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A tall-spined ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain)
Abstract
A tall-spined ornithopod dinosaur from the Pinilla de los Moros Formation (Upper Hauterivian-Lower Barremian) of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain) is described. The material consists of seven associated axial remains, including five middle dorsal vertebrae, a fragmentary neural spine and a dorsal rib, from a single medium-sized individual. This material was previously referred to Iguanodon cf. fittoni. It is characterised by having a high dorsal neurapophysis that is approximately 4.5 times the height of the centrum. The elongation and vertical orientation of the dorsal neural spines allow it to be distinguished from other ornithopods from the Wealden of Europe, including Hypselospinus and Barilium from the Valanginian, and Iguanodon and Mantellisaurus from the Barremian-Aptian. The material is here referred to Iguanodontia indet. because it is so incomplete, but it is potentially a distinct taxon. Among the ornithopods, only Ouranosaurus and the hadrosaurid Hypacrosaurus possess higher dorsal neural spines.
... mn is incomplete in both the holotype and the paratype. Consequently it is not a diagnostic feature. ''Extremely long neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae''—This is clearly a potentially diagnostic feature, but needs to be quantified because Hypacrosaurus altispinus, Barbsoldia sicinskii, Morelladon beltrani and GPIT 1802/1-7 (Iguanodontia indet.;Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011) also have tall neural spines on their dorsal vertebrae. The neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae of O. nigeriensis reach up to seven times the height of the centrum, while those of the other iguanodontians are shorter reaching less than five times the height of the centrum (see below). Furthermore, the neural spines of the sacral and ...
... Furthermore, the neural spines of the sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae are also tall and altogether, they form a back 'sail', which has a sinusoidal outline unlike that of similar structures in other iguanodontians (see below). Neural spines of dorsal vertebrae flare apically in lateral view and the tallest spines have a paddle-like outline (''petal-shape'' according toPereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011, p. 557), with a basal neck and an expansion toward the apex, while those of other iguanodontians with tall neural spines have parallel or only slightly divergent margins (Maryanska & Osmólska, 1981;Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Gasulla et al., 2015). ''Long and straight ischium with a foot-like distal expansion''—The ischium of O. nigeriensis is not proportionally longer than that of I. bernissartensis (seeNorman, 1980) or M. atherfieldensis (seeNorman, 1986). ...
... Furthermore, the neural spines of the sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae are also tall and altogether, they form a back 'sail', which has a sinusoidal outline unlike that of similar structures in other iguanodontians (see below). Neural spines of dorsal vertebrae flare apically in lateral view and the tallest spines have a paddle-like outline (''petal-shape'' according toPereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011, p. 557), with a basal neck and an expansion toward the apex, while those of other iguanodontians with tall neural spines have parallel or only slightly divergent margins (Maryanska & Osmólska, 1981;Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Gasulla et al., 2015). ''Long and straight ischium with a foot-like distal expansion''—The ischium of O. nigeriensis is not proportionally longer than that of I. bernissartensis (seeNorman, 1980) or M. atherfieldensis (seeNorman, 1986). ...
Ouranosaurus nigeriensis is an iconic African dinosaur taxon that has been described on the basis of two nearly complete skeletons from the Lower Cretaceous Gadoufaoua locality of the Ténéré desert in Niger. The entire holotype and a few bones attributed to the paratype formed the basis of the original description by Taquet (1976). A mounted skeleton that appears to correspond to O. nigeriensis has been on public display since 1975, exhibited at the Natural History Museum of Venice. It was never explicitly reported whether the Venice specimen represents a paratype and therefore, the second nearly complete skeleton reported in literature or a third unreported skeleton. The purpose of this paper is to disentangle the complex history of the various skeletal remains that have been attributed to Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (aided by an unpublished field map of the paratype) and to describe in detail the osteology of the Venice skeleton. The latter includes the paratype material (found in 1970 and collected in 1972), with the exception of the left femur, the right coracoid and one manus ungual phalanx I, which were replaced with plaster copies, and (possibly) other manus phalanges. Some other elements (e.g., the first two chevrons, the right femur, the right tibia, two dorsal vertebrae and some pelvic bones) were likely added from other individual/s. The vertebral column of the paratype was articulated and provides a better reference for the vertebral count of this taxon than the holotype. Several anatomical differences are observed between the holotype and the Venice specimen. Most of them can be ascribed to intraspecific variability (individual or ontogenetic), but some are probably caused by mistakes in the preparation or assemblage of the skeletal elements in both specimens. The body length of the Venice skeleton is about 90% the linear size of the holotype. Osteohistological analysis (the first for this taxon) of some long bones, a rib and a dorsal neural spine reveals that the Venice specimen is a sub-adult; this conclusion is supported by somatic evidence of immaturity. The dorsal ‘sail’ formed by the elongated neural spines of the dorsal, sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae characterizes this taxon among ornithopods; a display role is considered to be the most probable function for this bizarre structure. Compared to the mid-1970s, new information from the Venice specimen and many iguanodontian taxa known today allowed for an improved diagnosis of O. nigeriensis.
... In Morelladon the neural spines height is more than 4.3 times the height of its respective centra. This ratio is similar to that of GPIT 1802/1 (4.5), fifth or sixth dorsal, in which the neural spine is complete in height [28]. In Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis the height of the spine is 2.5 times the centrum height [4], 2.8 in Hypselospinus (NHMUK R604), 2 in Iguanodon bernissartensis [4] and Bolong yixianensis [22], or 1 in Lurdusaurus arenatus (MNHN GDF 1700). ...
... Although they are incomplete both proximally and distally, the ratio of the preserved height and the axial length of the neural spine (measured at mid-height) is equal to 4.14 in CMP-MS-03-08, 3.85 in CMP-MS-03-03 and 4.28 CMP-MS-03-16. This ratio is relatively similar to that of GPIT 1802/1 (4.25), a dorsal vertebra for an indeterminate iguanodontian from the upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian Pinilla de los Moros Formation (Burgos, Spain) [28]. The complete neural spine of this vertebra differs from the preserved neural spines of Morelladon by its parallel-sided anterior and posterior margins [28]. ...
