Methodology - Science method

Devesh Kumar Pant

Using the Johansen Cointegration Test to Interpret the Results:

1. The EViews output contains two statistics: the Trace Statistic and the Max-Eigen Statistic.

2. The rejection criterion is set at 0.05.

3. An asterisk (*) denotes rejection of the null hypothesis.

4. If the probability value is less than or equal to 0.05, reject the null hypothesis.

My best wishes Dear Dr. P. N. Seetharaman !....I wish the best in your progress!

Isabelle Skakni A good rule of thumb to follow when selecting whether to employ qualitative or quantitative data is: quantitative analysis is preferable if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or hypothesis) and If you want to understand anything, use qualitative research (concepts, thoughts, experiences)

Dear Paul Hubert Vossen My area of ​​work is the philosophy of science, but I am a sociologist, so I am familiar with arguments from both disciplinary fields. It is common in the social sciences to use the word "phenomenon" to refer to a social, public and objective fact (it is a common way of referring to a social fact, not necessarily strange) and not to anything mental.

That is, unlike philosophy, where "phenomenon" is often used to refer to something given or that occurs in consciousness, with more or less Kantian meanings, social scientists use the word to refer to a characteristic of social reality, which they consider to be objective and self-existent (independently of any human mind); that is to say, "phenomenon" is not a word that replaces "thought", but rather a "social fact".

On the other hand, while I agree that in the social sciences there are vagueness, imprecision, neologisms and inconsistencies, it seems that in their claim for a model is the idea that the theories of the social sciences should be similar to those of the natural sciences. This position has been called "naturalism" and together with the thesis that social and natural sciences must use the same methods (called "methodological monism") are part of a long and deep epistemological debate about the demarcation between the two types of scientific disciplines and about the scientific status of the social sciences.

In the social sciences, too, the word theory is used as a synonym for hypothesis or hypothesis accepted as knowledge, about a fact or a type of fact, but although this does not occur in physics, it also happens in the biological sciences: for example, theories about why the dinosaurs or the Mayan civilization became extinct, or why elephants periodically approach their cemeteries, which are very far from the conceptions that consider them as interpreted calculations.

Odilbek Mamatqosimov It's the Quadrant Method - For stationary animals like plants, or very small and slow-moving organisms, plots called quadrats can be used to estimate population size and density. Within the habitat, each quadrat marks off an area of the same size—typically a square area.

A pandemic perspective to the debate by Dr Pranav Ish is indeed noteworthy.

Try to address those comments as much as possible. For the ones that you think are impossible, you may provide rebuttal to the editor explaining your opinion.

Assuming your two questions yield categorical data on the same respondents, you could go for Pearson Chi-Square. You might check out the following for insights into carrying out Pearson Chi-Square on SPSS.

Lund Research Ltd. (2018). Chi-Square test for association using SPSS statistics. SPSS Statistics Tutorials and Statistical Guides | Laerd Statistics. https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/chi-square-test-for-association-using-spss-statistics.php

Good luck,

Dear @Girija Prasad Patnaik Please check:

I agree with Fatemeh Khozaei

Water Security is one of the most (if not the most) nagging issues in water-scarce countries. Examples for sustainable development in the arid region are given in the following discussions:

(2) Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change: "Temporal Paradox" versus "Chronology Protection Conjecture". (researchgate.net)

(2) On Water Scarcity Indicators (researchgate.net)

Try Cochrane - they have check lists for most systematic reviews.

I think that it is qualitative or quantitative, the important thing is that the investigation lives. I don't know about other cases, but for me, it's super important, I can't conceive of my day without trying to learn a little more

yes sure, easy to find so many

just type your title and search especially for surveys

google scholar will help you to easily find and access.

All the best

You can see the following links:

1. https://github.com/Indushekhar/Modeling-and-Simulation-of-5-DOF-Robotic-manipulator

2.

Hello Mofida,

Selecting the appropriate agriculture extension method will provide you with an idea of whether to choose quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method research. For instance, if it is a group approach, mixed-method would be appropriate.

