning history' in entrepreneurial contexts by unravelling the key learning incidents, relationships between them and how they influence later entrepreneurial actions. ...
p> This thesis examines the process of nascent entrepreneurship from a learning perspective. The overall aim of this research is to generate insights into nascent entrepreneurs’ learning and managing experiences by exploring their perspectives in relation to the enterprise culture and education discourses in the UK . Embedded in a social constructionist paradigm, a process-relational stance is taken to entrepreneurship, which recognises the dynamic and emergent processes through which business opportunities are realized and constructed in the context of social interactions with numerous stakeholders. The social constructionist position, in which this research is grounded, calls for the need to understand human experiences in their socio-cultural context, with an acknowledgement of human agency and active perceptual constructions of people in a society. Nascent entrepreneurs’ biographies, motivations and capitals that they hold are examined at the micro-individual level, combined with meso-level considerations including social processes of business venturing. The research also analyses how these micro-individual and meso-relational processes relate to macro-field forces of enterprise culture, moving beyond an individual or team understanding of nascent entrepreneurship.
This research is premised on an empirical investigation of three cases of the business venturing process. The first case pertains to the formation of a creative venture (i.e. brand communications agency, which uniquely includes in-house production of advertising vehicles with marketing strategy business) by a team of five nascent entrepreneurs, who set up the company outside the local university’s incubator centre while they were students in different areas of Arts, Design and Technology at the local university. The second case account is about a solo entrepreneur’s business venturing story, which is characterised by a venturing process supported by the local university’s incubator centre. The final venturing case represents a slightly different account in the sense that it is about a business venturing process led by a nascent corporate entrepreneur in collaboration with and support from the parent company, which acted as an incubator. </p
... The work-based modules (shown in Table 2) and simulated projects were seen as crucial to the development of core venture skills (Timmons and Spinelli 1999;Zhong-wei 2008) and reflective capacity (Jack and Anderso 1999;Harvey and Evans 1995) linking the theory and practice of entrepreneurship together in practical endeavours. These were structured with varying levels of staff intervention to match the progression of the students. ...
... The programme assumes that learning is best when it is active, when it incorporates experience and when it can be shared and supported through collaboration. As such, our pedagogy focus is on problem based learning (Hung, Jonassen and Liu 2008), use of authentic assessment and reflective writing (Kakouris 2015;Jack and Anderson 1999;Harvey and Evans 1995) to develop a lifelong learning approach for our entrepreneurial students. ...
This paper explores the authors’ efforts to design and deliver a Venture Creation Programme (VCP) at the University of Worcester between 2015 and 2017. The purpose of the paper is to present critical insights into the manner in which learning can be facilitated through VCPs using our own experiences as an example. The paper begins with a discussion of the authors' methodology before moving to a literature review addressing VCP’s and related elements of entrepreneurial education best practice. It then shifts to a critical discussion of the authors' experiences based on insights, student and staff evaluations, and course data. In the process of conducting this review the authors found that good pedagogical design, in a VCP context, needs to focus on ensuring that academics promote constructive alignment between the curriculum that is ‘taught’, the teaching methods used, the learning environment chosen and the assessment procedures adopted. Only by minimising inconsistencies which link these factors will students’ experiences of venture creation be fully engaging, promoting more effective, experiential and entrepreneurial development. This paper provides educators with an original and experiential insight into the design of a VCP programme and the pedagogical developments required for their successful implementation. There is considerable value herein for higher education institutions which want to design a new VCP, especially with reference to the curriculum design, experiential learning activities, types and methods of assessments and online learning environments for entrepreneurial students.
... Desta forma, entende-se que indivíduos com elevado grau de necessidade por auto realização e conquista devem apresentar uma maior tendência a perseguir desafios de maneira relativamente autônoma (VALE, 2014). Entretanto, a percepção desses desafios, aliada aos sacrifícios pessoais inerentes ao processo empreendedor, podem impedir a opção pela carreira empreendedora (DEGEN, 2009) e, por isso, é preciso estar preparado para analisar os riscos e agir no momento certo (HARVEY; EVANS, 1995). ...
... O processo de empreender um negócio pode ser um conjunto de variadas sensações e aspectos de diferentes dimensões e naturezas que transitam simultaneamente o dia a dia da vida do empreendedor, capazes de ora atrapalhar, ora enaltecer a carreira e o dono do negócio (SEBRAESP, 2014). Por isso, simplesmente desejar ser um empreendedor não é o suficiente para garantir o sucesso, uma vez que existem muitos desafios e fatores internos e externos que podem comprometer o negócio (HARVEY; EVANS, 1995). ...
... That is, how family members personally experience the succession process (subjective assessment), and the effectiveness of the BSP (more objective assessments of the outcome of the transition). Harvey andEvans (1995) andHandler (1989b) along with Goldberg (1996), point out that stakeholder satisfaction with the BSP indicates not only a successful BSP, but also the successor's ability to keep the family business healthy by sustaining growth and continuing to be profitable. Sharma et al. (2001) express business performance as a criterion to show the BSP was effective. ...
... That is, how family members personally experience the succession process (subjective assessment), and the effectiveness of the BSP (more objective assessments of the outcome of the transition). Harvey andEvans (1995) andHandler (1989b) along with Goldberg (1996), point out that stakeholder satisfaction with the BSP indicates not only a successful BSP, but also the successor's ability to keep the family business healthy by sustaining growth and continuing to be profitable. Sharma et al. (2001) express business performance as a criterion to show the BSP was effective. ...
Post succession performance of family owned businesses has become ineffective. Literature specifies that inter-generational succession is the prime cause for succession failures. In this setting, current family owned businesses focus attention on finding alternative, profitable succession modes. The foremost purpose of this research was to compare performances of family and non-family successors. The target population was selected were the successors of family owned businesses. The criteria to select the population were the family owned businesses that contain between 50 and 149 employees and who were involved in a business succession process within the last 10 years excluding the three years, 2007 to 2010. Sample units were selected through simple random sampling method and consist of 128 units. The main data collection modes were a structured research questionnaire mail-out, and also in-depth discussions held with successors. According to study findings, not all successors were satisfied with the business succession process. Unrelated manager successors have higher satisfaction then the family member successors, but neither group exceeds the moderate level. This study found that if successors were not satisfied with the business succession process, it badly affected their following business performance. All successors lowered business performance efficiency and recorded worse performance than the incumbent. However unrelated manager successors recorded better results than the family member successor in both categories. Therefore, if family members are not available or prepared for business succession, unrelated manager are a good alternative.
... Student samples have been widely used by researchers examining entrepreneurial career intention (Krueger et al., 2000;Kuckertz & Wagner, 2010;Linan et al., 2011). Respondents are at a stage in their lives when they are most likely to make career-related decisions (Harvey & Evans, 1995). Moreover, such a sample is homogeneous in terms of age, education, and attitudes toward entrepreneurship (Krueger, 1993). ...
... Respondents are at a stage in their R e t r a c t e d Kuckertz & Wagner, 2010;Linan et al., 2011). Respondents are at a stage in their lives when they are most likely to make career-related decisions (Harvey & Evans, R e t r a c t e d lives when they are most likely to make career-related decisions (Harvey & Evans, 1995). Moreover, such a sample is homogeneous in terms of age, education, and R e t r a c t e d 1995). ...
An individual's intention to enter into an entrepreneurial career in the future is a complex phenomenon. Existing cognitive models of entrepreneurial intention ignore the significant role of social conditions of an individual. In this article, the author incorporates social capital into a cognitive entrepreneurial intention model based on the theory of planned behavior. Using a sample of 636 Turkish and Pakistani undergraduate business students, the author finds that social capital shapes the entrepreneurial intentions of young people through the cognitive infrastructure. This study contributes to determining the influences of social and cognitive factors on the entrepreneurial intention process.
... Koh (1996) is of the view that a person's risk-taking propensity can be defined as his/her orientation towards taking chances in uncertain decisionmaking context. Harvey and Evans (1995) posit there are unique times in one's career life cycle when the opportunity to become an entrepreneur is most favourable, considering one of the first 'strategic windows' to be the 'college experience'. Tertiary students are typically contemplating career options leading-up to and after graduation. ...
This study investigated the influence of entrepreneurship skills development, risk taking propensity on students’ self-employment intentions. Using the descriptive survey research design, study population includes all 400 level students of Faculty of Management Sciences, Lagos State University, Ojo Campus. 254 students were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The formulated hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and simple linear regression. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between entrepreneurship skills development and risk taking propensity (r=.19, p<.05).Also, there is a strong, positive and statistically significant influence of entrepreneurship skills development, risk taking propensity on 400 level students’ self-employment intentions. A significant regression coefficient was found F(2, 22)=17.21, p<.05), with R2 of .13. This presupposes that 13.0% of the variance in self-employment intentions is as a result of entrepreneurial skills development and risk taking propensity. The study therefore recommended amongst others that, programmes should be put in place to identify individuals with the necessary entrepreneurial characteristics at an early stage to provide the necessary support to develop them into successful entrepreneurs.
