Poultry Diseases - Science topic

For genomic DNA, any standard condition, 15-20 min, 5000 g would work, however, good to use at 4 °C if possible. Time can vary based on your sample density.

Assuming the sequence heterogeneity is low at your primer binding sites you could replace the random hexamers with your reverse primers.

Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis.

Hi Deepdarshan.

BEAS-2B is a human lung epithelial cell line that shows prominent inflammatory responses after induction with Dust. As I am working on Fine particulate matter induced lung inflammation So I would suggest you to plate 8-10k cells per/well in a 96 well plate and check for the cell viability with varying doses of dust particles treatment. Further you can choose the most significant dose where cell viability is reduced and there is an increased expression of inflammatory proteins and an decreased expression of anti-oxidant proteins (can be done by immunoblotting of immunofluorescence). You can also measure the ROS by CM-H2DCFDA or MitoSOX to conclude the oxidative effect of dust particles in lung epithelial cells.

Thanks

Hope it helps...!!

Ido From

The best way of end-point amplification of target region using RNA directly extracted from tracheal/cloacal swabs is making complementary DNA (Step 1) and amplify target region from complementary DNA (Step 2).

One-step RT-PCR system can lead to lower yields or efficiency, more complicated to troubleshoot, and does not provide a stock of cDNA for future use. Since RNAs are unstable so, you can reverse transcribe them immediately and perform PCR later (Two-step PCR System).

Still if you want to use One-Step RT-PCR system, you may use following kits;

1. QIAGEN OneStep RT-PCR Kit, https://www.qiagen.com/us/products/discovery-and-translational-research/pcr-qpcr-dpcr/pcr-enzymes-and-kits/one-step-rt-pcr/qiagen-onestep-rt-pcr-kit/

2. SuperScript™ III One-Step RT-PCR System with Platinum™ Taq DNA Polymerase (you mentioned).

Hi, Dear Hazhir Gharibi,

It is better that you consider a minimum of three or four replication for each treatment sample, the number of samples depends on fee RNA-seq generally.

FLHS is a so called multi-factorial disease, this means that it is caused by numerous factors related to nutrition, hormonal factors, housing conditions and genetics. the fat content of the liver of laying hens increases under normal metabolic conditions of egg laying. The additional effects of environmental factors - including excess energy intake and confinement - appear to alter liver function and utilisation of fat and therefore induce FLHS.

Moisture content , texture and pH of litter material are quality indices that will determine the suitability of such materials for chicken litter. Diseases such as coccidiosis, foot pad dermatitis, E.coli can be severe with chicks housed on poor litter materials.

Please take a look at this useful RG link.

Kindly go through the following PDF attachments.

I agree with yahaya

Thank you for sharing experience and recommend me

Tumours on mucosa of bursa are considered virtually pathognomic for LL, enlargement of feather follicles ( folliculitis) only in MD, Nerve enlargement is common in MD not in LL.

It would be very long and expensive, but not impossible. To achieve this, chicken breeds with a high genetic variability would be required, since many of the current breeds have been improved for productive characteristics, which has caused that the current chickens are more susceptible to some diseases, which has caused a low heritability of the characteristics related to resistance to diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the genetic variability to obtain individuals with high genetic heritability to specific diseases.

Current protocols is a great source to start with.

there are many viral and bacterial diseases vertically transmitted in poultry such as

Avian encephalomyelitis

lymphoid leukosis

Salmonella

Mycoplasma

Thank you Mr. Hiba for your share and recommendation. Regards.

Hi Sir

Good question, i follow it.

Best wishes.

According to my Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English runt is:

Undersized animal (especially the smallest of a litter).

Thus most likely the number of runt broilers is smaller than the number of culled ones, as there will be other reasons like leg deformities for culling an animal.

this is  a big problem. but as i know, many strains are different in pathogenecity in spite of they are belong to the same species. that need more studies to discover  if there is a difference in genetic map.

