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The Development of an Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship
Abstract
This paper takes a macroperspective of entrepreneurship, and focuses on the issues and events involved in constructing an industrial infrastructure that facilitates and constrains entrepreneurship. This infrastructure includes: (1) institutional arrangements to legitimate, regulate, and standardize a new technology, (2) public resource endowments of basic scientific knowledge, financing mechanisms, and a pool of competent labor, as well as (3) proprietary R&D, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution functions by private entrepreneurial firms to commercialize the innovation for profit. Although extensive research substantiates the importance of these infrastructure components, they have been treated as externalities to entrepreneurship. By incorporating these components within a single framework, one can systematically examine how various actors and functions interact to facilitate and constrain entrepreneurship.
... 2. Literature review 2.1 The ecosystem of start-ups in Jordan An entrepreneurial ecosystem encompasses the various components necessary to nurture entrepreneurship within a specific area. Van de Ven (1993) pioneered the concept by identifying four primary aspects of an entrepreneurial infrastructure: ...
... (2) public resources, including scientific knowledge, financing mechanisms and skilled labour; (3) market demand from knowledgeable consumers for entrepreneurial products and services; and (4) proprietary business activities provided by private entrepreneurs involving research and development, manufacturing, marketing and distribution (Van de Ven, 1993). ...
... By leveraging networking, SME entrepreneurs can optimize marketing opportunities and steer their businesses towards growth and sustainability, aligning marketing efforts with the dynamic, interactive and personal nature of entrepreneurial operations (Gilmore and Carson, 1999). Van de Ven (1993) emphasized that entrepreneurship is more than just an individual endeavour; it is a collective effort that depends on a network of resources, institutions, markets and business functions. Contrary to popular belief, entrepreneurship is a communal achievement, reliant on the collaborative efforts of numerous entrepreneurs across both public and private sectors, creating an infrastructure that both enables and limits innovation (Stam and Van de Ven, 2021). ...
Purpose
This study aims to delve into the lived experiences, challenges and visions of women entrepreneurs in Jordan, placing a magnifying glass on those spearheading or co-pioneering start-ups. It aims to understand the myriad factors that influence their entrepreneurial journey, from motivation to the future of their niche.
Design/methodology/approach
Adopting a qualitative lens, this study is anchored in semi-structured interviews encompassing 20 Jordanian women entrepreneurs. Following this, thematic analysis was deployed to dissect and categorize the garnered insights into ten salient themes.
Findings
The study reveals that personal experiences and challenges are pivotal in directing these women towards niche markets, aligning with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Tools such as digital instruments, customer feedback and innovative strategies like storytelling and augmented reality are integral to their entrepreneurial success, resonating with the resource-based view (RBV). Additionally, challenges like cultural barriers and infrastructural limitations are navigated through adaptive strategies, reflecting the resilience inherent in these entrepreneurs. Networking, mentorship, embracing technological advancements and implementing sustainable practices are highlighted as crucial elements underpinned by the social identity theory (SIT).
Originality/value
Contrary to the extant body of research, this study provides new insights into the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Jordan, highlighting the practical relevance of theories like TPB, RBV and SIT for both policymakers and the start-up community in niche markets.
... Although entrepreneurial ecosystems quickly achieved "buzzword" status within research and policy communities and the implementation of ecosystem policies quickly outpaced their research foundation (Autio et al., 2018;Stam, 2015), the basic ideas underlying the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept are grounded in strong research traditions. Current thinking on entrepreneurial ecosystems can be seen as the result of developments in several related literatures: entrepreneurship context Welter, 2011), high-growth entrepreneurship (Autio and Rannikko, 2016;Henrekson and Johansson, 2008), industrial clusters (Delgado et al., 2010;Rocha, 2004;Rocha and Sternberg, 2005), regional innovation systems (Cooke, 2007;Sternberg, 2007;Ylinenpää, 2009), and entrepreneurial environments (Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994;Van de Ven, 1993). The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach synthesizes these often disconnected literatures and opens up new research questions and avenues for investigating economic policy issues as well as more fundamental social science questions such as the relationship between structure and agency in modern capitalism (Spigel, 2020). ...
... Krugman, 1991;Markusen, 1996), first with the early work on national systems of innovation (Freeman, 1995;Lundvall, 1992), learning regions (Keeble et al., 1999;Malmberg and Maskell, 2002) the Triple Helix (Leydesdorff and Etzkowitz, 1996), and then with the larger literatures on regional clusters (Delgado et al., 2016;Porter, 1998Porter, , 2000, and regional innovation systems (Cooke, 2001;Cooke et al., 1997). Malecki (2018) locates the modern origins of the concept to the early 1990s through work by Bahrami and Evans (1995) and entrepreneurial infrastructure ( Van de Ven, 1993), though the core concept can be even traced to earlier discussions of entrepreneurial climates in the 1970s (Cooper, 1973). While these approaches have divergent goals, methodologies, and epistemological views of how the economy works, they are united by the central idea that there are factors outside an organization but within a territory which contribute to firm-level innovation, productivity, and competitive advantage (Spigel and Harrison, 2018). ...
... This research comes from a diverse disciplinary background ranging from economic geography to sociology to political science and strategic management. It could be equally called entrepreneurial systems (Neck et al., 2004), infrastructure (Van de Ven, 1993), milieux (Ritsila, 1999) or clusters (Delgado et al., 2010). But it is unified by an interest in what causes higher levels of entrepreneurship than can be explained by traditional factor endowments such as capital, labour, and innovation (Malecki, 2009(Malecki, , 2018. ...
... It also intensified the urgency of monitoring, and possibly deploying advancing developments, for dealing with the emergence of potentially highly damaging global warming phenomena requiring significant improvements in nearly all aspect of firms' governance with economic, environment, and social impacts to mitigate against the phenomena. Such global realization, as evidenced by the participation of some 197 countries in the recent COP 28 (McKinsey & Company 2023a) 4 meetings, points to the gravity of the situation and may also enable, if not force, firms to prepare for a better response to the uncertainties of rapid evolutionary change in their embedding environmental conditions ( Van de Ven (1993), the institutional and social frameworks (North (1991)) by, for example, adopting and developing technological advances to mitigate the intense adverse effects of the emerging difficulties. Based on the COP 28 reports, the impacts of global warming might have exceedingly more significant adverse effects than initially expected. ...
... Naturally, the adoption and dependence on the more advanced, and continually advancing, features of Web 0.3 technologies, such as Block Chains facilitating secure online collaborations, have been preferred, and would be bound to, further contribute to improvements in nearly all online processes and transactions, especially enhancing the dependence of smaller firms that need to remain highly competitive. Another influential incentive in favour of iSMEs adopting the most recent version is to remain compatible with their buyers and suppliers as they evolve with their respective embedding eco-systems (Van de Ven 1993). Similarly, the efficiency and timeliness of iSMEs' communication and corresponding transactions with the members of the firms' supply chain, value net, service-providers, clients, and other stake-holders, nationally and internationally, need to remain consistent to remain competitive in a wide range of their activities, including subcontracting of parts, subassemblies, and even complete out-sourcing of their entire product lines in an efficient and timely manner. ...
