Methodology - Science method

I think that Chakit Arora provides a good way of defining those three terms. However, I would caution against assuming that those definitions are applied consistently across different fields of study.

Maybe you have already found this article:

If not, I would recomment to read it

What I would at least advice you (having written integrative and semi-structured reviews) is to really document the steps you take in your analysis, the data you have used and to be as transparent about this as possible. Maybe it can even help you to read a bit about principles of doing interpretive research and think for yourself how these apply to your work.

Good luck!

I guess your doubt is related to Intra-Cellular metabolites (I guess you have chosen secondary metabolite compounds instead). You can have a look at my recent publication, which was published in RSC Molecular Omics recently. It may drive you to some extent in your research focus.

Don't worry about whether there is Type 1 error, but simply make an adjustment to minimise it, such as doing what Hsin-Yuan Chen said :)

"N" is a short-cut way to say "sample size."

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are targets for global development that were adopted in 2015. All countries have agreed to work towards achieving them by 2030.

Our SDG Tracker presents data across all available indicators from the Our World in Data database, using official statistics from the UN and other international organizations. This free, open-access information tracks global progress towards the SDGs and allows people worldwide to hold their governments accountable for achieving the agreed goals.

Data is available for many indicators, but there are still gaps...

An important question, I am waiting for the answer, too...

Thanks you very much for your answer!! Best regards,

Vivian

Abararahemad Khalak Thanks

Thanks Prof Gaurav Tandon for clarification.

Whether or not you calculate inter-coder reliability depends on the kind of analysis that you are doing. This approach words best with content analytic coding where you have a detailed, pre-determined codebook. It is less effective with more inductive, meaning oriented coding. In particular, Brown and Clarke argue quite vigorously against using it with their version of Thematic Analysis (Reflexive Thematic Analysis).

As for who the coders might be, the most common choice is to train graduate students to do this work. A frequent format is to compare your own coding to that of a research assistant.

THE PLANCK ERA / QUANTUM ERA and “DISAPPEARANCE” OF PHYSICAL CAUSALITY: “OMNIPOTENCE” OF MATHEMATICS

Thank you Antonio, very helpful.

From the viewpoint of scientific methodology Israa Najeeb Zaidan we can state a hierarchy of your mentioned concepts, with respect to the scope of the research context.

Practically speaking, in science we do create models of reality, which should match or reach reality as close as possible. The framework leads to the model, while the guidelines serve as instructions to understand the framework.

This hierarchy of research communication can be read top-down or bottom-up as a circuit with feedbacks to improve the model.

_________

The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct which, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work - that is correctly to describe phenomena from a reasonably wide area. Furthermore, it must satisfy certain esthetic criteria - that is, in relation to how much it describes, it must be rather simple.

John von Neumann

I agree with David L Morgan to a certain extent. 'Reflective methodology' is rare or only used in a specific context. Rashika Shukla, it would be helpful if you could provide a reference for this notion.

In the field of materials science or chemistry, dissertations that focus on theoretical or computational approaches rather than experimental studies are often referred to as "computational", "theoretical", or "simulation-based" dissertations. These types of dissertations primarily rely on modeling, simulation, data analysis, and computational methods to investigate and understand materials properties, phenomena, or processes.

To search for such dissertations on the internet, you can try the following approaches:

Remember that the availability of full dissertations may vary depending on the institution's policies and the author's preferences. In some cases, you may find abstracts or summaries that provide an overview of the dissertation's topic, methodology, and findings.

Here are a few examples of dissertations that focus on computational or theoretical approaches in materials science or chemistry:

Remember to replace [specific topic], [specific phenomenon], [material/system], [specific method/model], and (Author's Name, University) with relevant keywords and actual names.

Dear Assel,

which methods on reflection have you used so far? What language peculiarities do you have in mind?

Kind regards,

You also need to consider whether the compounds are likely to chemically or biologically degrade between spiking and extraction

This refers to the way individual fibers are arranged to facilitate optimal structural arrangement in a fiber-reinforced polymer composite.