... Entrepreneurial learning refers to a learning type that leads to exploration and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the creation of start-ups and the management of existing firms (Cope and Watts 2000;Harvey and Evans 1995;Rae and Carswell 2001). Entrepreneurial learning can be performed individually or collectively in entrepreneurs' interactions with other entrepreneurs and stakeholders (Dentoni et al. 2018). ...
This study presents a theoretical model of interaction between individual and collective levels of entrepreneurial learning. We conducted a qualitative study on SoftBank Academia (SBA), an institute for human resource development to develop potential successors to Masayoshi Son, the founder of SoftBank Group in Japan. In SBA, there’s simultaneously a high level of competition and cooperation. Results suggest that the entrepreneurial learning process, which spans individual and collective levels, features elements of SoftBank Group’s business process such as ‘comradely association’ and ‘Cluster of No. 1 Strategy’.
... Researchers have shown the predictive validity of the variable "career intent" which had a positive and significant impact on career choice (Krueger et al., 2000). One of the strengths of this sample was its age group, which indicated an early stage in the life cycle when the process of making a career-related decision was pending (Harvey and Evans, 1995). ...
Entrepreneurship is a worldwide activity associated with employment generation,
economic growth and global development. It involves creativity and innovation leading to
new and innovative business start-ups. Small businesses play a significant role in creating jobs
and generating income in the economy. Entrepreneurs create jobs and develop opportunities
for growth. They drive and shape innovation, which accelerates the structural changes in an
economy which ultimately develops the economy. Therefore, entrepreneurship is a wellestablished
phenomenon accompanied with economic growth across the globe directly
influenced by the emergence of new and innovative business start-ups. Due to these facts,
small businesses are recognised by politicians and considered important in their policy
agendas.
India is a country, which relies significantly on these small businesses for
employment, income and economic growth. Entrepreneurial activities are actioned by
entrepreneurs who identify, assess and exploit an existing opportunity. Many researchers
claim that it is vital to analyse entrepreneurial intentions, which is the single best predictor of
entrepreneurial behaviour. Many past studies have investigated the entrepreneurial intentions
of university students but in India, such studies are rare, especially on veterinary students.
Therefore, the novelty of this thesis is its focus on investigating the capacity of students in
India to be entrepreneurial, which could fuel future economic development.
In entrepreneurship research, the theory of planned behaviour, entrepreneurial event
theory and social cognitive theory are well researched. This thesis proposed an integrative
model based on these theories and additional antecedents “motivation, education, environment
and passion” were incorporated. The proposed integrative model was examined by collecting
data from veterinary students in six different zonal councils of India. Through GLiM method,
this study confirmed the influence of demographic factors on the entrepreneurial intention of
veterinary students in the Indian context. This study used a two-step approach to delineate the
influence of antecedents of intention on entrepreneurial intention, in which confirmatory
factor analysis followed by structural equation modelling was performed using SPSS and
AMOS version 26. The findings confirmed that entrepreneurial attitude, social norms,
perceived desire of self-employment, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial education,
entrepreneurial passion and personality characteristics are antecedents of entrepreneurial
intentions. This study confirmed the mediating effect of attitude between antecedents of
intention and entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the results also confirmed the existence of
gender differences in veterinary students for entrepreneurial intentions. Previous
entrepreneurial experience was also found to be a moderator. Therefore, the proposed
integrative model is an addition to the entrepreneurship literature, which provides a holistic
view of the relationships between antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of
this study have both theoretical and practical implications. The theoretical contribution is the
integrated comprehensive model, which was developed for this thesis and empirically
investigated in the context of India. The model was developed from three theories used in the
entrepreneurship context and incorporated various antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions.
Therefore, this study is an empirical attempt to provide an understanding of different
antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions.
The practical contribution of this study is the implications provided by the findings.
The findings suggested valuable insight for educationists and policy-makers concerning
various antecedents and the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions as perceived by
veterinary students of India. Furthermore, this study also provided an understanding of the
relationship between these antecedents, as perceived by the students, which could be utilised
to enhance entrepreneurship in India.
Keywords: Veterinary, Entrepreneurial intention, Attitude, Social norms, Perceived desire of
self-employment, Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Motivation, Education, Environment, Passion,
Personality characteristics, Gender, Previous Entrepreneurial experience.
... In this respect, we intend to collect the third wave of data one year after EE program graduation, adding a qualitative component to the research. This would allow us to address the "strategic window" issue first mentioned by Harvey and Evans [94], which is specific to estimations of EI based on students' datasets. ...
The purposed longitudinal study analyzes the evolution of students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) and its antecedents over the COVID-19 pandemic period and explores the inter-individual differences and the intra-individual changes. Our main contribution consists of proposing two-panel estimations techniques: first, a Latent Change Score model (LCS) approach to analyze the stability of our constructs, and second, a Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Random-Effect estimation of a complex network of relationships that we have identified within the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Our empirical results show that students’ EI enrolled in an entrepreneurship education (EE) program increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with initial higher scores for EI have changed less than those with lower initial scores, and a gender difference exists in the initial level of EI and its antecedents. Our results also document the moderation effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the importance of inspiration and resources in building students’ EI and provide valuable policy recommendations for universities regarding the design of EE programs to contribute to the economic recovery in the post-pandemic era
... Entrepreneurs can obtain important market and policy information by learning from social network partners, which is conductive to opportunity exploration and exploitation (Ardichvili et al., 2003;Cooper et al., 2016;Xiang et al., 2017;Sullivan et al., 2021;Wu et al., 2021a). In addition, through entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurs can accumulate their skills and abilities, shape their attitudes, and beliefs (Harvey and Evans, 1995). These improved cognitive capabilities can help firm to recognize current and potentially future opportunities and formulate an effective differentiation strategy that works to foster firm growth (Xiang et al., 2017). ...
Although the impact entrepreneurial learning on firm performance has attracted significant attention, a comprehensive understanding by integrating entrepreneurial orientation and individual self-efficacy remain poorly understood. We fill this void by integrating the above variables into a model and examine these relations. Findings from a sample of 411 nascent entrepreneurs support that entrepreneurial learning is positively related to firm performance, and this relationship is fully mediated by entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE). We also found entrepreneurial orientation strengthens the positive impact of entrepreneurial learning on ESE. The findings indicate that ESE must be in place to maximize the effect of entrepreneurial learning on performance, and entrepreneurial orientation is an important contingency in shaping entrepreneurial learning's impact on nascent entrepreneur's self-efficacy.
... An entrepreneur must be able to calibrate the problems faced and make these problems a learning process by taking lessons from past events (Minniti & Bygrave, 2001), even an entrepreneur who wants to learn from a variety of problems comprehensively is an extraordinary learner or "exceptional learners" (Smilor, 1997). Entrepreneurs who are learners, can start a business process with experience (stock of experience) in the form of historical background (Reuber & Feischer, 1999) or with business skills they have (Harvey & Evans, 1995). Although the learning process of entrepreneurship is an additional variable to become an entrepreneur (Peterman & Kennedy, 2003), but through the nature of this learner, entrepreneurs will be able to develop and grow to become capable business owners (Rae & Carswell, 2000) and market oriented (Cunha et al ., 2015). ...
This study aims to explore the characteristics of entrepreneurs in the perspectives of Islamic in Sidogiri Indonesia, with a foundation of Islamic religion that obtains a different perspective and to know the values of Islamic entrepreneurship. The studi approach is a qualitative postpositivist paradigm with case studies. Data collecting is done through observation, documentation and with in-depth interviews. Data validity is measured by data reduction, data presentation and conclusion (interactive model). The results showed that the main characteristics of entrepreneurs in the perspective of Islamic in Pondok Pesantren based on the AlQuran, Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas, then as having intelligence, sincerity, spirituality, leadership, oriented towards good fortune halalan-thayib, optimistic, trustworthy and competent, learners and visionaries. In addition to the characteristics that are ethical values, the implementation of entrepreneurship in the framework of maintaining the mandate of Allah and in worship-oriented to the God.
... Consequently, experiential learning is an important mechanism in assisting business owners to become entrepreneurially prepared, as it involves a combination of experiences, reflection on the experiences, and, thereon, transformation of those experiences into knowledge (Cope, 2005;Hadjielias et al., 2013;Kolb, 1984). While entrepreneurial preparedness is catered for by experiential learning, and has preparatory effects in regard to individuals' entrepreneurial careers (Ahsan et al., 2018;Harvey and Evans, 1995;Starr and Fondas, 1992), prior accumulated knowledge, skills, and experiences cumulatively shape the diaspora individuals' attitudes, beliefs and abilities. While such attributes are developed from moving from one country to another (Thai and Turkina, 2013), diaspora entrepreneurial preparedness is not always inherent in experiential learning, as diasporas do not choose what to experience to maximize their preparedness; this rather comes spontaneously from the "family across borders", while being in a diaspora context. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the way in which family ties influence the entrepreneurial preparedness of the diaspora family business owner.
