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A survey of sesamin and composition of tocopherol variability from seeds of eleven diverse sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes using HPLC-PAD-ECD
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the composition and content of sesamin and desmethyl tocopherols such as alpha-tocopherol (alphaT), delta-tocopherol (deltaT) and gamma-tocopherol (gammaT) in seeds of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) for 11 genotypes conserved in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (PGRCU) in Griffin, Georgia, USA. Seed accessions studied were collections from eight countries worldwide, including one landrace from Thailand and two cultivars from Texas, USA. Novel methodologies and analytical techniques described herein consisted of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected in series with two detection systems specific for each analyte class. Photodiode array detection was employed for sesamin analysis and electrochemical array detection was used in the determination of tocopherols. A preliminary study was conducted to assess sesamin levels in 2003 and tocopherol levels in 2004 from sesame seed samples conserved at the USDA, ARS and PGRCU. In 2005, sesame seed samples were grown, harvested and evaluated for sesamin as well as tocopherol levels. The overall results (n = 3) showed that sesamin, alphaT, deltaT and gammaT levels were 0.67-6.35 mg/g, 0.034-0.175 microg/g, 0.44-3.05 microg/g and 56.9-99.3 microg/g respectively, indicating that the sesame seed accessions contained higher levels of sesamin and gammaT compared with alphaT and deltaT. Statistical analysis was conducted and significant differences were observed among the 11 different sesame genotypes. This suggests that genetic, environmental and geographical factors influence sesamin and desmethyl tocopherol content.
... The seeds are known to be rich source of edible oil, protein, carbohydrate, amino acids, vitamins and minerals (Anon, 2009;Myint et al., 2020). Besides oil and lignans, sesame seeds also possess health protecting tocopherols (Hemalatha, 2004;Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004;Williamson et al., 2007) and phytosterols (Park et al., 2010, Phillips et al., 2005. A recent study showed that the consumption of sesame is increasing globally and by 2030 it is estimated to be 100MMT globally (Yadav et al., 2022). ...
... Sesame seeds are reported to contain many tocopherols and vitamins (Figure 6 (Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004;Williamson et al., 2007). Four different types of tocopherols namely tocopherol (47) (0.034-0.175 µg/g), -tocopherol (48) (0.44-3.05 µg/g), -tocopherol (49) (56.9-99.3 ...
... Four different types of tocopherols namely tocopherol (47) (0.034-0.175 µg/g), -tocopherol (48) (0.44-3.05 µg/g), -tocopherol (49) (56.9-99.3 µg/g) and tocopherol (50) (trace) were identified in sesame seeds (Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004;Williamson et al., 2007;Prakash and Naik, 2014). -tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E. -Tocopherol functions as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiaging (Liebler, 1993;Prakash and Naik, 2014). ...
... However, when the fraction was re-analyzed in the SIM mode using the characteristic fragment ions of the expected γ-tocomonoenol (data not shown here), a small peak eluting shortly after γtocopherol was detected, which was tentatively identified as γ-tocomonoenol. Dominance of γ-tocopherol (>90 % of tocopherols) followed by δ-tocopherol was in accordance with literature data [33,34]. Minor contributions of α-tocopherol as reported in the literature [34] could not be detected in our sample. ...
... Dominance of γ-tocopherol (>90 % of tocopherols) followed by δ-tocopherol was in accordance with literature data [33,34]. Minor contributions of α-tocopherol as reported in the literature [34] could not be detected in our sample. This sesame oil sample contained a considerable amount of free fatty acids (∼8 mg or ∼2 % of total sample in CCC fractions 39-53 min) which resulted in two clearly visible peaks in the CCC-ELSD chromatogram (Fig. 4b). ...
... Contrary to sunflower oil, sesame oil featured a prominent peak starting at ∼74 min in the ELSD (Fig. 4b) and also the UV detector (290 nm). GC/MS analysis of the CCC fractions verified the presence of sesamin and sesamolin (Fig. 6), which are bioactive substances with antioxidative properties and common constituents of sesame and sesame oil [33][34][35]. The CCC fractions 74-79 min (estimated K D value 10-15) provided ∼5 mg of mixture of sesamin and sesamolin (ratio ∼2:1 according to GC/MS) without other impurities (GC/MS). ...