... This ratio is relatively similar to that of GPIT 1802/1 (4.25), a dorsal vertebra for an indeterminate iguanodontian from the upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian Pinilla de los Moros Formation (Burgos, Spain) [28]. The complete neural spine of this vertebra differs from the preserved neural spines of Morelladon by its parallel-sided anterior and posterior margins [28]. In other styracostenarns such as Barilium dawsoni [21], Iguanodon bernissartensis [4,18], Lanzhousaurus magnidens [24] and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis [4,19] the dorsal neural spines are also parallel-sided. ...
A new styracosternan ornithopod genus and species is here described based on a partial postcranial skeleton and an associated dentary tooth of a single specimen from the Arcillas de Morella Formation (Early Cretaceous, late Barremian) at the Morella locality, (Castellón, Spain). Morelladon beltrani gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by eight autapomorphic features. The set of autapomorphies includes: very elongated and vertical neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae, midline keel on ventral surface of the second to fourth sacral vertebrae restricted to the anterior half of the centrum, a posterodorsally inclined medial ridge on the postacetabular process of the ilium that meets its dorsal margin and distal end of the straight ischial shaft laterally expanded, among others. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new Iberian form is more closely related to its synchronic and sympatric contemporary European taxa Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, known from Western Europe, than to other Early Cretaceous Iberian styracosternans (Delapparentia turolensis and Proa valdearinnoensis). The recognition of Morelladon beltrani gen. et sp. nov. indicates that the Iberian Peninsula was home to a highly diverse medium to large bodied styracosternan assemblage during the Early Cretaceous.
... This material exhibits the diagnostic characters of I. bernissartensis (sensu Norman, 1980). A partially articulated postcranial skeleton from the Early Barremian of Galve (Teruel), which was originally assigned to I. bernissartensis by Lapparent (1960), is referable to a new genus and species: Delapparentia turolensis Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011, mainly on the basis of pelvic characters (Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011). Additional material, including a basicranium, lower jaw remains, teeth, and one atlas, from the Early Barremian of Galve (Sanz et al., 1984, as Iguanodon mantelli;Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2006, as Iguanodon cf. ...
... This material exhibits the diagnostic characters of I. bernissartensis (sensu Norman, 1980). A partially articulated postcranial skeleton from the Early Barremian of Galve (Teruel), which was originally assigned to I. bernissartensis by Lapparent (1960), is referable to a new genus and species: Delapparentia turolensis Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011, mainly on the basis of pelvic characters (Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011). Additional material, including a basicranium, lower jaw remains, teeth, and one atlas, from the Early Barremian of Galve (Sanz et al., 1984, as Iguanodon mantelli;Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2006, as Iguanodon cf. ...
... fittoni. However, this material comes from the Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian and probably represents a medium-sized ornithopod distinct from Iguanodon and other known iguanodontians in having long dorsal neural spines that are vertically oriented Pereda Suberbiola et al., 2011). Other Iberian remains have been referred to Iguanodontoidea indet. ...
... Classical dinosaur taxa such as Baryonyx (Fuentes-Vidarte et al., 2001;Torcida et al., 1997), Polacanthus (Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 1999), Hypsilophodon (Ruiz-Omeñaca, 1999;Torcida Fernández-Baldor et al., 2003b) and Iguanodon (Gasca et al., 2016) have been reported. Basal iguanodontians have been described in both the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous formations, including hypsilophodontids, rhabdodontomorphans and styracosternans like basal hadrosauriforms (Sanz, 1983;Moratalla et al, 1994;Torcida Fernández-Baldor, 1996Torcida Fernández-Baldor et al., 2003b, 2004, 2008Pereda Suberbiola et al., 2011;Izquierdo et al., 2005aIzquierdo et al., , 2005bContreras-Izquierdo et al., 2009;Ruiz-Omeñaca et al., 2008;Dieudonné et al., 2016Dieudonné et al., , 2020Dieudonné et al., , 2023. This paper describes skull remains of a basal hadrosauriform ornithopod from the Lower Cretaceous of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos), which possess a combination of anatomical characters different from those of other described styracosternans. ...
... The record of non-hadrosaurid styracosternans from the Lower Cretaceous of the Sierra de la Demanda (Burgos) shows a high diversity; several taxa have been recognised and described as "Iguanodontidae" indet, Iguanodontoidea indet., and Styracosterna close to Iguanodon (Torcida Fernández-Baldor, 2006;Ruiz-Omeñaca et al., 2008;Contreras et al., 2009Contreras et al., , 2010Pereda Suberbiola et al., 2011;Gasca et al., 2016). Other specimens have not yet been described in detail. ...
Skull remains of an ornithopod dinosaur, identified as MDS-LTASI, from the Los Terreros-Altollano site in Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain) are described. The site is located in the upper Barremian-Aptian Castrillo de la Reina Formation (Cameros Basin). The fossils are part of a single individual and consist of a predentary, a dentary and a set of isolated teeth, four of which (three maxillary teeth and one tooth from the dentary) are described here. The combination of characters observed in MDS-LTASI (septa of the alveoli shaped to accommodate the teeth; ventral deflection of the rostral zone; coronoid process forming an obtuse angle with the craniocaudal axis of the mandibular ramus; medial surface of the adductor fossa with an oval foramen—a character shared with Portellsaurus-; maxillary teeth without or with few secondary ridges) differentiates it from other non-hadrosaurid styracosternans, but the fragmentary nature of the material does not advise the erection of a new taxon. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Los Terreros-Altollano taxon is a basal hadrosauriform more derived than Iguanodon, but more basal than Proa. This find extends the diversity of ornithopods from the Cameros Basin, as well as the Iberian record of non-hadrosaurid styracosternans.
... Focusing on the lower Barremian, the remains of ornithopods are fairly common compared to other dinosaurs, and the fossil remains, though mostly fragmentary, suggest the existence of significant ornithopod diversity (Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2006;Canudo et al., 2010). Although the only Iberian iguanodont taxon defined for this interval is Delapparentia turolensis from the Camarillas Formation of Galve (Teruel province), recent work suggests a higher diversity of early Barremian Iberian iguanodonts, as indicated by the presence of material potentially belonging to new taxa from Soria (Fuentes Vidarte et al., 2005), Burgos (Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011) and Teruel (Gasca et al., 2009). In this paper we describe fossil material from a new iguanodont individual, and we compare this with other Iberian and European iguanodonts. ...