Design/methodology/approach
In-depth interviews were carried out with 15 Cypriot family business owners hosted in various countries. The paper draws on social capital theory and uses an abductive analytical approach.
Findings
The findings of this paper illustrate that family ties coming from the family across borders play a significant role for diaspora family business owners’ entrepreneurial preparedness. Hidden values deriving from the interpersonal relationships within the family across borders drive the diaspora family business owners to learn upon self-reflection and become entrepreneurially prepared, led by both urgency and esteem.
Practical implications
This study provides practical implications for the entrepreneurial preparedness of diaspora family business owners and those who wish to become family business owners in a diaspora context.
Originality/value
This study contributes theoretically through the conceptualization of “family across borders social capital” and “diaspora entrepreneurial preparedness”. It also contributes empirically to the fields of diaspora family business, entrepreneurial learning and diaspora entrepreneurship through new knowledge regarding the role of family across borders social capital in the entrepreneurial preparedness of the diaspora family business owner.
... The transport-logistic approach represents integrity and realization of the basic transport-logistic process, optimization of its total costs. This approach reflects all stages and cycles of correspondence of cargo flows, it creates conditions for resource potential and logistics to be the main components of the main transport and logistics process, which in turn leads to changes in the criteria of efficiency of the transport system as a whole and criteria of efficiency of optimal management of transport services (Harvey and Evans, 1995). ...
The processes of managing transport services create a transport and logistics system. The efficiency of management of these processes is significantly influenced by the forecast and planning of correspondence of cargo flows, distribution of resources. In the conditions of formation of the market of transport services, the transport and logistics system is affected by many of its subjects and objects, the uncertainty of demand for transport services, the lack of accountability of the external space factors and subjective perception of the internal environment. All this leads to imbalance in the rhythm of transport services provision and as a result affects their effectiveness. Quality process management requires optimization. Achieving a positive result of optimization is possible by forming transport and logistics management methods of transport services. The work investigates transport and logistic methods of transport services management. Principles of setting goals of strategic functions of the main transport and logistic process are considered, its invested periods are presented. The typology of criteria of efficiency of optimum management of correspondence flows in the segment of freight traffic and the main stages of optimization of this process are developed. Transport and logistics methods for determining the necessary criteria for planning and managing transport services are presented. Developed transport and logistics methods of management of transport services have found their application in one of the largest holdings of the world "Russian Railways" in the provision of technological complex transport services.
... These skills and attributes result from the "stock of experience" that consists of the individual's background or history (Reuber and Fischer, 1999). Harvey and Evans (1995) propose that personal and business skills and attributes are two primary elements in assessing an individual's level of entrepreneurial preparedness. Considering it as a cumulative learning process (Cope, 2005), Starr and Fondas (1992) describe entrepreneurial preparedness as an individual's collective prior experiences and learning and highlight the fact that it prepares an individual for an entrepreneurial career and shapes his or her attitudes, beliefs and abilities. ...
Many universities have incorporated entrepreneurship education into their programs. However, research and the practice show that this curriculum is taught in various ways, which the authors group into three themes: teaching about entrepreneurship, teaching for entrepreneurship, and teaching through entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship educators face several challenges, especially the difficulties in defining the best way to teach entrepreneurship and the lack of evaluation of the chosen method’s effectiveness. This article focuses specifically on how entrepreneurship is taught at the Faculty of Economics and Management of Tunis and what effect it may have on the development of students’ entrepreneurial competencies. It attempts to support entrepreneurship educators by describing a pilot experience consisting of combining teaching about and through entrepreneurship and a conventional method that adopts just teaching about entrepreneurship. These descriptions may help to explore and uncover what happens in the classroom and aid teachers in choosing the appropriate practices to achieve their educational objectives. The article evaluates the two programs by comparing their effects on the development of students’ entrepreneurial competencies. The authors use a two-sample independent t-test to make the comparison, and the results indicate that the combined method is stronger overall than the conventional method.
... By breaking down entrepreneurial knowledge into six dimensions, this study highlights the complexity of entrepreneurial learning processes. Third, this research also demonstrates the significance of acquiring tacit knowledge on the development of "entrepreneurial preparedness" (Harvey and Evans, 1995). Perceived knowledge access will be easier for entrepreneurs with related prior experience when they seek information through social interactions and informal conversations. ...
Purpose
Entrepreneurs approach the startup process with a stock of experience and a unique range of accumulated skills and abilities. Their prior experience shapes an “information funnel” through which the entrepreneurs’ attention is filtered. This study aims to investigate the impact of the relatedness of prior knowledge and knowledge acquisition activities on entrepreneurs’ perceived knowledge access.
Design/methodology/approach
Survey data were collected from 100 early-stage entrepreneurs in the New York City metropolitan area to empirically test the proposed relationships with the method of conditional process modeling.
Findings
Findings from this study demonstrate a negative relationship between entrepreneurs’ prior experience and their perceived ability to access knowledge. However, this negative relationship can be mitigated by seeking tacit knowledge through informal channels. In addition, the relatedness of prior experience plays a positive role in influencing media use and knowledge network engagement. While media use is a positive predictor of perceived knowledge access, engagement within knowledge networks shows no direct influence on perceived knowledge access.
Originality/value
This study sheds light on the dimensions of entrepreneurial knowledge and recognizes perceived knowledge access as an important concept in forming an entrepreneurial intention and adds to the current dialogue on the interpretation of entrepreneurs’ prior experience. For practitioners, this study offers insights into the formation of founding teams and the approaches to obtaining valuable information.
... Most of the literature reviews on succession revolve around multi-level model of succession process that includes factors at the micro (individual attributes), meso (interpersonal or group relations) and macro (firms processes and strategies) levels of analysis. Goldberg (1996), Harvey and Evans (1995) and Hume (1999) point out that not only the satisfaction of various stakeholders in the succession process defines a successful succession, but also the successor's ability to keep the family business healthy by means of sustained growth and profitability. We have chosen chance of success as dependent variable in place of effective or successful succession for two reasons. ...
... Most of the literature reviews on succession revolve around multi-level model of succession process that includes factors at the micro (individual attributes), meso (interpersonal or group relations) and macro (firms processes and strategies) levels of analysis. Goldberg (1996), Harvey and Evans (1995) and Hume (1999) point out that not only the satisfaction of various stakeholders in the succession process defines a successful succession, but also the successor's ability to keep the family business healthy by means of sustained growth and profitability. We have chosen chance of success as dependent variable in place of effective or successful succession for two reasons. ...
... Initialization represents entrepreneurs' attempts to time-calibrate entrepreneurial action in relation to creating an envisioned future, by synchronizing with others at a time of favorable receptiveness even if one cannot objectively know when that will be. 5 Initialization, then, reflects the essence of concepts such as "strategic window" that, under conditions of risk, encapsulate the finite nature of some competitive market imperfections (Dixit & Pindyck, 1994;Harvey & Evans, 1995), as well as the concept of "coconstruction" where, under conditions of uncertainty, periods arise during which stakeholders may be more or less amenable to entrepreneurs' efforts (Alvarez et al., 2015). The latter perspective takes seriously the notion that entrepreneurs in some instances can, through their own actions, "create the right time" through tools such as innovation in response to environmental decline (Zammuto & Cameron, 1985). ...
... This study shows the mother's extreme reluctance to pass down her job to her daughter, even once she retires (as already showed by Cadieux et al., 2002); therefore, a stable power hierarchy remains within the family firm. Some authors (Davis and Harveston, 1998) called this situation the founder's shadow, defining it as "a prior generation's excessive and inappropriate involvement in an organization, possibly causing social disruption in the organization" (Davis and Harveston, 1998, p. 311; see also Harvey and Evans, 1995). This ...
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate and explain the power dynamics involving the mother (as the founder) and the daughter (as the successor) during the business transmission process.
Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative research was conducted on a sample of Italian family SMEs. The adopted approach is consistent with the narration paradigm, where the biographical features of the participant are investigated to highlight the culture, value systems and other background features.
Findings
This research suggests that if the founder is her mother, the daughter faces further challenges. Findings suggest that during business transmission, it is also important to consider the cultural and contextual factors, such as gender biases, both in the family and in the workplace. This paper seems to suggest that power is important in itself, regardless of the gender of those who exercise it.
Research limitations/implications
Future research should investigate, quantitatively, the same issues considered in this research, to assess the reliability and validity of the evidence discussed here.