This article examines the rapidly changing environment of international entrepreneurship. The force behind the change is diverse comprising environmental, socio-economic, and technological, including the emergence of intelligent robotics, 3-D printing, the Internet of all things (IOTs), generative artificial intelligence (AI), and the rapid transformation the WWW to WWW.03, amongst other evolving forces, each with profound impact on the iSMEs embedding ecosystems and operating environment. Introduction briefly introduces a selective list of the influential forces and a range of their potential affects, while the “Further development and literature review” section further examines them within their respective contexts of the emerging crises, and their operational, strategic, and theoretical frameworks as the unfolding influential forces evolve with challenging impacts on the internationalized, or internationalizing, SMEs’ (iSMEs’) pool of capabilities and resources with direct effects on their global competitiveness, and growth at home and internationally. The “Discussion” section, in three parts, explores the combined effects of forces of change on the iSMEs’ top management team (TMT) to analyse their strategic posture, the potency of their firm’ resources, and dynamic capabilities, to take potent decisions for leading to potentially non-trivial organizational and strategic change, including fundamental business model innovation (BMI). “Conclusions, implication, and suggestions” further examines the adverse impacts of the recent crises in three parts, ranging from the 2008–2009 global financial crisis (GFC), COVID pandemic, and the unfolding challenges of the climatic change as discussed in the recent COP 28 meetings, and its suggestion for undertaking remedial actions at the corporate, social, and public policy levels. Combined, the necessary change my result in significant architectural and structural change in many common worldwide aspects without sparing anyone, anything, and any location.
... The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends, and challenges [26] 2026 Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development [27] 1264 ...
... The role of credit for small business success: A study of the National Entrepreneurship Development Fund in Tanzania Source: Data Analysis Results (2023) Prominent works, such as [25] "The emergence of entrepreneurship education," [26] "Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development," and [27] "The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship," appear as central nodes. ...
This research investigates the landscape of entrepreneurship literature through a comprehensive analysis that integrates bibliometrics and keyword examination. Utilizing VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis, influential works, thematic clusters, and intellectual relationships are identified, offering a macroscopic view of the field's evolution. Concurrently, a keyword analysis illuminates prevalent themes, shedding light on the interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship studies. The results reveal a dynamic landscape characterized by foundational concepts, emergent trends, and a commitment to addressing societal challenges. Key themes include entrepreneurship education, economic and social development, sustainability, and gender considerations. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, guiding future research directions and informing strategies for fostering entrepreneurship in diverse contexts.
... Having been defined as "a combination of social, political, economic, and cultural elements within a region that support the development and growth of innovative startups and encourage nascent entrepreneurs and other actors to take the risks of starting, funding, and otherwise assisting high-risk ventures" (Spigel, 2017, p. 50), EEs have recently received increased interest from entrepreneurship scholars (see systematic literature reviews of Acs et al., 2017;Cao and Shi, 2021;Malecki, 2018;Alvedalen and Boschma, 2017). As a fundamentally spatial concept (Fischer et al., 2022), the EE helps us understand the role of context in entrepreneurial dynamics (Van De Ven, 1993;Welter and Gartner, 2016) and emphasises the entrepreneur's role as an EE focal actor Stam, 2015;Stam and Spigel, 2016). ...
Purpose
Entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) research has focused on high-growth scale-up entrepreneurship, whereas the role of EEs in nurturing the ventures of marginalised groups like migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs) has often been elided from extant discussions. This research explores how the EE's structure, policies and programmes advance diversity, equity and inclusion to foster MWEs, and MWEs' contribution to the dynamics and sustainability of the host country's EE based on EE actors' perspectives. We contribute to EEs' diversity, equity and inclusion, which are important but neglected social aspects of sustainable EEs.
Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative data was collected through thematic interviews with EE actors, including NGOs and entrepreneurial support-providing organizations based in Finland. The collected data was complemented by interviews with MWEs, archival data and published supplementary materials on ecosystem actors.
Findings
EE structure, policies, programmes and individual agency, coupled with MWEs' proactivity in lobbying the necessary actors in the required places for their interests, enhance their businesses' development. There were both impeding and fostering dynamics, which may have idiographic and contextual features. Evidently, by being occupied in various sectors, from science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to socially beneficial niche service sectors, MWEs contribute to the host country's EE dynamics not only through their productive entrepreneurship but by enriching the ecosystem's resource endowments and institutional arrangements.
Originality/value
We argue that exploring the gender and inclusivity aspects of EEs as the accommodating context is particularly relevant, given that the United Nation's sustainable development goals 5, 8 and 10 aim to improve women's empowerment at all levels, promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, and ensuring equal opportunities and reduced inequalities within the population. Inclusion and embeddedness in EEs positively affect diversity and sustainability in the host country. Theoretically, our contribution is twofold. First, by exploring female migrants' entrepreneurial experiences within the EE based on EE actors' perspectives, we broaden the research on inclusivity in EEs and gender aspects and enrich the research on their societal impact, which has received scant attention from scholars. More specifically, we contribute to EE research with (1) a novel understanding of MWEs and EE elements, their interconnections and dynamism, (2) identifying previously ignored elements shaping MWE and (3) providing EE actor insights into the co-creation of EE for MWE. Second, by analysing the impact of MWEs' businesses on the host country's EE, we contribute to calls for research on MWE contributions to its economic environment.
... On the other hand, other studies concentrate on environmental factors, namely economic-institutional factors, such as prevailing legislation, the tax system, and infrastructure [36]. They also consider institutional barriers, government policies for entrepreneurship [37] and economic-social factors, including business opportunities for foreigners [38], employment accessibility, competitive-derived barriers [39], culture of acceptance towards immigrants and culture of entrepreneurship [40][41][42][43][44][45]. ...
In recent years, immigrant entrepreneurship has experienced significant growth in Italy. Understanding the value of relational capital is crucial for studying the entrepreneurship of foreign-born individuals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the quantitative dimension of foreign-owned entrepreneurship in Italy (RQ1), identify the drivers of this phenomenon (RQ2), and examine the value of relational capital for the creation and development of immigrant-owned enterprises (RQ3). This research contributes to expanding the literature on relational capital in the context of foreign entrepreneurship in Italy by contributing to two distinct fields: relational capital and immigrant entrepreneurship studies. Regarding practical implications, the paper emphasizes the significance of relational capital as an intangible asset in the development of foreign companies. It employs a qualitative methodology through a multiple case study to support its research. To achieve the objective of observing relationships, this study utilizes the C.A.O.S. model, an interpretative model that is valuable for analyzing relational capital within immigrant entrepreneurship, especially in the early stages. In fact, relational capital allows start-ups to overcome their main difficulties: the organizational aspect and financial capacity. The limitation of this study pertains to the number of pilot cases observed, which was limited to four. Future research endeavors will focus on studying additional firms to gather more comprehensive data on this topic.
... To be able to strategically embrace specific conceptual insights drawn from academic intrapreneurship, intrapreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial university studies, we adapt a systematic framing of an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective. The term 'entrepreneurial ecosystem' was coined by Cohen (2006), building on prior entrepreneurship literature (e.g., Neck et al., 2004;Spilling, 1996;van de Ven, 1993) that called for advancing a systematic view on entrepreneurship, highlighting the role of multiple interconnected actors and elements (including formal and informal networks; academia; government; professional services; capital services; talent; culture and physical infrastructure) in generating new ventures. Subsequent entrepreneurial ecosystem studies (e.g., Isenberg, 2010;Feld, 2012;Spigel, 2017;Stam, 2015;Stam and van de Ven, 2021) referred to a similar set of entrepreneurial ecosystem elements covering the domains of policy, culture, supporting actors and markets. ...