Triacylglycerols represent the major part (>90 %) in most plant oils and have to be eliminated, when the minor compounds such as phytosterols or tocopherols should be analyzed. Here, we used an all liquid-liquid chromatographic technique, countercurrent chromatography (CCC), to fractionate the minor lipids before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. To cover the wide range of polarity of the minor compounds, we used the co-current mode, in which both mobile and stationary phase are pumped through the system. This allowed to elute substances which partitioned almost exclusively in the stationary phase within 90 min. After testing with standard compounds, the method was applied to the separation of sesame oil and sunflower oil samples. The abundant triacylglycerols could be effectively separated from tocopherols, phytosterols, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids in the samples, and these compounds could be analyzed (after trimethylsilylation) by GC coupled with mass spectrometry. After the enrichment caused by the CCC fractionation, we were also able to identify the tocopherol derivative α-tocomonoenol, which had not been described in sunflower oil before. Also, separation of sesame oil yielded a mixture of the polar compounds sesamin and sesamolin without further impurities.
... Apart from other compounds, sesame seed and oil also contain tocopherol, especially γ-tocopherol, (Williamson et al., 2008) and possesses health benefits. Generally, tocopherols are lipophilic plant phenolics and possess strong antioxidant activity and nutritional potential (Brigelius-Flohé et al., 2002). ...
... Pathak et al. (2014) reported that γ-tocopherol is the major tocopherol of sesame with lesser amounts of αand δtocopherols. Williamson et al. (2008) evaluated α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol in 11 genotypes of sesame seeds with values ranging between 0.034-0.175 μg/g, 0.44-3.05 ...
... Linoleic acid (C18:2n6), which is an essential fatty acid for humans, is the main fatty acid found in sesame seeds; in addition, oleic acid (C18:1n9) is the second most abundant fatty acid in sesame seeds [6]. In addition, γ-tocopherol is the main tocopherol in sesame seeds [6,7]. Sesame seeds reportedly contain high levels of phytosterols [5]. ...
... In addition, sesame seeds have high levels of phenylalanine. Sesame seeds are also known to contain high amounts of lignans such as sesamin, sesamolin and sesamol [6,7]. Therefore, sesame seeds may have an activated phenylpropanoid pathway for the synthesis of lignans, resulting in the upregulated levels of phenylalanine. ...
Perilla and sesame are traditional sources of edible oils in Asian and African countries. In addition, perilla and sesame seeds are rich sources of health-promoting compounds, such as fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and policosanols. Thus, developing a method to determine the geographic origin of these seeds is important for ensuring authenticity, safety and traceability and to prevent cheating. We aimed to develop a discriminatory predictive model for determining the geographic origin of perilla and sesame seeds using comprehensive metabolite profiling coupled with chemometrics. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis models were well established with good validation values (Q2 = 0.761 to 0.799). Perilla and sesame seed samples used in this study showed a clear separation between Korea and China as geographic origins in our predictive models. We found that glycolic acid could be a potential biomarker for perilla seeds and proline and glycine for sesame seeds. Our findings provide a comprehensive quality assessment of perilla and sesame seeds. We believe that our models can be used for regional authentication of perilla and sesame seeds cultivated in diverse geographic regions.
... The stability in sesame oils is due to their richness in various endogenous compounds like lignans, tocopherols and phenolic compounds. The lignans have been reported that they could be responsible for high stability and lowering cholesterols levels (Williamson and al., 2008) 1. The tocopherols ; a vitamin E compounds have beneficial properties as antiproliferative effects in cancer cells (Gysin and al., 2002) 2 and preventing hypertension, cancer and can decrease off-flavor compounds formation. ...
... The stability in sesame oils is due to their richness in various endogenous compounds like lignans, tocopherols and phenolic compounds. The lignans have been reported that they could be responsible for high stability and lowering cholesterols levels (Williamson and al., 2008) 1. The tocopherols ; a vitamin E compounds have beneficial properties as antiproliferative effects in cancer cells (Gysin and al., 2002) 2 and preventing hypertension, cancer and can decrease off-flavor compounds formation. ...
Bioactive compounds, especially antioxidative constituents, play an imperative role in the nutritional and health impact of edible oil. Sesame is one of the world's most important and oldest oilseed crops with a high level content of antioxidant known to human health. The antioxidant, phenolic compounds, tocopherols and lignans are factors responsible for the stability of roasted sesame oil which is highly affected by the conditions of the roasting process. The aim of this study was to Survey of the roasting temperature (150°C) and time effects on antioxidants and phenolic content in sesame oil. The sesame oil was extracted and analyzed for his bioactive compounds. Roasting condition was found to cause an increase in the passage of phenolics, flavonoids, lignans compounds to oil, and the same for the antioxidants activity for the first 2 hours, however, with further roasting time, the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds were reduced. Those results suggest that a phenolic content and the lignans are the main responsible for the antioxidant potential of sesame.