Practical implications
This paper suggests how to overcome dysfunctional dynamics in mother–daughter business transmission.
Social implications
Family firms are the most widespread type of firm in the world; as a consequence, systematic failures in business transmission represent a prominent socio-economical problem for policymakers and institutions.
Originality/value
This research shows that in family business, power is not dynamic and does not shift among family members, as suggested by previous research. Even once the mother retires, a stable power hierarchy remains within the family firm.
... First, the paper extends our knowledge on the complex process of EL by conceptualizing and testing its antecedents and moderators in an educational context. Previous studies have highlighted that individuals develop the broad set of values, motivations and competencies to act entrepreneurially in the course of their entire life (Aldrich and Yang 2014;Harvey and Evans 1995) and that education can play an important role in such process (Unger et al. 2011). Building on this literature, our study focuses on students' educational experiences at university and explores more in depth the mechanisms and conditions under which students can actually engage in the EL process. ...
Despite the worldwide increase in entrepreneurship education offered at universities, there is an ongoing debate whether and under which conditions this type of education contributes to students’ entrepreneurial learning. Building on human capital theory, we hypothesize that the exposure to various entrepreneurship education initiatives has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial learning outcomes. We also argue that this relationship is moderated by the entrepreneurial experience of the students, the teaching pedagogy applied in entrepreneurial initiatives offered at the university and the prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the country. A multi-level analysis on a cross-country sample of 87,918 students resulting from GUESSS (‘Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey’) strongly confirms our hypotheses, and allows us to discuss implications for researchers, educators and policy makers with respect to the nature of entrepreneurial learning, the design of entrepreneurial education programs, as well as the contextual conditions that impact entrepreneurial learning outcomes.
... The choice a student makes thus to establish a new business venture is at the essential part of entrepreneurship. There are times which are novel and unique in the student's life cycle of his/her career wherein the chance to start a new venture is most likely; taking into consideration one of the opening 'strategic windows' to be the 'college experience' (Harvey and Evans, 1995). However, university level students are normally considering career choices after their graduation or during the course of study. ...
Entrepreneurship brings economic growth and development through the process of venture creation. These new business enterprises
have a very important and positive impact on employment generation, poverty alleviation, and socio-economic development. Entrepreneurship
education influences the attitude and behavior of students to form intentions of self-employability. We have analyzed the literature to
clearly understand the relationship between entrepreneurship education and intentionality and the underlying mechanisms through which
entrepreneurship education impacts intentions to start new ventures. By utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Cognitive
Theory (SCT), we propose that entrepreneurship education increases students’ perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived desirability
for starting new ventures. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and desirability in turn impact and increase students’ entrepreneurial intentions
for creating new ventures. Entrepreneurship Education Programs (EEPs) focusing “Education for entrepreneurship” have more influence on
intentionality through self-efficacy and desirability. Comparatively, EEPs concentrating on “Education about entrepreneurship” will have less
impacts on the intentionality. The study has important theoretical and practical implications for researchers, academicians, policy makers
and potential entrepreneurs – the students.
... Moving beyond the where and how, this study demonstrates that observing role models in different contexts prior to start-up contributes to learning associated with specific learning tasks according to Cope (2005). Extending previous studies adopting an experiential stance (Cope 2005;Harvey and Evans 1995), this study shows that the observation of role models is associated with fundamental entrepreneurial learning tasks (Cope 2005), such as learning about oneself, understanding and managing relationships, and the initial stock of learning concerning the management of small businesses. Our study also echoes the insights of Cope (2001) showing that the acquisition of pre-start-up learning tasks is a long process that occurs in multiple social contexts rather than those immediately accessed prior to start-up. ...
This study examines entrepreneurial learning through the observation of role models. Adopting an interpretive and inductive approach, and using biographical interviews and life course techniques, the article examines how sixteen entrepreneurs articulate their entrepreneurial learning from role models. The overarching research question ‘How do entrepreneurs learn from observing role models?’ enables illustrating who the role models are (parents, teachers, colleagues, other entrepreneurs), the relevant social contexts (home, education, workplace) and what is learned in relation to entrepreneurial learning tasks (learning about oneself, managing relationships, the business and small business management). The study contributes to developing the social perspectives of entrepreneurial learning by demonstrating the significance of learning from role models in different social contexts and at distinct entrepreneurial stages pre- and post-start-up.
... Berger ve Udell (1998), Harvey ve Evans (1995) ve Barton (1989), firmalardaki kontrol ve kayıptan kaçınma ile ilgili sorunların sermaye yapısını etkilediğini ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Hutchinson (1995) tarafından yapılan çalışmayı destekler niteliktedir. ...
... (…) After the phases of creation and development, the transmission constitutes the third crucial stage in a company's life cycle" (Erkki Liikanen, European Commission, 2003 : 3). Because of the importance of a successful transfer of ownership and management, there has been much written about the family business succession in the world literature (Harvey, and Evans, 1995;Sharma, Chrisman, and Chua, 1996), broadly defined as "the passing of the leadership baton from the founder-owner to a successor who will either be a family member or a non family member" (Beckhardt, and Burke, 1983 : 3). ...
... Because of the importance of a successful transfer of management, there has been much written about the family business succession (Harvey & Evans, 1995 ;Sharma, Chrisman & Chua, 1996) broadly defined as "the passing of the leadership baton from the founder-owner to a successor who will either be a family member or a non family member" (Beckhardt & Burke, 1983 : 3). As is apparent from previous work (Beckhardt and Dyer,1983 ;Shanker & Astrachan, 1996), a limited number of family firm survive the transition to second generation and more than two-thirds cease or pass to new owners. ...
... The life span of family firms is often relatively short, as only a limited number survives the transition to the second generation, and hardly one-third into the third (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983;Neubauer and Lank, 1998;Paisner, 1999;Shanker and Astrachan, 1996). Due to the importance of a successful transfer of management within family firms, succession issues have probably been the most popular topic for researchers and practitioners in the field of family firms (Harvey and Evans, 1995). ...
Family Firms are receiving increasing attention in business research. At first sight, the field seems to be heterogeneous, which exacerbates the orientation in and the advancement of the field. Therefore, this article strives to systematize Anglo-American family firm research and thereby to identify key discussion lines of this field. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we identify core authors and core journals. Based on a bibliometric citation analysis of 276 journal articles with a total of 12,800 references, we have identifiedfive key discussion lines: 1) legitimization and definition, 2) governance, 3) competitive advantage, 4) leadership, and 5) succession. These five discussion lines and the respective literature constitute a framework for the advancement of family firm research.
... les fen?tres strat?giques de carri?re ? comme peut l'?tre le premier travail, l'obtention d'un niveau maximum d'expertise ou le moment de la retraite (Harvey et Evans, 1995, p. 338). Remarquons que les experts rencontr?s ...
... First, the data used here to test the hypotheses are useful at a macro level while compromising analysis at more micro levels. What naturally leads to entrepreneurial self-employment is likely a process spanning multiple years, where prior knowledge evolves over many years in terms of both content and structure (aside from entrepreneurship by necessity) (Harvey & Evans, 1995). Unfortunately, it is logistically difficult (and perhaps vocationally unacceptable to employers) to follow hundreds or dozens of employees and ask them precisely what work activities they covered, every day for multiple years. ...
Recent theory suggests generalists are more likely than specialists to become self-employed. However, little research examines whether different career paths of generalists are equally effective. I argue those experiencing business-related functions in parallel rather than sequentially more likely become self-employed-as a career proceeds over years-because "connections" detected across domains during parallel work experience are particularly valuable in discovery of future opportunities. Yet, positive effects of experiencing domains sequentially are more strongly amplified when individuals are analytically disposed. Analyzing careers of scientists and engineers, SESTAT data broadly support the hypotheses but mostly for male, incorporated, and/or nonacademic entrepreneurial self-employment.
... Thus, each individual enters the entrepreneurial process equipped with a subjective 'knowledge stock' conditioned by their prior knowledge. Harvey and Evans (1995) put forward the concept of 'degree of entrepreneurial preparation' that encompasses the skills and abilities the entrepreneur can contribute to the entrepreneurial process, and shapes the way they perceive and experience learning throughout the entrepreneurial process (Cope, 2005). The knowledge acquired from previous experiences will therefore be self-reinforcing, allowing the learning process to be regenerated in accordance with the acquisition of new knowledge. ...