The aim of this paper is dual: a) to elaborate a systemic concept of intrapreneurship in academia which will be reflective of complexities and idiosyncrasies of the University as a multi-mission multi-function organisation; and b) to empirically test this concept in the context of relatively neglected outputs of academic intrapreneurship such as graduate employability and graduate wellbeing. Guided by an intrapreneurial ecosystem framework, our analysis is based on a combination of administrative and survey panel data for 141 UK higher education institutions. We arrive at several contributing findings. These suggest that the intrapreneurial ecosystem within academia is increasingly predisposed towards enhancing the quality of graduate outcomes rather than simply promoting raw measures such as graduate jobs or the number of graduate start-ups. Furthermore, we reveal the critical role of University national stakeholder networks for graduate career satisfaction, start-up generation, and undergraduate employment. Finally, our empirical exercise and its results demonstrate the practical value of the proposed concept of the intrapreneurial ecosystem for University management and practitioners, not least because it systematically identifies areas for an immediate, medium-and long-term action.
... The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystem is an ambiguous term, but, in fact, this concept has been increasingly explored by researchers over the years (Bischoff et al., 2018;Clarysse et al., 2014;Cohen, 2006;Isenberg, 2010Isenberg, , 2011Kansheba & Wald, 2020;Stam & Spigel, 2017;Van de Ven, 1993). The term entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) is a composite of two terms. ...
Research on the entrepreneurship ecosystem, based on different data and scales, limits the acceptance of a single definition. This conceptual limitation and the still recent research and higher education institutions have come to be seen as ecosystems associated with entrepreneurship. The aim of this study is to contribute to the field of knowledge, identify current and emerging thematic areas and trends and reveal the scientific roots of research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and their relationship with higher education institutions. A bibliometric analysis was developed to analyse a final sample of 110 articles published between 2011 and 2022. In order to develop the analysis, Bibliometrix R-Tool was used and the metadata of two databases (Web of Science and Scopus) was retrieved and merged. The software creates a reference co-citation’s map, which allowed emphasize the state of the art and indicate three thematic clusters: (i) the importance of the higher education context for the entrepreneurial ecosystem, (ii) the evolution and challenges of entrepreneurship education and (iii) academic entrepreneurship ecosystems. The paper concludes by suggesting future research focused on the importance of building an integrated approach to entrepreneurial ecosystems and higher education institutions on a context regional scale.
... The entrepreneurial ecosystem is variously defined in the literature [5]. The term is defined as a relationship that reflects interdependence between organizations and institutions performing different yet complimentary processes that lead to a successful entrepreneurial activity of delivering products or services [6]. ...
Entrepreneurial activities and level of corruption largely determine the creation of public value. Corruption may affect a society in various ways, however, its relationship with entrepreneurship is crucial. The current paper highlights the interaction effects between entrepreneurship and corruption in order to better understand the dynamics of public value creation. In doing so, it reviews the literature on the entrepreneurial ecosystem, emerging debates on public value creation, government services for entrepreneurial development and the resulting public service corruption. Drawing upon the available literature, the current study proposes a set of research propositions which will potentially guide future empirical research in the field.
... The concept of EEs emerged in the 1980s and 1990s because the concept of entrepreneurship itself-in particular, the entrepreneurship process-was changing and contested (Spigel & Harrison, 2018). One critical work during this time was that of Van de Ven (1993), who contributed to the entrepreneurship literature with his claim that political, social, and economic factors influence entrepreneurship. Prior to this, the literature had treated such factors as externalities and solely focused on the behaviors and entrepreneurs, as opposed to firms, are deemed to be the focal point (Stam & Spigel, 2017;Wurth et al., 2022). ...
Research on enablers of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship in an entrepreneurial ecosystem has seen significant growth in the last seven years (since 2016). However, the literature linking knowledge spillover entrepreneurship to the entrepreneurial ecosystem suffers from disparities and little consensus regarding what enablers exist and how they are connected. This paper systematically reviews journal articles on enablers of knowledge spillover to entrepreneurs within an entrepreneurial ecosystem to identify what is known and what needs to be known to move the literature forward.
... A need for knowledge of financial dynamics and sources for the island seems to exist to further support the island's startup community. Additionally, the development of infrastructure does support entrepreneurship as stakeholder arrangement of institutional, resource, and propriety (technology) events can produce supportive and positive forces to successful start-up ventures [Van de Ven, 1993]. With responses of difficulty of governmental information and support as part of the findings highlighted in this study, the research provides evidence that policy measures and government support may be required for startups to achieve greater levels of success and sustainability. ...
Small island economies with populations of less than one million, typically have limited export volumes with a narrow range of products and rely heavily on imported goods, which often translates into a high cost of living for residents. The island of Guam, an unincorporated territory of the United States, is the largest and most populous island in the western Pacific region of Micronesia with an estimated population of 154,000. Guam experienced some growth in small business development over the past decade but still faces high levels of imports and leakage. One of the strategies often implemented to reduce imports and capitalize on the multiplier effect is to encourage entrepreneurship and the development of local businesses. Entrepreneurship is also generally acknowledged and accepted as a driving force for improving living standards. Many areas related to startups are understudied in small island communities like Guam. A survey of entrepreneurs on the island of Guam was conducted in 2022 to identify the demographic characteristics of the island’s entrepreneurial community. This paper contributes to the understanding of Guam’s entrepreneurs and provides recommendations for educational and support programs targeting current and potential entrepreneurs to encourage startup ideas and economic improvement for the quality of life of island residents.
... However, as other EE scholars have pointed out, the focus on entrepreneurial actors co-locating in places that provide mutual benefit is also not new, not even within the strategy and regional development literatures (Stam and van de Ven, 2021). Within entrepreneurship studies, the 1980s and 90s saw a movement away from individualist notions of entrepreneurship towards broader community perspectives (see, for example, Aldrich, 1990;Dubini, 1989;Pennings, 1982), with the concepts of entrepreneurial infrastructures (van de Ven, 1993) or environments (Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994) explored. Similarly, entrepreneurship has often been considered a core component in a long lineage of geographical concepts in the regional development literature. ...
The entrepreneurial ecosystem concept is now one of the most popular policy tools for regional development following a surge of interest in entrepreneurship-oriented academic circles, yet has experienced little critical engagement within economic geography discourse. We argue that economic geographers should engage with the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept because (1) it describes a shift in spatial socio-economic organisation that has thus far been underexplored by economic geographers and (2) it is an inherently chaotic concept that requires significant conceptual development, not least in relation to the cluster concept. The entrepreneurial ecosystem concept is considered a close relative and potential successor of the cluster concept, which itself rapidly achieved policy stardom despite academic concerns over its conceptual clarity. We argue that there are significant similarities and intersections between the two concepts with implications for broader regional development literatures, enabling economic geographers to enrich academic debates and consequent policy decisions.
... Even though entrepreneurship is influenced by a complex interplay of factors cutting across personal, social, economic, and spatial factors, and many theories support the influence of both internal and external factors (Becker, 1994;Robinson & Sexton, 1994), most studies hold external factors constant and focus on individual characteristics and behaviours of the entrepreneur (Shane, 2003;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000;Van de Ven, 1993). However, more recently, increasing emphasis is being placed on drifting away from an individualistic, personality-based approach to a system perspective towards understanding the context of entrepreneurship in particular territories (Stam & Van de Ven, 2021;Acs et al., 2017;Isengerg, 2014;Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005;Gynyawali & Fogel, 1994) and as a more viable strategy toward the development of entrepreneurship (Wennekers & Thurik, 1999;Audretsch et al., 2002;Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005;Isengerg, 2014). ...