Participatory Approach:

For the fact that indigenous people so much believe on their local knowledge or traditional knowledge which for decades have been enabling them make ends living, Agricultural Extension it self can't make progress except both farmers and researchers work together for a common goal, that's the emerging method that can be used to achieve a set goal.

Hi,

Are you using same sample for EFA and CFA?

Regards,

Dr Uday Bhale

#Remote Sensing of Environment (Recommended) (link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/remote-sensing-of-environment)

#Environmental Remote Sensing (link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing/sections/environmental_remote_sensing)

#Journal of Remote Sensing (in partnership with science) (link: https://spj.science.org/journal/remotesensing)

Access the link and find out if there is any other: https://www.gisvacancy.com/remote-sensing-journals/

Platelet washing is very much needed not only for research purposes but also for preventing some transfusional reactions like anaphylaxis, fever etc. Human platelet-rich plasma(PRP) prepared from blood collected in tri-sodium citrate might face its aggregation owing to lower ionic calcium concentration. To get rid of this, isolation and washing of platelet is done with acid-citrate-dextrose solution and the washed platelet cells are suspended in a buffer solution containing 2mM calcium ion solution.

Dear Abdul Rahim, if I understand, you want to measure the impact of reforms on either behavior and/or revenue impact.

If that is the case, I think the final target of the reform should be measured against the counterfactual. For instance, if the reform was on VAT, say e-invoicing in the whole tax system, I think the simplest method would be to gather total VAT payments maybe a year (depending on when you want to measure) and then compare with VAT payment before the reform, to check % increase.

Same with behaviour, for EG, how many people used to file returns before the last date on average, and how many used to default, after the reform was introduced. With such available data, i think it is easier to measure the impact of such reform on overall compliance. You can also plot on a timeline graph for better visualisation. Hope this helps.

When reviewing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies in one study, methodological limitations can include differences in data collection methods, differences in data analysis methods, and differences in the quality of the studies.

Critically analyzing a literature review in a thesis or article involves carefully examining and evaluating the information presented to assess its quality, relevance, and credibility.

Here are some steps and considerations to help you conduct a thorough critical analysis:

By following these steps and considering these factors, you can critically analyze a literature review to determine its strengths, weaknesses, and overall value to the research or academic work. Remember to approach the analysis with an open mind and avoid any personal biases or preconceived notions about the topic.

It's an integral part of research which set of methods an individual has adapted to go for grounded theory means no methods but try some experiments to discover some things. Somehow, it good to stick on method to understand the boundaries of research.

I believe it should be focused as this will bring a solution to the research problem

Dear Frank,

as long as you have at least two cases that differ on at least one exogenous variable and one endogenous variable, you can use QCA (Thiem 2014, 2022). As long as you have this minimal degree of variation on your 8 cases, you should be fine.

Best wishes

Alrik

References

Thiem, Alrik. 2014. "Navigating the Complexities of Qualitative Comparative Analysis: Case Numbers, Necessity Relations, and Model Ambiguities." Evaluation Review 38 (6):487-513.

Thiem, Alrik. 2022. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)." In Handbook of Research Methods in International Relations, ed. R. J. Huddleston, T. Jamieson and P. James. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Open access at:

I am sorry, but I do not have a clue what you are asking for.

Tertiary what?

sabine's answer is pretty good, before going on bench a little work on database is required. you can blast your sequence in NCBI (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and see relevant results to go further.

all the best

fred

La propuesta de investigación trata de lo que se quiere lograr al finalizar la investigación. La investigación científica siempre se basa en las reflexiones teóricas, los conceptos y los modelos. los tes están vinculados entre sí. La nota o la descripción de los conceptos/las teorías/los modelos se analizan críticamente para crear un concepto/modelo/teoría propios o confirmar los existentes. Luego se aplican a la práctica, pero esto es otro asunto.