... Other fossil material may potentially represent new taxa (e.g. Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011), yet it is difficult to establish the true diversity of iguanodont dinosaurs in the lower Barremian of Iberia on the basis of the currently published material. For an account of the ornithopod diversity in the Early Cretaceous of Spain, see also Pereda-Suberbiola et al. (2012). ...
... Moreover, the presence of a closed neurocentral suture in the centrum of the cervical vertebra MAP-8343 (Fig. 2c), and that of the possible middle-to-posterior dorsal vertebra MAP-8345 (Fig. 2f), evidence that these fossils potentially belonged to a subadult or adult individual (e.g., Hübner, 2018;Verdú, 2017). Moreover, they are identified as belonging to an iguanodontian ornithopod based on the presence of a sinuous neurocentral suture in the vertebral centra and these without pleurocoeli, and middle caudal vertebrae with hexagonal articular facets (Knoll, 2009;Norman, 2004;Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Verdú et al., 2019Verdú et al., , 2020. In particular, they belong to Styracosterna indet. ...
The El Castellar Formation (upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian) usually represents the beginning of Lower Cretaceous sedimentation in the southwest of the Maestrazgo Basin (Province of Teruel, Spain). It is constituted by a lower sedimentary succession of shales, evaporites and sandstones, and an upper one of limestones and marlstones, both deposited in coastal wetland systems. The dinosaur fossil record is mainly composed of fragmentary bone remains and very scarce tracks. However, the osteological record demonstrates that a highly diversity of dinosaurs was present in this region. In the present study, several vertebral centra of a large ornithopod styracosternan are examined. These remains closely resemble others related to the late Hauterivian–early Barremian Iguanodon galvensis. The presence of a large styracosternan related to this species appears to be increasingly common in the facies of the El Castellar Formation. In addition, we provide an overview of the dinosaur findings in this lithostratigraphic unit and geological area. The fossil record not only reflects that large-sized ornithopods were the most common dinosaurs in this formation, but also that they coexisted with small basal ornithopods, huge sauropods, spinosaurids, small coelurosaurs and the extremely scarce thyreophorans. Finally, these faunas are highly similar to those of other Early Cretaceous faunas from other regions in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe.
... The following characters (although they are not diagnostic of the group) demonstrate that the remains of CM-3, CM-4, and CM-8 belong to ornithopod dinosaurs: (1) vertebral centra without pleurocoeli, (2) dorsal and caudal centra slightly compressed between the articular facets, (3) middle caudal centra with hexagonal outline, and (4) the presence of sinuous neurocentral suture in some of them (Knoll, 2009;Norman, 2004;Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Verdú et al., 2019Verdú et al., , 2020. ...
The El Castellar Formation (upper Hauterivian-lowermost Barremian, Lower Cretaceous) in the southwest of the Maestrat Basin (Spain) has yielded diverse dinosaur remains, mostly fragmentary bones. This study describes, morphometrically analyses, and compares several isolated postcranial fossils of large ornithopods from three new different sites in the municipality of Cabra de Mora (Peñagolosa sub-basin, Teruel Province). The fossils are attributed to styracosternan ornithopods, and some of them are related to the species Iguanodon galvensis, representing the oldest known record related to this taxon in the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, this study verifies the hypothesis of the coexistence of at least two different styracosternans—a medium-sized form and a large-sized one—during the late Hauterivian-early Barremian in the Peñagolosa sub-basin. In addition, we formally describe the first dinosaur tracksite of the El Castellar Formation in this sub-basin. All ichnites are preserved as natural casts, and their trackmakers are likely to have been related to large styracosternans. Hence, the evidence provided here by both bones and tracks supports the idea that large ornithopods were the predominant dinosaurs in the wetlands of an extensive coastal plain.
... (Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Salgado et al., 2012;Otero et al., 2012).The first hemal arch of the series, MDS-OTII,27 Caudal vertebrae of Europatitan eastwoodi n. gen. n. sp. ...
The sauropod of El Oterillo II is a specimen that was excavated from the Castrillo
de la Reina Formation (Burgos, Spain), late Barremian–early Aptian, in the 2000s
but initially remained undescribed. A tooth and elements of the axial skeleton, and
the scapular and pelvic girdle, represent it. It is one of the most complete
titanosauriform sauropods from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and presents an
opportunity to deepen our understanding of the radiation of this clade in the Early
Cretaceous and study the paleobiogeographical relationships of Iberia with
Gondwana and with other parts of Laurasia. The late Barremian–early Aptian is the
time interval in the Cretaceous with the greatest diversity of sauropod taxa described
in Iberia: two titanosauriforms, Tastavinsaurus and Europatitan; and a
rebbachisaurid, Demandasaurus. The new sauropod Europatitan eastwoodi n. gen.
n. sp. presents a series of autapomorphic characters in the presacral vertebrae and
scapula that distinguish it from the other sauropods of the Early Cretaceous of
Iberia. Our phylogenetic study locates Europatitan as the basalmost member of the
Somphospondyli, clearly differentiated from other clades such as Brachiosauridae
and Titanosauria, and distantly related to the contemporaneous Tastavinsaurus.
Europatitan could be a representative of a Eurogondwanan fauna like
Demandasaurus, the other sauropod described from the Castrillo de la Reina
Formation. The presence of a sauropod fauna with marked Gondwananan affinities
in the Aptian of Iberia reinforces the idea of faunal exchanges between this
continental masses during the Early Cretaceous. Further specimens and more
detailed analysis are needed to elucidate if this Aptian fauna is caused by the
presence of previously unnoticed Aptian land bridges, or it represents a relict
fauna from an earlier dispersal event.
... (Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011;Salgado et al., 2012;Otero et al., 2012).The first hemal arch of the series, MDS-OTII,27 Caudal vertebrae of Europatitan eastwoodi n. gen. n. sp. ...