The following chapter explores the potential differences in access to venture capital between serial entrepreneurs (who have founded several businesses, either one after the other or simultaneously) and new entrepreneurs (who launch a business for the first time). While empirical results differ regarding the outperformance of serial entrepreneurs compared to that of new entrepreneurs, numerous examples seem to suggest that serial entrepreneurs have easier access to venture capital. We can explain this paradox by drawing on organisational theory. Entrepreneurial experience, which could be considered as a form of entrepreneurial training, gives the serial entrepreneur an advantage since he or she has both more human capital (experience) and social capital (network) than a new entrepreneur, advantages that are liable to give the entrepreneur easier access to venture capital. Empirical studies indicate that experienced entrepreneurs tend to have faster access to funds, and receive larger sums than new entrepreneurs. However, studies are less conclusive when we investigate the higher valuation of serial entrepreneurs’ businesses compared to that of new entrepreneurs.
... Opvolging is van oudsher een belangrijk onderwerp in de literatuur over familiebedrijven (Dyer en Sánchez, 1998). Een succesvolle overdracht is cruciaal voor het voortbestaan van een bedrijf (Harvey en Evans, 1995). Opvolging in een familiebedrijf is vaak een langdurig proces. ...
In deze studie wordt de positie van jongeren op agrarische bedrijven in Nederland belicht. Naast werk op het agrarische bedrijf heeft ruim 40% van de agrarische jongeren werk buiten het bedrijf. De jongeren zijn hoog opgeleid en vaak bestuurlijk actief. Het merendeel wil het agrarische bedrijf overnemen of heeft dat al gedaan. Binnen het gezin verloopt de communicatie over de bedrijfsovername niet altijd vlekkeloos.
... Individuals with a high preference for exploration are characterised by an interest in seeking out new situations and possibilities, trying out new things and having a general openness and acceptance for change. This general search for variety in career experience may in this respect lead to a higher 'preparedness' that enables entrepreneurs to be flexible and minimise losses (Harvey and Evans, 1995; see also Cope, 2005). A learning mode that favours exploration may also facilitate creativity in decisions concerning what can be done given a set of available means. ...
In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs differ in their modes of learning and whether variations in modes of learning have any influence on their possession of entrepreneurial knowledge that increase their ability to recognise and exploit new business opportunities. Based on statistical analysis of 291 entrepreneurs we find that a learning mode that favours exploration is positively associated with the ability to recognise a higher number of business opportunities. A learning mode that favours exploitation is on the other hand negatively associated with the ability to cope with liabilities of newness. Adding to this, we find that the positive association between career experience and entrepreneurial knowledge is stronger with a learning mode that favours exploration.
... The choice of an individual to turn out to be an entrepreneur is in the heart of entrepreneurship. Harvey and Evans (1995) postulated that there are interesting times in one"s life cycle of choosing a career when the chance to turn into an entrepreneur is the most ideal, thinking that one of the most "vital windows" is the school experience. Undergraduates" students are thinking regularly about the choice of profession paving way to and after graduation. ...
Entrepreneur training is constructed to instil the skills and knowledge needed to understand before starting on a new business venture. By doing so, it would enhance necessary identification and avoidance of many pitfalls awaiting the less well-trained and vigilant contemporaries. As such, this study investigated the influence of entrepreneurship education, previous entrepreneurial experience and perceived desirability of self-employment on self-employment intention. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 100 entrepreneur students. The data collected was analysed by SPSS and the result revealed that entrepreneur education and perceived desirability of self-employment significantly influence self-employment intention.
... CBEs such as livestock, cheese making, mining, trade, handicrafts, etc., is typically related to the type of skills and experience acquired by local people before the creation of the CBE. Skills and resources acquired before venturing are important factors that both improve the chances of venture success (Bygrave & Minniti, 2000;Harvey & Evans, 1995) and provide a context for the search for opportunity (Ardichvila et al., 2003). ...
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review on the establishment of community-based enterprises in impoverished communities in South Africa. Sustainable enterprising is being regarded as an important panacea for poverty and other socio-economic problems in impoverished communities. For this to happen, however, people in these communities first should analyze the economic conditions of that community, determines its economic needs and then decide what can and should be done to improve the economic conditions in that community, and then move to achieve a communal agreed-upon economic goals and objectives. Meaning through community-based enterprises impoverished communities should utilize their skills in a market niche through a bottom-up approach instead of the popular top-down intervention approaches for their local economic development.
In this chapter, we will take up the application of the clinical assessment tool called the RISE to the education of students of entrepreneurship. We will pick up on the discussion of the current model of entrepreneurship education begun in Chapter 1, exploring learning theory, both curriculum and co-curricular activities, and where the RISE might fit into this flow. We will look at the application of outcomes management principles to skill building efforts in entrepreneurship education. Finally, we will examine how the RISE has been modified and extended over the course of its development and the implications of this for its use in the entrepreneurship education arena.
Purpose
This paper seeks to identify how intrapreneurial self-efficacy (ISE) grows in a group of graduate students during their internship. We investigate which agency and structure factors shape their experience and stabilize or help grow their ISE and how this evolves in the course of their internship.
Design/methodology/approach
We conducted group interviews with 49 last year master students of a large Belgian university during their seven-month internship. We focused on those interns with low starter ISE to better understand which factors aid or hinder ISE development.
Findings
Our results show that students who did not experience ISE growth were less aware of their own agency factors, lacked supportive colleagues and experienced a misfit with their supervisors. Students who did grow their ISE did so mostly because of an initial experimentation phase, which was structured by their supervisor. This created a positive spiral where they started feeling increasingly better and able to act intrapreneurially.
Originality/value
With this study, we contribute to the extant literature in two main ways. First, we use a graduate employability lens to study the genesis of ISE. As such, we are amongst the first to investigate how education can nurture intrapreneurship and which agency and structure factors are particularly important for this. Second, we take a qualitative process approach, rather than a static and quantitative focus of most entrepreneurial education studies. As such, we gain better knowledge to the drivers of ISE at students first steps and during their internship.
Purpose
Considering entrepreneurship education (EE) theory as a base, this paper aims to examine the impact of EE upon building entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, it investigates the impact of student’s age, gender and degree or course background in developing students entrepreneurial intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 309 student respondents from higher education institution (HEI’s) was used to understand the relationship and its impact over intention building. Regression and ANOVA technique was used to understand the cause and effect as well as mean differences between the construct.
Findings
The results signify a positive impact of EE for stimulating the start-up intention in these interdisciplinary students of HEIs. These results resemble the existing studies in this endeavour. Findings also verify that individual intention to start a new business in terms of the theory of planned behaviour (attitude, perceived behavioural control and social norms), student background (gender and degree specialization) are positively related to individual intention to start a new business.
Research limitations/implications
The results confirm previous studies in this field and highlight the need for EE in HEI. The paper highlights the vitality for EE for India’s start-up growth.
Originality/value
This study adds to the paucity of research on EE and its impact on entrepreneurial intentions in higher education institutions in India.
p>This paper carries the empirical as well as conceptual review regarding the entrepreneurial process and attempts to explore the entrepreneurial process in the tourism and hospitality enterprise creation in semi-urban area of Nepal.
Pravaha
Vol. 24, No. 1, 2018, Page: 50-57</p
In this paper, we examine how entrepreneurs living in communities under continuous threat prepare themselves to continue with their enterprising activities or engage in new ones after the expected crisis occurs. Most of the crisis literature on disasters and entrepreneurship focuses on aftermath responses, but the antecedents of such entrepreneurial behavior and its connection to past and future crises remains largely unexplored. Based on a two-stage exploratory study pre and post the Calbuco Volcano eruptions in 2015 and 2016 in Chile, we introduce the notion of entrepreneurial preparedness and elaborate on its four central attributes: anchored reflectiveness, situated experience, breaking through, and reaching out. Subsequently, our work develops a refined understanding of pre and post-disaster entrepreneurship and offers a novel base for theorizing on the relationship between entrepreneurial preparedness in contexts of continuous threat.
Dieser Abschnitt stellt Familienunternehmen aus deren eigener Perspektive dar. Die Forschung hinsichtlich dieser speziellen Form eines Unternehmens ist nun in einer Vielzahl von Wissenschaftsdisziplinen angekommen und wird tagtäglich weiterentwickelt. Mittlerweile ist das Interesse nicht nur ausschließlich bei den Wissenschaftlern verankert, sondern auch aus vielen anderen Berufszweigen bzw. Sparten nicht mehr wegzudenken. Steuer-, Finanz-, Bank-, Unternehmensberater, Gemeinden oder der Staat sind hier nur einige wenige, die angeführt werden können. Dieser Abschnitt des Buches versucht einerseits, einen thematischen, andererseits einen chronologischen Fokus auf das Thema Familienunternehmen zu legen. Thematisch sollen strategische, unternehmerische aber auch soziale Komponenten innerhalb dieses speziellen Öko-Systems herausgearbeitet werden. Chronologisch wird hier im Sinne der Unternehmensentwicklung, Aufbau – Reife – Sättigung – Übergabe, genauer erläutert. Für den Leser ist der Umstand interessant, dass die Bereiche Familie und Unternehmen nicht nur nebenher, sondern vielmehr wie ein Organismus, interaktiv und dynamisch interagieren. Eine Vielzahl von Situationen ist geradezu prädestiniert für die Abhandlung durch ein Familienunternehmen. Hingegen gibt es aber auch Verläufe, Situationen, Momente, in denen das Konglomerat Familienunternehmen aufgrund seiner Eigenheiten auch verstärkt kontraproduktiv agieren kann.