Here are some links

Calculating the compliance costs of cattle milk involves considering various factors related to regulatory requirements, production practices, and monitoring processes. Here's a step-by-step approach to help you calculate compliance costs for cattle milk:

Crop Monitoring Technologies:

Remote Sensing: Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and aerial drones, are commonly used for crop monitoring. These technologies capture data from above the Earth's surface and provide valuable information about crop health, growth patterns, and stress factors. They can assess various parameters, including vegetation indices (e.g., NDVI), chlorophyll content, and temperature.

Data Requirements: Remote sensing technologies require access to high-resolution satellite imagery or the deployment of aerial drones equipped with multispectral or hyperspectral sensors. These sensors capture data across different wavelengths, which is then processed to extract relevant information about crop conditions.

Internet of Things (IoT): IoT-based sensors and devices can be deployed in the field to monitor crop parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels. These devices collect real-time data, which is transmitted wirelessly to a central system for analysis and decision-making.

Data Requirements: IoT-based crop monitoring requires the installation of sensors and devices in the field. The data collected by these devices needs to be transmitted to a centralized system for processing and analysis.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): UAVs, also known as drones, are increasingly used for crop monitoring. Equipped with specialized cameras and sensors, UAVs can capture high-resolution imagery and collect data on various crop parameters. They offer flexibility and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional remote sensing methods.

Data Requirements: UAV-based crop monitoring requires the deployment of drones equipped with suitable sensors. The data collected by the sensors, including imagery and sensor readings, needs to be processed and analyzed to extract relevant crop information.

Soil Mapping Technologies:

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI): EMI technology measures the electrical conductivity of the soil, which provides information about its texture, moisture content, and salinity. EMI devices consist of an emitter and receiver, which measure the soil's response to electrical currents.

Data Requirements: EMI devices require physical contact with the soil to measure its electrical conductivity. The collected data needs to be processed and interpreted to generate soil maps and related information.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): GPR uses radar pulses to penetrate the soil and measure its composition, depth, and moisture content. It provides detailed information about soil layers, compaction, and root zone characteristics.

Data Requirements: GPR systems need to be physically in contact with the soil to emit and receive radar pulses. The collected data requires processing and interpretation to create soil maps and relevant data.

Soil Sampling and Laboratory Analysis: Traditional soil sampling involves collecting soil samples from various locations and analyzing them in a laboratory. Laboratory analysis provides detailed information about soil composition, fertility, pH levels, and nutrient content.

Data Requirements: Soil sampling involves collecting physical samples from the field, which are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The laboratory generates reports containing soil characteristics and maps based on the analyzed data.

Each of these technologies and methodologies provides valuable insights for crop monitoring and soil mapping, helping farmers make informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and overall crop management.

To measure Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in saltwater, a commonly used and widely accepted methodology is the high-temperature combustion method using a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer. This method involves the following steps:

Hi Javier, PLOS One is a great option!

ps. If you used this procedure with , which the LLM detector suggests may be so, following Bruce Weaver 's comment it might be wise to contact the editor of that journal.

Jamoliddin Razzokov Ma'Mon Abu Hammad thank you for your responses, sir. I have taken note of the provided answer and will ensure its careful consideration. Thank you for your time and assistance.

The level of dedication to using these tools as auxiliary versus primary writing tools likely varies between individuals and their approach to research and writing. Ultimately, the responsibility for ethical writing practices lies with the individual researcher and their adherence to academic integrity standards.

As Uday Bhale notes, there can be any number of factors that account for different results when suing seeming similar methods. From a practical standpoint, this generates a definite need for further research.

If you had clear criteria for who was eligible to be included in your study, then that goes beyond convenience sampling, and could be more generally summarized as purposive sampling.

The issue of limited participation is a question of "access," which you could discuss under that heading.

Review papers rarely include a method section since they do not report on original research. Instead, review papers summarize and evaluate the findings of previous studies in a specific field, and the article's main body is structured based on the themes and topics that emerge from the literature review.