The sauropod of El Oterillo II is a specimen that was excavated from the Castrillo de la Reina Formation (Burgos, Spain), late Barremian–early Aptian, in the 2000s but initially remained undescribed. A tooth and elements of the axial skeleton, and the scapular and pelvic girdle, represent it. It is one of the most complete titanosauriform sauropods from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and presents an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the radiation of this clade in the Early Cretaceous and study the paleobiogeographical relationships of Iberia with Gondwana and with other parts of Laurasia. The late Barremian–early Aptian is the time interval in the Cretaceous with the greatest diversity of sauropod taxa described in Iberia: two titanosauriforms, Tastavinsaurus and Europatitan; and a rebbachisaurid, Demandasaurus. The new sauropod Europatitan eastwoodi n. gen. n. sp. presents a series of autapomorphic characters in the presacral vertebrae and scapula that distinguish it from the other sauropods of the Early Cretaceous of Iberia. Our phylogenetic study locates Europatitan as the basalmost member of the Somphospondyli, clearly differentiated from other clades such as Brachiosauridae and Titanosauria, and distantly related to the contemporaneous Tastavinsaurus. Europatitan could be a representative of a Eurogondwanan fauna like Demandasaurus, the other sauropod described from the Castrillo de la Reina Formation. The presence of a sauropod fauna with marked Gondwananan affinities in the Aptian of Iberia reinforces the idea of faunal exchanges between this continental masses during the Early Cretaceous. Further specimens and more detailed analysis are needed to elucidate if this Aptian fauna is caused by the presence of previously unnoticed Aptian land bridges, or it represents a relict fauna from an earlier dispersal event.
... In their review of dinosaur occurrences, Weishampel et al. (2004) listed 83 Early Cretaceous dinosaur localities spread throughout Europe, more than half of these being known from the later part (BarremianeAlbian) of that epoch; only around a dozen localities were listed from each age of the early part of the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, Valanginian, and Hauterivian). Even despite a significant increase in Early Cretaceous dinosaur discoveries in Europe in recent years (e.g., Galton, 2009;Royo-Torres et al., 2009;Cobos et al., 2010Cobos et al., , 2014Norman, 2010Norman, , 2013Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011Sachs and Hornung, 2013;Blows and Honeysett, 2014), these remain very strongly biased towards western and southwestern Europe (especially the UK, France and Spain). Frustratingly, no occurrences are known from the entire central, eastern and southern Europe for the BerriasianeHauterivian time interval except for two from Romania: the BerriasianeValanginian locality of Cornet (e.g., Jurcs ak and Popa, 1979Popa, , 1983Jurcs ak, 1982;Benton et al., 1997) in the northern Apuseni Mountains of northwestern Romania, and the carcharodontosaurid tooth (Simionescu, 1913) from the Valanginian of Cochirleni, in Southern Dobrogea, southeastern Romania we are describing here (Fig. 5A). ...
... pers.), sin embargo, no se puede descartar que la anficelia y el surco hemal presentes en MAP-4676 se desarrollen en las caudales más posteriores de Delapparentia. En el Barremiense de Burgos se ha descrito un iguanodontio caracterizado por presentar unas espinas neurales muy alargadas en las vértebras dorsales (Pereda-Suberbiola et al. 2011). Desafortunadamente no se han referido vértebras caudales para este ornitópodo. ...
... Localización geográfica y geológica del yacimiento (cuadrado rojo y estrella negra, respectivamente) que contiene los " falsos troncos " de Tempskya Corda, 1845 estudiados en este trabajo (modificado de Pereda-Suberbiola et al., 2011). pertenecientes al morfogénero Desmiophyllum Lesquereux, 1878 (Sender et al., 2011). ...
123 Resumen En este estudio se presentan nuevos registros de helechos arborescentes fósiles del género Tempskya Corda, 1845, pertenecientes a la Formación Pinilla de los Moros, de edad Hauteriviense Superior -Barremiense Inferior, en la localidad de Salas de los Infantes (pro-vincia de Burgos, norte de España). Estos registros poseen características que coinciden con aquellas presentes en la especie T. riojana Barale y Viera, 1989 Abstract In this study we present new records of the tree fern fossil genus Tempskya Corda, 1845 from the Pinilla de los Moros Formation, late Hauterivian -early Barremian in age, in the surroundings of the village Salas de los Infantes (Burgos province, northern Spain). The studied samples exhibit similar anatomical features to those of the species T. riojana Barale y Viera, 1989 , even though they present some extra characters. These additional features include the presence of sclerenchyma islets with irregularly shaped parenchymal layer in the inner bark of stems and also an intermediate bark layer which invaginates into the inner layer. These characters are identified for the first time in this taxon, and they could serve as a criterion for differentiating this species from other Tempskya Corda, 1845 species, constituting a new contribution to the knowledge of this taxon.
New material of an iguanodontid styracosternan ornithopod from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula is described. The cranial and postcranial skeletal remains are from the Barranco del Hocino-1 site. These fossils (Iguanodontidae sensu Xu et al., 2018) represent the first medium-sized styracosternan from the Upper Sequence of the Blesa Formation (Barremian). The new material is characterized by a unique combination of characters that suggest they correspond to a new taxon: the first caudal vertebra with a ventral keel, the ilium with the preacetabular process twisted along its long axis, the dorsal surface of the preacetabular process and the main body totally straight and slender, the dorsal surface above the ischiadic peduncle slightly swollen but not forming a bulge or everted rim over the main body, and the ventral surface of the ischiadic peduncle and the postacetabular process straight and parallel to the dorsal surface of the main body. The new material is part of a vertebrate fossil assemblage of disarticulated bones but it represents the most anatomically informative remains of an styracosternan of the Oliete subbasin and would be potentially a distinct taxon.Regarding the new material along with the seven known taxa, the fossil record from the Barremian of the Iberian Peninsula depicts the existence of great diversity and abundance of ornithopod dinosaurs during the Early Cretaceous in the southwest of Europe, indeed greater than in other regions and thus aiming to be a relevant paleogeographic scenario for the evolutionary history of the group.
