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The Contingent Value of Social Capital
Abstract
I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes - or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network -that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
... According to Human Capital Theory, which holds that education and skill development are essential elements in professional success [25], the lack of major variations in career growth can be ascribed to comparable educational possibilities between urban and rural locations. Another interpretation contends that individuals in both locations receive comparable amounts of community support and networking opportunities, which is consistent with Social Capital Theory, which emphasizes the importance of social connections and networks in job progression [26]. The lack of significant differences in career development may also be related to the growing importance of work-life balance, as evidenced by Greenhaus and Powell's (2006) research, which found that people in both urban and rural areas value aspects other than career success, prioritizing a balanced lifestyle [25][26][27]. ...
... Another interpretation contends that individuals in both locations receive comparable amounts of community support and networking opportunities, which is consistent with Social Capital Theory, which emphasizes the importance of social connections and networks in job progression [26]. The lack of significant differences in career development may also be related to the growing importance of work-life balance, as evidenced by Greenhaus and Powell's (2006) research, which found that people in both urban and rural areas value aspects other than career success, prioritizing a balanced lifestyle [25][26][27]. ...
... Online education enhances students' absorption into educational processes by giving flexibility and accessibility, adding to their overall growth and success. Finally, the study's findings are consistent with previous research on online learning, emphasizing its beneficial influence on educational and professional development and developing a thorough grasp of the transformational potential of digital education [26,[28][29][30]. ...
The digital revolution has greatly impacted education, making it more accessible and convenient. Online learning has democratized education, providing learners with a vast range of knowledge. This study examines the advantages of online learning in terms of academic and career growth, considering the influence of location (rural/urban). The research methodology includes statistical analysis and a survey of 110 students in India. The results show that earning certificates online significantly affects both educational and career growth. The study also finds that the impact of online learning is consistent across rural and urban areas. Finally, this paper emphasizes the transformative potential of online education in shaping academic and professional trajectories.
... Social capital is closely tied to many of these network attributes. According to Burt (1997), social capital predicts that individual returns depend on a person's location in the social structure of a network, market, or hierarchy. Social capital encompasses family members, social networks, connections, and other related resources that may be helpful to an individual and their business (Marshall & Flaig, 2013). ...
... Social capital is a quality created between people (Burt, 1997). In the context of entrepreneurship, social capital encompasses the family members, social networks, and connections that may be helpful to a woman and her business (Marshall & Flaig, 2013). ...
... In the context of entrepreneurship, social capital encompasses the family members, social networks, and connections that may be helpful to a woman and her business (Marshall & Flaig, 2013). When considering social capital, the opportunities available to an individual depend on the individual's position in a network or hierarchy (Burt, 1997). ...
This paper explores the networks, aspirations, and outcomes of “mom entrepreneurs”, defined in this study as female entrepreneurs actively caring for children (from birth to age 18). Although men and women found businesses at similar rates, the outcomes of businesses started by men and women tend to be dramatically different. This is influenced by many factors, one of which is the role that many women play in child rearing. This study explores the networks of mom entrepreneurs, how mom entrepreneurs define success for themselves and their businesses, and self-reported ratings of success on these measures. More specifically, this paper evaluates the impact of one identifying as a mom entrepreneur, the relation between the size of one’s network and business characteristics and outcomes, and the impact of a spouse’s employment on women’s motivations and aspirations.
... From a similar perspective to Lin's network theory of social capital, Burt (1997) introduced a network structure of social capital, bringing the concept of social capital to an organisation and management perspective, studying networks of managers as firms were shifting from hierarchy to network organization at the end of last century. Based on his structural hole theory, Burt describes how social capital is a function of brokerage opportunities in a network and defines social capital in terms of "the information and control advantages of being the broker in relations between people otherwise disconnected in social structure" (1997, p. 340; 1987, 2000). ...
... On top of that, the more structural holes in an individual network, the greater assurance he is of opportunities or disasters ahead, thus creating access benefits and timing benefits by being the first to see opportunities where skills in another group can serve the needs in one group. Finally, being the broker between otherwise disconnected groups also creates control benefits when the broker can adjust his image with each connection and choose to pass on information as he favors, which Burt describes as entrepreneurial behaviour (Burt, 1997). ...
... From the beginning, when social capital was first introduced, it was explained to be in the forms of networks and relationships (Bourdieu, 1986;Burt, 1997;Coleman, 1988;Lin, 1999;Portes, 1998;Putnam, 1995), of which Coleman (1988) further broke it down to refer to social capital as in the forms of trust, norms and shared values, which was echoed by Putnam (1995) who refers to social capital as networks, norms and social trust, with emphasis on the importance of social network and social connectedness. The concept of relationship or connection in Chinese business Guanxi is particularly important in studying CFBs. ...
Macao is well known for its gaming industry. However, there are also many traditional small-to-medium enterprises which are family-owned and run. There is no doubt that social capital is one of the key competitive advantages that family businesses possess, particularly when it comes to Chinese businesses with strong family values that emphasize the importance of trustworthiness and guanxi (relationships). As opposed to other forms of capital, social capital cannot be passed from one generation to another through the will of the incumbents. So, how is social capital passed on in family businesses from one generation to the next? Based on an in-depth study of five cases of successful family businesses in Macao, this research identified the forms of social capital present in business families and the succession process of these firms. From the generalizations drawn from the five cases, a theoretical framework is proposed to understand the intergenerational transmission of social capital in Chinese family businesses.
... Brokerage across the structural holes between groups provides a vision of options otherwise unseen, which is the mechanism by which brokerage becomes social capital." Individuals or network entities with ego networks full of structural holes have information, resources, and brokerage advantages over others [36]. First, they have access to heterogeneous sources of information and resources due to the connection to distinct, non-redundant contacts [35]. ...
... The literature also suggests the value contingency of structural holes subject to various contextual factors [36]. These factors include personal factors, such as gender and personality [38,46]; organizational factors, such as the number of peers [36], new venture stage [47], strategic orientation [48] and absorptive capacity [49]; industrial factors, such as technology dynamics [50], industry uncertainty [50][51][52], and investment demand [51]; and national/cultural factors [53]. ...
... The literature also suggests the value contingency of structural holes subject to various contextual factors [36]. These factors include personal factors, such as gender and personality [38,46]; organizational factors, such as the number of peers [36], new venture stage [47], strategic orientation [48] and absorptive capacity [49]; industrial factors, such as technology dynamics [50], industry uncertainty [50][51][52], and investment demand [51]; and national/cultural factors [53]. Such contextual factors condition the effect of structural holes because the motivation or ability of network participants to pursue structural holes opportunities differs [49,54,55]. ...
Sellers in social marketplaces actively engage in following behaviors. However, extant research has repeatedly reported a negative effect of the followee number on seller performance, raising questions about sellers’ value in following others. Intrigued by this question, this study applies the theory of structural holes to understand and explain sellers’ value in following. That is, sellers whose followee networks span more structural holes are better positioned to gain social capital and thus achieve better performance. An empirical study of panel data with 1023 Etsy sellers and their followee networks involving 156,176 alters per month supports this explanation—the structural holes in, instead of the size of, sellers’ followee networks have a significant, positive effect on their sales performance. The study further reveals that such effects are stronger for sellers with higher product diversification, more prominent followees, and lower followee status heterophily.
... The third category is 'types of social interaction ' -Collier (1998a), Snijiders (1999. The fourth is 'network resources ' -Snijders (1999), Kilpatrick (2000), and finally, other network characteristics, which were discussed by Burt (1997), Putnam (1995b), and Kilpatrick (2000) to mention a few. These divergent presentations formed the basis for a more coherent effort at conceptualization, resulting in the robust codification of the dimensions of social capital propounded by Narayan & Cassidy (2001) as represented in figure 3, below. ...
... The third according to is the network approach, which recognizes that social capital has an 'upside' and 'downside', and stresses the importance of vertical as well as horizontal associations between people and of relations within and among such organizational entities as community groups and firms . Sandefur & Laumann (1998) provided a useful description of the network approach thus: …An individual's potential stock of social capital consists of the connection to and pattern of relationships in which she is involved and to which she has access, and further to the location and patterning of her associations in the larger social space… (Sandefur & Lauman, 1998: 484) Included in this perspective in contemporary times is the idea of bonding and bridging dimensions of social capital (Granovetter, 1973, Burt 1997, Lin, 1999a. The synergy perspective as the term suggests, attempts to integrate the compelling work emerging from the networks and institutional approaches , Fox, 1992, Evans, 1995. ...
... The Networks perspective looks at the contention between the 'virtues' and 'vices' of social capital as a defining property, which undermines and limits its acceptance as a 'theoretical construct and policy instrument' . The works of Burt (1992Burt ( , 1997Burt ( , 1998, Portes (1998Portes ( , 2000, Fafchamps & Minnten (1999), and more recently, Lin (1992Lin ( , 2002, fall into the category of the networks perspective, characterized by two key features. The first depicts social capital as a double-edged swordit can provide a variety of valuable services for community members, but there are also costs. ...