... The major tocopherol in sesame seed is -tocopherol, with and -tocopherols being present in smaller amounts (Williamson et al., 2008;Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004). Gamma-tocopherol is reported to be more potent than -tocopherol in decreasing platelet aggregation, oxidation of low density lipid (LDL) and delaying of intra-arterial thrombus formation (Li et al., 1991;Saldeen et al., 1999). ...
... 517.9 mg/kg lipid and 490-680 mg/kg in case of sesame oil (KamalEldin and Appelqvist, 1994b), with -and tocopherols being present at low levels (Yoshida et al., 2007). Species-level variations reported are 210-320, 750 and 800 mg/kg sesame oil in Sesamum alatum, S. angustifolium and S. latifolium, respectively (KamalEldin and Appelqvist, 1994b).Williamson et al. (2008)reported that -, -and -tocopherol varied in the range of 0.0340.175, 0.44-3.05 and 56.9-99.3 g/g seed, respectively, among US accessions. The results reviewed represent a large variation for -tocopherol content thereby offering scope for genetic improvement. ...
... Health promoting effects Anticholesterolemic, Antihypertensive, Anticarcinogenic, Neuroprotective activities (Source: Pathak et al., 2014) The major tocopherol in sesame seed is -tocopherol, with and -tocopherols being present in smaller amounts (Williamson et al., 2008;Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004). Gamma-tocopherol is reported to be more potent than -tocopherol in decreasing platelet aggregation, oxidation of low density lipid (LDL) and delaying of intra-arterial thrombus formation (Li et al., 1991;Saldeen et al., 1999). ...
... Species-level variations reported are 210-320, 750 and 800 mg/kg sesame oil in Sesamum alatum, S. angustifolium and S. latifolium, respectively (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist, 1994b). Williamson et al. (2008) reported that -, -and -tocopherol varied in the range of 0.034-0.175, 0.44-3.05 ...
Sesame seed is a reservoir of nutritional components with numerous beneficial effects for health promotion in
humans. In order to complement efforts to boost sesame production and thereby enhancing economic returns to
sesame growersthrough itssupply to meet the growing demand in domestic as well asin international market, there
is an urgent need to address an important issue i.e.,safe sesame production. Here, we have adopted two approachesaspects and dimensions - to analyze perspectives of safe sesame, with the objective of achieving comprehensive
understanding of various issues and considerations related to safe sesame production and its human consumption.
Apartfromtwo dimensions- human health and trade -, there are mainly two aspects ofsesame being considered safe.
The first aspect is concerned with how safe is sesame seed or oil for human consumption in terms of its nutritional
components including the absence of anti-nutritional factors. The second is regarding the absence of chemicals,
infectious pathogens and other contaminants that may pose threat to human health. In this paper, we have analyzed
the available literature, related to safe sesame production, in the light of eight considerations: (1) Human nutrition,
(2) Meteorology, (3) Genotype, (4) Technology, (5) Crop management, (6) Plant health management, (7) Harvest
and post-harvest handling and (8) Challenges.
... µg g −1 , and γ-Tocopherols at 56.9-99.3 µg g −1 , respectively [32]. ...
The objective of this study was to develop a simultaneous analytical method for the determination of lignans, tocols, phytosterols, and squalene using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array and fluorescence detector (HPLC-DAD-FLD). The method employed a VertisepTM UPS silica HPLC column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase mixture of n-hexane/tetrahydrofuran/2-propanol. This approach enabled the simultaneous analysis of ten compounds within 22 min. The linear correlation (R2) exceeded 0.9901. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were up to 0.43 µg mL−1 for lignans and tocopherols and up to 326.23 µg mL−1 for phytosterol and squalene. The precision and accuracy of the intra-day and inter-day variation were less than 1.09 and 3.32% relative standard deviations (RSDs). Furthermore, the developed method was applied for the analysis of targeted compounds in twenty-eight sesame oil samples (1775–8965 µg g−1 total lignans, 29.7–687.9 µg g−1 total tocopherols, 2640–9500 µg g−1 phytosterol, and 245–4030 µg g−1 squalene). The HPLC method that has been developed was proven to be a reliable and effective tool for the determination of those functional compounds among sesame oil samples.