While it is not mandatory to include a conclusion section in a review paper, it is considered good practice to summarize the main findings and a discussion of their implications. The conclusion should highlight the key insights or gaps in the literature, provide recommendations for future research, and discuss the broader implications of the findings for the field. Including a conclusion section can help readers to better understand the significance of the review, and to identify key takeaways from the article.

Yes, just explore multi method qualitative analysis.

There are different approaches for developing programmatic interventions that have been described. One of them is the research-to-practice model which generally includes research from the onset and follows predefined stages for program development². Another approach is the community-centered model².

A new concept called “scientific accompaniment” has been proposed to expand and guide program development and testing¹. It aims to argue that a singular focus on evaluation has limited the ways in which science and research are incorporated into program development¹.

In addition, multiscale modeling is a successful strategy to integrate multiscale, multiphysics data and uncover mechanisms that explain the emergence of function³.

Source:

(1) Scientific accompaniment: a new model for integrating program .... https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCS-09-2021-0037/full/pdf?title=scientific-accompaniment-a-new-model-for-integrating-program-development-evidence-and-evaluation.

(2) Scientific accompaniment: a new model for integrating program .... https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCS-09-2021-0037/full/html.

(3) Integrating machine learning and multiscale modeling ... - Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0193-y.

[1]Rameshwar Gupta*,

Research Scholar,

Department of Lifelong Learning & Extension

CSJM University, Kanpur, U.P. India

Whatsapp/Mobile: +918630831266

[1]Doctoral Student, Department of Lifelong Learning & Extension, CSJM University, Kanpur, U.P., India, Email id: rameshwargupta775@gmail.com, Mobile: 8630831266, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-3591

*Single author

Dear colleagues, I agree with you.

Everyone has the right to have their own philosophy and to form their own picture of the world. However, in this case we should divide all philosophers into four groups:

- everyday philosophers (all our friends, colleagues and close people);

- philosophers "due to circumstances" (philosophers of disciplinary branches of science);

- intellectual philosophers (philosophers who are attracted by the possibility of constructing intellectual hypotheses of amazing beauty);

- and professional philosophers (compilers of general contexts of cognition of the world).

The answer to the question: what does the world really look like? – fundamentally interesting only to a small group of professional philosophers (compilers of general contexts of cognition of the world). I am sure that a person cannot ask a question that he cannot answer. Therefore, in the question: what is the world? – its uniqueness is already being pointed out. However, there may be many interpretations from other groups of philosophers. For example, some philosophers-physicists assume the existence of a plurality of worlds. A beautiful worldview picture! But this picture does not negate the question of what a single world looks like, within which many worlds are located. Probably, Plato's statement that a professional philosopher should lead the state should be considered in this context. Probably, only a philosopher can organize the governance of the state by bringing the philosophical statements of four groups of philosophers (members of society) to a universal law that determines the unity of the world. Therefore, we can look at the world, admire its objects and processes, as well as our thoughts about the world. But we must definitely see a one and only world (objects, processes and our thoughts about them, through the prism of systems transdisciplinary models of universal order, which encode each object, process and our thoughts).

In conclusion, it is important to say about the increased responsibility of a professional philosopher. The area of responsibility of a professional philosopher should not be limited only to the formation of a picture of the world. This area should extend to the following chain of actions: description of the picture of the world; creation of an appropriate concept (basic judgments and axioms); creation of methodology (models of cognition of the world and rethinking its high–threshold problems); description of technological ideas (ways to solve high-threshold problems of nature and society); creation of a method of risk analysis from the implementation of the proposed concepts, methodology, technological ideas (security of the world and society). Simply put, during the changing scenarios of the world order and socio-economic crises, professional philosophers, not professional military, should speak.