The book describes how 'communal values create obligations' which constrain the appropriation of resources embedded in informal networks and social relations among a homogenous people in a rural setting in Nigeria, a country with over 60% of its population especially households, living in poverty, in the midst of plenty. Using a unique non-econometric, conceptual and methodological approach, ethnographic and cross-sectional survey data, the study demonstrated how households get 'drawn back' by their stock of social capital, which become an encumbrance of a kind and thus reinforce rather than alleviate rural household poverty. It concludes that the design and implementation of rural development policies should incorporate such 'resourced' informal networks and relations as 'enablers', to help 'remove the drawbacks' and optimise their capacity for mobilising rural households for effective participation in government's pro-poor schemes to enhance the chances of success and unleash the potential for a 'bottom-up led' sustainable, community social development process.
... Since the mid-1980s, when Bourdieu, Coleman, and Burt presented their research contributions to clarify the concept of social capital [11][16] [17][18] [19], the idea of social capital has been extensively addressed in the literature. Although social capital is still a relatively new idea in theory and study, it is being widely applied in many different disciplines. ...
... They may need to borrow larger sums of money for investment purposes their network can lend to, or here specifically they may need external sources of learning, knowledge and innovation. Networks are repositories of innovation knowledge for SMEs, less or even no transaction fees, efficient information channels and exploitable information or knowledge capital for innovation [19]. ...
... Weak ties in the social networks of boundary spanners lead to structural holes that differentiate them from the strong social ties of more homogeneous networks. Structural holes are the gaps between non-redundant contacts (Burt, 1997). Weak ties are valuable because of the value inherent in the novelty of the information or connections they yield (Granovetter, 1973). ...
... For example, data on women or young male employees suggest that their careers benefit from using hierarchical and homogeneous networks in organisations in which they 'borrow' the social networks of a male sponsor. Structural holes theory suggests that the number of other boundary spanners in the network performing similar roles (Burt, 1997) negatively affects the value of social capital associated with bridging activity. Scarcity or differentiation is, therefore, crucial. ...
... Personal knowledge is an advantage of these professionals in the organization (Hu et al. 2009). To meet this challenge, social capital, which allows intermediary activities that bring knowledge from other actors to the main actors (Burt 2010) can be introduced. Compared with information systems and formal control systems, social capital is considered as an effective element in accelerating the sharing of knowledge implicitly and explicitly among members in the organization (Carmona-Lavado et al. 2010;Grant 2004). ...
... Social capital can expand the breadth and depth of knowledge sharing which motivate people to identify critical information and know-how in a social network (Burt 2010;Subramaniam and Youndt 2013). Open environments can serve as channels for employees to acquire, explain, and transmit information and knowledge resources. ...
The ability to inovate is very important task for a multinational hotel where this is the main goal is to get a competitive advantage, which allows them to provide services that exceed customer expectations. Service innovation capabilities also contribute to hotel competitive advantage, however, there is very little research exploring ways to improve service innovation capabilities. In addition, while social capital fosters the power of innovation, research on the process of transforming available resources embedded in social interactions into actual service innovation capabilities is also limited. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital on the ability of service innovation through knowledge sharing in the hospitality industry. The sample used in this study is the hotel industry, especially hotels with 4 or 5 stars in East Java, the results of this study indicate that sharing knowledge mediates the effect of social capital on the ability of service innovation and knowledge sharing is a mechanism for transforming social capital innovation into service innovation capabilities
... At the individual level, social capital typically refers to the benefits that accrue from individual network connections (Tsai & Ghoshal 1998). The value of social capital to an individual depends on the number of other people occupying the same social network position (Burt 1997) --in this sense social capital is an arena for competition. The fewer the competitors who are structurally equivalent or who in other ways occupy the individual's place in the social system, the greater the information and control benefits of brokerage across structural holes. ...
... Brokers are seen as network entrepreneurs who enable change (Burt, Jannotta & Mahoney 1998). At the same time, structural hole theory suggests that achievement accrues to those who provide value to the community of interacting participants by supplying good ideas (Burt 2004), mentoring junior colleagues (Burt 1992), and performing distinctive work (Burt 1997). Thus, there is an opportunity to bridge between the individual advantage and embeddedness approaches. ...
This Element synthesizes the current state of research on organizational social networks from its early foundations to contemporary debates. It highlights the characteristics that make the social network perspective distinctive in the organizational research landscape, including its emphasis on structure and outcomes. It covers the main theoretical developments and summarizes the research design questions that organizational researchers face when collecting and analyzing network data. Then, it discusses current debates ranging from agency and structure to network volatility and personality. Finally, the Element envisages future research directions on the role of brokerage for individuals and communities, network cognition, and the importance of past ties. Overall, the Element provides an innovative angle for understanding organizational social networks, engaging in empirical network research, and nurturing further theoretical development on the role of social interactions and connectedness in modern organizations.
... The structural hole theory postulates that individuals spanning multiple otherwise poorly connected (knowledge) networks may benefit from transferring diverse information between these networks. This gives rise to specific information benefits, such as access to new information and/or control benefits, such as controlling the flow of new information (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 1997Freeman, 1977Freeman, , 1978Freeman, /1979. 9 Burt (1992) referred to the former, directly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by cohesion, and the latter, indirectly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by structural equivalence. ...
... The structural hole theory postulates that individuals spanning multiple otherwise poorly connected (knowledge) networks may benefit from transferring diverse information between these networks. This gives rise to specific information benefits, such as access to new information and/or control benefits, such as controlling the flow of new information (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 1997Freeman, 1977Freeman, , 1978Freeman, /1979. 9 Burt (1992) referred to the former, directly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by cohesion, and the latter, indirectly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by structural equivalence. ...
... The structural hole theory postulates that individuals spanning multiple otherwise poorly connected (knowledge) networks may benefit from transferring diverse information between these networks. This gives rise to specific information benefits, such as access to new information and/or control benefits, such as controlling the flow of new information (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 1997Freeman, 1977Freeman, , 1978Freeman, /1979. 9 Burt (1992) referred to the former, directly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by cohesion, and the latter, indirectly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by structural equivalence. ...
... The structural hole theory postulates that individuals spanning multiple otherwise poorly connected (knowledge) networks may benefit from transferring diverse information between these networks. This gives rise to specific information benefits, such as access to new information and/or control benefits, such as controlling the flow of new information (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 1997Freeman, 1977Freeman, , 1978Freeman, /1979. 9 Burt (1992) referred to the former, directly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by cohesion, and the latter, indirectly disconnected contacts, as redundancy by structural equivalence. ...
... Moreover, a robust human capital base empowers individuals to meet performance expectations across various roles, a concept highlighted by [28], [29]. Thus, those with elevated human capital are more likely to achieve career success. ...
This quantitative study investigates the complex relationship between proactive personality, human resources and career success, which is mediated by career motivation and added moderating variables by career management support to the relationship between career motivation and career success among lecturers in Indonesia. This research is an explanatory quantitative research that examines and analyses the influence of variables in the research hypothesis using the basis of career construction theory (CCT). The sample is 400 private lecturers LLDIKTI 1 – LLDIKTI 16, Indonesia. The survey method is used to collect sample data and uses the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis technique with PLS software. This research confirms the suitability of the test instrument and model, accepting the eight hypotheses, with the influence of human capital being more dominant than proactive personality and career motivation. Career support management acts as a moderator variable which shows that management support increases individual career success. The implication is that universities must pay attention to human resources and proactive personalities to increase career success supported by career management. The success of a lecturer's career supports the success of the university.
... Some scholars conceptualise social capital as a set of social resources embedded in relationships (Burt, 1997;. Other scholars have argued that there is a broader definition of social capital including not only relationships but also their related norms and values (Coleman, 1990;Putnam, 1995). ...
... Simply put, social capital can be defined as the community's ability to form associations (relationships) with each other. This capital then becomes a crucial force, not only for economic strength but also in every other aspect of social existence [26]. Social capital can be seen as the 'glue' that connects individuals within a society. ...
Background: The decline in function that occurs in the elderly population is considered a characteristic of their aging process. This certainly affects their behavior and ability to maintain personal hygiene. The study aimed to determine the correlation between cultural capital and social capital with personal hygiene among the elderly. Methods: The research was an observational study using a cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of elderly men in West Aceh with a sample size of 150. Assessment was conducted on three variables, including cultural capital, social capital (as independent variables), and personal hygiene (as the dependent variable). Data was collected through interviews using the questionnaire as the research instrument. Results: The results indicated that the average age of the respondents was 70.90 years (SD: 7.97), with a higher proportion having completed upper secondary education (45.3%) and a majority still being employed (72%). Correlation and simple linear regression analyzes revealed that cultural capital was significantly associated with personal hygiene (p = 0.001), showing a moderate strength of the relationship (r = 0.339) and a positive correlation. Additionally, social capital was significantly related to personal hygiene (p = 0.046) with a weak strength of the relationship (r = 0.163) and a positive correlation. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that cultural capital had a stronger relationship with the personal hygiene of elderly men compared to social capital, although both played significant roles in personal hygiene. Further studies are still highly necessary to support these findings, both with the same design in different locations and with different designs, such as longitudinal and experimental studies.