Ambroxol has been used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens. See Brit Pout Sci (1995) 36:503-507 and Poult Sci (2016) 95: 2667-2672. The drug helps respiratory cilia to clear away tracheobronchial secretion more easily. 

Hi

Read this link and PDF attached

Handbook of Culture Media for Food Microbiology, Second Edition

J.E.L. Corry, ‎G.D.W. Curtis, ‎R.M. Baird - 2003 - ‎Science

... Empedobacter, Flavobacterium, Myroides, Ornithobacterium, Riemerella, ... General culture media The genera in the Flavobacteriaceae family have been isolated ... McCurdy agar (Oyaizu and Komagata, 1981), medium Ml (Weeks, 1955), ... for the selective isolation of specific species or genera in the Flavobacteriaceae ...

Dear Mandeep,

Chickens do not have IgG (or its subclasses). IgY is considered an avian equivalent of mammalian IgG but it is NOT IgG. Avian IgY is evolutionary predecessor of mammalian IgG and IgE. There are several differences between IgG and IgY. For instance unlike mammalian IgG, the avian IgY has longer H chain, does not possess genetically encoded hinge, cannot be purified using protein A or G nor does it fix complement. Avian IgG is heavily glycosylated (contains up to 3% carbohydrates) whereas mammalian IgG are not so heavily glycosylated. In relatively old literature the term IgG is used for avian IgY but it is incorrect and the two terms should not be used interchangeably.

Ectoparasites or endoparasites? This makes quite a difference!

Real-time PCR has been used to quantify Marek's Disease virus in tumors. Please check the paper I am sending you attached.

Regarding your 2nd question, it depends the question you are trying to answer, which kind of biological material, which kind of tool you have in your lab... etc...

I have collaborated on a study looking at using the egg as the non-invasive sample source. The idea was that you could pinpoint a stress event by where in the yolk the corticosterone was sampled.  Generalized stress could be measured anywhere in the yolk. The paper has some good references to the various ways to sample for this steroid. You can find it in this 2009 paper on my ResearchGate page: 

Comparisons among serum, egg albumin and yolk concentrations of corticosterone as biomarkers of basal and stimulated adrenocortical activity of laying hens

If you are measuring the stress of egg removal, you may be looking for a more immediate response. For this, our lab took blood samples within 90 seconds of picking up the bird. Anything more and the sample could be compromised by rising corticosterone related to the blood sampling itself. For this, we used the brachial vein (on the underside of the wing). 

ok, i see. thanks a lot for your Information.

I do  not think so

Once S. Gallinarum is in a house it is notoriously difficult to clear. The test and cull policy used by the UK and US in the 1950s and 1960s helped reduced/virtually eliminate Fowl Typhoid completely-although there are occasional and devastating outbreaks. Prabhakar is right (though not sure how yeast helps) and this is sound advice. 

There are vaccines- indeed 9R developed by Smith in 1956 is an effective vaccine when used correctly. S. Enteritidis vaccines (especially live attenuated) should also protect to a significant degree- essentially Gallinarum and ENteritidis are the same except one has a functional SPI19 T6SS (SG) and the other has flagella (SE)

Hi,

We have a very good polyclonal antibody that recognizes extremely well the chicken PrP. We generated this antibody because we are studying if chicken can be infected with prions. In fact we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing chicken PrP.

Please, contact to me using castilla@joaquincastilla.com to discuss the details.

Answer of this question are varied in different dimention.for example In the case of IBD protection ELISA titer depends on intermediate plus or classic strains ( That can measur with IBD and IBD-XR test kit). and the GMT depends on the ELISA kit( IDEXX - BioChek,...thats Indirect method!).  but in summry the protction IBD ELISA GMT is 8000.