... 4 Several researchers highlighted the interesting biological activities of sesame, especially, antimutagenic property, 5 analgesic effect, 6 antioxidant power, 7 anti-inflammatory activity, 8 and ability to reduce the plasma cholesterol, 9 Many authors related the biological potential of sesame seeds to their phenolic compounds. 10,11 In the oil industry, roasting is a crucial procedure that causes significant physical and chemical modifications. 12 Primarily, roasting is a dry heat treatment which is employed for cooking and preparing food materials to improve their digestibility and sensory aspect. ...
Roasting is a dry heat processing technique used to develop sensory properties of food which has caught the interest of customers. Roasted seeds of sesame is one of the most recommended oilseeds in the world thanks to its sensorial, medicinal and nutritional benefits. However, the choice of effective roasting conditions is important for the sensorial parameters and for the biological potentials of sesame seeds, as well. In this study, the impact of oven temperature and roasting time on sesame quality was investigated. A total of 16 different roasting conditions were used. Sesame seeds were roasted at the following temperatures: 130°C, 140°C, 150°C and 160°C. During this process, samples were taken and analyzed at different time intervals (40 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min). Both the roasting temperature and time significantly (P<0.05) affected the quality characteristics of sesame seeds. The amounts of oil yield, total proteins, total sugars, total phenolic and flavonoids content, total antioxidant activity and DPPH radical scavenging were increased by increasing the treatment. Roasting sesame seeds at 140°C/40min, gave a significantly higher content of oil yield (52.2%), proteins (20.95%), sugars (29.62%), flavonoids content (0.12 mg/g) and total phenolic content (1.2 mg/g) in comparison to the other roasting conditions. However, beyond this treatment, these contents decreased significantly. Based on these results, time and temperature are undoubtedly important factors to consider in the roasting process of sesame.
... Many studies on biochemical and biological activities have been carried out on the seed and oil of the sesame plant [7,[10][11][12]. It is a very valuable agricultural crop, especially in its seeds with high amino acid content, thanks to its protein content of up to 28% and oil content of up to 55% [13]. ...
In addition to its use as a food additive, sesame is also very popular in conventional drugs because of its antifungal, anticancer, analgesic, antioxidant, and antiproliferative, vitamin B and E supplier, serum cholesterol and blood pressure-lowering, wound healing potential. In this study, the cytotoxicity, wound healing, and anticancer (antiproliferation) properties of the ex-tract obtained from in vitro cultures of Sesamum orientale L. cv. "Gökova" were investigated using in L929 fibroblast, MCF-7 breast, and A549 lung epithelial cell lines. In our study, the cisplatin was also used as a control group to compare the anticancer efficacy of our plant extract. The IC50 values obtained from cell treatments were 922.73 µg.ml-1 (plant extract) and 33.09 µg.ml-1 (cispla-tin) for A549 µg.ml-1, 1837.07 µg.ml-1 (plant extract) and 19.27 µg.ml-1 (cisplatin) for MCF-7, and 154.70 µg.ml-1 (plant extract) for L929, respectively. The subcytotoxic doses of the treated plant extract provided the healing of artificially created wounds on L929 fibroblast cell cultures within 48 hours. For the evaluation of the anticancer activity, it was also determined that transcriptomic analyzes of BCL-XL gene, which is negatively correlated with apoptotic pathway, and Cas3 and Cas9 genes, which are positively correlated with apoptotic pathway, showed a statistically sig-nificant increase in A549 and MCF-7 cell lines treated with plant extract or cisplatin. In the light of the results obtained from the present study, it was seen that sesame plant extract may have wound healing potential at decreasing doses and anticancer activity potential at increasing dos-es. The present study can be a useful resource for the development of a drug with wound healing and/or antiproliferative potential, with applications to be made in different cell lines in the future.
... long exposure to air. Generally, the oil contains 35 % monounsaturated fatty acids and 44 % polyunsaturated fatty acids(Hansen, 2011).Sesame oil can be used as alternative diesel fuel by mixing with methanol and sodium hydroxide(Saydut et al., 2008).Williamson et al. (2007) reported high sesamin (0.67-6.35 mg g -1 ) and gamma tocopherol (56.9-99.3 mg g -1 ) levels among various sesame genotypes, which help in the prevention of hypertension and stroke(Noguchi et al., 2004). The antioxidant lignans in sesame seed viz., sesamolin and sesamin are active ingredients of various antiseptics, bactericides, vermici ...