... According to [97], the catalyst that encourages the conversion of information into useful knowledge is trust.. Networks, in contrast, provide the environment for the exchange of information as they can "bridge the gap between supply of new innovations and the firms who may adopt" [49]. Not only does the amount of information increase and become more accessible [29], but the information in the network is also filtered, concentrated and legitimated [98]; [99]. Adopters can be distinguished by not only having more information, but also because they actively collect more information [100] The main sources of information are extension agents and other farmers [101]; [96]). ...
Researchers tried to find out the socioeconomic and supply-side constraint factors to adoption. However, they overlooked the role of social networks and relationships among the community. Therefore, the aims of this review were to review the roles and negative effects of social capital. Based on its contents, relevancy, and time duration, only 129 (82 journals, 29 books, and 18 paper reports) were selected. It concludes that social capital has an indispensable role in facilitating cooperation and connection between members of the farmers' community, informal and experiential knowledge sharing, and access to research-based knowledge and contributes to reducing the transaction cost of adoption. On the contrary, inside the black box of social capital, the negative effects include the exclusion of outsider’s knowledge and experiences, excessive claims on group members, and restrictions on individual freedom.
... Building on social capital theory (Burt, 1997), we, therefore, attempt to investigate how organizational social capital influences project success in project-based construction firms. According to social capital theory, social capital functions as an important intangible resource (Dodd, 2016) that is accessible through the organization's external and internal relations (Reed et al., 2006). ...
Building on the theories of social capital and self-determination as complementary perspectives, this study investigates how an individual's idea of organizational social capital affects project success by testing a dual-stage moderated mediation model with self-efficacy as a mediator and transformational leadership as a moderator at both the first and second stages. Time-lagged data from 213 project management practitioners were collected from construction project-based firms. It was revealed that self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of an employee's perception of organizational social capital on project success. Additionally, moderation results support the proposed hypotheses. We discussed theoretical and practical implications.
... According to [97], the catalyst that encourages the conversion of information into useful knowledge is trust.. Networks, in contrast, provide the environment for the exchange of information as they can "bridge the gap between supply of new innovations and the firms who may adopt" [49]. Not only does the amount of information increase and become more accessible [29], but the information in the network is also filtered, concentrated and legitimated [98]; [99]. Adopters can be distinguished by not only having more information, but also because they actively collect more information [100] The main sources of information are extension agents and other farmers [101]; [96]). ...
Researchers tried to find out the socioeconomic and supply-side constraint factors to adoption. However, they overlooked the role of social networks and relationships among the community. Therefore, the aims of this review were to review the roles and negative effects of social capital. Based on its contents, relevancy, and time duration, only 129 (82 journals, 29 books, and 18 paper reports) were selected. It concludes that social capital has an indispensable role in facilitating cooperation and connection between members of the farmers' community, informal and experiential knowledge sharing, and access to research-based knowledge and contributes to reducing the transaction cost of adoption. On the contrary, inside the black box of social capital, the negative effects include the exclusion of outsider’s knowledge and experiences, excessive claims on group members, and restrictions on individual freedom.
... Founder's social ties Drawing from social network theory (Burt, 1997), a large number of studies have examined the effects of managers' social ties and networks on a firm's strategic choices and performance (Haveman, Jia, Shi, & Wang, 2017;Li, Poppo, & Zhou, 2008;Li & Zhang, 2007;Li, Zhou, & Shao, 2009;Yu, Zhang, Tan, & Qi, 2022;Zhang, Tan, & Wong, 2015). The underlying argument from this stream of research is that social ties comprise intellectual and financial resources that can be accessed through an actor's network (Peng & Luo, 2000;Sun, Mellahi, Wright, & Xu, 2015;Zhang, Tan, & Wong, 2015). ...
This paper studies the relationship between slack and research and development (R&D) investment by addressing the role of the founder as the ‘microfoundation’ among Chinese newly listed firms. We propose a contingent approach to understanding the slack-R&D investment relationship by examining the influence of the founder’s human capital and social ties, which is distinguished into political and managerial ties. Our results show that the founder’s human capital, measured by its educational level, strengthens the relationship between absorbed and unabsorbed slack resources and R&D investment. We also find that the founder’s managerial ties strengthen the relationship between resource slack and R&D intensity, whereas political ties weaken that link. Our results demonstrate the founder’s crucial role in underpinning resource utilization in newly listed firms and emphasise the importance of social ties in driving firms’ R&D activities in emerging economies.
... Suppliers tend to form connections and engage in coopetition with other suppliers who share commonalities, such as originating from the same community, as they possess relatively similar cultures, can pursue similar goals together in specific areas, and can substitute for each other when necessary. Furthermore, they are more inclined to collaborate with suppliers with whom they share stronger and more established ties (Burt, 1997). Suppliers also show greater interest in collaborating with other suppliers who frequently engage in joint activities with them. ...
With the rapid growth of information technology, various business models that harness it for value creation and value capture have emerged. Unlike traditional software businesses that focus solely on selling software or its usage, these business models also involve the digitalization of conventional business processes. Firms adopting the digital multi-sided platform business model often serve as intermediaries, disrupting established businesses in the process (Kazan et al., 2014). They leverage their network resources as suppliers and connect them with customers (Hagiu & Wright, 2015). Ultimately, economic value for these firms is generated through transactions between suppliers and customers. They benefit as traffic providers, creating value for both suppliers and customers.
... In addition, small companies that commonly suffer from resource shortages can trade with other companies, especially larger ones, to overcome such constraints [58]. Commercialization provides knowledge and technology transfer, access to information, financial support and technical know-how that can reduce transaction costs [25,74] and boost the acceptance of new products in the market. ...
Innovation capabilities are essential to the innovative potential of companies, but in most cases, these capabilities are bounded. However, the boundedness of innovation capabilities and the way companies complement them through transactions is still a gap lacking theoretical depth. This conceptual manuscript aims to develop a theoretical approach, namely, Capability-Based Transactions, which intertwines the nature of innovation capabilities with the specificity of transaction types, resulting in complementarity for bounded capabilities. We propose a clarified definition for bounded capabilities and complementarity. From this, we theorize that commercialization complements a company's bounded non-technological innovation capabilities, while cooperation complements bounded technological innovation capabilities. From a novel perspective, we advance the intertwining of the literature on innovation capabilities and transaction costs. Our theorizing movement highlights that companies' transaction decisions depend on their bounded capabilities. Furthermore, to drive complementarity for non-technological capabilities, we propose a new kind of commercialization that underpins the Capability-Based Transactions approach. We develop a framework from a set of propositions that demonstrates the innovative behaviors shaping the theoretical approach. Finally, we present a managerial flowchart to support the adoption of Capability-Based Transactions by companies.
... In addition to social construction, relational coordination builds upon several other streams of theory to make a distinctive contribution to our understanding of the micro-dynamics of coordination. Social capital theory is built upon the insight that value is embedded not only in physical capital and human capital, but also in the communication and relationship ties that exist among people (Burt, 1997;Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). To understand organizations as social communities, one must look at the network of communication and relationship ties that bind parties together. ...
... Transactions depending on mutual trust include goods and services traded on future payment terms, employment contracts, investment decisions based on confidence in governments and banks (Knack and Keefer, 1997). Previous studies discovered a link between trust and higher scores of government efficiency and infrastructure quality (La Porta et al., 1997;Fukuyama,1995). Burt (1997) found that social and interpersonal trust can improve contracts enforcement and reduce transaction costs. In one study, Knack, and Keefer (1997) found that every 1 standard deviation increase in social trust on a country level is associated with more than 0.5 standard deviation increase in economic growth. ...
Trust is a main element that encourages people to collaborate and cooperate for mutual benefit and allows for information exchange. Several studies found that the level of trust that societies exhibit is highly correlated with economic performance. Trust was also associated with better scores on some indicators of government efficiency and infrastructure quality. Additionally, societies with high trust are more likely to deal successfully with social and economic problems such as distribution of common resources or externalities. The current study offers an overview on the concept of trust in Turkey, within a sociocultural context. It examines different types of trust using data from different waves of the World Values Survey. It shows that citizens in Turkey exhibit high trust in close ingroups, in, particularly their family. On the other hand, they show low to medium levels of trust in outgroups such as people from another religion or nationality. Additionally, it shows that some institutions such as political parties are less trusted in Turkey while the armed forces and the parliament are considered as more trustworthy by the Turkish public.