Johann Pieterse

While social constructionism focuses on the objects produced by a group's social interactions, social constructivism focuses on an individual's learning as a result of his or her interactions in a group.

The major distinction between the two theories is the emphasis that each places on experiences and social interactions. The emphasis in constructivism is on personal experiences in creating knowledge, but in social constructivism the emphasis is on social interactions and culture.

Creating a z score will result in a mean of zero and a SD of 1, but skewness will still be there and one skewed input variable (or indeed one with outliers) can have a big effect on the composite variable. You may be happy with this; if not then you could do a transformation that produces a more symmetric distribution and has mean of zero and SD of 1 - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankit and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

The most common way to assess reliability with a single point in time is with coefficient alpha.

Ella De Jesus

As mentioned by David L Morgan , the moderated effect can be tested in a regression model by including a product term (moderator*IV) in the regression equation. This is called moderated regression analysis.

Mathematically, a moderated regression equation for one IV and one moderator variable looks like this:

Y = b0 + b1*X + b2*Z + b3*X*Z + error

where Y = dependent variable, X = independent variable, Z = moderator variable, and b0, b1, b2, and b3 indicate constant regression coefficients. In order to test for moderation, you multiply the X and Z variables to obtain a product term (X*Z), for example, by using the COMPUTE command in SPSS. The product term X*Z gets added to your model as an additional "predictor." The moderator Z can be binary (a 0-1 coded dummy variable) or continuous (metrical/interval scale). In case of continuous X and Z, it is often useful to center X and Z before computing the product term to facilitate the interpretation of the results (in particular when the uncentered X and Z have no meaningful zero points).

The coefficient b3 for the interaction (product) term allows you to examine whether there is an interaction (moderator) effect. The null hypothesis H0 for the interaction effect is H0: b3 = 0. That is, when b3 = 0 in the population, there is no moderation (interaction) effect. When b3 is significantly different from zero, this null hypothesis can be rejected.

For details, see Aiken and West (1991):

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications, Inc.

Hi Radka Hanzlová,

In addition to the helpful comments from Christian and Rainer, I would recommend that you:

For discussions around measurement invariance with ordered-categorigcal variables using WLSMV have a look at:

1. Millsap et al., 2004. Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures

2. Liu et al., 2017. Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures

For discussions around empty response options (zero cells) have a look at:

1. Rutkowski et al., 2019. Collapsing categorical variables and measurement invariance.

2. Savalei, Victoria 2011. What to do about zero frequency cells when estimating polychoric correlations.

Hope this helps!

Best,

Darun

Dear Nehru Sai suresh Chalichem

Open field is a good apparatus for mice to test attention, learning and other similar parameters. I add some example.

Exactly rightly responded. But please keep in mind , low correlation speaks of irrelevance of hypothesis , the identified factors do not influence each other....

Dear Santhosh Gopalakrishnan

On thermal decomposition, frequently used oxidizers such as AP and AN yield significant oxygen concentrations. Hydrocarbon-based polymers such as HTPB, CTPB, and PBAN are utilized as fuel. To get a high specific impulse, large oxidizer concentrations are often utilized.

Best Regards

Dear Linara Khadimullina

ESG, or Environmental, Social, and Governance, is a program that identifies and measures the effect of an organization's policies and processes linked to environmental sustainability and social standards.

ESG concerns and related megatrends, such as natural resource depletion (e.g., drinkable water shortage) and shifting demographics (e.g., the economic ascent of pro-sustainability millennials), are important to investment risk and return across asset classes.

Best Regards

Methods used in the study should be standard and validated. The methods should be replicated in other studies too and produce almost similar results

السلام عليكم ست امال

نحب نستفيد عن كيفية استخراج الفجوه من خلال الاجابات المضافه

Dear Zaid Rababa

The overarching goal of project management technique is to standardize, structure, and organize work practices. This helps to concentrate all initiatives in the same direction and enables us to replicate successful elements while learning from failures, resulting in a continual improvement process.