... Test results have shown that this blend has an excellent ability to be used as a brand new oil having a rich profile of omega-3 fatty acids (Sharma & Lokesh, 2013). Certain oils have sound antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects; for instance, sesame oils are known for their anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects on tumor cells, which are generally caused by tochopherol homologues Vitamin E (Rangkadilok, et al., 2010;Williamson, et al., 2008). Apart from that, this oil possesses many unbelievable health effects, but the oil is expensive, and thus, minimal usage is made in the food industries. ...
Oil blending can be regarded as a modern way of natural enhancement. This technique brings out excellent results in the modification of positive traits. The object of the present review article is to illustrate the importance of balanced dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The ideal dietary ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids emphasize naturally modifying the edible oils through blending. In this natural modification, no chemical or practically complex procedures were adopted, i.e., Hydrogenation, interesterification, and fractionation. Careful oil blending can also provide the exact or nearly the same ratios of PUFA as recommended by Global health-related organizations. This review article will discuss the possible issues related to the quality of edible oils, which directly influence health, storage, and cooking attributes. It will also highlight their natural solutions by blending withmany different oil mixtures linked to the superior chemical, physical, and nutritional functions of PUFA, mainly omega-3 and omega-6. Moreover, the discussion highlights blending outcomes and provides details about the mechanism, global intake recommendations, and the importance of this innovative technique in achieving milestones in the future of food technology.
... Bu araştırmada Altın Susam tohum yağında palmitik asit oranı %9. 45 Altın Susam tohumu rengi görsel olarak oldukça parlak ve albenisi yüksektir. Altın Susamın fenolik madde miktarının ve antioksidan kapasitesinin diğer susam tohumlarına kıyasla oldukça yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. ...
Geleneksel olarak yüzyıllardır insan beslenmesinde ve hastalıklarda iyileştirici olarak kullanılan susam tohumlarına ve ürünlerine olan talep, beslenme ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması nedeniyle son yıllarda daha da artmıştır. Bu çalışmada neredeyse tamamı ihraç olan Altın (Gökova) Susamın bazı tohum ve yağ özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Susam tohumlarının bin dane ağırlığı 3.40 g, ham protein oranı %20.24, ham yağ oranı ise %50.05 olarak bulunmuştur. Tohum renk analizi değerlerinden L*, a*, b*, c* ve h ortalamaları sırasıyla; 55.78, 10.35, 29.88, 31.62 ve 70.89 olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam antioksidan kapasitesi 1405.53 mg trolox eşdeğeri/100g olarak belirlenirken, toplam fenolik madde içeriği ise 483.34 mg gallik asit eşdeğeri/100g olarak bulunmuştur. Susam numunelerinin yağlarında yapılan analizler sonucunda ise; palmitik asit oranı %9.45, oleik asit oranı %40.46, linoleik asit oranı %42.57 ve stearik asit oranı %4.96 olarak belirlenmiştir. Susam lignanlarından sesamol, sesamin ve sesamolin içerikleri ise sırasıyla 0.076 µg/g yağ, 12.278 mg/g yağ, 0.906 mg/g yağ olarak bulunmuştur. Susam tohum yağlarında ortalama α-tokoferol 1.57 µg/g, α-tokotrienol 1.22 µg/g, γ-tokoferol 47.59 µg/g, toplam tokoferol ise 49.17 µg/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Susam yağı renk analizi değerlerinden L*, a*, b*, c* ve h sırasıyla; 93.34, -1.57, 30.37, 30.41 ve 92.99 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kırılma indisi (20°C), iyot sayısı, sabunlaşma sayısı, serbest yağ asidi, ve sabunlaşmayan madde değerleri ise sırasıyla; 1.47, 107.86, 186.4 mgKOH /g yağ, %0.82 ve 1.74 g/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Altın (Gökova) Susam numunelerinde belirlenen kalite kriterlerinin literatür verilerine uygun olduğu ve çoğunlukla daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği belirlenmiştir.
... Even though the main purpose of its production is the extraction of the edible oil from the seeds, but its oil may be used for far more than food purposes. Sesame oil may find applications in pharmaceuticals (Williamson et al., 2008) and biofuel (Saydut et al., 2008;Ahmad et al., 2009), and an ingredient in cosmetics, soaps, and lubricants (Bedigian, 2004). Its productivity and growth are prone to environmental constraints such as drought (Yousefzadeh Najafabadi and Ehsanzadeh, 2017). ...