Purpose: The motivation for this study stemmed from inconsistent attribution of sources of business challenges by entrepreneurs at the beginning and the end of a 3-month entrepreneurship development programme. While the entrepreneurs' general perception was that Nigeria's business environment was not conducive to entrepreneurship, some opinions shifted from inadequate funding to A lack of entrepreneurial skills by the end of the training. This study uses Nigeria as a case study to investigate the role of temporal effects on entrepreneurs’ perception of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology: Quantitative time series analysis was deployed to analyse variables that are representative of the elements of the entrepreneurship ecosystem within the frameworks of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and mixed data sampling (MIDAS) models. Findings: The study provides evidence that temporal effects may confound entrepreneurs’ assessment of the impact of certain entrepreneurial ecosystem elements on entrepreneurial outcomes. Originality: The study contributes to the attribution theory of entrepreneurial learning by providing evidence that temporal effects have the potential to influence entrepreneurs’ attribution of business failure and the entrepreneurial learning that may arise from there.
... In this scenario, scholars have started to apply the ecosystem concept to investigate different phenomena, resulting in a vast number of ecosystem types, such as organisational ecosystems (Mars et al., 2012), innovation ecosystems (Jiang et al., 2022), knowledge ecosystems (Bereznoy et al., 2021) and digital business ecosystems (Crupi et al., 2022). Among these, the concept of EE has started to elicit attention from both scholars and practitioners in the previous decade (Malecki, 2018;Stam, 2015), guided by the necessity to better define entrepreneurship not as the result of an individual entrepreneur's behavior but as the sum of social, cultural and economic forces (Van de Ven, 1993). In this way, entrepreneurship is seen as a complex phenomenon that requires an ecosystem perspective (Nicotra et al., 2018;Wurth et al., 2022;Sussan and Acs, 2017). ...
Purpose
This work aims to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystems' (EEs) inputs and outcomes within a digital-technology-driven EE. Specifically, it focuses on how being part of an EE enhances digital technology adoption (DTA) and consequently facilitates EE outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper employs a single-case study approach, focusing on Italian EE. The data analysis is based on the researchers' direct observations and semi-structured interviews with the EE founders' teams and the top management of the small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating therein. Given the novelty of the topic and the lack of a clear research framework of analysis, a qualitative method is well suited for studying digital-technology-driven EE, thus gaining rich data about the phenomenon in a real-life context.
Findings
The findings of the study reveal that when specific eco-inputs (financial, knowledge, social and institutional assets) are correctly exploited to enhance DTA, important outcomes, namely, SME competitiveness and new technology-based venture creation and development, are generated.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to a relatively unexplored topic in the existing literature on EEs and digital technology. Specifically, through the proposition of a conceptual model, it sheds light on the relationship among EE inputs, DTA and EE outcomes.
... Velt et al. (2020) classified the studies through a bibliometric clustering mapping the most relevant research on EEs, resulting in six research themes: complexity, context, governance, geography, agency, and network perspectives. According to that research, the complexity perspective in EEs is the most cited, and it means studying the infrastructure of entrepreneurship, not as an individual endeavor but as a collective effort of numerous entrepreneurs from the public and private sectors, who become the system's driving force (Van de Ven, 1993). The definitions under the complexity perspective of EEs reflect a different configuration of the micro-foundations and subsequently its resource dependency and resilience that require appropriate strategies to foster entrepreneurial activities (Roundy, 2019;Roundy & Bayer, 2019). ...
This chapter aims to provide a micro-level analysis of the challenges of expatriates that have founded an SME in a rentier state entrepreneurial ecosystem, which in turn highlights the barriers in the local conditions and the nationality background influence to deal with them. To conduct the study, 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2021 with expatriate SMEs entrepreneurs who have established a business within the last three years in Qatar, which is located in the Middle East and is part of the Gulf Cooperation Council states. The data was analyzed with a descriptive and data triangulation method. The findings suggest that being an expatriate is a disadvantage to accessing resources of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Still, the economic and market conditions are attractive to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities despite the challenges. The literature on rentier states entrepreneurial ecosystems remains scarce, and these type of economies create an artificial environment for entrepreneurial activities.
... Instead, it is a multifaceted undertaking involving a diverse array of public and private sector participants. Van De Ven (1993) identified four central pillars to this ecosystem: Institutional Arrangements, Public Resource Endowments, and Proprietary Business Activities. ...
Tourism is a key driver of the economy in many cities and regions, with food and beverage experiences playing an increasingly important role. Sustainable gastronomic tourism destinations are those that prioritize local resources and traditional expertise, and the development of a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem can support their growth. This ecosystem is made up of actors committed to sustainable development and can enhance the quality of food experiences for tourists while also contributing to conservation efforts. This article focuses on Tagum, Davao, and explores the city's journey toward becoming a sustainable gastronomic destination, with a specific focus on the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The city launched a campaign to transform itself into a gastronomic destination in 2022, and this study examines the practices and strategies employed to achieve this goal. The case of Tagum provides insights into the important role of sustainable entrepreneurship in promoting gastronomic tourism and underscores the potential economic and social benefits of such initiatives.
... Adopting a contextual approach in examining EE as the wider context of entrepreneurship allows due consideration to the complex and wide range of actors, factors, and relationships permeating the EE (Stam, 2018;Stam & van de Ven, 2021). With its roots in insights based on studies of biological and natural systems within ecology, EE as a concept gives primacy not only to the entrepreneur or the venture but also to the social, political, economic, and institutional factors that have an impact on entrepreneurship within a region ( Van de Ven, 1993). ...
Utilizing insights from the social exchange theory, we examine the conceptual underpinnings of social exchange relationships between the entrepreneur and other ecosystem actors, explaining the emergence and expansion of EE‐wide productive entrepreneurship. Adopting a process view, we offer a theoretical framework that suggests that, with time, more actors enter the ecosystem, and with diverse resources, approaches, and expectations. Further, the increase of social exchanges among them leads to an expansion in the structures, processes, and networks, thus influencing EE‐wide productive entrepreneurship. This is an important insight for policymakers worldwide that are interested in ensuring productive entrepreneurship within the EE. Our research offers a compelling theoretical rationale for why effective collaboration among EE actors for sharing resources, information, and knowledge facilitates the achievement of productive entrepreneurship.
... Ogundele (2007) describes environment as all the conditions and influences affecting the development of an organism or organization. Van de Ven (1993) is of the view that any study on entrepreneurship that disregard environment is insufficient and incomplete. Thus, indicating that environment is a key factor in predicting an effective and successful entrepreneurship development. ...
... Entrepreneurs are key drivers of economic and social progress; they are mentors, inspirators, investors, new founders, and new employees (World Economic Forum, 2013); entrepreneurship changes the world (Woolley, 2017); successful entrepreneurial companies (high-growth businesses) are the grassroots of regional development (Stam & Van de Ven, 2019). Scholars argue that the process of entrepreneurship is a collective achievement requiring strong contributions from numerous entrepreneurs ( Van de Ven, 1993). To understand the context for entrepreneurship in particular territories (countries, regions, cities) the ecosystem approach is used. ...
This paper aims to analyse and evaluate the state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of international
business in the transition economy based on the evidence of the southern region of Ukraine. The tasks
of the study are (i) to identify the presence of components of the international business ecosystem
and their quality depending on the level of development of the transition economy (policy, markets,
finance, human capital, culture, support); (ii) to assess the current state of the components of the international business ecosystem; (iii) to identify constraining factors for the functioning of the regional
entrepreneurial ecosystem for their further consideration when adjusting the trajectory of the development of the transition economy.
The model of Isenberg was used to observe the structure of the ecosystem. The international ratings (KOF Index of Globalization, Global Competitiveness Index, Doing Business, etc.), the data of the
State Statistics Service of Ukraine, national laws, etc. were used for the qualitative measurement of the
ecosystem performance. An online survey was conducted to assess the current state of the ecosystem
and to identify the restraining factors of its functioning.