In IBV one of the important point is that in respiratory form of disease in, main protective immunity is cell mediated immunity and local immunity, (IgA) that dont  detect with routine ELISA kit. and renal (kidney) and reproductive systems the humoral immunity (IgG) is more important. The protective ELISA IBV GMT for broiler around 3500 and for broiler breeder around 6000.

and i refer you to these documents  for more information:

This is not a direct answer to your question but a suggestion for an alternative approach.  I agree with the others that direct supplementation with glutathione can be useful.  However, Giamattei found alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation normalized liver function in schizophrenia patients.  Oxidative stress and a low GSH/GSSG ratio are characteristic features of this disease.  Suh found ALA supplementation increased glutathione synthesis and GSH levels through activation of the Nrf2/ARE/GCL pathway.  You may find ALA a more cost-effective alternative to GSH.

Giamattei, L., 1957. Thioctic acid in therapy of schizophrenia. Osp. Psichiatr. 25, 221–228.

 Suh, J.H., Shenvi, S.V., Dixon, B.M., Liu, H., Jaiswal, A.K., Liu, R.M., Hagen, T.M., 2004. Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione synthesis.

check the following publications, and especially the supplementary informations, for having good overviews:

Diel et al., 2012 Infection, Genetics and Evolution http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892200

Snoeck et al. 2013 Journal of Clinical Microbiology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658271

or the introduction of PhD thesis for overview of NDV circulation: http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2012_0212_SNOECK.pdf - the NDV nomenclature is different however, it uses the European nomenclature

Honestly a better empirical test than just titers would be to do a simple longitudinal growth kinetics in replicate eggs with proper negative controls over set time-points (0h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, then 1d, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d or something like that) and look at starting point of titer recovered at like 30 min p.i. (maybe there is an infection/entry advantage but kinetics are otherwise the same), timing/rate of virus production (how parallel are the slopes?), peak titer (if titers plateau, are they plateauing at the same max titer?), etc.

edit: i know you're looking for just an answer, but the best way esp. if you want to publish your work is to have your own (supplementary) data you did yourself under your own laboratory conditions to test kinetics etc. unless the answer is accepted by literally every specialist in the influenza field.

Birds with heavy growth rate produce a lot of metabolic heat. Cross sectional analysis of the pectoralis muscle of affected birds generally shows the condition to be worse near the outer surface of the muscle. This area would be most affected by the combination of restricted blood flow from laying down on the litter and localized heat build up where the bird is in contact with the litter. There do not appear to be causal links for a genetic or nutritional trigger for the condition. I find the links to be weak or sporadic at best.

Thanks researchers for your attention and kindness to me. All of your offer books were very well. 

Also remember that bad cleaning can not be overcome by extra disinfection!

Please consult the expert.

Some information which might help you

If it's really important to you, use of a trapnest may be one of your only options. In experiments with turkeys, we learned how to feel for a hard-shelled egg while it was still in the bird. From a management perspective, however, overall flock egg production and hatchability are much more useful measures.These measurements can help to identify issues with previous feed management and can help pinpoint breeding issues. If you are just using this strain for egg production, you can also be measuring egg weight and shell thickness.  

Thanks Ben, very interesting!

It may be a simple dysbacteriosis. Birds are naturally immunosuppressed around point-of lay, coupled with the stress due to a change of environment there may be issues with normal regulation of gut immunity or changes to composition of the microbiota. This may be a transient problem as they become settled. It may be worth trying a probiotic or even live yoghurt to help. We have used this for buresectomised animals and it prevents simple GI tract upsets.

hi Ferdinand

thank u for suggest !

first depends on vaccines and disease , for example IB H120 or IB 4/91 strain , or ND Lasota , B1 , clon , ... have a deferent reactions. then other factors such as levels of the immune system , Geographic areas , stress and etc

Thanks Dr Mahdi for the answer. I just want to add that IBDV has a affinity for B lymphocytes of bursa so depending upon the age of the bird infected it can cause temporary ( In birds above 3 weeks of age) or permanent suppression ( in birds below 3 weeks of age) of humoral immunity and is an important cause of vaccination failure in domestic poultry. On the other hand aflatoxins cause temporary damage to the lymphoid organs and therefore cause suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immunity. In addition, the aflatoxins interfere with the synthesis of proteins in the liver. So the aflatoxins also effects the synthesis of gamma- globulins(antibodies) and may suppress the humoral immunity in the birds.