Concomitant rooting and photosynthetic responses of crop plants to water availability and plant growth regulators lack clarity. Three pot-grown sesame genotypes were subjected to three irrigation regimes, ranging from control to severe moisture stress, and two levels of salicylic acid (SA) (0 and 0.6 mM) to address this lacuna of data. Drought led to decreases in gas exchange, water relation, and rooting attributes, and shoot dry mass of the three genotypes in different extents, but it resulted in increases in substomatal CO 2 concentration , proline concentration, and root/shoot dry mass. Cumulative root length, root length density, specific root length, and root surface tended to increase in genotype Yekta upon experiencing stress, in contrast to more or less decreasing tendencies in rooting characters of genotypes Shiraz and Naz-Takshakhe. Such genotype -specificity led to the reversal of correlations between gas exchange attributes and rooting characteristics under drought conditions. External SA led to enhancements in gas exchange, water relation, and rooting attributes, and dry mass; the degree of the enhancements tended to be greater in the stress-stricken plants. These findings indicate that genotype Yekta benefits from rooting characteristics with drought tolerance significance and SA is effective in enhancing photosynthetic, physiological and rooting attributes, drought tolerance , and growth of sesame under drought circumstances.
... Our selected RIL, R6, showed comparable oil content (52.9%) with other common, cultivated Indian sesame genotypes. The R6 genotype also yielded high sesamin (3.3 mg/g) concerning many reported genotypes by Williamson et al. [34]. Sesamolin is hydrolyzed during heating leading to the production of sesamol [29]. ...
The presence of lignans (sesamin, sesamol) adds pharmaceutical value in the sesame oil. Wild sesame, Sesamum mulayanum, though less oil-yielding but contains remarkably higher lignan in oil. We performed an interspecific hybridization between cultivated Indian sesame (S. indicum) and S. mulayanum to bring a better oil profile in the cultivated sesame. The selected recombinant lines of F6 generation showed high oil content with a superior lignan profile and manifested distinct phenotypic selection traits. Sesamin synthase is an essential enzyme in the lignan biosynthetic pathway. We studied the gene behind this enzyme during seed development in the parents through semi-quantitative and qRT-PCR analysis. The recombinant lines with high sesamin content showed increased expression of sesamin synthase gene. This gene is a potential candidate for allele-based molecular marker development in future sesame breeding programme.
... Several factors can influence phenolics content of sesame oil. Studies showed that extrinsic factors (as climatic and geographical factors), genetic factors, but also the maturation degree of plant and the length of storage influence on the content of antioxidant compounds (Williamson et al., 2008). Zeb et al. (2017) reported the poly phenols in sesame oil 0.7g GAE/100g extract these results differ from results obtained in Table (3). ...
This study was designed to determine fatty acids composition in some Egyptian vegetable oils namely virgin olive, sunflower, corn, and sesame seed oils. Obtained results using gas chromatography (GC) showed that these oils are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) because the highest of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) that reported being 63.62% in virgin olive oil, sunflower oil 28.04, corn oil 28.21 and sesame oil 43.3%, respectively. Also, n-3 PUFA represented by α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3, n-3) were virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and sesame oil at the ratio of 0, 27%, 0.53%, 0.54% and 0.4%, while n-6 PUFA virgin olive, sunflower, corn, and sesame oils were represented by linoleic (LA, C18:2, n-6) at the ratio of 24.65%, 57.36%, 57.00% and 41.33%. Virgin olive oil and Sunflower oil had high amount of free radical scavenging capacity (IC50؛516.32 mg and 2278.643, respectively). While Sesame oil and corn oil had relatively low capacity (IC50؛2459.42 mg and 132179.8 mg, respectively) in compared with ascorbic acid (IC50:10 μ/ml). The highest amount of phenolic compounds was 1.3095g GAE/100g in virgin olive oil, while the lowest oil one in phenolic compounds was sunflower oil reported by 0.1641g GAE/100g. Antibacterial activity has not been detected in the all analyzed vegetable oils.
... Some researchers added butylated hydroxytoluene to extraction solvents to prevent oxidation [121,126,179] but most labs did not regard this as necessary. For instance, Williamson and coworkers [208] have not added butylated hydroxytoluene to extracts of sesame seeds for the purification of lignans, though they added butylated hydroxytoluene to the same extract for the purification of other oxidation-sensitive metabolites. ...
Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans.
Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed
products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially.
Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the
formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame
have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting
properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency
of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and
total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement
of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots
for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.