The Lower Cretaceous of the Salas de los Infantes locality (Burgos Province, Spain) is extremely rich in monospecific ornithopod sites, each comprising a variety of cranial and postcranial remains. Among these, Vegagete and El Peñascal-1 lie in very close vicinity within the Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian Castrillo de la Reina Formation. In addition to other skeletal elements, these sites yield surprisingly similar teeth, which was viewed as an argument to regard the ornithopods from both sites as akin to each other. However, claiming phylogenetic affinity based on the sole tooth similarity is not satisfactory, as tooth similarity might also result from convergent evolution. This article tackles the question of the apparent similarity in tooth morphology between the ornithopods of both sites. Is it a result of convergent evolution or was it acquired from a close common ancestor? What are the ecological implications of their tooth morphologies and dental wear in terms of dietary niche partitioning? We discuss on the taxonomic relatedness of the ornithopods of both sites based on a detailed comparison of their teeth. We test for the morphometric differences and similarities between the tooth crowns of both assemblages through successive Student t tests and one Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MAnOVa). Our conclusion is that although they bear similar teeth, the Vegagete and El Peñascal-1 ornithopods belong to different ornithopod lineages. The Student t tests show that the mesiodistal sharpness index is significantly higher in the Vegagete ornithopod. This is consistent with the formerly inferred kinship of this taxon with the family Rhabdodontidae, and probably indicates that the ancestors of this lineage became adapted to eating tough plant material since the Early Cretaceous.
New vertebrate remains reported from the Papo-Seco Formation (Lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous) of Areias do Mastro, in Cabo Espichel, SW Portugal, south of Lisbon. The marine, lagoonal, and estuarine limestones, marls, sands and gravels have yielded remains of dinosaurs and other reptiles since the 19th century. Recent paleontological prospecting produced several vertebrate remains, including turtle shell fragments, crocodilian teeth, fish and pterosaurs. Research identified both bones and teeth of fish, crocodiles, dinosaurs Baryonyx and iguanodontian, as well as a ctenochasmatoid pterosaur, and a possible ornithocheirid pterosaur. These new disclosures are an important contribution to the knowledge of vertebrate diversity from the Portuguese Cretaceous. Faunal species combination proven to be similar to other faunal associations of Barremian formations in the Iberian Peninsula. © 2015, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. All Rights Reserved.
In this study we present new records of the tree fern fossil genus Tempskya Corda, 1845 from the Pinilla de los Moros Formation, late Hauterivian - early Barremian in age, in the surroundings of the village Salas de los Infantes (Burgos province, northern Spain). The studied samples exhibit similar anatomical features to those of the species T. riojana Barale y Viera, 1989 , even though they present some extra characters. These additional features include the presence of sclerenchyma islets with irregularly shaped parenchymal layer in the inner bark of stems and also an intermediate bark layer which invaginates into the inner layer. These characters are identified for the first time in this taxon, and they could serve as a criterion for differentiating this species from other Tempskya Corda, 1845 species, constituting a new contribution to the knowledge of this taxon.
Delapparentia turolensis Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011 is the only iguanodont taxon erected in the Barremian of Spain. It is described on the basis of a partial postcranial skeleton discovered in the 1950s near the village of Galve (Teruel Province), within the Camarillas Formation. Recently, new remains from the same individual have been recovered, and these are described here. Furthermore, after first-hand examinations of the holotype, the phylogenetic position of this taxon has been analysed for the first time, and its diagnosis is emended. Delapparentia turolensis is a large-sized, basal iguanodont which presents an autapomorphic, unusually high axial neural spine and a unique combination of postcranial characters. The ilium morphology differs from that of other basal iguanodonts and relates Delapparentia to the Valanginian Barilium dawsoni from England, with whom it shares two synapomorphies. In our phylogenetic analysis Delapparentia is recovered in a polytomy with Kukufeldia, Lanzhousaurus, Barilium and the clade equivalent to Iguanodontoidea. © 2015, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. All Rights Reserved.
A relatively diverse record of European Early Cretaceous pan-cryptodiran turtles has been revealed from the analysis of new specimens and from a review of previously defined taxa. However, knowledge about many of these taxa remains relatively limited. We erect the new taxon, Larachelus morla, gen. et sp. nov., on the basis of a shell from the late Hauterivian—early Barremian of the Iberian Range (Spain). The comparative study of this taxon with the continental European Cretaceous pan-cryptodiran representatives and cladistic analyses reveal L. morla to be a member of the little-known European Early Cretaceous stem Cryptodira. Stem cryptodirans have been recognized from the Early Cretaceous of several continents. The study of L. morla not only confirms the presence of this group in the Early Cretaceous of Europe, it also provides new insights into the European evolution of Pan-Cryptodira. This finding reveals greater diversity in European Early Cretaceous continental pan-cryptodires, highlighting its Hauterivian—Aptian record. This diversity is particularly relevant in the Iberian Range, where several clades of turtles whose coexistence has not been recognized in the Lower Cretaceous of any other region are identified: paracryptodiran members, stem cryptodiran turtles, and representatives of several lineages of the crown group Cryptodira. This very high diversity of continental taxa shows a wide range of morphological diversity that could be related to adaptation to different ecological niches.
A dentary fragment that preserves several teeth in situ of an ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower
. Cretaceous of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Spain) is described. The general aspect and the conservation
of the rock associated with the fossil suggest that it would come from the Pin ilia de los Moros Formation
(upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian). The material takes part, together with other fossils of dinosaurs and
crocodilians, of a collection gathered at the end of the 7 960's and deposited nowadays in the Institut far
Geowissenschaften of the University of Tabingen (Germany). The dentary teeth exhibit a distal primary
ridge and a mesial secondary ridge, as typically in basal iguanodontoids. Nevertheless, some teeth show a
single subcentral carina and lack subSidiary ridges, as in hadrosaurids. Unlike hadrosaurids, however, the
Salas specimen has probably one functional tooth and one replacement crown per dentary tooth position,
retaining the plesiomorphic state present in basal iguanodontoids. Due to the fragmentary nature of the
material, it is proviSionally assigned to Iguanodontoidea indet.
,Key words: Ornithopoda, Iguanodontoidea, Lower Cretaceous, Burgos, Spain.