Good Luck, All the Best.

Best Regards

Repeat the attached Google search for full details. Best wishes, David Booth

Yes, you can. However, the need for each framework should be justified.

Hi Matheus!

The hydrogel (Poloxamer diluted in phosphate buffer) does not show glass transition; instead, there is the micellization temperature, which is the temperature in which the poloxamer self-assembly into micelles. In most of your compositions, this is the peak you observe in the third graph over 10-30 °C.

If you want to see the gelation temperature, I recommend you perform a rheology analysis, fixing the frequency, varying the temperature, and recording elastic and viscous moduli.

As far as I know, the glass transition is only observed in dried poloxamer. The hydrogel does not show glass transition below 100 °C, which is the maximum temperature you can work since you have water in the hydrogels. So then, only the dried poloxamer pellets show glass transition due to the degree of freedom of PEO-PPO-PEO chains.

I hope I have helped you.

Best regards,

Unsettled districts usually have indigenous residents and more recently settled residents. Discussions on location with these people can produce a wealth of local knowledge to encourage co-operation and avoid tenure issues. there may also be unofficial small scale forest tenure systems in place that could be accommodated.

The phrase "cut scores" gets used differently in different disciplines, so it would be useful to create a new discussion where you define what you mean. For example, in education it is often using subject matter experts or by comparing the test on which you want to make the cut scores with some other test (e.g., ).

Lorenzo Del Giudice Many thanks for your reply. If i'm not mistaken, the procedure put forward by Professor Bažant is mostly applicable to flexure-induced tension not direct tension. I was wondering if the procedure can be modified to apply it to direct tension.

Dear Esneider Rojas Vargas

Toluidine blue O is a polychromatic dye, which means it may stain various components of the cell wall in different colors5,6. Toluidine blue O is most commonly used to detect pectin and lignin5,6.

Have a look: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4186213/

Best Regards

Dear Hamid Ullah

to convert rgb image ([h, w, 3]) to grayscale image ([h, w]) you need to duplicate the gray_image 3 times over the rgb channels:

rgb_image = zeros(h, w, 3)

for i=1:3

rgb_image[:, :, i] = gray_image

end

Thank you @MoinUlHaq

Dear Henrik,

For such quantitative size of survey as You want the best thing is to use Paniott formula. Please, take a glance on Paniott formula on Google.

Good day sir.

See link :

I can't answer your question because it is not related with my research interest.

With ref to my previous thread I would request you to publish one or two papers in standard J. in the field of your specialisation . This will help you in writing your synopsis very clearly .

Of course, they should be added and used (qualitatively) -- it's data, and respondents felt a need to add them, so we should report them. Since the researcher did not ask for comments, it doesn't make sense to call it a mixed method study. It's a quant study with supplemental comments. You add a section to the report describing qualitatively, what was said, including areas of convergence and divergence if the sample is large enough, and with some representative verbatims in any case. You should also include the % of respondents who added comments, for context.

Kindly see also the following link: https://upstream.consulting/grant-readiness/how-to-analyze-focus-group-data

Dear Rabie,

Hereby, I send you two papers published in 2021 describing two different methods in measuring soil moisture.

Good luck.

In fact, the question needs to be framed a bit differently. How can we model the variation in two dependent variables through a single model?

Additionally, the measurement of variables is possible through survey design?

I would answer the second question first. Survey design is one of the most prevalent research design. The overuse of the method has attracted the attention of academicians who have pointed to different issues. We can improve the quality of survey by applying the remedial procedures suggested by Podsakoff (Link: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-08045-010). The answer to the first question is the use of MANOVA. There is one cleavage to be taken care of. Both the dependent variables to be used must have a reasonable level of correlation between them. You can use the following book to master MANOVA: Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology.

Dear Anatoliy Aksenenko

Basically, To perform the test, one end of a wire is fed into the gripping attachment, while the other end is secured to a fixed point. The tester then pulls the wire at a gradual pace, increasing the force until the wire breaks or the terminal is removed.