The research results demonstrate that all domains of an international business ecosystem are in
the process of formation. 80% of respondents rated domains’ performance at three points on a 5-point
scale, indicating poor functioning the ecosystem. The respondents of the survey represent several industries but mostly agro-industrial complex. The restraining factors are ineffective government policy; business-unfriendly legislation; limited access to the infrastructure; insecurity of property rights; inefficient business support systems, etc. The research results show that almost all components
of the ecosystem are less efficient in Ukraine than in Europe, except for the entrepreneurs’ intentions
of networking and collaboration development.
The paper proposed original research on the institutional context of the ecosystem in the transition economy. The study is built on the idea of the specific regional peculiarities of entrepreneurial
ecosystems and the impact of transformational processes of the economy of the country.
The results of the study can be used as a basis for a scientific focus on the policy of improving
the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The article empirically expands the knowledge of entrepreneurial ecosystems and shows the potential and benefits of a complete integrated ecosystem for overall regional
development.
... Les travaux de Moore (1993) sur l'écosystème d'affaires sont présentés comme précurseurs. Pour autant, dans le champ de l'entrepreneuriat, des auteurs (Dubini, 1989;Van de Ven, 1993) ont invité à relier l'activité entrepreneuriale au contexte sous un angle territorial et systémique. ...
Alors que l’écosystème entrepreneurial (EE) est un concept en plein développement, la littérature souligne le manque de cadres théoriques et méthodologiques. Cet article vise à y répondre en proposant une modélisation dynamique sous forme de sous-écosystèmes. Nous enrichissons la littérature sur les systèmes complexes adaptatifs, en introduisant les notions de quasi-décomposabilité et de redondance chères à Simon. Nous revisitons l’EE à partir d’une grille conceptuelle combinant lecture structurelle et dynamique. Notre étude empirique exploratoire et illustrative montre comment les sous-écosystèmes et leurs interactions ont contribué à la dynamique entrepreneuriale dans le territoire de Montpellier. Cet article permet de renforcer la théorisation de l’EE et de formuler des préconisations utiles pour les décideurs politiques dans la conception de leur politique d’entrepreneuriat.
... Most past studies on entrepreneurial ecosystems have focused on identifying all its participants (Mack and Mayer, 2016;Motoyama and Knowlton, 2014). Van de Ven (1993) was the first researcher who did not exclusively focus on the individual characteristics of an entrepreneur. Saxenian (1990) advocates for a culture of openness and information exchange. ...
Purpose
Sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem research is an emerging trend within the entrepreneurship domain. Drawing from resource dependency theory, this study examines the interdependent nature of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem factors and the mediating role of local culture as it relates to entrepreneurial action. The authors collected data from 12 entrepreneurial ecosystems in Australia and developed a model of the interdependencies of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem factors.
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected through an e-survey of Small and Medium Entreprise (SME) owners in New South Wales, Australia. The authors applied partial least squares structural equation methodology to assess the structural models, validate the outer models and examine the inner model.
Findings
The findings reinforce empirical support for sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. The environment where sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems are evolved influences their functionality. Further, entrepreneurial culture mediates the relationship with other ecosystem factors. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Originality/value
This study focuses on understanding the interdependent nature of sustainable ecosystem factors. The authors identified entrepreneurial culture as a mediator to business support services, educational institutional support and financial capital availability with business and social networks.
... Just as no man is an island, no start-up is an island. Instead, they grow in close interaction with their surrounding environments, leveraging existing resources, and engaging in exchange with other parties (Gnyawali & Fogel, 1994;Van de Ven, 1993). The types of resources and relationships established during the early years have a formative influence on the development, growth and performance of startups (Beckman & Burton, 2008). ...
Purpose
This study aims to identify necessary conditions for innovative entrepreneurship in cities and determine similarities in entrepreneurial configurations among them.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors assessed the necessary conditions for various levels of entrepreneurial output and categorized cities based on similar patterns by applying necessary condition analysis (NCA) and cluster analysis in a sample comprised of 101 cities from the entrepreneurial cities index, representing a diverse range of urban environments in Brazil. A comprehensive data set, including both traditional indicators from official Bureau of statistics and nontraditional indicators from new platforms of science, technology and innovation intelligence, was compiled for analysis.
Findings
Bureaucratic complexity, urban conditions, transport infrastructure, economic development, access to financial capital, secondary education, entrepreneurial intention, support organizations and innovation inputs were identified as necessary for innovative entrepreneurship. Varying levels of these conditions were found to be required for different entrepreneurial outputs.
Research limitations/implications
The static nature of the data limits understanding of dynamic interactions among dimensions and their impact on entrepreneurial city performance.
Practical implications
Policymakers can use the findings to craft tailored support policies, leveraging the relationship between city-level taxonomy and direct outputs of innovative entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs).
Social implications
The taxonomy and nontraditional indicators sheds light on the broader societal benefits of vibrant EEs, emphasizing their role in driving socioeconomic development.
Originality/value
The cluster analysis combined with NCA’s bottleneck analysis is an original endeavor which made it possible to identify performance benchmarks for Brazilian cities, according to common characteristics, as well as the required levels of each condition by each city group to achieve innovative entrepreneurial outputs.
We all agree that it is essential to build an inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystem for all kinds of people, particularly minority and women entrepreneurs, as the past studies are clear to demonstrate underperformance of those demographic groups. At the same time, we are only beginning to understand what kind of systemic barriers exist for women or minority entrepreneurs at the regional system level. Furthermore, it requires a different set of knowledge about how we can practically create an inclusive ecosystem. This paper applies the concept of equity planning for the context of economic development. This paper examines a case study of the City of Columbus, Ohio, in 2018–2019 in which the City Government actively promoted to build an inclusive ecosystem for women and minority entrepreneurs. We induce five essential steps that we could learn from this inclusionary practice which provide tangible implications for other city governments, nonprofit organizations, foundations, and other stakeholders of local entrepreneurship systems.
This study investigated the influence of environment and role model as social factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions in adolescent students. This study dwelt on the theory of planned behaviour which predicts intentions. The study adopted a survey research design. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of two hundred (200) adolescents from four senior secondary schools in Osogbo local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. A self-structured questionnaire titled Dominant Environment, Role Model and Entrepreneurial Intention (DERoMEi) with reliability index of 0.69 was adapted for the study. Data collected were analysed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical method. The result confirmed that: entrepreneurial intentions of adolescents is favourably and positively influenced by the adolescents' dominant environment (f=7.696, p<0.05); role model had no impact on entrepreneurial intention of students (f=2.523, p>0.05); gender sensitivity played a role in the prediction of entrepreneurial intentions of adolescents as males tended to conceive entrepreneurial intention more than
The entrepreneurial ecosystem is quite complicated because of the presence of numerous stakeholders and the inclusion of multicultural and social elements in diverse communities. The role of entrepreneurship education in developing entrepreneurial skills and aptitude has evolved. The collaboration between universities, companies, and organizations in the collaborative online international learning (COIL) approach plays an important role in the entrepreneurial ecosystem to enhance value co-creation. To extend the limited literature on value creation through entrepreneurship education among stakeholders and analyze the entrepreneurial ecosystem from a micro perspective, this study investigated why companies and organizations support universities at the individual, organizational, and institutional levels to foster entrepreneurial ecosystems. Following a global career course using the COIL approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted in person or via Zoom with four representatives of the Embassy of Canada to Japan, Ernst & Young, and Manulife from April to May 2022. The modified grounded theory approach was used to analyze the responses from three institutions. The results showed that students were provided with the opportunity to solve actual issues that the three institutions faced and the students’ perspectives were considered to identify and develop high-quality proposals at the individual, organizational, and institutional levels. The institutional philosophy, organizational engagement and development, and personal development of the representatives of these institutions effectively create values within universities while also forming entrepreneurial ecosystems at Japanese and Canadian companies, organizations, and universities to help build the next generation of leaders. This study has important implications through its contribution to society and the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in collaboration with the academic, industrial, and public sectors.