Several dinosaurs, notably Ouranosaurus and Spinosaurus, have vertebral columns marked by prominent arrays of elongated neural spines. Using pelycosaurian sailbacks like Dimetrodon as analogies, popular orthodoxy holds that the tall spines served as supporting struts for dorsal sails of purported thermoregulatory function, especially heat dissipation in tropical climates. It is argued here that the neural spines of Ouranosaurus, Spinosaurus, and several other long-spined dinosaurs favor bison-like humps rather than sails: 1) in functional morphology and relative elongation they are dissimilar to pelycosaur spines but homoplastically converge on the spines of high-withered ungulates; 2) the usefulness of a sail in thermoregulation has been exaggerated—in large tetrapods it would have been fairly efficient as a thermal amplifier but ineffective as a radiator; hence large sail-bearing dinosaurs in open tropical climates are improbable; 3) the insulation properties of humps favor gigantothermy, the most likely thermobiological model for large dinosaurs.
Dinosaur humps are probable adaptations for: 1) energy storage, maintenance of gigantothermy, and heat-shielding in unshaded habitats; 2) long-distance migration from feeding to nesting grounds across terrains of variable productivity; and 3) lipid conservation for production of large clutches of eggs at the nesting site. Because sacral, caudal, or dorsal humps were relatively common traits among certain groups, the fashionably anorexic image of many large dinosaurs must be emended.
New age related individual variation for Hypsilophodon foxii, a basal euornithopod with no confirmed record outside of the Isle of Wight (late Barremian), includes an extensor groove on the distal femur that is absent and then shallow. The sequence of fusion of the neurocentral sutures follows the archosaurian caudal forwards pattern but fusion in the sacrum occurs in different sized individuals. Detailed figures are given of the form and wear patterns of the teeth. The "Iguanodon/Hypsilophodon/Polacanthus" distal femur from Hastings (mid-Valanginian) is probably Euornithopoda indet. Large distal femora from the Isle of Wight (late Barremian) and Bedfordshire (Aptian), with an extensor groove of medium depth, are basal Iguanodontia indet. "Hypsilophodon" wielandi GALTON & JENSEN, 1978 (Barremian, Western USA) is basal Euornithopoda indet, not a dryosaurid ; it is not a junior synonym of probable dryosaurid "Camptosaurus" valdensis LYDEKKER, 1889a (late Barremian, Isle of Wight), and both taxa are nomina dubia. the record of the dryosaurid Valdosaurus, a femur of which was first described by OWEN (1842) as Iguanodon, is restricted to England (Sussex, middle Valanginian ; Isle of Wight, late Barremian). Based on differences in horizon and form of the femur, Elrhazosaurus n. gen. is erected for the dryosaurid Valdosaurus nigeriensis Galton & taquet, 1982 (Aptian, Niger). The holotype dentary of Iguanodon hoggii OWEN, 1874 from Dorset (middle Berriasian) is made the type species of the new non-camptosaurid genus Owenodon ; a femur referred to "Camptosaurus" hoggii from Dorset is Iguanodontoidea indet. A small dentary from the Isle of Wight (late Barremian) is not Valdosaurus but basal Iguanodontoidea indet. An incomplete hindlimb (with tibia showing a very large callus from a healed fracture) of "Camptosaurus" hoggii from Yorkshire (mid-Berriasian) is very similar to that of "Iguanodon" hollingtoniensis lydekker, 1889b, the femur of which is Camptosaurus-like except for the Iguanodon-like distal end. This species represents a new genus of basal Iguanodontoidea, but its diagnosis must await a review of all Sussex Wadhurst Clay (middle Valanginian) material. Dentary teeth of Owenodon sp. occur in the bauxite fssure fll (Berriasian-Valanginian) of Cornet, Romania. The bones more derived than those of Camptosaurus but not Styracosterna or Iguanodontea (which is represented by metacarpal II, ungual phalanges) are tentatively referred to Owenodon sp. These include a maxilla and teeth, cervical vertebra 6, fused medial carpals+metacarpal I, distal femora (and, tentatively, a frontal, a braincase, a dorso-sacral centrum, larger humerus). A smaller humerus is basal Euornithopoda indet, but most of the described bones are Euornithopoda indet. The possible stegosaurian pubis from the Isle of Wight (late Barremian) is basal Iguanodontoidea indet.
A rich vertebrate fauna from the Campanian of Villeveyrac includes fishes (Sparidae, Lepisosteidae), anurans (with the oldest known representative of the Palaeobatrachidae), chelonians (Podocnemidinae), lizards, crocodiles (Trematochampsidae, indeterminate Eusuchia) and dinosaurs (Theropoda, Ornithopoda, Ankylosauria). The discovery of this assemblage leads to some paleoecological and biostratigraphical hypotheses. The absence of titanosaund sauropods in the Early Campanian European faunas is discussed.
Los recientes descubrimientos de diversos iguanodontes en la Formación Cedar Mountain (Utah, EE.UU.) nos han llevado a valorar la diversidad global de los iguanodontes del Cretácico temprano. El registro en Inglaterra es más diverso de lo que previamente se ha reconocido, debido a que Iguanodon ha sido tratado como un género ¿cajón de sastre¿ a lo largo de todo el siglo XX. Varios de los nuevos taxones, previamente reconocidos como genéricamente distintos por Harry Seeley Grovier, se denominan. La distribución espacial y temporal de Iguanodontia se superponen sobre mapas globales como una clave para comprender el origen de los iguanodontes de la Formación Cedar Mountain.
Part of the thoracal vertebral column of Iguanodon cf. fittoni LYDEKKER 1889, from the Lower Cretaceous Tera-Beds of Salas de los Infantes provides the first record of this rare and little known euornithopod dinosaur outside Great Britain. The dinosaur-bearing strata of Salas de los Infantes can possibly be correlated with the Waldhurst Clay of the English Wealden.
During Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous rifting associated with the opening of the North Atlantic, the Cameros Basin formed on the northwest margin of the Iberian Trough...
A new medium-sized rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Castrillo la Reina Formation (Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian) in Burgos Province, Demandasaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov., is described. It is known from an incomplete but associated skeleton that includes cranial and post-cranial remains. Demandasaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov. presents 9 autapomorphies in the teeth and vertebrae. Demandasaurus is the first diplodocoid sauropod described from the Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Its inclusion in the Rebbachisauridae is well supported by our phylogenetic hypothesis, which situates it as a sister group of Nigersaurus from the Aptian of Niger, with which it shares various synapomorphies. The discovery of Demandasaurus provides further evidence of the sporadic use of the Apulian Route by dinosaurs during the Early Cretaceous for moving between the south of Europe (Laurasia) and the north of Africa (Gondwana).