Keywords: Turkey, Social Trust, Institutional Trust, Interpersonal Trust, World Values Survey.
... Beyond this wide definition, academics have used the term in a variety of contradictory and perhaps inconsistent ways. According to researchers, social capital is the quality of individual actors who benefit from their position or status within a group or community [3]. Academics assert that social capital is a larger-scale trait of societies, nations, and economic networks (i.e. ...
Incentives of employees are a crucial factor for profit maximisation in organisations since they directly affect the productivity of products to be sold into the market. In order to maintain a positive working status, organisations must think of efficient methods such as reward systems, to enhance the relationship between all workers. This paper will investigate the importance of an efficient organisational working group, and the application of different reward systems to maintain high-level incentives through an analysis of game theory models. The prisoners dilemma game and the boxed pig game will be introduced to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of reward systems, as well as the elimination of the free-rider phenomenon.
... Three determinants influencing DMC encompass managerial cognition [30], managerial social capital [31]; [32], and managerial human capital [33] [34]. These determinants intricately shape the strategic decisions engendered by a manager. ...
The growth of tourism in Indonesia has demonstrated significant progress; however, Indonesia's competitive position in the tourism sector remains below that of Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Empirical studies have revealed a crucial fact: the existence of shifting demands in tourism and the emergence of green tourism. The objective of this research is to formulate a strategy for the development of the tourism industry in Indonesia, aimed at achieving competitive advantage. This study adopts a quantitative approach. Primary data were gathered through the use of questionnaires and interviews, and data analysis was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The research findings indicate that the strategy deemed most essential and viable for achieving Green Competitive Advantage (GCA) within the Hospitality Industry is fostering, enhancing literacy/understanding, and raising GCA awareness among all hotel management personnel. This strategy aims to bolster the commitment and involvement of hotel management in implementing environmentally friendly and sustainable business practices. The most pivotal factors in attaining GCA within the hospitality industry companies are Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, followed by government policies, innovation capabilities, and environmental capabilities. The primary actors contributing to the realization of GCA are the government, community, company leader, and associations.
... Accordingly, SC are important not only as macro-micro linkages in social networks, but also as units for analysis from the perspective that how they influence company performance through the generation and accumulation of social capital (Coleman, 1988;Burt, 1997;Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998;Cohen and Prusak, 2000) as individuals form and link SC in relationships between individuals, organizations, SC, companies and industries, and how they conversely influence individuals. ...
... Even though these positives exist, trusting relationships are difficult to maintain (Burt, 1997;Granovetter, 1973). Within an organizational setting, groupings where interpersonal trust overshadows institutional trust may exist. ...
Abstract: The Incident Command System (ICS) exists as the nationwide standard for onsite
incident management, as called for under the National Incident Management System
(NIMS). However, the effectiveness of ICS is debated, both for its systemic efficacy as a
response model and for its inconsistent application. Since the development of ICS,
individual responders have trained to work together as Incident Management Teams
(IMTs). Even though little research exists on IMTs, their use has increased widely since
the release of the NIMS. The alternative to IMTs is implementing ICS through a
collection of individuals in an ad hoc manner, often referred to as an Emergent Multi-
Organizational Network (EMON). This study strives to determine the impact of IMTs
versus EMONs on the effectiveness of emergency and disaster response. It is
hypothesized that the use of IMTs will increase the perceived effectiveness of a response,
specifically in the application of the Incident Command System. The population for this
study is emergency and disaster responders at large, regardless of disciplinary or
jurisdictional demographics. The sample population is individual responders comprising
both members and non-members of Incident Management Teams. The responders were
from across the four state area of FEMA Region VII (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and
Nebraska). Non-IMT responders serve as a control group of EMONs to determine
whether IMT membership has any effect on response. This study is limited in that it is
not based on specific responses. Instead, respondents provide feedback to a survey based
on what their normal actions were for their last biggest response.
... Possibly, living in a refugee camp acts as a sort of natural barrier for social networking with members of the host society. 33 As mentioned by Burt (1997) and Putnam (2000), this correlation has vital implications for refugees, because refugees might benefit from bridging networks with members of the host society in order to help them adapt to the new socio-cultural environment more quickly. ...
We analyze possible links between both trust and trustworthiness among Syrian refugees in Germany in relation to two different forms of social networking: bonding networks, which include only other Syrians, and bridging networks, which include people from the host country. Our results show that Syrians who engage in bonding networks show higher levels of trust and (un)conditional trustworthiness when interacting with a Syrian compared to a German participant. In turn, for refugees engaged in bridging networks, the positive discrimination refugees display towards their own peers decreases regarding trust and conditional trustworthiness and vanishes regarding unconditional trustworthiness. Newly arrived Syrian refugees tend to engage in bonding networks, whereas the length of stay and having a private home coincide with more bridging networks.
... This can be through, for example, promoting and shaping debates about future research directions in leading journals, on funding body panels, at major international/national conferences, in key practitioner-academic fora and through university and faculty level decisions on research funding, assessment and support. Second, at a relational level, the argument could be made that there is more need for researchers to complement the development of strong bonds within the CMR community of practice (as valuable as that is) with greater bridging social capital that promotes a more outward-looking approach (Putnam, 1998;Burt, 1997). Bridging social capital builds on the strength of weak ties, opening up any community of practice to a wider range of knowledge and experience and encourages divergence of viewpoint and openness, rather than tendencies towards conformity and network closure (Uzzi, 1997). ...
... However, for Burt [34], tie strength was correlated with diversity but not with a cause. A low degree of redundancy indicates there are structural holes in a network's information flow because the focal firm's contacts generally are not linked to one another [24,34,35]. Thus, the different ends of the holes (structural holes in the network) have access to different flows of information [36]. ...
... Social embeddedness, "the nature, depth and extent of an individual's ties into an environment, community or society" (McKeever et al. 2014: 222; also see Portes and Sensenbrenner 1993), can facilitate or constrain action. It potentially gives access to resources (e.g., financial resources; Batjargal et al. 2013), status and legitimacy (Burt 1997), emotional support (Ozcan and Eisenhardt 2009;Schutjens and Stam 2003;Shane 2003), and learning benefits (Busch 2014)-all of which can be conducive to the surfacing of serendipity. ...
Serendipity is at the core of many innovations, inventions, and entrepreneurial opportunities. However, despite its importance for organisations and individuals alike, research on the dimensions and antecedents of serendipity is surprisingly scarce. In this chapter, Christian Busch and Matthew Grimes review and synthesize research on serendipity in the entrepreneurship, strategy, and innovation context, and suggest a novel conceptualisation of the process of (cultivating) serendipity. They thereby provide the reader with a thorough and wide-ranging view of how serendipity has come into the fore in the field of organization and management, but also what possibilities it opens up for understanding and creating the conditions for entrepreneurial success. They advance a process-oriented model of serendipity that serves as a basis to elaborate factors that increase the chances for serendipitous encounters and how to capitalize on them. Amongst those, Busch and Grimes distinguish between individual (including reframing, extrovertedness and perseverance) and organizational factors (including systematic evaluations, iteration and team-based collaboration). Their paper, thereby, advances the conceptual understanding of serendipity as much as a theory of how to transfer this understanding successfully into the entrepreneurial context.
... Bridging requires a person who connects the two groups acting on the incentive of being the first to benefit from new information and resources until they spread throughout the groups. The bridging function is suggested by, among others, Bourdieu (1980), Burt (1992Burt ( , 1997Burt ( , 2001, and Portes (1998), who view social capital as a resource "tying a focal actor to other actors" (Adler & Kwon, 2002, p. 19). Likewise well-known is "the strength of weak ties" (Granovetter, 1973(Granovetter, , 2017 assumption that suggests that weak ties to acquaintances are the most effective in landing a job, contrary to strong ties to close friends. ...
While informal networking has been universally regarded as an important feature of expatriate effectiveness, respective network constructs (yongo, wasta, blat/svyazi, etc.) remain weakly understood when taking expatriates' ability to connect to local networks into account. Drawing on informal institution and social capital theory, we present informal networks as an important contextual factor in international human resource management (IHRM), relevant to the work of expatriates in particular. We define informal networks by pointing out their distinctive nature in contrast to social networks and developing central themes to guide future research in this area. This is achieved by integrating the informal network context into research themes relevant to the IHRM domain. In this article, seven research themes centering on focal research questions are developed, which, taken together, constitute a future research agenda and expand the typical domain of IHRM research in the informal network context.