The configuration of the entrepreneurial university remains poorly understood given the complexity of the university as an organisation with multiple missions and multiple ‘products and services’, delivered by multiple and sometimes competing sub-organisations with different cultures and norms, in response to different outside pressures and demands. The outcomes of the entrepreneurial university reflect the plurality of goals, including research, teaching, knowledge commercialisation, and civic and community empowerment, but they are rarely considered within the same conceptual and empirical framework. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore how multiple and sometimes competing strategies and associated arrangements, resources and capabilities within the entrepreneurial university affect the delivery of economic and social benefits to the external world across teaching, research, knowledge commercialisation, and civic and community empowerment missions. To achieve this aim, we elaborate the entrepreneurial university ecosystem concept so that we can systematically capture the cross-influences of the entrepreneurial university elements in their entirety rather than focussing on selected ecosystem elements and their effects in relation to one particular university mission. Our analysis is based on a novel institution-level database on university strategies, goals, policies, and support mechanisms, providing annual data for all higher education institutions in the UK over the period 2017–2020, complemented with annual administrative data on staff, finances, graduate outcomes, and infrastructure, as well as contextual data on the wider regional entrepreneurship ecosystem. Using a Seemingly Unrelated Estimation approach, we contribute with novel fundings explicitly identifying synergies and tensions between different elements of the entrepreneurial university ecosystem that affect the delivery of its outcomes.
L’hybridation de la gouvernance des structures d’accompagnement est considérée, dans cet article, comme un moyen de co-construction d’un territoire entreprenant. Sur la base d’une étude longitudinale auprès de 57 incubateurs de la région Occitanie, nous montrons qu’au sein de chaque structure, il existe une grande diversité d’acteurs impliqués dans les différentes étapes de l’incubation. Le directeur de la structure est en charge de la construction d’une gouvernance pertinente qui implique des parties prenantes dont l’expertise peut être critique pour le projet entrepreneurial. En conséquence, la gouvernance de l’incubateur apparaît non seulement comme un processus hybride mais également flexible et à géométrie variable mis en œuvre pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques des porteurs de projet pour créer un environnement favorable à la création d’entreprise.
This chapter examines the role of technology business incubators (TBIs) in improving the effectiveness, viability, and overall development of startups. The chapter attempts to establish a connection between the support offered by these TBIs and its effects on the overall operational effectiveness of these startups by referring to various available relevant literature. Further, the chapter investigates the assistance offered by these TBIs as well as the challenges encountered throughout the process from the ideation and commercialization of funded ideas. Through the empirical analysis of Gujarat's entrepreneurial ecosystem, a comprehensive framework is given that can be used to improve the existing support system.
The study traces the emergence of science and technology ventures (STVs) in India through two systemic lenses—National Innovation System (NIS) perspective, which espouses a top-down, policy-driven approach to encourage STVs, and the ecosystem perspective, which highlights the role of independent organisations in nucleating STVs. Converging the NIS and ecosystem perspectives—at sectoral levels—is found to be germane for STV emergence. The sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) perspective is then advanced to emphasise how the integration of NIS and ecosystem approaches has enabled a thriving STV landscape in India. The case of biotech sector is discussed to illustrate the integration. Based on this analysis, the study advocates policy intervention at the sectoral level, and a thrust on firm-centric innovation as a complement to investments in fundamental research, to unleash a wave of STVs in the country.
The entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) emerged in entrepreneurship literature in the 2000s, gained momentum in 2014, and dominated literature in 2016. EE-significant interaction between varying albeit interdependent stakeholders comprising players such as organizations and institutions facilitating the administration of resources and establishment and growth of new firms continues to be one of the hottest topics discussed in the entrepreneurship literature. EEs have been recognized as essential for achieving productive entrepreneurship in regions and, as a result, have gained the attraction of academia, policy, and practice. However, the term's conceptual, theoretical, and empirical foundations are still nascent, with many areas unclarified. There are concerns about the concept turning into a policy fad. With origins in the United States of America literature, and recent attention paid to emerging economies, Nigeria still trails far behind in the EE discourse. The study, therefore, aims at identifying and discussing salient gaps in the study of EE globally that require attention, narrowing the same to Africa, and specifically Nigeria, and proposing overarching research questions to guide Nigerian researchers in the study of EE. The study provides compelling arguments on why Nigerian literature needs to pay attention to this area of research, especially with the recent surge in entrepreneurial activities in selected regions in the Nation. The paper also identifies some key research questions based on the identified gaps in concepts, theories, empirical works, frameworks, methodology, geography, industry, and level of analysis that can help researchers get started in the study of EEs in Nigeria. The study concludes that the time is right for Nigerian scholars to jump on the bandwagon.
Purpose
This study clarifies the intricate nature of globalization's impact on unemployment rates in South Africa. Given the heterogeneous views on globalization's effect on economic development, this study aims to offer a nuanced perspective. Furthermore, it aims to explore the mediating role of entrepreneurial development in shaping the complex relationship between globalization and unemployment.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs four key indicators to measure entrepreneurial development, globalization and unemployment rates in South Africa. Hierarchical regression is used to evaluate the relationship between globalization and unemployment rates, and how entrepreneurial development mediates this relationship. Additionally, both the Sobel test and bootstrapping analyses were employed to verify and validate the mediating relationship.
Findings
The study demonstrates that globalization constitutes a crucial determinant of (un)employment rates in South Africa. The study shows that entrepreneurial development, specifically in the context of established business ownership, but not total early-stage entrepreneurial activity, exhibits an inverse relationship with unemployment rates. Moreover, it was observed that the positive impact of globalization on entrepreneurial development in South Africa becomes evident as SMEs advance to the established stage.
Research limitations/implications
The study's concentration on South Africa constrains the applicability of the results to other nations.
Practical implications
Based on the findings of this study, it is essential for emerging economies, such as South Africa, to take measures to foster a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem that can aid in the growth and international competitiveness of young SMEs.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first endeavor to analyze the potential impact of entrepreneurial development, as measured by both nascent and mature SMEs, on the correlation between globalization and unemployment.
Digital finance addresses traditional financial services bottlenecks currently affecting entrepreneurship and innovation in fast-developing and liberalised economies of the world by providing context-specific innovative financial solutions useful for entrepreneurship ecosystem development. Hence, this chapter intends to descriptively analyse mechanisms through which fintech can be instrumental in lowering financial costs, increasing financial inclusivity, enhancing security and transparency, and supporting tailored financial products and services. Fintech contributes to entrepreneurship ecosystem development through a number of channels including diverse capital access, seamless digital financial access, data-driven financial insights, global connectivity and commercial facilitation, and regulatory-backed financial education and collaborative innovation.
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a very negative economic and social impact on Portugal's economy, with the year 2020 expected to represent the largest economic recession since the 1970s. According to the Bank of Portugal forecasts, employment is expected to fall significantly, with the unemployment rate estimated at around 10%, with a special focus on young graduates. Simultaneously, several research papers have revealed the importance of entrepreneurship in job creation and economic development, highlighting the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems and government support for creating successful businesses. In this sense, this study has as its main objective to characterize a support program to the investment of young unemployed entrepreneurs and evidence its potential impact on Portugal's economic growth and social progress.