You can read about the picture of the unified world and the ways of its cognition in these articles:

Mokiy, V.S., Lukyanova, T.A. (2022). Manifesto for systems transdisciplinarity (2023-2030). Universum: Social sciences, 9(88). https://7universum.com/ru/social/archive/item/14313

Mokiy V.S, Lukyanova T.A. (2022). Prospects of integrating transdisciplinarity and systems thinking in the historical framework of various socio-cultural contexts. Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering and Science, 13. pp. 143-158. https://doi.org/10.22545/2022/00184

Mokiy, V. S., & Lukyanova, T. A. (2022). Modern transdisciplinarity: Results of the development of the prime cause and initial ideas. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 19, pp. 97-120. https://doi.org/10.28945/4951

Mokiy, V.S., & Lukyanova, T.A. (2022). Sustainable development of nature and society in the context of a systems transdisciplinary paradigm. Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering & Science, 13, Special Issue on Complex Resilience and Sustainability. Transdisciplinary Perspectives, In G. del Cerro Santamaría (Ed.), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.22545/2022/00192

Greetings, Naser Dehghanian,

Indeed, flood risk mapping in urban and rural areas is feasible by integrating diverse data sources, innovative tools, and advanced techniques.

Several data sources such as topographic maps, hydrological models, rainfall data, land use and land cover data, and historical flood data can be used with remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and field observations to generate accurate and comprehensive flood risk maps.

Furthermore, community engagement and participation hold significant importance in flood risk mapping as local knowledge and expertise can offer valuable insights into a particular area's specific flood risks and vulnerabilities.

I recommend reviewing the literature to enhance your understanding and knowledge in this field. Numerous high-quality research papers provide insightful perspectives on urban flood risk mapping and assessment.

Please find below a selection of potential sources for your consideration:

Ali YOUNES,

The "snowball technique" or "snowball sampling" is a non-probability sampling method commonly used in research, especially when studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations. It involves recruiting participants through referrals from existing participants, thus "snowballing" as the sample size grows.

In snowball sampling, the initial participants are typically selected based on specific criteria or characteristics relevant to the research study. Once these initial participants are identified, they are asked to refer or nominate other individuals who meet the same criteria or have the desired characteristics. The process continues iteratively, with each new participant being asked to refer others until the desired sample size is achieved or the researchers reach a saturation point where new participants no longer provide significant new information.

Snowball sampling is particularly useful in situations where the target population is challenging to access, such as marginalized or stigmatized groups, illegal activities, or small and interconnected populations. It allows researchers to tap into social networks and leverage the trust and connections between individuals to identify potential participants.

While snowball sampling offers advantages in reaching hidden populations, it also has limitations. The sample may become biased and not represent the broader population accurately. The referral process can introduce biases due to the characteristics and social networks of the initial participants. Additionally, the method lacks randomization and may be prone to self-selection and recruitment biases.

Researchers should carefully consider the limitations and potential biases associated with snowball sampling and apply appropriate strategies to mitigate them. It is essential to acknowledge the limitations of the sampling method when interpreting and generalizing the findings of studies that use snowball sampling.

The best review article is that focusing on a specific important topic, when you give all related ideas to that article, interconnect, and then conclude and recommend, the specific article will be the best. Some review articles are general, in that case you should go and collect all related results, then conclude. Regards.

A location-based case study is a research method that is used to investigate the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to flood resilience. This method involves collecting data from a specific location and analyzing it to determine the effectiveness of the nature-based solutions that have been implemented in that area.

There is a method diffusion tensor imaging, which makes it possible to map brain fibers in the living brain.

Regards,

Joachim

the best way to find out the complex interactions between HMs micro-organisms and MPs is just to analyze the sediment for metals using ICP-MS or FAAS/AAS, and microorganisms through genome sequencing from the sediment,. then use multi-omics ( metabolomics etc) techniques in the microorganism. finally, analyze the statistical relationship between the data (like what is the effect of metals and MPs on the micro. organism diversity, what is the exact relationship between the metals and MPs with the metabolomics of the microorganisms in sediment?

A methodological gap refers to a deficiency or inadequacy in the research methods or approach used in a particular study or field. Identifying a methodological gap involves recognizing a limitation or area for improvement in the methodology employed. Here are some steps to help you identify a methodological gap:

Nouman khan Usama You can adopt their strategy of defending their research . . .