Hi,in my opinion its better to visit birds in night,becuse most of the ectoparasites comes out in night.if you have breeder it is usefull to search the nests and litter in it plus feathers.

Ochratoxin, especially Ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxic mycotoxin in poultry as well as pigs. In kidneys, liver and heart of birds it causes degenerative to necrotic changes. Chronic exposure of ochratoxins has been associated with tumours of kidneys in rats, but there are no much reports of cancer due to chronic ocratoxicosis in birds.

If birds are infected with virulent strain of IBDV during the first week of life, severe depletion of bursal stem cells is observed which is grossly evident as atrophy of bursa of Fabricius.

Dea Ferdinand, dear Jose and Matthew,

just my thoughts:

the "problem" reminds me of the work done in the late 1970es on rat brain(skull) preparation of whole hypothalamus... task: serial sections for reconstruction (semithin sections)...my starting point naturally was perfusion fixation (which is recommended here for several reasons, not only because of good preservation of structures). It will - naturally - depend also on the IHC to be done...

Not knowing whether you'll use "live chickens" in an experiment using animal it is not easy to advise for any preparation (dissecting steps, at least brain fixation first, or decapitation, peparing free the brain base and fix by immersion, then preparing the pituitary gland) mode of the brain/hypothalamic-pituitary gland region. I have been looking for any source of dissecting prep.steps for chicken ("Dissecting laboratory Manuals", such may be either very old or be part of the university "animal preparing" courses), but always found either perfusion fixation first and then detaching the skull peu-à-peu with the aid of dissecting forceps. You won't get rid of that manual step in this case. If the bony parts are too thick for breaking away with the dissecting forceps you could try to incubate the whole specimen ( after a sufficient period of immersion fixation, which will be approxim. at least over night @ RT) into a decalcifying solution as used usually in histology or histochemistry to get rid of the dense osseous material for proper sectioning. This naturally only can be done if such a decalcifying step does not interfere with your IHC...

The other question would be then which fixation solution would be best for the task you would like to achieve with IHC...

very best regards and good luck,

Wolfgang

thanks Dr Qussay.......

Sometimes the solution is so simple :-)

the viral diseases that can cause conjunctivitis are Newcastle disease and fowl pox,infectious bronchitis,influenza

some bacteria also can cause conjunctivitis as E coli, Staphylococcus and may be others

Dear friends

I have few points regading selection of detoxification process for mycotoxins:

1. We may have some promising results by using different herbal extracts (references available on net) to inhibit the mycotoxin producing fungi on the food and feed materials but major issue is its applcaction at industrial or mass level.

2. We have to use combination of mycotoxn binders because we do not find one mycotoxin binders effective for all mycotoxins.

3. Enzymes used for biotransformation of mycotoxins have not been well commercialized.

So we do not have any effective mechanism to detoxify mycotoxins from the contaminated foods.

In my view we have to work more on detoxifying agents and improved agricultural practices for cultivation and storage systems.

the best You can do is management, in EU for several years lot of people are looking for potential alternatives and no clear answer so far... but everyday good farm practice, biosecurity are essential for keeping good performance, feed additives may help but this is not a solution when farm has poor management, one day olds are poor quality ....and diet is poorly digestible. Water purity specifically in first 10-14 days is extremely important as well while birds drink very little and microflora can establish thick biofilms

The best thing to do is source your mites from a local poultry farm that has an infestation. You can collect the mites into sealable bags or other containers and then leave them to digest their blood meal. A number of publications investigating vaccine candidates or essential oils for example have sourced mites this way. It is the easiest and best way.