... (ii) The resources that relationships cutting across social categories can provide are lost (Blau & Schwartz, 1984). Beginning from Granovetter's (1973Granovetter's ( , 1983) classic characterization of the strength of weak ties, heterophily or bridging capital is paramount to gaining access to more diverse information and opportunities (see Burt, 1997, Burt, 2004). Much evidence has since repeatedly demonstrated the importance of network capital for social capital: having connections in a variety of social worlds expands the types of information, cultural resources, and social support (instrumental and expressive) that actors receive, which generate a marked advantage for upward mobility for individuals (DiMaggio & Garip, 2011;Enns et al., 2008;Erickson, 1996aErickson, , 1996bErickson, , 2003Erickson, , 2004Erickson, , 2009Lin, 2001b;Lin & Erickson, 2008;Tindall & Cormier, 2008;Wellman & Frank, 2001) and greater profits for firms (Bothner et al., 2010;Eccles & Crane, 1988;Podolny, 1993Podolny, , 1994Rivera et al., 2010). ...
Scott Feld’s focus theory stimulated one of the most important traditions in the study of the concept of homophily in connection to individual action and network behavior across sociology and organizational studies. This article uses Feld’s focus theory as a starting point of reference to examine the major theoretical developments and empirical applications of homophily since his pioneering work. First, this article interrogates the causes of homophily by examining structured versus social psychological preference for similarity as two prominent explanatory mechanisms for homophily. Second, this article scopes out the consequences of homophily by examining the advantages and disadvantages of homophily for individual action and network behavior. Finally, building on the previous sections, this article proposes new areas for the study of homophily: deleterious psychosocial consequences of homophily, the role of multiplexity in causing homophily, and the disaggregation of homophily in general into different, nuanced (potentially interacting) types of homophily. This article thus contributes to the literature by offering a critical juncture to examine the key arguments that have guided the study of homophily since Feld’s focus theory and an important launching point for future research on the concept of homophily and its applications.
... Theoretical, managerial and policy implications The theory of social capital, which is in consonance with the concept of IFC, suggests that social networking among organizational members with external actors gives them access to certain vital strategic resources such as information, knowledge, social support, advice and friendship (Adler & Kwon, 2002;Burt, 1997;Coleman, 1988;Inkpen & Tsang, 2005;Lo & Tian, 2020;Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998;Nguyen & Ha, 2020;Putnam, 1995). IFC helps to eliminate departmental barriers, paving the way for access to the strategic resources aforementioned. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to theoretically broaden the knowledge-based view (KBV) by examining the significant intermediary role that inter-functional coordination (IFC) plays in acquiring new knowledge and exploiting it throughout the entire higher education institution (HEI) community for innovation generation (INNG).
Design/methodology/approach
Data collected from a survey of 282 lecturers purposively selected from the business schools of 20 HEIs in the Greater Accra region of Ghana was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation model to test the hypotheses proposed for the study.
Findings
The results revealed that IFC significantly predicts teamwork and strong relationships across faculties, departments and units, and has a positive effect on the generation of innovations such as improved curricula, enhanced academic instruction and quality research output. Practically, the findings advise HEI managers to invest resources and efforts at building strong relationships that facilitate collaboration, trust and interactions among varying faculties, departments and units. This will enhance inter-functional knowledge sharing in academia to sustain a competitive advantage and continued relevance.
Research limitations/implications
There are limitations that must be considered when interpreting and generalizing the quantitative results of this study. Data were collected from faculty staff of 20 public and private HEIs in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Although the majority of HEIs are clustered in this region, the results may still not be representative of all HEIs in Ghana.
Practical implications
Managers of HEIs are advised to commit to ensuring the management of IFC to promote knowledge sharing across faculties and departments. Managers are also advised to ensure that staff are made to be responsible for their cooperative and integrative teamwork. They are also advised to ensure that faculty and departmental goals are aligned with the overall goals of the university. Staff may also be encouraged to act as partners and not just employees through rewards, incentives and recognition packages.
Social implications
Attention should be focused on creating lateral relations among faculty and department members to achieve internal social capital. They are advised to invest resources and efforts in building a culture of teamwork and connectedness through strong informal networking that facilitate collaboration between faculties and departments while cultivating a shared vision throughout the university.
Originality/value
The main contribution of this paper is that it theoretically extends the KBV by empirically broadening the scope of absorptive capacity (ACAP) beyond its dimensions to include the “collaborative mechanism” (IFC) through which knowledge can be holistically exploited. The paper also contributes to existing literature by examining the intermediary role played by IFC in the relationship between ACAP and INNG in the HEIs domain which has been least discussed in the ACAP literature.
... Social capital is defined as ''the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or social unit" (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998, p. 243). Some studies (Coleman James Samuel, 1990 an asset that is entrenched in the interactions of individuals, groups, networks, or societies (Burt, 1997;Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998;Păunescu & Badea, 2014;Walker et al., 1997). Even though the researchers defined the notion differently, this work adheres to the three-dimensional perspective (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). ...
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to increase theoretical knowledge regarding psychosocial antecedents of entrepreneurial intention by explaining the interrelation between personality characteristics and social capital in the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Theoretical framework: The study is a combination of two theories. The first one is the personality approach(trait approach) of entrepreneurship(Chye Koh, 1996) and the second one is the social capital approach of entrepreneurship (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998) . Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on secondary data collected by a review of the literature from journals in the disciplines of entrepreneurship, business and management, psychology, and sociology. Findings: This article establishes the interrelationships between three major entrepreneurial personalities (Need for Achievement, Locus of control, and Innovativeness) and social capital in forming entrepreneurial intentions by presenting five major propositions which led to building a conceptual framework. Research, Practical & Social implications: The theoretical implication of this study is that the conceptual framework presented in this article may be used to guide empirical investigations on entrepreneurial intention in the future. Originality/value: This study theoretically demonstrates how personality characteristics and social capital interactively form entrepreneurial intention through a conceptual framework.
RESUME L'article présente une revue de littérature sur le capital social. Les études sur la performance des entreprises occupent une place importante dans les travaux fondamentaux de beaucoup de chercheurs en sciences économiques et de gestion. Cependant les avis et les résultats sur les impulsions sociales de la performance des entreprises restent divergents. Ainsi, par exemple, les développements menés par Nkakleu (2003) révèlent que les entreprises, dont les dirigeants, ont des liens sociaux plus nombreux fonctionnent mieux, sont plus performantes que celles dont les liens sociaux des dirigeants le sont moins. Les travaux menés par Baillette (2001) auprès du groupement des chefs d'entreprises du Québec révèlent que le capital social développé par ces dirigeants leur a permis d'accéder à des sources informationnelles très riches et à d'autres ressources variées. Dans la même lancée, Plociniczak (2004) affirme que « l'analyse de la création d'entreprises, et plus généralement, de l'action économique ne peut se passer d'une intégration pleine et effective des cadres relationnels et des structures institutionnelles sans lesquels elle ne pourrait se déployer » (Plociniczak, 2004, p.1-37). Le présent article se propose de montrer l'impact de la prise en compte du capital social sur le processus de construction de la performance des entreprises, afin de donner une impulsion de reconsidération de la place des rapports humains et sociaux aux dirigeants dans la construction de leurs performances. ABSTRACT Business performance studies are an important part of the basic work of many economics and management researchers. However, opinions IMPACT DU CAPITAL SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL SUR LA PERFORMANCE ET L'ACCÈS AUX RESSOURCES EXTERNES : REVUE DES ÉCRITS International Journal Of Economics and Management Research, Volume 1, N°1, Janvier-Juin 2020 104 and results on the social impulses of business performance remain divergent. Thus, for example, the developments led by Nkakleu (2003) reveal that companies, whose leaders, have more social ties work better, are more successful than those whose social ties are less important. The work conducted by Baillette (2001) on the group of Quebec business leaders reveals that the social capital developed by these leaders has enabled them to access very rich information sources and other varied resources. In the same vein, Plociniczak (2004) states that "the analysis of business creation, and more generally of economic action, can not do without a full and effective integration of relational frameworks and institutional structures without which it could not deploy "(Plociniczak, 2004, p.1-37). This article aims to show the impact of taking social capital into account in the process of building corporate performance, in order to give impetus to reconsider the place of human and social relations to leaders in the construction of their performances.
Local residents play a significant role tin he growth of sustainable tourism and have a direct influence on it. In Vietnam, local governments have organized many training sessions to raise awareness and promote residents’ support for and participation in sustainable local tourism development. However, differences in the culture, knowledge level and traditional communication methods of local people mean that this activity is not very effective. The purpose of this research is to analyse the influence of social media on residents’ value perception and support of tourism. The survey was conducted online and in person; 368 respondents from three typical communities in the Vietnamese city of Can Tho provided responses. The results of the study indicate that: (1) three elements had a direct impact on residents’ engagement in promoting tourism: social media use, social support, and value perception; and (2) there was a link between the information source and residents’ perceptions and their attitudes. At the same time, the study demonstrates that the relationship between social support (information support, emotional support, and peer support) and social media has a significantly greater impact than one-way information support from traditional government media. Some governance implications to raise awareness and strengthen residents' support of tourism are proposed.