Best Regards

I wonder if our students on the professional doctorate in social work course could do something with this theme, particularly around child protection, parenting and the breast - I think it would be fascinating.

Hello

In my opinion, you have to review MIXED METHODOLOGY:

Best regards

Thanks for all the great tips, St Schulz ! We will surely look them up also for other cases in the future! Best regards

You can always go for phenol-choloroform method. But kits are designed for a fast and easier/safer extraction process, which might not be the same for you if you use the traditional kit-less methods.

Royce Willis has given you could advice. In addition, you might consider pre-testing your newly created measure. One possible technique for doing that pre-testing is through cognitive interviews (Willis, 2004).

@Hadi. It is true but I need Material Studio to model the tool and combine it with workpiece. Is any means of getting Material studio or similar software that can be used. That is model I am talking about.

i found another interesting story as well. may be useful.

1. We usually conduct SR with either qualitative or qualitative studies

2. See equator network for data extraction and reporting format

"Systematic reviews/Meta-analyses/Reviews/HTA/Overviews | Study Designs | The EQUATOR Network" https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines-study-design/systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses/?post_type=eq_guidelines

Always welcome Mam.

There are several ways to measure the success of IT projects. projects meet objectives within time and budget, delivered features, and the quality of the delivered product. There are other indicators such as productivity of developers and number of detected bugs. More information can be found in this paper where the focus is qualitative analysis.

https://people.eecs.ku.edu/~hossein/811/Papers/Agile-Development/does-agile-work.pdf

good luck

All the values of regressions coefficiants are generated from best fit software used .http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ChoosingInitialParameterValuesForNonlinearRegression/

Dear researchers

Extrusion 3D Printing of Polymeric Materials with Advanced Properties

Zhen Jiang, Broden Diggle, Ming Li Tan, Jekaterina Viktorova, Christopher W Bennett, Luke A. Connal,

First published: 05 August 2020

Abstract 3D printing is a rapidly growing technology that has an enormous potential to impact a wide range of industries such as engineering, art, education, medicine, and aerospace. The flexibility in design provided by this technique offers many opportunities for manufacturing sophisticated 3D devices. The most widely utilized method is an extrusion-based solid-freeform fabrication approach, which is an extremely attractive additive manufacturing technology in both academic and industrial research communities. This method is versatile, with the ability to print a range of dimensions, multimaterial, and multifunctional 3D structures. It is also a very affordable technique in prototyping. However, the lack of variety in printable polymers with advanced material properties becomes the main bottleneck in further development of this technology. Herein, a comprehensive review is provided, focusing on material design strategies to achieve or enhance the 3D printability of a range of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, hydrogels, and other polymers by extrusion techniques. Moreover, diverse advanced properties exhibited by such printed polymers, such as mechanical strength, conductance, self-healing, as well as other integrated properties are highlighted. Lastly, the stimuli responsiveness of the 3D printed polymeric materials including shape morphing, degradability, and color changing is also discussed.

Introduction

3D printing, is the conversion of a computer-generated model into a real, physical object. The model is first converted into a series of triangulated coordinates which can be read by a printer and then transformed to a series of sequential layers. A computer-controlled translation stage then moves based on the designed pattern, either in the form of laser optics or an ink based printhead, to fabricate objects one layer at a time. Various 3D printing technologies used in fabricating advanced polymers have been well reviewed and summarized,[23] namely light-based 3D printing[24-26] extrusion-based printing,[27, 28] inkjet 3D printing,[29] and powder bed fusion-based methods.[30] Extrusion-based printing is widely used due to its simple printing mechanism and low-cost of fabrication.

It's depends on your kind of data. The test statistics should be defined initially. In data analysis we can use recent analysis methods which will be helpful in better interpretation of your results

You may try with Fuzzy logic theory or multi-grade Fuzzy approach.

Hello,

Will you conduct noise level measurements at the soundwalk stops? If so, you could ask about the perceived loudness using a scoring method and then correlate the objective and the subjective results.