Wish all the best, RG Scholar Nouman khan Usama!

So.... must of us agreed that a hybrid methology is usefull in energy field projects. But, next question is.... HOW.

How can a project manager use the best tools created on agile methodology to garantee sucess on risks that appers on oil and gas projects?

In my experience on 2 petrolleum multinational in 4 years of work in project management departament, communication goes better when a Daily meeting (from agile methodoly) is used regulary, consequentely some risks never show up or are mitageted by that kind of meeting. But, what else can be use from agile to decrease risks on energy filed? I'm looking for answears as soon as I found, I'll be back to share. If you have some study about, please let me know.

Yes, it is possible to quantify the degree of synergy between two or more companies. Synergy refers to the degree of the combined benefits that can be achieved by two or more companies merging or working together.

There are several methodologies that can be used to quantify the degree of synergy between two or more companies. Here are a few commonly used methods:

Overall, there are several methodologies that can be used to quantify the degree of synergy between two or more companies. It is important to carefully evaluate each approach and choose the one that is most appropriate for the specific situation.

I would start by looking at the physical material available at each point in time and the prevailing technology. Then you can look at points in time when there is a structural break in the architectural approach and construction or points in time when we observe a shift in styles.

A repetition of what I posted on one of your other questions.

I prefer to look at this issue the other way round.: “Does the geomagnetic system has an impact on the climate change. The core is the “control center" of the strength and orientation of

the magnetic field of the Planet Earth (Geo-Dynamo-Effect). It is the sphere where our quadripartite climate driving system comes full circle (atmosphere, lithosphere, asthenosphere, core-mantle sphere). The geomagnetic field shields our habitat from extra- terrestrial impacts, e.g., cosmic rays and solar winds (see point 1)with consequences also on the climate (Brauer et al., 2008; Donadini et al., 2010; Korte et al., 2011; Svensmark et al.,2017; Liu et al., 2022). The North Pole is currently moving very fast towards Siberia at a speed of between 55 km to 45 km per year which by analogy with the geological past also leaves its imprints on the climate (Livermore et al., 2020).

But keep in mind “What did not suit cannot be true”. This is the slogan of all those who want to change the climate which has been changing for millions of years unaffected by human beings but impacted among others by the changing geo-magnetic field (and not to forget by so-called scientists)

HGD

Congratulations on pursing your gradulate degree. The constructivists theory certainly could fit. it says that people construct knowledge from what is happening to them, added to their own lived experience. I guess I would ask what is the aim of your research? What are you setting out to accomplish? What is the Nursing Problem that you are studying, and how does it impact Nursing Knowledge? your theory, methodology, and analysis are dependent upon what you are trying to find out to some degree.

Yes, it is possible to conduct and interpret descriptive analyses in rotational panel data. Descriptive analysis is a common method used to summarize and describe the characteristics of a dataset, including measures such as means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients. These methods can be applied to panel data to summarize the characteristics of the data over time, within individuals or groups, and across variables.

Rotational panel data refers to a type of panel data where survey participants are replaced over time in a specific pattern. This type of panel data can be analyzed using methods similar to those used for traditional panel data, although there may be some specific considerations related to the sampling and selection of participants.

Carlos Araújo Queiroz I don't see a dataset, or am I missing something?

Software engineering methodology is a tool of humans.There is a dark side to any human endeavor, if by dark side, you mean going against ethical or moral rules. (Leaving open the questions: what rules, whose rules, etc.) Per history and human experience, the problem is complex (an epic understatement), and there is no one solution that works for everyone, everywhere, under all conditions. Rules are static and human behavior is dynamic, sees (or ignores) the rules and then changes (or doubles-down) in reaction. Given that, asking questions is a good place to start. Are you looking for more ethical methods or more ethical outcomes? One does not necessarily produce the other.

Yes, there are methodologies to measure direct communication exchanges within a public sphere. One approach is to conduct content analysis of the messages exchanged in the public sphere, such as on social media platforms or through public forums. This can involve coding the messages according to various categories such as the type of message, the tone of the message, and the topics discussed.