This chapter reviews the literature on creativity and entrepreneurship, which has generally employed a relatively basic approach to the main effects of creativity on entrepreneurship. Past research has provided fine-grained conceptualizations describing both creativity and entrepreneurship as complex processes that encompass multiple components. It follows from these assumptions that a differentiated perspective on creativity in entrepreneurship requires examining the specific effects of divergent and convergent thinking on different dimensions of entrepreneurial success in the three phases (prelaunch, launch and postlaunch) of entrepreneurship. Future research should employ a more fine-grained analysis of each stage of the entrepreneurial process in order to provide a more complete representation of the differential effects of divergent and convergent thinking in entrepreneurship. Drawing upon more fine-grained conceptualizations of both creativity and entrepreneurship, the chapter proposes a comprehensive theoretical model on the changing role of divergent and convergent thinking throughout the entrepreneurial process.
Serial entrepreneurship, organisational capital and access to venture capital funding
This article is about the existence of potential differences in access to venture capital between serial entrepreneurs (who have founded several businesses, either one after the other or simultaneously) and new entrepreneurs (who create a business for the first time). Even though the empirical results differ regarding the serial entrepreneurs’ outperformance compared to new entrepreneurs, numerous examples seem to suggest that serial entrepreneurs have an easier access to venture capital. This paradox can be explained through organisational theory. The distribution of venture capital is characterized by an information asymmetry between the investor and the entrepreneur. This problem can either be solved through contracts or rely on a mutual confidence. If we look at the second solution, the entrepreneurial experience, because considered as entrepreneurial training, is an advantage for the serial entrepreneur, because he or she has both more human capital (experience) and social capital (network) than a new entrepreneur. These are advantages that can give the entrepreneur easier access to venture capital. A review of empirical studies points towards an easier access to venture capital for serial entrepreneurs. They access funds more quickly, and receive bigger amounts than new entrepreneurs. But the studies are less conclusive if we look for a higher valuation of the serial entrepreneurs’ businesses compared to those of the new entrepreneurs.
Purpose
– Unfortunately, the majority of studies examining business intelligence (BI) have focused on its exploitation in large firms. Often studies appear to assume that smaller firms have limited interest or capabilities in intelligence. The purpose of this paper is to redress this imbalance by extending the role of intelligence (intelligence management (IM)) to small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
Design/methodology/approach
– Data from a sample of 650 SMEs are analysed using multivariate techniques.
Findings
– The results of the data analysis suggest that entrepreneurial pro-activeness is dependent on IM and Knowledge management; but also that a model fit exists between the IM and the ability of SMEs to enact and sustain entrepreneurial opportunities. The authors also found that firm size is a determining factor in the effectiveness of IM.
Originality/value
– This study seeks to extend prior research which alludes to the fact that the decision-making capabilities of firms can be substantially enhanced through the exploitation of BI capabilities among SMES, which traditionally have not considered intelligence as a key competitive competency.
Two models of the factors leading to organizational commitment are compared: the member-based model, which holds that commitment originates in the actions and personal attributes of the organizational member, and the organization-based model, which is based on the premise that commitment reflects a member's reciprocation for the organization's having provided resources that satisfy important needs. Although the latter model received more support from the data, both models explained significant amounts of variance in commitment. Contrary to the preponderance of related research findings, extrinsic aspects of satisfaction were more strongly associated with organizational commitment, than were intrinsic aspects. This finding was attributed to the composition of the respondent sample, a group of blue-collar, unionized employees.
The contributions and shortcomings of past entrepreneurship research can be viewed within the context of six research design specifications: purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame and methodology. The authors suggest a unifying definition of the field of entrepreneurship. The recent trend toward theory driven research that is contextual and process oriented is encouraging. It is time for entrepreneurship researchers to pursue causality more aggressively. Exploratory studies that are not theory driven should be discouraged unless the topic is highly original. Implications for practicing entrepreneurs are discussed.
Two studies report a positive relationship of employees' perception of being valued and cared about by the organization with (a) conscientiousness in carrying out conventional job responsibilities, (b) expressed affective and calculative involvements in the organization, and (c) innovation on behalf of the organization in the absence of anticipated direct reward or personal recognition. In Study 1, involving six occupations, positive relationships of perceived support with job attendance and performance were found. In Study 2, using manufacturing hourly employees and managers, perceived support was positively related to affective attachment, performance outcome expectancies, and the constructiveness of anonymous suggestions for helping the organization. These results favor the extension and integration of emotion-based and calculative theories of organizational commitment into a social-exchange approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article appraises the construct validity of role conflict and role ambiguity in organizational psychology research by tracing the process of validation from initial theory introduction to the present. Although the theoretical bases for the constructs were relatively well explicated, some conceptual shortcomings have carried over into empirical work. There are problems with the content validity of measures, a lack of convergent and discriminant evidence, and inattention to the full nomological network of hypothesized relationships. Recommendations for future role-conflict and role-ambiguity research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Analyzes the history of entrepreneurship education and presents frameworks for the development of entrepreneurship education courses and programs. In evaluating whether entrepreneurship has become an established discipline, the following areas are considered: systematic theory and an established body of literature; authority, professional associations, and communication sanction; ethical codes and culture; and career opportunities for graduates. At the time of this study, there were at least 12 academic journals and 20 annual conferences focused on entrepreneurship. In addition career opportunities included positions with newly established firms or as entrepreneurial executives with established firms. While entrepreneurship was recognized as a discipline and a career, business and management education was slow to react. Entrepreneurship education has developed along two dimensions: the absolute number of entrepreneurship courses and the degree of integration of the entrepreneurship courses. Using these dimensions, two frameworks are presented. The first framework, a matrix of these two dimensions, identifies four optimal combinations. The second framework is built upon two paths: stages of transition in a firm and a functional approach. As entrepreneurship programs are developed, multiple alternative structures and learning mechanisms are needed to meet the needs of a variety of individuals. (SRD)
In this article, we summarize previous empirical studies that examined antecedents, correlates, and/or consequences of organizational commitment using meta-analysis. In total, 48 meta-analyses were conducted, including 26 variables classified as antecedents, 8 as consequences, and 14 as correlates. Statistical artifacts were found to account for the variance between studies in only one meta-analysis that used attendance. Type of organizational commitment (attitudinal vs. calculative) was proposed as a moderator variable and was found to account for significant between-study variance in 9 of 18 comparisons. Theoretical and methodological issues pertaining to the measurement of various forms of organizational commitment, its interrelations with other forms of attachments, and its role in causal models of behavior in organizations are reviewed. Directions for future research are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
In this article, we summarize previous empirical studies that examined antecedents, correlates, and/or consequences of organizational commitment using meta-analysis. In total, 48 meta-analyses were conducted, including 26 variables classified as antecedents, 8 as consequences, and 14 as correlates. Statistical artifacts were found to account for the variance between studies in only one meta-analysis that used attendance. Type of organizational commitment (attitudinal vs. calculative) was proposed as a moderator variable and was found to account for significant between-study variance in 9 of 18 comparisons. Theoretical and methodological issues pertaining to the measurement of various forms of organizational commitment, its interrelations with other forms of attachments, and its role in causal models of behavior in organizations are reviewed. Directions for future research are highlighted.
In an economy founded on innovation and change, one of the premier challenges of management is to design more flexible organizations. For many executives, a single metaphor has come to embody this managerial challenge and to capture the kind of organization they want to create: the "corporation without boundaries." According to Larry Hirschhorn and Thomas Gilmore of the Wharton Center for Applied Research, managers are right to break down the boundaries that make organizations rigid and unresponsive. But they are wrong if they think that doing so eliminates the need for boundaries altogether. Once the traditional boundaries of hierarchy, function, and geography disappear, a new set of boundaries becomes important. These new boundaries are more psychological than organizational. They aren't drawn on a company's organizational chart but in the minds of its managers and employees. And instead of being reflected in a company's structure, they must be "enacted" over and over again in a manager's relationships with bosses, subordinates, and peers. In this article, Hirschhorn and Gilmore provide a guide to the boundaries that matter in the "boundaryless" company. They explain how these new boundaries are essential for both managers and employees in coping with the demands of flexible work. They describe the typical mistakes that managers make in their boundary relationships. And they show how executives can become effective boundary managers by paying attention to a source of data they have often overlooked in the past: their own gut feelings about work and the people with whom they do it.