A 'fauna' of vertebrates recovered from a cavern-like deposit at a quarry near the village of Nehden in Sauerland is described and reviewed in some detail. Anatomical descriptions of some skeletal elements are given, where they provide new information or supplement previous descriptions. The clays in which the fossils were buried have been dated comparatively as Aptian (late Lower Cretaceous) and approximately contemporary with the Weald Clay unit of the Wealden Formation of southeast England and the Bernissartian of southwest Belgium. Both these latter formations have yielded faunal and floral assemblages that are very similar to those found at Nehden. -from Author
In recent years dinosaurs have captured the attention of the public at an unprecedented scale. At the heart of this resurgence in popular interest is an increased level of research activity, much of which is innovative in the field of palaeontology. For instance, whereas earlier palaeontological studies emphasized basic morphologic description and taxonomic classification, modern studies attempt to examine the role and nature of dinosaurs as living animals. More than ever before, we understand how these extinct species functioned, behaved, interacted with each other and the environment, and evolved. Nevertheless, these studies rely on certain basic building blocks of knowledge, including facts about dinosaur anatomy and taxonomic relationships. One of the purposes of this volume is to unravel some of the problems surrounding dinosaur systematics and to increase our understanding of dinosaurs as a biological species. Dinosaur Systematics presents a current overview of dinosaur systematics using various examples to explore what is a species in a dinosaur, what separates genders in dinosaurs, what morphological changes occur with maturation of a species, and what morphological variations occur within a species.
Criteria for designating dinosaur genera are inconsistent, with very similar species highly split at the generic level and other, more disparate species combined into the same genus. A character census of Iguanodon bernissartensis and I. atherfieldensis shows that their postcrania are markedly more different than those of many other ornithopods, and that the gracile “Iguanodon” atherfieldensis is phylogentically more derived than the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis. Because of the considerable difference between the two taxa, a new genus is proposed for the gracile iguanodont Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis.
This short review discusses current understanding of the history, anatomy and taxonomy of the lower Wealden Groupaged (Valanginian ~141–137Ma) iguanodontian dinosaurs from southern England. English Wealden iguanodontian taxonomy has been the subject of comment and scrutiny since the latter half of the 19 th century. As proposed over two decades ago, iguanodontians recovered from quarries across this geographic region can be subdivided into anatomically and chronologically distinct assemblages. A review of the lower Wealden Group (Valanginian) assemblage (formerly understood to comprise the relatively poorly known and understood taxa Iguanodon dawsoni, Iguanodon fittoni and Iguanodon hollingtoniensis) establishes the presence of two diagnosable taxa: Barilium dawsoni (Lydekker, 1888) comb. nov. and Hypselospinus fittoni (Lydekker, 1889) comb. nov. The upper Wealden Group (Hauterivian–Lower Aptian) assemblage comprises Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis. Recent suggestions concerning the creation of additional new Wealden Group taxa reflect systemic misunderstandings of the actual skeletal material. A detailed taxonomic review of all Wealden Group iguanodontians is in preparation.
Vectisaurus valdensis is considered to be the imperfectly preserved remains of juvenile Iguanodon. Based on juvenile material of Iguanodon recovered from Nehden (Federal Republic of Germany), Vectisaurus is most probably referrable to I. atherfieldensis. Ornithopod relationships have been evaluated by reference to the detailed recent systematic reviews of the Ornithischia. Results from this study suggest that the family Iguanodontidae is valid, if more restricted than previously argued; that Tenontosaurus tilletti is more closely related to hypsilophodontians than iguanodontians; and, that Probactrosaurus gobiensis is the sister-taxon of the Hadrosauridae. A review cladogram of advanced ornithopod dinosaurs is proposed. -Author
This short review discusses current understanding of the history, anatomy and taxonomy of the lower Wealden Group-aged (Valanginian ̃ 141-137Ma) iguanodontian dinosaurs from southern England. English Wealden iguanodontian taxonomy has been the subject of comment and scrutiny since the latter half of the 19th century. As proposed over two decades ago, iguanodontians recovered from quarries across this geographic region can be subdivided into anatomically and chronologically distinct assemblages. A review of the lower Wealden Group (Valanginian) assemblage (formerly understood to comprise the relatively poorly known and understood taxa Iguanodon dawsoni, Iguanodon fittoni and Iguanodon hollingtoniensis) establishes the presence of two diagnosable taxa: Barilium dawsoni (Lydekker, 1888) comb. nov. and Hypselospinus fittoni (Lydekker, 1889) comb. nov. The upper Wealden Group (Hauterivian-Lower Aptian) assemblage comprises Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis. Recent suggestions concerning the creation of additional new Wealden Group taxa reflect systemic misunderstandings of the actual skeletal material. A detailed taxonomic review of all Wealden Group iguanodontians is in preparation.
This chapter discusses the anatomy, phylogeny, biogeography, and paleobiology of basal iguanodontians. Basal iguanodontians range from small (2 to 3 m long), lightly built active bipeds, represented by Dryosaurus, to large and robust (10 to 11 m long) facultative quadrupeds such as Iguanodon bernissartensis, with an estimated body mass in excess of 2,500 kg. Basal iguanodontians are distributed across the Northern and Southern hemispheres and found in rocks ranging in age from the Late Jurassic to latest Cretaceous.
More is known about hadrosaurids than about virtually any other group of dinosaurs. Remains are often abundant and range from fully articulated skeletons (sometimes complete with sclerotic rings, stapes, hyoids, and ossified tendons) to disartic-ulated and isolated material. In addition, remains of eggs, embryos , hatchlings (perinates), and juveniles, as well as footprints and trackways, skin impressions, and coprolites have provided investigators with glimpses of dinosaur biology that are not generally afforded for other groups of dinosaurs. Hadrosaurids, the so-called duck-billed dinosaurs, were large (7–12 m long, average adult body weight 3,000 kg) and had broad edentulous beaks, long, low skulls, and complex dentitions organized into dental batteries. Of this group, lambeosaurines exhibit radical modifications and elaborations of the nasal cavity, which is moved from the front of the face to a supraorbital position. Hadrosaurids were the most diverse and abundant large vertebrates of Laurasia during the closing stages of the Late Cre-taceous (table 20.1). They were also the last major clade of ornithopods to evolve in the Mesozoic (as early as the Ceno-manian, based on Protohadros), and they show a number of remarkable anatomical characteristics in their dentition and facial skeleton, which have attracted considerable research attention relating particularly to feeding mechanisms and strategies and to social behavior.