The entrepreneur is regarded as a driver of economic development encouraging researchers to delve into the causes that lead some people to choose the entrepreneurial activity. The response has followed two approaches: biological and sociological. The former privileges non-cognitive skills while the sociological favors factors are associated with learning and contextual conditions. Thus, the question arises: Is behavior determined by non-cognitive skills or can it be 'shaped' throughout an individual's lifetime? Using an exploratory approach supported by a literature review and contacts with the Portuguese (context under analysis) educational system, the authors aim to understand which skills are critical, the way they are acquired and developed, and the role the educational system plays in their development, concluding that entrepreneurial activity implies cognitive and non-cognitive skills which the system must deliver provided the teachers' training in advance.
Girişimcilik alanındaki çalışmalarda 2000’li yıllardan itibaren hâkim hale gelen girişimcilik ekosistemi yaklaşımı girişimciliği bireysel ya da firma düzeyinde ele almak yerine ülkelerin içinde bulundukları ekonomik, sosyal, siyasi ve kültürel koşulları dikkate alarak kapsayıcı ve bütüncül bir perspektifi benimsemektedir. Girişimciliğin desteklenmesi yoluyla üretimin, istihdamın ve toplam refahın artırılması günümüzde çok daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, girişimcilik ekosistemi yaklaşımını açıklayarak, girişimcilik ekosisteminin ölçülmesinde kullanılan Küresel Girişimcilik Endeksi ve ülkelerin girişimcilik profillerini ortaya koyan Küresel Girişimcilik Monitörü verisine ve literatürdeki çalışmalara dayalı olarak Türkiye’de girişimciliğin güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda, dinamik piyasa koşulları, teknolojiye yatkınlık, iş beklentisi yüksek işletmelerin varlığı, başlangıç becerilerine sahip olduğunu düşünen insanların oranı Türkiye’nin görece güçlü yönleri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, risk alma, fırsat algısı, kültürel destek, rekabet koşulları, beşerî sermaye, uluslararasılaşma ve süreç yeniliği Türkiye’nin görece zayıf kaldığı ve geliştirilmesi gereken alanlardır.
Purpose
The primary objective of this study is to consolidate the fragmented body of scholarly literature pertaining to developing entrepreneurial ecosystems, with the intent of determining prospective avenues of inquiry.
Design/methodology/approach
The analysis included a longitudinal distribution by category of journals with most recommendations, articles with most citations and the total number of recommendations. In addition, the authors presented a thorough explanation of the recommendations grouped by categories.
Findings
This study generated a framework that provides a comprehensive understanding of research on recommendations for the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The framework identified 74 recommendations in the fields of policy, support, culture, human capital, market and finance. The results indicated that the domain of recommendations for the entrepreneurial ecosystem is still in its infancy.
Originality/value
This study contributes to research on entrepreneurial ecosystems by focusing on recommendations for their development. The resulting framework can be used by policymakers to develop entrepreneurial ecosystems and by researchers in future studies.
Amid the transformation of the global workforce, with increased levels of self-employment and remote working, coworking has emerged in cities worldwide. Coworking spaces are more than just physical work environments with ubiquitous office and digital infrastructure; they also provide social infrastructure. These spaces facilitate the subconscious exchange of information and knowledge among coworkers, leading to collaboration and innovation. While this phenomenon has been well-documented in Western-centered empirical studies, it remains understudied in emerging economies. This paper aims to investigate the spatial patterns of coworking sites and examine the extent to which workers perceive the coworking community. We employ both qualitative and quantitative methods, utilizing data collected from office leasing platforms, a questionnaire survey, and interviews conducted in Shanghai and Shenzhen. Our findings indicate that coworking sites often emerge in existing business centers, despite not necessarily offering significant rent advantages. Additionally, we discover that while coworkers appreciate the flexibility and convenience of shared facilities, they maintain a skeptical view of the highly claimed coworking community.
In this chapter, we analyze the content and evolution of the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth. A rigorous search of articles published in journals within the Web of Science, through an exploratory analysis focused on this relationship, was conducted. The most frequently cited articles that tested the causality of entrepreneurial activities influencing economic growth were identified. The findings suggest that entrepreneurship has a positive effect on economic growth; the relationship was assessed through meta-regression analysis.KeywordsEntrepreneurial activityEconomic growthInstitutional economicsLiterature reviewMeta-regression analysis
The Covid-19 pandemic and its ramifications for all economies call for urgent action aimed at ensuring the sustainability of enterprises. Many have argued that the entrepreneurial ecosystem is an emerging field that holds a critical role in the sustainability of Africa’s economy, such as job creation, providing decent livelihoods, utilisation of business opportunities, innovation and improving sustainability social conditions. However, entrepreneurial ecosystem research has largely focused on developed countries. In this study, we adopted a systematic review to understand the various factors that constitute the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Africa. The study reviewed papers published between 2010 and 2022; we reveal that the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Africa includes crowdsourcing, support, industry dynamic, finance, culture, human capital, market and policy. Our study summarises the literature on the entrepreneurial ecosystem from African countries’ perspectives. We recommend that countries in Africa should focus on these variables to develop their economies in a sustainable manner and policymakers should provide an enabling environment that fosters new business opportunities.KeywordsEntrepreneurial ecosystemEntrepreneurshipInstitutional TheorySustainabilityAfrica
This article contains a theoretical discussion and an empirical test of Stinchcombe's "liability of newness" hypothesis, which assumes higher risks of failure for young organizations compared with old ones. It is shown that this hypothesis is not a good representation of the mortality hazard of West German business organizations. Therefore, we introduce the concept of a "liability of adolescence," which proposes an inverted U-shaped risk pattern. It is shown that mortality, depending on the initial resource endowments of a firm, peaks between one and fifteen years after founding. From this perspective, extended interpretations of the liabilities of smallness and legal form are given. These arguments are well supported by a log-logistic rate model estimated with our data.
This is a reprint of a classic work of research on innovation first published in 1989. Resulting from the Minnesota Innovation Research Program (MIRP), the book includes a revised and expanded Preface and will complement the three other books growing out of the program, all published by Oxford: The Innovation Journey (1999), Organizational Change Processes: Theory and Methods for Research (2000), and Handbook of Organizational Change and Development (coming 2001).
The 1970s have been a period of renewed uncertainty with respect to the long-run prospects for economic growth and human welfare. We were confronted in the early 1970s with a convergence of scientific opinion and ideological perspective which insisted that the world was fast approaching both the physical and cultural limits to growths. There is a continuing concern that advances in man’s capacity for scientific and technical innovation have not been matched by the institutional innovations needed to enable him to manage and direct this capacity for his own welfare.
This essay presents an overview of selected aspects of prevailing theoretical understanding of innovation, and attempts to sketch some directions that would seem fruitful to follow if we are to achieve a theoretical structure that can be helpful in guiding thinking about policy. We are using the term innovation as a portmanteau to cover the wide range of variegated processes by which man’s technologies evolve over time. By a theory we mean a reasonable coherent intellectual framework which integrates existing knowledge, and enables predictions to go beyond the particulars of what actually has been observed. It seems apparent that if scholarly knowledge is to be helpful to deliberation about policy directions, theory must be wide enough to encompass and link the relevant variables and their effects, and strong enough to give guidance as to what would happen if some of these variables changed.