Although role ambiguity and role conflict have been studied extensively in the organizational sciences, there remain numerous empirical discrepancies among the reported research results. Consequently, disagreement exists as to what can be concluded about the role ambiguity and role conflict research. Coupled with this empirical impasse has been a persistent and relatively singular approach to conceptually studying role ambiguity and role conflict. In response to this empirical and conceptual situation, a meta-analysis and a conceptual reevaluation of the role ambiguity and role conflict research were performed. Using the Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982, Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage) meta-analysis procedures, this study analyzed 29 correlates of role ambiguity and role conflict. These correlates include ten organizational context variables, five individual characteristics, ten affective reactions, and four behavioral reactions. Meta-analysis procedures were used to measure the strength and consistency of the relationship found between each of the 29 correlates and role ambiguity and role conflict. Meta-analysis was also used to determine where moderator variables should play a critical part in future role ambiguity and role conflict research. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, several empirical summaries and conclusions are presented. Along with these, several conceptual observations and reconceptualizing suggestions are offered. It is concluded that while a great deal is known about role ambiguity and role conflict in the organizational sciences much remains to be learned.
Entrepreneurship research is still developing as a management science. This is especially visible when entrepreneurship research is compared to the disciplines from which it emerged, and it needs to develop its own methods and theories. Entrepreneurship research uses concepts garnered from diverse disciplines, which requires consideration of the central questions and the appropriate tools with which to study them. Several recommendations for research methods for an entrepreneurship paradigm are made: (1) less physics envy - avoid reductionism in entrepreneurship research and focus on the research as a whole through case studies; (2) fewer theoretical models and more empirical models - the present empirical knowledge of entrepreneurship research is inadequate for building robust theories; (3) less concern with sophisticated statistical analyses - entrepreneurial ventures begin with unique events and understanding them is one of the aims of entrepreneurship research. No amount of complex statistical analysis will substitute for field studies of the unique events; (4) more field research - entrepreneurship research will not get to the heart of the startup process unless it observed happening in the field; (5) more longitudinal studies - entrepreneurship is a process that evolves with time and doing only cross-sectional studies would cause much of the richness that comes from longitudinal studies to be lost; (6) dedicated researchers - better quality empirical research is needed that is exploratory or grounded and to achieve this more researchers are needed; (7) original field-derived data bases - it is difficult to do valid research on data bases that others have built since there may be unknown pitfalls, therefore entrepreneurship research should create its own data sets built from raw data; and (8) less obsession with revolutionary science - it is better to stress excellence in research, rather than glorifying extraordinary science and depreciating ordinary science. Excellent routine science is often more valuable than revolutionary science. (SFL)
Two major problems with current research are discussed, leading to the development of a contingency model of entrepreneurial behavior. The model details the effects of relevant individual, environmental, innovation, and organization characteristics at each stage of the entrepreneurial process, Implications of the model for further research are discussed.
Just as nations take a small measure of their success in their counts of Olympic medals, academics and the media see counts of professorships and chairs as indicative of the strength of a field. For the field of entrepreneurship, Vesper and Kierulff provided an overview of endowed positions in the 1985 edition of Entrepreneurship Education (Vesper, 1985). However the field's growth since that time has been explosive. Recent guestimates of roughly 100 chairs have made media headlines and have stood without verification or rebuttal. This paper establishes a list of endowed academic positions related to the diverse interests of the field of entrepreneurship, taken broadly. The focus of this first effort has been positions in the United States; future versions will attempt to better cover positions throughout the world.
Managerial careers are characterized by early rapid upward mobility followed by inevitable leveling-off or plateauing. Based on interviews with managers in nine major organizations, a general dynamic model of managerial careers is presented. Some key issues associated with the career plateau are isolated and suggestions for managing the plateau process are offered.
A marketing planning concept for the purpose of anticipating and responding to changes in the marketplace.
Entrepreneurship is one of the newest research fields in management. Most of the empirical research has been completed in the last decade. Other disciplines have made significant contributions to the field. An integrating framework and typology were formulated by Wortman (1986b). Against that framework and typology, this review has examined most of the empirical research in the past decade. Significant shifts in the nature and scope of the field and in research design, methods, and statistics used have occurred. Proposed research studies and questions are primarily in the exploratory stages of the development of a new field. Little of the research has been disseminated to entrepreneurs.
A study of 319 human service workers in 22 human service organizations was used to analyze simultaneously the effects on both satisfaction and commitment of multiple predictors from the three categories of job characteristics, organization characteristics, and worker characteristics. The study shows that job satisfaction and organizational commitment are each affected by a unique hierarchy of predictors. Results indicate that two job characteristics, skill variety and role ambiguity, are the best predictors of satisfaction, while two organization characteristics, leadership and the organization's age, are the best predictors of commitment. One worker characteristic, education, was found to be a significant predictor of commitment, while no worker characteristics predicted job satisfaction.
Describes how each one of 4 successive career stages—apprentice, colleague, mentor, and sponsor—involves different tasks, relationships, and psychological adjustments. High performance is considered to be performing well within the appropriate role. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined the personal characteristics of 12 average and 12 successful small business people from India, Malawi, and Ecuador who were engaged in manufacturing, service, or marketing. The focus of individual interviews was whether successful entrepreneurs (ENs) were more often characterized by certain competencies than average ENs. Three groups of competencies were identified as more characteristic of successful ENs—they were more proactive, they did things before they had to; they showed characteristics that were part of an achievement motivation syndrome; and they had a commitment to others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
When expatriate managers return home from international assignments and re-cross cultural boundaries, they are required not only to exhibit commitment to their parent company, but also to develop commitment to a new local work unit. Accordingly, this study, the first of its kind, examines the extent to which theorized individual, job, organizational, and non job factors account for American expatriate managers’commitment to their parent company and local work unit during repatriation (N= 174). Regression analysis found that tenure in the parent company, role clarity, repatriation compensation, and the perceived organizational value placed on international experience exhibited positive relationships with commitment to the parent company while total international work experience exhibited a negative relationship. In addition, commitment to the local work unit was positively associated with role discretion, role clarity, and perceived organizational value placed on international experience. Implications of these results for future personnel research and practice are discussed.
This research examines the relationship between the organizational boundaries of entrepreneurial firms and their economic performance. The theoretical basis for this work is transaction cost economics research regarding when internalizing certain activities will be preferred over contracting. To consider the conditions under which contracting is costly we compare across three functional areas and three firm strategies. The results of a longitudinal analysis of 122 entrepreneurial firms in the computer industry show that performance effects are associated with contracting activities and that product market strategies moderate the performance effects of contracting. The results are mixed in their support for the predictions of transaction cost economics.