... The oil consists of glycerides of oleic, linoleic, stearic palmitic, and myristic acids and contains also, a crystalline substance, sesamin, sesamolin, sesaminol, and a phenolic substance sesamol 11 . Sesamin and sesamolin have shown antioxidant 12 and and increasing the oxidation enzymes of hepatic fatty acid 13 . ...
The hepatoprotective effect of sesame oil (SO) was evaluated against aluminum chloride (AlCl 3) induced hepatic tissue damage in male rats. A total of twenty four male rats were used and grouped into four groups of six rats each. AlCl 3 induced hepatic tissue damage, marked by increased the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin levels, and a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels when compared with the normal control. Also, the level of malodealdehyde (MAD) in the liver tissue was significantly increased. Whereas, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were markedly decreased. Supplementation of AlCl 3 treated rats with SO could improve most of the biochemical alterations. The results of the present study prove that SO has a potent hepatoprotective effect against AlCl 3 induced oxidative stress injury in hepatic tissues of male rats.
... mg/kg lipid), while αand δ-tocopherols are present in low amounts (Saldeen et al. 1999;Yoshida et al. 2007). Williamson et al. (2008) analyzed 11 genotypes of sesame seeds (US collection) and observed α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherols ranging between 0.034 and 0.175 μg/g, 0.44 and 3.05 μg/g, and 56.9 and 99.3 μg/g, respectively. Recently, Hajimahmoodi et al. (2010) reported 563-1095 mg/kg and 293-569 mg/kg of γ-tocopherol in sesame oil and seed, respectively. ...
Sesame, an erect annual herb, is a member of the Pedaliaceae family and contains 45–65% oil. Tanzania is the largest producer of sesame oil followed by China, India, and Sudan. Apart from oil, sesame seeds are a rich source of protein and calcium. It is rich in methionine, valine, and tryptophan which are deficient in many other pulses and crops. Bioactive components such as phenolics, vitamins, phytosterols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are present in sesame seeds which provide a beneficial effect on human health. Sesame has the potential to establish itself as a major oilseed crop, and its better performance, yield, oil quality, and quantity would also provide benefits to the farmers from the area where sesame is grown as a regular crop. Also, sesamin, a lipid-soluble lignan which is present in sesame has, been garnering considerable attention as an anticancer agent. Sesame seeds are reported to be a rich source of phytates compared to soya beans. Sesame oil, due to its excellent keeping quality, fatty acid composition, and good amount of highly active tocopherol, has found versatile use in the food processing industry as cooking oil, in salad dressing, soups, confectionery, etc. This chapter provides an overview origin, history, nutritional value, production status, and future aspects of sesame.
... Several factors can influence phenolics content of sesame oil. Studies showed that extrinsic factors (as geographical and climatic factors), genetic factors, but also the maturation degree of plant and the length of storage influence on the content of antioxidant compounds (Williamson et al., 2008;Yasumoto, 2008). treatment and extraction method can contribute to the variation of these compounds in sesame seed oils (Fukuda et al., 1994;Igual et al., 2012). ...
This study aimed at characterizing oil extracted from roasted and unroasted sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) following either Soxhlet using hexane as the solvent or cold pressing. We obtained an inverse relationship between oil yield and seed moisture content. Seed roasting as well as Soxhlet extraction improved oil yield. Specific absorptivity (at 232 and 270 nm) increased with heating treatment. Refractive values of the different oils were about 1.464. Peroxide value was 7.6 to 9.6 meq O 2 /kg, iodine value was 107-109g I 2 /100g, saponification value obtained was 188 to 190 mg KOH/g, oleic and linoleic acids were about 42 and 40%, respectively. Total phenolic contents were 8 (USO-CE) to 17 mg/100 ml (RSO-SE). Roasting process increased the antioxidant contents and activities (DPPH scavenging and reducing power). The antibacterial activity of sesame oil revealed the inhibition of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. Sesame oil presents interesting physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties that can be improved by roasting the seeds before extraction.
... Apart from sesame lignans, sesame seed and oil also contain other important biologically active compounds, such as vitamin E (tocopherol homologues), especially γ-tocopherol (Hemalatha &Ghafoorunissa, 2004 andWilliamson et al., 2008). Vitamin E occurs naturally as eight structurally related forms that include four tocopherols (α-, γ-, δ-, β-tocopherols) and four tocotrienols (α-, γ-, δ-, β-tocotrienols) (Dietrich et al., 2006). ...