To compare and contrast institutional theories used in organizational analysis, the theoretical frameworks and arguments of leading contributors to institutional theory are reviewed and recent empirical studies using institutional arguments are examined. Both approaches reveal considerable variation in the types of concepts and arguments employed, and it is argued that further improvement and growth in institutional theory is dependent upon analysts dealing more explicitly with these differences. In addition, the relation between institutions and interests is explored to show that institutional features of organizational environments shape both the goals and means of actors. Attention is called to the two primary types of actors shaping institutional environments in modern societies- the state and professional bodies-and to the way in which their interests and mode of action shape institutional patterns and mechanisms.
This paper distinguishes between two ecological perspectives on organizational evolution: population ecology and community ecology. The perspectives adopt different levels of analysis and produce contrasting views of the characteristic mode and tempo of organizational evolution. Population ecology limits investigation to evolutionary change unfolding within established populations, emphasizing factors that homogenize organizational forms and maintain population stability. Population ecology thus fails to explain how populations originate in the first place or how evolutionary change occurs through the proliferation of heterogeneous organizational types. Community ecology overcomes these limitations: it focuses on the rise and fall of populations as basic units of evolutionary change, simultaneously explaining forces that produce homogeneity and stability within populations and heterogeneity between them.
This paper explores the effects of succession of the publisher in local newspaper organizations. Unlike much previous research, the analysis simultaneously took into account: (1) the organizational context of the succession event; (2) the timing of succession relative to the organizational life cycle; and (3) the type of transfer undertaken in control structures. The findings show that the rates of death of newspaper organizations increase following succession of the founder. This finding holds for all types of founder control structures and forms of newspaper organizations. The analysis also shows some weak evidence that succession has its greatest impact when the transfer of control occurs from and between organizations controlled by individuals.
This study explores whether an ecological, an adaptation, or a random organizational action perspective more appropriately describes the impact of organizational change in a population of voluntary social service organizations. The results indicate that some changes are disruptive, some have no impact on organizational mortality, and others are adaptive. One plausible interpretation of the results is that the effects of organizational changes depend on the location of the changes in the organization -- whether in the core or the periphery. Core changes, which are thought to be more disruptive, are best described by an ecological view. Peripheral changes are best described by an adaptation view. The study shows that selection and adaptation are complementary rather than contradictory views, and one clear implication is the need for simultaneous modeling of selection and adaptation processes to build a more complete theory of organizational change.
We use historical data about the nineteenth-century Argentinian press and the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Irish press to explore the plausibility of an environmental model of selection in populations of organizations. We show, through event-history methods, that newspapers suffer high mortality in their early years. Both industry maturity and general economic expansion enhance survival, but timing of birth relative to business cycles does not affect survival. Newspapers born under conditions of political turmoil are outlived by newspapers born under stable conditions. We interpret this finding as indirect evidence for some ecological formulations of organizational behavior.
Scitation is the online home of leading journals and conference proceedings from AIP Publishing and AIP Member Societies
Recently, joint R&D involving horizontal collaboration among three or more competing firms has emerged in a variety of industrial sectors. This article views the evolution of the R&D collaborative as an innovative and efficient institutional form for the development of "leaky" intellectual property. The authors argue that private firms underinvest in the development of "leaky" intellectual property due to difficulties in appropriability. Three U.S. case histories and one Japanese example of horizontal R&D collaboration illustrate differences in organizational design, goal formation, and management. The authors conclude that an insufficiency of institutional support for U.S. collaboratives may lead to underinvestment in "leaky" technologies.
Examines the historical record of the ascendancy of science-related technology in modern economies, and presents an economic theory of innovation based on that record and it implications for policy-makers. Part One reviews the growth of the chemical, synthetic materials, and electronics industries with particular emphasis on costs, patent rates, firm sizes, marketing efforts, timing decisions. These data support a general theory presented in Part Two concerning the importance of professionalized research and development (R&D) capabilities and market awareness. Empirical data and analysis, including the results of Project SAPPHO, are used to provide further support for the theory. Characteristics of successful innovating firms include R&D strength, marketing abilities, understanding of user needs, and management strength. Implications for optimal firm size and the consequences of and reactions to uncertainty are treated in the remainder of Part Two. Uncertainty is responsible for a continuum of six strategies that firms take to meet the need to innovate, and leads to private under-investment in R&D. Part Three takes up the role of government and national science and technology policies and considers the social effects of technological innovation in terms of business cycles and unemployment figures, using a framework based on Schumpeter and Kondratiev. (CAR)
This paper relates quality and uncertainty. The existence of goods of many grades poses interesting and important problems for the theory of markets. On the one hand, the interaction of quality differences and uncertainty may explain important institutions of the labor market. On the other hand, this paper presents a struggling attempt to give structure to the statement: “Business in under-developed countries is difficult”; in particular, a structure is given for determining the economic costs of dishonesty. Additional applications of the theory include comments on the structure of money markets, on the notion of “insurability,” on the liquidity of durables, and on brand-name goods.
Age dependence in organizational death rates is studied using data on three populations of organizations: national labor unions, semiconductor electronics manufacturers, and newspaper publishing companies. There is a liability of newness in each of these populations but it differs depending on whether death occurs through dissolution or by absorption through merger. Liabilities of smallness and bigness are also identified but controlling for them does not eliminate age dependence.
A number of proposals have been advanced in recent years for the development of “general systems theory” which, abstracting from properties peculiar to physical, biological, or social systems, would be applicable to all of them. We might well feel that, while the goal is laudable, systems of such diverse kinds could hardly be expected to have any nontrivial properties in common. Metaphor and analogy can be helpful, or they can be misleading. All depends on whether the similarities the metaphor captures are significant or superficial.
This is a book about the formation, development, and success or failure of new high technology companies, focusing on those that grew under the auspices of entrepreneurs from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston at the end of World War Two. Trained in high-technology in MIT's labs and academic departments or in the local industrial marvel that became known as the "Route 128 phenomenon", these entrepreneurs took their technical and innate skills with them to found their own new companies. The book is based on extensive empirical research on these firms conducted over a period of twenty-five years and much previously written work on the subject, and is the culmination of such earlier work and synthesized findings. It centers on people, technology, money, and markets, and its main goal is to provide insights that may eventually contribute to fulfilling other entrepreneurs' dreams and other communities' hopes. The book chapters comprise three connected sections - treating birth, transition and growth, and success or failure.
Now nearing its 60th printing in English and translated into nineteen languages, Michael E. Porter's Competitive Strategy has transformed the theory, practice, and teaching of business strategy throughout the world. Electrifying in its simplicity -- like all great breakthroughs -- Porter's analysis of industries captures the complexity of industry competition in five underlying forces. Porter introduces one of the most powerful competitive tools yet developed: his three generic strategies -- lowest cost, differentiation, and focus -- which bring structure to the task of strategic positioning. He shows how competitive advantage can be defined in terms of relative cost and relative prices, thus linking it directly to profitability, and presents a whole new perspective on how profit is created and divided. In the almost two decades since publication, Porter's framework for predicting competitor behavior has transformed the way in which companies look at their rivals and has given rise to the new discipline of competitor assessment.
More than a million managers in both large and small companies, investment analysts, consultants, students, and scholars throughout the world have internalized Porter's ideas and applied them to assess industries, understand competitors,, and choose competitive positions. The ideas in the book address the underlying fundamentals of competition in a way that is independent of the specifics of the ways companies go about competing.
Competitive Strategy has filled a void in management thinking. It provides an enduring foundation and grounding point on which all subsequent work can be built. By bringing a disciplined structure to the question of how firms achieve superior profitability, Porter's rich frameworks and deep insights comprise a sophisticated view of competition unsurpassed in the last quarter-century.
Book Description
Publication Date: June 1, 1998 | ISBN-10: 0684841487 | ISBN-13: 978-0684841489 | Edition: 1
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