Another approach is to conduct surveys or interviews with members of the public to gather information on their communication exchanges within the public sphere. This can involve asking about the frequency, nature, and outcomes of their communications with others in the public sphere.

In both cases, it's important to carefully define the public sphere being studied and to use reliable and valid methods for data collection and analysis.

Dear friend Muhammad Usman Khan

There are several ways to prepare metal oxides/activated carbon composites, and the preferred methodology may depend on the specific application and desired properties of the composite. Here are some general methods:

The choice of the method depends on factors such as the type of metal oxide and activated carbon used, the desired properties of the composite, and the scalability of the method.

Seba Alabdullatif ----Seba, One methodology is to assign a word or very short phrase to the concepts that you know about space and time. Here you put more (not all) emphasis on architectural space. Next you want to organize them in groups. Starting with words that introduce the topic. A middle group restate the ideas you imply in group one. But adds details. The last group tells of your idea related to architecture. You want to add illustration that enhance these groups. Don’t worry about the drawing quality. You can think of making a short story book for children. A hint - to get ideas for images. Do a google search for the words and click on images.

There are several methods to quantify ectomycorrhizal colonization on roots, including:

It's important to note that different methods may yield different results and that the choice of method will depend on factors such as the specific research question, the resources available, and the expertise of the researcher. Additionally, it's important to follow established protocols and to use appropriate controls to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results.

World Bank defined financial inclusion as "Financial inclusion means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings, credit, and insurance – delivered in a responsible and sustainable way." The scope of financial inclusion is not limited to only banking services but also extends to other financial services such as insurance, equity products, and pension products. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be used.

Financial literacy means knowing how to use and benefit from affordable products and services. its scope includes budgetary education (personal or family budget) and learning about banking tools (everyday banking, savings, insurance), as well as understanding economic concepts (how the economy operates and is financed) and public policies.

For Mobile financial inclusion, you can benefit form the next guideline

https://www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/publications/MFSWG%20Guideline%20Note%20on%20Terminology.pdf

Sophy

You have a very interesting research topic. I would suggest a qualitative methodology using a research collaborative with both dentists and patients. The patients and dentists should have an existing professional relationship. Consider interviews separately for the patient and dentist and then an interview with both parties. Alternatively, focus group discussions might be useful.

Good luck with your research.

Designing the sample size in comparative studies involves determining the number of participants or units to include in the study. The sample size is an important consideration because it can affect the power of the study to detect significant differences or associations, the precision of the estimates, and the generalizability of the findings.

There are several factors to consider when designing the sample size in comparative studies, including the research question, study design, statistical analysis, effect size, variability, and alpha and beta levels. Some common methods for determining sample size include power analysis, sample size calculation, and rule of thumb.

Power analysis involves estimating the sample size required to achieve a certain level of statistical power, which is the probability of detecting a true effect if one exists. The power calculation takes into account the expected effect size, level of significance (alpha), and the desired power level (usually 80% or 90%).

Sample size calculation involves estimating the sample size needed to achieve a certain level of precision in the estimates, usually based on the desired margin of error or confidence interval width.

The rule of thumb suggests that larger sample sizes are generally better than smaller sample sizes, but there are no hard and fast rules about how large a sample size should be. As a general guideline, a sample size of at least 30 per group is often recommended to ensure reliable statistical inference, but the appropriate sample size will depend on the specifics of the study design and research question.

Ultimately, the sample size should be chosen based on careful consideration of the research question, study design, and statistical analysis, as well as practical considerations such as feasibility and resource availability. It is often useful to consult with a statistician or other expert to determine an appropriate sample size for a given study.

My best advice would be to discuss this with your PhD supervisor.

The only point I would make is that the methods you use should follow your specific research questions - i.e. from your broad area of interest "the use of prayer in pastoral ministry", you then develop specific research questions, and then the methods you choose should be those best suited to answering your research questions.