Based on the initial results of a multi-year research study, the managerial practices of successful large companies and their smaller counterparts are evaluated and patterns in their innovation approaches are considered. A combination of past and present research is used to determine factors crucial to successful small firm innovation. The primary factors identified are: (1) effective technological innovation develops from a knowledge and response to customer demand; (2) founders' commitment to their objective, being technology pioneers and good problem solvers allow them to persevere despite the set-backs, frustrations, and ambiguities that accompany innovations; (3) delays between innovation and commercial production can range from 3 to 25 years, so perseverance is key; (4) few overhead costs are incurred for some small firms (especially home-based businesses) which decreases the risk facing small operations and improves the value of their present success; (5) solutions are adopted wherever they can be found and this unencumbered approach removes limits on imagination and increases motivation; (6) undeterred by delays common in large companies, the inventor-entrepreneur can experiment, test, recycle, and try again with little time lost and can gain timing and performance advantages; (7) inventor-entrepreneurs can foresee tangible personal rewards if they succeed, unlike entrepreneurs with monetary goals who may panic or quit without monetary rewards; and (8) the number and variety of sources for small business financing available in the U.S. is a huge asset to inventor-entrepreneurs. In addition, interviews and secondary sources were used and cross-checked to establish the management patterns of several outstanding innovative large companies in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Finding show these are the most important patterns for successful innovation in large firms: (1) atmosphere and vision; (2) orientation to the market; (3) small, flat organizations; (4) multiple approaches; (5) developmental shoot-outs; (6) small teams of engineers, technicians, designers, and model makers with no intervening organizational or physical barriers to developing a new product from idea to commercial prototype stages; and (7) interactive learning. Finally, these key elements necessary for established companies wishing to innovate are identified and discussed: (1) opportunity orientation; (2) structuring for innovation; and (3) complex portfolio planning. (SFL)
This analysis develops a conceptual model of entrepreneurial behavior at the organizational level. Entrepreneurship is considered to be a dimension of strategic posture, and thus all manner of organizationals may behave entrepreneurially. This strategic posture encompasses a firm's risk-taking propensity, its ability to be competitively aggressive, proactive manners, and product innovation. Key characteristics for the creation of this organizational model are presented -- the dependent variable is firm performance; environmental, organization, and individual level variables are utilized; and both direct and moderator effects are included. The external variables consist of environmental technological sophistication, environmental dynamism, environmental hostility, and industry life cycle stage, while the internal variables are top management values and philosophies, organizational resources and competencies, organizational culture, and organizational structure. Strategic variables are mission strategy and business practices and competitive tactics. Forty-four propositions are derived from this model. Among the theoretical and managerial implications. First, firms should be viewed as entrepreneurial entities, and this entrepreneurial behavior is often an integral part of the firm's management. Further, entrepreneurial posture can be managed. (SRD)
University entrepreneurship education is in the embryonic stage, still a new venture in itself. Recent years have shown unabated growth in the number of universities offering entrepreneurship courses, but the subject is still considered suspect by many faculty and administrators.Effectively meeting university resistance to entrepreneurship course-work first requires an appreciation of the perceptions and misperceptions of the faculty and administration. Once the viewpoints are understood, counteractive communication strategies can be developed. Perceptions may include the following: (a) “small business” (vs. entrepreneurship) is a low-status realm associated with poor-quality research, and small is by connotation less worthwhile than large; (b) sophisticated management practices reside in larger firms and these practices coincide well with the functional organization in business colleges; and (c) entrepreneurship is a fad. More important, however, is the perception that “non-industry, non-stage-of-the-business-life-cycle, non-size truths apply to all,” and that entrepreneurship is therefore too specialized an area for scholarly endeavor. Yet a hard sciences scholar recently pondered, “How could the business discipline ever hope to develop comprehensive theories of business behavior without the equivalent in biology of developmental biology? How do organisms grow and mature into Fortune 500 firms?”With this backdrop an in-depth survey of expert opinion is presented, based on the beliefs and experiences of 15 highly regarded university entrepreneurship educators. These peer-identified respondents reacted to a wide variety of factors that were hypothesized to affect the outcomes of entrepreneurship education efforts. They included (a) educational objectives, (b) administrative and program development issues, and (c) course attributes.Although there were a variety of educational objectives cited by the respondents, most important was to “increase awareness and understanding of the process involving in initiating and managing a new business enterprise.” Other important objectives included attention to entrepreneurship as a career option, contributing to understanding functional business interrelationships, and attention to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. Other objectives concerned building students' selfconfidence, opportunity sensitivity, and analytical skills. Attention to the role of new and smaller firms in the economy was not rated as important.Organizationally, it was viewed as critical to have the support of the college administration. It was not universally agreed that an entrepreneurship major is desirable, with a bimodal response distribution. For universities with multiple courses, there appear to be three conceptual bases, sometimes interspersed, including the business functions, the business plan, and the business life cycle. It was agreed that entrepreneurship coursework should be more experientally oriented than other business school coursework, that the involvement of adjunct faculty should not be minimized, and that faculty research is important to an entrepreneurship education program. There was lukewarm support for business outreach programs and disagreement over the desirability of a student entrepreneurship club.Entrepreneurship course features considered most important were development of a business plan project and entrepreneurs as speakers and role models. Cases ranked next in importance followed by lectures and assigned readings.The future will bring experimentation with various program and course attributes, more research on pedagogy with the measurement of learning outcomes, the increased entree of entrepreneurship Ph.D.'s, and the maturation of this early-stage venture into entrepreneurship education.
Data from the first five years of the careers of a group of managers were employed to test Maslow's hierarchy of human needs in three ways. No strong evidence for either Maslow's hierarchy or a revised two-level hierarchy was observed. However, as other studies have found, as the managers advance, their need for safety decreases, and the needs for affiliation, achievement and esteem, and self-actualization increase. It was argued that these changes could be explained by a model of sequential career stages, which may be more the result of regularized status passages than of lower-order need gratification. Some methodological issues involved in testing the Maslow model were also explored.
The concept of commitment is widely used but has received little formal analysis. It contains an implicit explanation of one mechanism producing consistent human behavior. Commitments come into being when a person, by making a side bet, links extraneous interests with a consistent line of activity. Side bets are often a consequence of the person's participation in social organizations. To understand commitments fully, an analysis of the system of value within which side bets are made is necessary
This paper presents a set of concepts about the nature of the organization, the nature of the individual, and the nature of the career-the set of events which tie the individual and the organization together. The purpose is to provide a frame of reference and a set of concepts to make it possible to think in more empirical terms about a variable like "career," yet which relate this variable both to organizational and psychological variables. Concepts such as "organizational boundaries," labile and stable "social selves," career stages and transitional processes are used to generate some hypotheses about organizational influences on the individual (socialization) and individual influences on the organization (innovation).
Managers find it very frustrating to reach a point in their careers when promotions are no longer possible. As the number of people entering management increases, the phenomenon of "plateauing" becomes a significant concern for organizations. The author contends that plateauing is a complex problem, often involving factors both internal and external to the organization. To address this difficult issue, she describes several innovative interventions for coping with this dilemma.
Building on research and writing in the fields of career management and mentor relationships, Baird and Kram analyze the superior-subordinate relationship as an exchange to which each party brings different needs and resources. They point out that this relationship can be productive and satisfying--both for the parties concerned and for the organization--when the needs of one party match the resources of the other. The article includes a checklist for analyzing how the superior-subordinate relationship operates as an exchange and how the resources of the parties mesh or fail to mesh. They do on to show how the superior-subordinate relationship and the needs of the parties change as each moves through individual career and life cycles. What was once a productive relationship may, in time, become unproductive, or vice versa. In any event, its dynamic nature requires that it be managed. Baird and Kram suggest five steps for managing the relationship as it moves through these changes: (1) Recognizing that the relationship is an exchange; (2) identifying clearly one's own as well as the other party's needs; (3) understanding how the subordinate's and boss's needs fit together and recognizing that the relationship is likely to change; (4) understanding the constraints under which the boss operates; (5) establishing a feedback and evaluation process for continuously assessing the relationship.
Ever since Newton's Principia set mathematical models at the pinnacle of a scientific paradigm, scientists in all disciplines—not just the physical sciences—have striven to express their theories mathematically. In the social sciences, mathematical models are more often than not a little more than a Laplacian fantasy. Nevertheless, mathematics is being used more and more extensively by social scientists—none more so than economists and business researchers. This paper focuses on one area of social science, entrepreneurship, and examines the difficulties of trying to use mathematics to model entrepreneurship processes.
Explores the factors that lead individuals into self-employment. Although many recent studies have furthered understanding of the role of small businesses in the economy, some key factors have not yet been considered. This study uses longitudinal data focused on white males in the U.S., between the ages of 18 and 65. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men and Current Population Surveys, between 1966 and 1987. Seven key findings are presented: (1) the probability of switching into self-employment is roughly independent of age and total labor-market experience; (2) the probability of departing from self-employment decreases with duration in self-employment; (3) the fraction of the labor force that is self-employed increases with age until the early 40s and then remains constant until the retirement years; (4) with all else equal, men with greater assets are more likely to switch into self-employment; (5) while business experience has approximately the same return for wage work and self-employment, wage experience has a significantly smaller return in self-employment; (6) with all else equal, poorer wage workers are more likely to enter self-employment or to be self-employed at a point in time; and (7) those men who believe that their performance depends on their own actions have a greater propensity to start a business. These results are consistent with the disadvantage theory which views entrepreneurs as misfits cast off from wage work and the psychological theory which is based on the internal locus of control. (SRD)
The field of entrepreneurship: is it growing or just getting bigger?
- Sexton
Sexton, D. 1988. The field of entrepreneurship: is it growing or just getting bigger? Journal of Small Business Management 26(1):5-8.
EntrepreneurialEducation. University of California
- K Vesper
Vesper, K. 1993. EntrepreneurialEducation. University of California, Los Angeles, CA: Entrepreneur-ial Studies Center, The Anderson School.
Strategic management and entrepreneurship courses at the undergraduate level: can one inform the other
- Ahiarah
Ahiarah, S. 1989. Strategic management and entrepreneurship courses at the undergraduate level: can one inform the other. Proceedings Arlington, VA: Small Business Institute Director's Association National conference, pp. 60-66.
Case of the plateaued performer
- K Warren
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- J Stoner
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The plateaued manager
- Reid
Reid, R., and Evans, M. 1983. The plateaued manager. The Cornell H.R.A. Quarterly August:83-91.
Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial personality—a review
- Chell
Chell, E., and Haworth, J. 1987. Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial personality-a review. In London School of Small Business Bibliography 1985-1986. London School of Economies Li-brary.
Plateauing and productivity. Sloan Management Review Spring
- J Bardwick
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Endowed positions: entrepreneurship and relative fields. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Spring
- J Katz
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Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization
- Carland
Case of the plateaued performer
- Warren