The aim of this research is to examine the drivers of followers´ behavioural engagement with eco-friendly restaurants on Instagram. In addition, the present study explores the influence of followers´ behavioural engagement on word of mouth (WOM) and intention to visit the restaurant, paying special attention to the moderating effect of consumers’ attitudes towards the use of emojis in the posts. The research model was tested on 491 female followers of the Instagram account operated by the establishment. Following the validation of measurement scales, the hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS software. It was found that behavioural brand engagement was positively affected, with similar intensity, by the perceived enjoyment provided by, and the perceived originality of, brand-generated content posted on Instagram. In addition, behavioural brand engagement was found to drive positive WOM and visiting intentions, and WOM had a significantly higher effect on females who have positive attitudes towards emojis. Brand-generated content (BGC) characteristics (perceived enjoyment and perceived originality) increase followers' brand engagement. Managers should focus on BGC characteristics and the communication style of their messages to strengthen follower-brand relationships. This research can help restaurant owners/managers understand the drivers and outcomes of followers´ behavioural engagement with brands (FBE) on Instagram and the role of emojis on customer behaviours.
Research Summary
In socially contested settings, it is often difficult to connect with (diverse) others, and it is unclear how entrepreneurs in these contexts may develop the social ties that previous research has shown to be valuable. We studied this subject matter in Kenya, an ethnically fractionalized society that recently experienced the decentralization of government, which required entrepreneurs to deal with both in‐group and out‐group ethnicities. We conducted an inductive case study of four Nairobi‐based companies and captured the creative tactics that they used to transcend ethnic homophily (by defocusing from ethnicity and reframing the in‐group) while also asserting ethnic homophily (by signaling tribal affiliation and leveraging others' ethnicity). We contribute to a deeper understanding of how and why entrepreneurs in socially contested settings develop social ties.
Managerial Summary
Entrepreneurs in socially contested settings rely on social networks to access resources and opportunities. However, it is unclear how entrepreneurs in these settings develop and use these networks. We studied this question in an ethnically fractionalized setting that recently experienced the decentralization of government: Kenya. Entrepreneurs who previously provided information technology (IT) services to the central government had to deal with both own‐tribe and other‐tribe contacts to receive new contracts. We studied four Nairobi‐based IT firms that operated across a variety of counties and analyzed the creative tactics that entrepreneurs in this context use to cross ethnic divides while also working with own‐tribe contacts. This contributes to our collective understanding of how and why entrepreneurs in socially contested settings develop diverse social ties to access resources and opportunities.
With the dramatic rise in interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities among academicians, top executives, policymakers, and changing societal circumstances, there is an increased pressure on corporations today to include CSR in the company’s core mission. We investigate whether the levels of social capital in U.S. counties, as captured by trust, civic norms, and the density of social networks, are related to the CSR focus of corporations. Specifically, we find that firms headquartered in U.S. counties with higher levels of social capital place more emphasis on internally oriented CSR activities than on externally oriented CSR activities. The finding is robust when using an alternate proxy of social capital i.e., organ donation, and in different periods, including the financial crisis of 2007- 09.
This book is predicated on the idea that Sociology offers values and skills that can enable you to achieve most of your professional and personal goals. Recontextualizing both your values and skills to approach the labor market will increase your chances of professional and personal success. In this chapter I address the reality that sometimes who you know may be as important as what you know. For a clear example where connections matter, take Ivanka Trump. Through her association with her father, she created a successful career in real estate. She also managed to walk the corridors of power and get access to some of the most influential people on the planet. When accused of benefiting from nepotism, she once said that while her father opened doors for her, she had to be competent enough to go through them. She may not recognize it, but finding and opening doors is one of the most difficult tasks in any career.
As towns seek to harness the espoused benefits of culture and creative industry-led regeneration and economic development, we argue that for satellite-towns lying outside major cities, successful culture-led regeneration strategies must consider how local organisational identities are constructed in relation to their creative-city counterparts. We demonstrate that the spatial nature of power relations reproduces existing inequalities. Drawing upon organisational and institutional theories (Scott in Institutions and organisations: Ideas interests and identities. Sage, 2014) as well as the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu we examine the role of ‘symbolic violence’ (Bourdieu, 1980) within the institutional practices that reinforce systems of dependence between city centre and peripheral cultural and creative organisations. The evidence presented in this paper is taken from a case study of Oldham, a post-industrial, satellite town on the periphery of Manchester (UK). The relational study deployed a unique combination of research methodologies including elements from: social network analysis, field theory, discourse theory, theories of movement and material culture to reveal the nature and meaning of inter-organisational field relationships. The research provides a key insight into patterns of influence and reveals a web of causality within the institutional field crucial to understanding hierarchies and inequalities within local arts and cultural fields. We argue that successful creative and culture-led regeneration strategies must consider how local organisational identities are constructed in relation to other members of the institutional field, concluding that localised cultural and creative ecosystems require policy mechanisms which reduce organisations’ reliance on legitimising capital available from the fields in which they are nested.KeywordsSymbolic violenceEcosystemsOldhamManchesterCreative and cultural clustersSatellite dependencyNetwork theoryPierre Bourdieu
The study examined relationship between perceived organizational support (POS), social capital (SC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study made used 102 participants (male = 72, 70.6%, female = 30, 29.4%) drawn from Nnamdi Azikiwe university, Akaw. Previous measurement scales in the literature that measure employees POS, SC and OCB were adopted. This scales have been adopted in Nigeria, though, the researcher went further conduct an item reliability study to ensure the usefulness of the scale in the present study. However, three hypotheses were stated and tested; first, POS will have a significant positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior, second, SC will positively and significantly predict OCB. SPSS version 20 was used in the analysis. Regression statistics results indicated that POS positively and significantly predict OCB [β(102) = .249, p < .00]. Social capital also has significant positive correlation with OCB [β(102) = .223, p < .01]. These findings imply that employees will exhibit OCB when there is adequate provision of organizational support, or when there is social capital development. The researcher therefore recommends that organizational management and government resort to providing support and increasing social capital oriented work environment as a way to increase OCB among their employees.
Small and medium industry (IKM) is a business that produces various types of products needed by various types of living things such as humans, animals and plants. The purpose of this study was conducted to develop variables that Networking Analysis, Adoption of Accounting Information Technology, Dynamic Capabilities on Organizational Performance with Corporate Strategy as Moderating Variables. The research method uses the quantitative to determine the relationships and influences between variables, with 205 respondents. Selection of the sample using hair method and data collection using a questionnaire. Data is processed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SMART-PLS. The results showed that the networking, information technology adoption, dynamic capabilities and business strategy affect the performance of SMEs. The moderating role of business strategy is able to strengthen the effect of networking and dynamic capabilities on IKM performance, but weakens the influence of adoption of accounting information technology on IKM performance
Innovativeness can help companies differentiate themselves, with the ultimate goal of securing survival and improving performance. Modern theories in organizational behavior look at innovation as something that starts with individual creativity but that is also affected by the work environment. Using one broad industry sector, the US forest products industry, this study attempts to integrate into a unifying model the concepts of work climate, innovativeness, and firm performance using structural equation modeling. Results support the proposed theoretical model, with some modifications, finding a positive and significant relationship among all factors. Having innovation as a core part of a company's strategy and fostering a climate for innovation positively affects the degree of innovativeness and performance of a company. This is especially true for secondary or value-added wood products manufacturers. A climate for innovation is characterized by high levels of autonomy and encouragement, team cohesion, openness to change and risk taking, and sufficient resources available to people. Lack of a validation sample suggests treating the model as tentative until further testing. Résumé : L'innovativité peut aider les entreprises à se démarquer les unes des autres avec comme objectif ultime d'as-surer leur survie et d'améliorer leur performance. Les théories modernes du comportement organisationnel considèrent que l'innovation découle de la créativité des individus mais qu'elle est aussi influencée par le milieu de travail. Utilisant un large secteur industriel, l'industrie américaine des produits forestiers, cette étude tente d'intégrer dans un modèle unifica-teur les concepts de climat de travail, d'innovativité et de performance de l'entreprise en ayant recours à la modélisation par équation structurelle. Avec quelques modifications, les résultats supportent le modèle théorique proposé en mettant en évidence une relation positive et significative entre tous les facteurs. Le fait que l'innovation soit au coeur de la stratégie d'une entreprise et que celle-ci entretienne un climat propice à l'innovation affectent positivement son degré d'innovativité et sa performance. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les entreprises de seconde transformation du bois ou celles qui fabri-quent des produits à valeur ajoutée. Un climat qui favorise l'innovation est caractérisé par un degré élevé d'autonomie et de support, la cohésion d'équipe, l'ouverture face aux changements et la disposition à prendre des risques ainsi que par la disponibilité de ressources suffisantes pour les personnes. L'absence d'échantillon de validation incite à considérer le mod-èle comme provisoire tant qu'il n'aura pas été davantage testé. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Innovativeness can help companies differentiate themselves, with the ultimate goal of securing survival and improving performance. Modern theories in organizational behavior look at innovation as something that starts with individual creativity but that is also affected by the work environment. Using one broad industry sector, the US forest products industry, this study attempts to integrate into a unifying model the concepts of work climate, innovativeness, and firm performance using structural equation modeling. Results support the proposed theoretical model, with some modifications, finding a positive and significant relationship among all factors. Having innovation as a core part of a company's strategy and fostering a climate for innovation positively affects the degree of innovativeness and performance of a company. This is especially true for secondary or value-added wood products manufacturers. A climate for innovation is characterized by high levels of autonomy and encouragement, team cohesion, openness to change and risk taking, and sufficient resources available to people. Lack of a validation sample suggests treating the model as tentative until further testing. Résumé : L'innovativité peut aider les entreprises à se démarquer les unes des autres avec comme objectif ultime d'as-surer leur survie et d'améliorer leur performance. Les théories modernes du comportement organisationnel considèrent que l'innovation découle de la créativité des individus mais qu'elle est aussi influencée par le milieu de travail. Utilisant un large secteur industriel, l'industrie américaine des produits forestiers, cette étude tente d'intégrer dans un modèle unifica-teur les concepts de climat de travail, d'innovativité et de performance de l'entreprise en ayant recours à la modélisation par équation structurelle. Avec quelques modifications, les résultats supportent le modèle théorique proposé en mettant en évidence une relation positive et significative entre tous les facteurs. Le fait que l'innovation soit au coeur de la stratégie d'une entreprise et que celle-ci entretienne un climat propice à l'innovation affectent positivement son degré d'innovativité et sa performance. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les entreprises de seconde transformation du bois ou celles qui fabri-quent des produits à valeur ajoutée. Un climat qui favorise l'innovation est caractérisé par un degré élevé d'autonomie et de support, la cohésion d'équipe, l'ouverture face aux changements et la disposition à prendre des risques ainsi que par la disponibilité de ressources suffisantes pour les personnes. L'absence d'échantillon de validation incite à considérer le mod-èle comme provisoire tant qu'il n'aura pas été davantage testé. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
The starting point for our inquiry was the visible disproportion between the number
of female students and women employed at art academies in Poland. After the
research has begun, it quickly turned out that the problem concerns not only the longterm academic staff – it emerges on the very early stage of artistic education and has more than just one possible source. The participants of the study include women and men, persons with many years of experience and relative novices, active artists and educators, as well as representatives of various cities and faculties. In the presented report from the inquiry into the presence of women at state art academies in Poland, we are trying to highlight inequalities which are reflected in the results of our study, indicate what could be the reason of such disproportion and, above all, invite various circles to a discussion.
Labour market experiences of three immigrant minorities in the United States are reviewed and contrasted with the three principal theories bearing on ethnic poverty and economic mobility: cultural assimilation, human capital acquisition, and industrial restructuring. Although there is support for each, they do not account satisfactorily for the experiences of many ethnic groups, in particular those who have progressed on the basis of socially embedded small entrepreneurship. An alternative conceptualization is suggested by these experiences that highlights the significance of community level variables and, in particular, alternative sources of social capital. The character of these processes is examined. Its implications for theories and policy towards ethnic minorities are discussed.
Much of the evidence of coordination between corporations and their markets comes from cross-sectional conducted within portions of the American economy during the past two decades. We know, especially for manufacturing during the late 1960s, that certain structural qualities of markets predict profits and the organization of large firms. But this evidence is open to an uncomfortable empirical question: To what extent did the social-structural qualities determining resource dependence in American markets change during the 1960s and 1970s so as to limit the generalizability of cross-sectional evidence? The analysis here shows that markets were dramatically stable in he social structure of production relations known to predict the structure of large firms. Relying principally on Department of Commerce data, the article traces the American economy through the 1960s and 1970s in terms of 77 broadly defined markets, describing the stability of market boundaries and patterns of transactions with suppliers and consumers, the enduring profit inequalities generated by the social structure of the markets, and the constant sources of market constraint to be managed by firms designed to operate within each market. The implications are that organizational research with cross-sectional
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the structural determinants of power in exchange networks, along with research findings from laboratory experiments and a computer simulation of bargaining in network structures. Two theoretical traditions are dealt with: (1) point centrality in graph-theoretic representations of structure, as an approach to power distributions; and (2) powerdependence principles applied to exchange networks. Measures of centrality available in the literature have the advantage of being easily applied to large and complex networks. In contrast, powerdependence concepts were conceived for use in microsociology and are found to be cumbersome in the analysis of complex networks. But despite the relative difficulty of applying power-dependence theory to network structures, that approach generates hypotheses about power distributions which are confirmed at nearly every point in a laboratory experiment with five-person networks and at every point in a computer simulation of networks too large for laboratory study. In contrast, centrality measures applied to the type of networks studied fail to predict power distributions. Although centrality measures might predict power in some networks, their generality is limited. Toward resolution of the issues raised, this study offers two theoretical points: (1) a distinction between two different principles of "connection" in social networks suggests that current measures of centrality might predict power in one type of network but not in the other; and (2) it offers a first step toward a fusion of power-dependence theory and structural centrality in a way which might be general across networks of both types.
Experimental research indicates that people in face-to-face brainstorming meetings are less efficient at generating ideas than when working alone, This so-called productivity loss has led many brainstorming researchers to conclude that there is overwhelming evidence for the ineffectiveness of these sessions, We question this conclusion because it is based on efficient idea generation as the primary effectiveness outcome and on studies that do not examine how or why organizations use brainstorming. We report a qualitative study of a product design firm that uses brainstorming sessions. These sessions had six important consequences for this firm, its design engineers, and its clients that are not evident in the brainstorming literature, or are reported but not labeled as effectiveness outcomes: (1) supporting the organizational memory of design solutions; (2) providing skill variety for designers; (3) supporting an attitude of wisdom (acting with knowledge while doubting what one knows); (4) creating a status auction (a competition for status based on technical skill); (5) impressing clients; and (6) providing income for the firm, This study suggests that when brainstorming sessions are viewed in organizational context and the ''effectiveness at what'' and ''effectiveness for whom'' questions are asked, efficiency at idea generation may deserve no special status as an effectiveness outcome. We propose a broader perspective for assessing brainstorming effectiveness in organizations.
Cet article est une introduction non technique à l'analyse de réseaux intra- et inter-organisationnels. Il comprend une présentation générale de ses principaux concepts et procédures, de quelques études utilisant cette forme de modélisation et de problèmes posés par son utilisation dans la recherche empirique. On y décrit ses affinités avec l'analyse stratégique " à la française ", comme avec toute approche inductive qui repose sur une connaissance ethnographique du terrain. L'analyse de réseaux apparaît ainsi, d'une part, comme une méthode qui consolide des approches organisationnelles classiques en opérationnalisant des concepts abstraits et, d'autre part, comme un stimulant technique et conceptuel pour la sociologie des organisations et la sociologie économique.
A Family of new measures of point and graph centrality based on early intuitions of Bavelas (1948) is introduced. These measures define centrality in terms of the degree to which a point falls on the shortest path between others and therefore has a potential for control of communication. They may be used to index centrality in any large or small network of symmetrical relations, whether connected or unconnected.
Many theories address the problem of how a social structure affects the experiences and behaviors of its members. This paper offers a network-exchange theory to solve this problem. Previous research has shown that the nature and outcomes of negotiations among individual or corporate actors can be inferred from their network positions. The impact of this research has been limited because its theory does not enable the researcher to locate power positions in the networks. We offer a theory that is both consistent with all previously reported experimental research and is generalized to conditions not considered by other formulations. In addition to supporting derived hypotheses pertaining to network-based power, our experiments demonstrate, among other things, that certain unstable networks break down to form stable substructures and that some networks contain overlapping but autonomous domains of power and exchange.
Social capital refers to the structure of individuals’ contact networks-the pattern of interconnection among the various people with whom each person is tied. The central idea behind social capital arguments is that differences in social contexts produce inequality. In fact, with regard to career attainment, social capital arguments reason that differences in social networks account for performance differences among similarly educated, able, and experienced individuals-that individuals with better social capital earn higher rates of return on their human capital.
We examine how self-employment among Asian and Hispanic immigrants is affected by family composition and human capital/class resources. Because of collective interests and strong personal ties, the family facilitates the pooling of labor power and financial resources. Enterprising immigrants draw on these resources when establishing and operating small businesses. Our findings also show the importance of human capital/class resources in accounting for immigrant self-employment. Although foreign-earned human capital is usually not highly valued in the host labor market, immigrants successfully use this human capital to achieve business ownership. Interethnic variation in personal human capital and family composition accounts for a substantial portion of the observed interethnic variation in self-employment.