Three classifications of the Dinosauria have been proposed, which differ from each other in the principles on which their authors proposed to make the divisions. First in time is Professor Cope’s classification (‘Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc.,’ November 13th, 1866, and December 31st, 1867; ‘Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans.,’ vol. 14, Part I). He relied upon the characters of the tarsus and the ilium; and on their varied condition divided Dinosaurs into three orders named Orthopoda, Goniopoda, and Symphopoda. In the Orthopoda , the generic types associated are Scelidosaurus, Hylæosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hadrosaurus. And in this group the relations of the tibia and fibula are compared to those of modern Lizards, the proximal tarsals being distinct from each other and from the tibia. The ilium has a narrowed anterior prolongation.
The carnivorous Dinosauria form a well-marked order, which the writer has called the Theropoda , in his classification of this group. Although much has been written about these reptiles since Buckland described Megalosaurus in 1824, but little has really been made out in regard to the structure of the skull, and many portions of the skeleton still remain to be determined.
The remains of an ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Auxerre (Burgundy, France) are described. They consist of several vertebrae and a fragmentary scapula. Despite obvious morphological and dimensional affinities with the species Iguanodon bernissartensis, the state of the specimen does not allow any identification more precise than Iguanodontia indet. Reappraisal of the French Upper Barremian record of medium and large-sized ornithopods reveals that no specimen can be definitely determined to the specific level.
The sequence of neurocentral suture closure is one criterion for the determination of ontogenetic stage in extant crocodylians. This pattern is frequently used to assess ontogeny for a variety of fossil archosaurs that may or may not follow the same sequence and timing of suture closure. Phytosaurs are one of the few basal archosaur groups with a sample size large enough to help test whether the crocodylian pattern of suture closure is plesiomorphic for Pseudosuchia and Archosauria. Analysis of a large sample of North American phytosaur specimens confirms that phytosaurs share the crocodylian state of closure, and so this pattern is probably plesiomorphic for the Pseudosuchia. An additional independent ontogenetic trend observed in phytosaurs is that the lateral fossae on cervical vertebrae in phytosaurs deepen with ontogeny. A preliminary survey indicates that there is considerable variation of both the sequence and timing of neurocentral suture closure in other archosaur clades. Therefore, it is unwise to apply a priori the crocodylian pattern to other archosaur groups to determine ontogenetic stage. Currently, apart from histological data, there are few if any reliable independent criteria for determining ontogenetic stage. I propose that histology be integrated with independent ontogenetic criteria (such as neurocentral suture closure) and morphometric data to provide a better understanding of archosaur ontogeny.
In the present communication I call attention to a Reptilian vertebra which does not appear to have received the notice it deserves, and also give a preliminary diagnosis of certain forms which I hope to describe more fully later on.
Criteria for designating dinosaur genera are inconsistent; some very similar species are highly split at the generic level, other anatomically disparate species are united at the same rank. Since the mid-1800s the classic genus Iguanodon has become a taxonomic grab-bag containing species spanning most of the Early Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere. Recently the genus was radically redesignated when the type was shifted from nondiagnostic English Valanginian teeth to a complete skull and skeleton of the heavily built, semi-quadrupedal I. bernissartensis from much younger Belgian sediments, even though the latter is very different in form from the gracile skeletal remains described by Mantell. Currently, iguanodont remains from Europe are usually assigned to either robust I. bernissartensis or gracile I. atherfieldensis, regardless of location or stage. A stratigraphic analysis is combined with a character census that shows the European iguanodonts are markedly more morphologically divergent than other dinosaur genera, and some appear phylogenetically more derived than others. Two new genera and a new species have been or are named for the gracile iguanodonts of the Wealden Supergroup; strongly bipedal Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis Paul (2006. Turning the old into the new: a separate genus for the gracile iguanodont from the Wealden of England. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 69–77) (holotype BMNH R5764) which possesses a camptosaur-like ilial shape, and the long snouted, long bodied, small hipped, semi-bipedal Dollodon bampingi gen. nov. sp. nov. (holotype IRSNB 1551) which has a shallow ilium. Insufficiently diagnostic I. hoggii is removed from the earlier Camptosaurus. Poorly described I. dawsoni, I. fittoni and I. hollingtoniensis are removed from the much later and more derived Iguanodon and considered Ornithopoda incertae sedis pending redescription. The synonymy of I. fittoni and I. hollingtoniensis has not been confirmed. A set of remains of similar age to I. fittoni and I. hollingtoniensis appear to combine a specialized, elongate dentary with massive arms: it either belongs to one of the contemporary taxa, or is a new, unnamed taxon. There has recently been a tendency to consider iguanodonts spatially remote from I. bernissartensis to be members of or very similar to the type species, but reanalysis finds that I. orientalis is not a junior synonym of I. bernissartensis and is a nomen dubium, and that basal I. lakotaensis is not a member of Iguanodon and accordingly is assigned the new genus Dakotadon gen. nov. (holotype SDSM 8656). Dakotadon is probably basal to Iguanodon and not an iguanodontoid. The higher taxonomy of iguanodontoids is confused due to phylogenetic problems, and inconsistent definitions of the Iguanodontidae (which as currently defined appears to be limited to Iguanodon) and Hadrosauroidea. Mantellisaurus and especially Dollodon, for instance, are probably more derived than Iguanodon: they may be hadrosauroids depending on which phylogenetic definition of the term is preferred.
During Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous rifting associated with the opening of the North Atlantic, the Cameros Basin formed on the northwest margin of the Iberian Trough. During rifting, reactivated Late Hercynian faults controlled sediment distribution and architecture. Changes in kind, density, and degree of interconnection of the channel bodies are controlled by subsidence rate in relation to frequency of channel avulsion. The observed coarsening-upward trend is interpreted as reflecting a progradational event. -from Authors
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