If surveys provide binary answers (yes/no), you can perform a meta-analysis of single proportions using the inverse variance method (with Freeman–Tukey double-arcsine transformation) or a generalized linear mixed model. It is easy to implement in Stata or R, eg. with Metaprop.

Again, from a statistical perspective, it is best not to categorize/form groups and to rather use the variable/score as is, taking advantage of its (quasi-) continuous (metrical) scale level. Otherwise, you lose information. There are plenty of statistical procedures available for continuous variables and those are typically more powerful than procedures for categorical/ordinal variables.

Most categorization methods are also rather ad hoc/arbitrary (e.g., median or quartile split). A model-based approach that is less arbitrary is latent profile analysis (LPA), which allows you to identify latent groups based on continuous variables. Often, these groups come out as low, medium, high. However, LPA requires multiple continuous indicator variables.

Dear Frederico Campos Viana

Follow these seven priorities:

Best Regards

thank you guys

Thank you; do you remember the protocol and usage details?

Dear Hussain Alzahrani

I suggest these articles, have a look:

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579654/

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804027/

3. https://www.science.gov/topicpages/s/special+staining+methods.html

4. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2019.00036/full

Best Regards

As you are Spanish, I recommend classic manuals, understandable and unless it is Spanish (some, although they say as "Experimental Psychology", are valid for their objectives):

-Psicología Experimental; McGuigan; Ed. TRillas

-Diseño y Cálculo de Tests Estadísticos para Ensayos Clínicos y de Laboratorio; A. González; E.U.E de la Univ. Complutense de Madrid

-INvestigación Científica en CC de la Salud. Polit-Hungler. McGraw-Hill Interamericana

-Psicología Matemática I y II. Julio Seoane et al.Editorial UNED

-Fundamentos de Psicología Matemática.L. Jañez Escalada. Pirámide

-Psicología Matemática. Francis Isidro. Pirámide

-Los clásicos del Prof. Dr. Yela y los Clásicos del Prof. DR. Amón

-I-

I do not understand the question: IN SURVIVORS OR "IN NON-SURVIVORS WITH ARDS" ... as and as it literally appears, IT MAKES NO SENSE !!!

Dear Kashaf Khalid

The number of species in the community can be estimated by dividing this “genome” by the average size of a bacterial genome.

Best Regards

Dear Taher Abdel-Ghani

The coronavirus brought about a disruption, which also brings about an opportunity to address other much-needed changes at both education and societal level. For future architects to be equipped to face those, a review of the architectural syllabus is needed where equal emphasis is provided on studio just as much as other dimensions. Along with this, it may also be the time to expand the architectural curriculum, merge across disciplines and truly work towards building the future. A future is just as much as beautiful as it is resilient, sustainable, inclusive and safe.

Best Regards

Thank you @ chukwudi

Thanks a lot Sajid Iqbal . From a first reading that paper will help me either directly or help to get my Literature research back on track. You saved my submission deadline. :)

Thanks you, Zahidul Islam :

As you said, If i had two spp., i.e., Oscillatoria 4, Chlorella 3 etc.

Thus, My Index values 4 + 3 = 7

Does is indicate Lack of pollution as per above index table

( Index values between 0-10 = Lack of organic pollution)

Efficiency doesn't really matter for this sort of protocol, if you need more plasmid you just start with more cells or use 2 columns or use a maxi-kit.

I'm assuming that you need the plasmid for something downstream - cloning or expression analysis or whatever. You just need a protocol that will give you a "good enough to work with" amount of plasmid.

Don't get caught up trying to optimize this sort of protocol, especially if you are a Ph.D student. You aren't going to get a thesis chapter out of optimizing a plasmid prep. But you might get one with the data from what you are using the plasmid for.

Good luck!

Many of the same guidelines apply to grounded theory as to other methods (like experiments). For example, pre-registration can be useful if you are worried about your bias. We discuss this in our chapter Psychology as a science, What is Science in https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-in-psychology/book257083. The authors do not hold the copyright on this (so don't ask), but Sage have it reasonably priced.