Cet article est une introduction aux effets du capital social au sommet de l'organisation. Sont confrontés le capital social et le capital humain et décrits les bénéfices en information et en contrôle que procurent les réseaux riches en trous structuraux. Les revenus du capital humain sont supérieurs pour les acteurs riches en capital social. Les données de réseau sur un échantillon de cadres supérieurs illustrent la manière dont le capital social influe sur le succès relatif de ces directeurs en termes de promotion et compte davantage encore dans des organisations peu bureaucratisées où les acteurs occupent des emplois au profil unique et doivent plus souvent qu'ailleurs établir la légitimité de leurs actions. /// This paper is an introduction to social capital effects at the top of the firm. I contrast social capital with human capital, and discuss the information and control benefits provided by contact networks rich in structural holes. Higher returns to human capital are expected for people rich in social capital. I use network data on a probability sample of senior managers to illustrate two conclusions: (1) Social capital matters for the relative success of managers. (2) Social capital matters more where individuals matter more. Where many people do the same kind of work, peers are a frame of reference, and legitimacy is established by the number of people doing the work. Where few people do the same kind of work, there is no frame of reference, and legitimacy has to be established. The information and control benefits of structural holes are more valuable for the second kind of work. Results on the senior managers show that social capital is more valuable toward the top of the firm, and more valuable for managers in unique jobs than for managers with many peers. In fact, the value of social capital decreases exponentially with the number of managers doing the same work. /// Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Einführung in die Auswirkungen des sozialen Kapitals an der Organisationsspitze. Das soziale Kapital und das menschliche Kapital werden gegenübergestellt und die Vorteile in Bezug auf Information und Kontrolle werden beschrieben, die aus den an Strukturlöchern reichen Netzwerken entstehen. Die Erträge aus dem menschlichen Kapital sind grösser für die an sozialem Kapital reichen Aktoren. Die Netzwerkdaten aus einer Auswahl von leitenden Angestellten illustrieren die Art des Einflusses, den das soziale Kapital auf berufliches Weiterkommen ausübt. Dieses soziale Kapital ist noch wichtiger in wenig bürokratisierten Organisationen, wo die Aktoren Stellen mit einem Einzigprofil einnehmen und wo sie nicht öfters als anderswo die Legitimität ihrer Aktionen erstellen müßen. /// Este artículo es una introducción de los efectos del capital social en la cima de la organización. El capital social y el capital humano se enfrentan y describen los beneficios en información y en control que procuran las redes ricas en vacíos estructurales. Los ingresos del capital humano son superiores para los actores ricos en capital social. Los datos de una muestra obtenida en una red de cuadros superiores ilustran la manera como el capital social influye sobre el éxito relativo de esos directores en términos de promoción e influye todavía mas en las organizaciones poco burocratizadas en las que los actores ocupan empleos con un perfil único y que deben mas que en otras partes establecer la legitimidad de sus acciones.
In this study the additional effect of social capital over and above the contribution of human capital on the income attainment of managers is explored A regression analysis of a 1985 sample of III executive team members in Swedish public firms shows that social capital is an important influencing factor of managers incomes The results also show that firm size increases managers income levels Furthermore. it is not as argued in earlier network research. weak ties that generate these instrumental effects hut strong ties
This article shows that occupancy of brokerage positions in the U.S. health policy domain's communication network is a crucial determinant of influence. However, the ability to convert structural position into power is contingent on the type of brokerage position occupied and whether the actor is a government organization. In the government sector, actors in representative positions are more influential to the extent that they take public stands on events, whereas liaison and itinerant positions only confer influence if their occupants remain impartial. The article concludes that the influence of government organizations is contingent on their capacity to link disparate actors in the communication network while remaining uncommitted to specific policy agendas.
My purpose here is to define and illustrate a concept of "structural autonomy" based on recent developments in network analysis. The concept is stated in terms of the pattern of relations defining a network position, and it incorporates aspects of oligopoly from economics and group-affiliation from sociology. Eight hypotheses are derived from the proposed concept. These hypotheses concern the effects on autonomy of aspects of the pattern of relations defining a network position, the places in social structure where cooptive relations should appear (as well as places where they should not), and the increase in autonomy that can be expected from effective cooptation. Numerical illustration is provided. As a useful research site, firms in manufacturing industries of the 1967 American economy are treated as structurally equivalent actors, and total profits in an industry are taken to be a result of the relative autonomy of firms in separate industries. The autonomy hypotheses are used to explain relative indu...
This paper examines a structural theory of industrial organization and operation. The analytical approach taken is largely based on the premise that industry is embedded in the social structure of market competition. Moreover, imperfect competition and industrial resource dependence are composed of and reflected in interindustrial transaction patterns. Using network models of imperfect competition, this study explains the determinants of Israeli industrial performance. The first part of this paper inquires into the structure of interindustrial relations using structural equivalence as a diagnostic tool. In the second part structural determinants of industrial profitability are estimated. Profitability is predicted by the degree of control an industry has over its domestic transactions and its linkage to the world economy. Implications of this study for the theoretical models of social competition and for an empirical analysis of markets and firms are discussed.
This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper concludes with an experimental test of one of the four propositions deduced from the theory. Six trials of the experiment found significant support for this propositon.
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For a class of social actions such as seeking a job, the socioeconomic standings of the contact (social resources) an individual uses will probably be very important in achieving a desired result. Drawing upon data from a sample of working males aged 21-64 in the metropolitan area of Albany-Troy-Schenectady, New York, we found that the job seeker's personal resources (initially his family background, but more importantly later his educational and occupational achievements) as well as his use of weak ties affect his ability to reach a contact of high status. The contact's status, in turn, has a strong and direct effect on the prestige of the attained job. As job experience increases, a person relies more on constructed rather than ascribed relations and the strong tie between his contact and the hiring firm becomes increasingly important.
This study explored the effects of social capital, measured both absolutely and relatively, on CEO compensation in a sample of 61 CEO-compensation committee chairperson dyads. We controlled for variables representing economic, social comparison, and other social influence explanations for CEO compensation. Social similarity did not influence pay, but a chair's absolute social capital and a CEO's social capital relative to his or her chair's significantly increased CEO compensation. The potential of social capital explanations to increase understanding of the executive wage-setting process beyond that derived from simple economic theories is discussed.
Previous studies which examine the theory linking social resources to instrumental action have focused on a particular activated set of social ties in order to assess the effects of social resources on a specific action (finding a job or finding a stranger). However, the theory also implies that an individual's access to such social resources is contingent upon his/her social position as well as the nature of the social ties used. Assuming positions in the occupational structure represent resources, this paper reports a study designed to examine access to occupations through social ties.Data tend to support two major propositions in the theory. The strength of positions (as indicated by father's occupation) as well as the strength of ties (as indicated by the nature of the tie being a relative, friend or acquaintance) affect one's access to high-prestige occupations and affect the range of occupations accessed. Higher original positions and weaker ties (friends and acquaintances rather than relatives) provide better access to white-collar or more prestigious occupations, and, as a consequence, provide access to a wider range of occupations. Weaker ties provide better access to social resources than stronger ties, especially for those whose original positions are relatively low. There is also some evidence that friends, as opposed to relatives and acquaintances, may provide the widest access to different positions in the occupational structure. However, this finding is tentative since access through acquaintances may have been underestimated due to the particular measure used and to the possibility of a recall problem.
Despite the dramatic stability in the aggregate structure of transactions between markets during the 1960s and 1970s (Burt, 1988), considerable instability at the organizational level is found. The sources of volatility are examined using the aggregate input-output tables and the data on the large manufacturing firms in the American economy. The instability covaries with the parameters of the market structure. The typical pattern is a higher instability in a low autonomy market or vice versa. In the markets heavily dependent upon the trade with the government, however, the competitive pressures are found to be significantly alleviated.
We address two questions central to the "network as resources" argument, using network data from two mass surveys. First, how is range best measured? We identify six dimensions of range: one each reflecting network size and complexity, and two each representing density and diversity. Second, what is the nature of the relationship between SES and social resources? Evidence here supports the proposition that network range and composition are positively related to an actor's socioeconomic status. © 1986 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland) All rights reserved.
The socioeconomic performance of today's workers depends not only on parental skills but also on the average skills of the ethnic group in the parents' generation (or ethnic capital). This paper investigates the link between the ethnic externality and ethnic neighborhoods. The evidence indicates that residential segregation and the external effect of ethnicity are linked, partly because ethnic capital summarizes the socioeconomic background of the neighborhood where the children were raised. Ethnicity has an external effect, even among persons who grow up in the same neighborhood, when children are exposed frequently to persons who share the same ethnic background. Copyright 1995 by American Economic Association.