... It contains different antioxidants such as sesamin, sesamolin and sesamol. It also exerts some beneficial health properties including antioxidant activity, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, anticarcinogenic, free radical scavenging, neuroprotective and antimutagenic properties (6)(7)(8)(9). ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the major oil yielding plant in India, but the production of sesame seed is very low. Now it is necessary to establish the selection criteria that directly or indirectly increase the seed yield per sesame plant. In this study, freshly harvested seeds of 21 stable advance lines of sesame and their 8 parents such as R-9, B-14, B-9, B-67, T-12, IDP-51, IET-2, HT-1 were taken to evaluate the selection criteria for higher seed yield. The results indicated that number of branches/plant, number of capsule/plant, number of seeds/capsule and 100 seed weight were strongly related with sesame yield. Thus, selection of advance lines of sesame, that have higher seed yield, can be done on the basis of number of branches/plant, number of seeds/capsule, 100 seed weight and harvest index. Moreover, these traits may be employed as the selection criteria for the betterment of sesame seed yield in future agricultural system.
... Our approach using affinity nano-beads together with in planta evaluation of potential impact of sesamin-Steroleosin B interactions on Arabidopsis growth has provided new clues for understanding the biological significance of Steroleosin B-sesamin from the viewpoint of their physical interactions. Previous reports show considerable differences in sesamin content across various sesame cultivars 27,28 . However, correlation between phenotypic traits and sesamin content have not been previously described. ...
Sesamin is a furofuran-type lignan that is found abundantly in seeds of Sesamum indicum (sesame) and has been widely accepted as a dietary supplement with positive effects on human health. The biological activity of sesamin in human cells and organs has been analysed extensively, although comparatively few studies show biological functions for sesamin in planta. Herein we screened sesamin-binding proteins (SBP) from sesame seedling extracts using sesamin-immobilized nano-beads. In subsequent peptide mass fingerprinting analyses, we identified a SBP, Steroleosin B, which is one of the membrane proteins found in oil bodies. In addition, pull-down assays and saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) experiments demonstrated that sesamin binds directly to recombinant Steroleosin B in vitro. Finally, ectopic accumulations of sesamin and Steroleosin B in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants induced severe growth defects including suppression of leaf expansion and root elongation. Collectively, these results indicate that sesamin influences tissue development in the presence of Steroleosin B.
... Even though there are many natural sources identified for sesamin, the oil and seed from S. indicum alone continues to be the major source of the compound [13]. Sesamin merely ranges from 0.2% to 0.8% of by the dry weight of seeds in the existing varieties of the sesame crop [14][15][16]. Genetics of sesamin production indicates that it could be a polygenic trait [17,18]. One of the options available is to enhance sesamin synthesis in live plants of S. indicum by metabolic engineering [13]. ...
Members of Cytochromes P450 super family of enzymes catalyse important biochemical reactions in plants. Some of these reactions are so important that they contribute to enormous chemical diversity seen in plants. Many unique secondary metabolites formed by mediation of these enzymes play key role in plant defence and often contribute to maintenance of human health. In oilseed crop Sesamum indicum, the reaction leading to the formation of clinically important sesamin is catalyzed by a unique methylene-di-oxy bridge forming Cytochrome P450 enzyme sesamin synthase. It is encoded by the gene CYP81Q1. In order to elucidate the structure – function relationship of this enzyme and to apply biotechnological tools for enhancing the production of sesamin in the crop, it was intended to clone and express the enzyme in a heterologous system. In this paper we present our results on synthesis of cDNA, cloning, expression and purification of CYP81Q1 from the developing seeds of sesame crop. Following the same procedure we have also cloned a CYP reductase1 (CPR1) gene (CPR1) to facilitate transfer of electron from NADPH to CYP81Q1 enzyme from the same crop. Functional characterization was performed by expressing the recombinant proteins in E. coli (pET28a/BL21-DE3 codon plus) and its activity was evaluated in vitro by HPLC. We demonstrate that purified CYP81Q1 enzyme, on its own, has limited level of activity in the conversion of pinoresinol to sesamin. Its activity gets considerably enhanced in the presence of CPR1.
... Seed sesamin content ranged from 1.67 to 4.27 mg/g dried seed among all the genotypes under the control treatment and seed sesamolin ranged from 0.63 to 1.34 mg/g dried seed; however, these values under the drought stress treatment ranged from 0.49 to 5.47 and from 0.39 to 3.02 mg/g dried seed, respectively. These values are in close agreement with those reported in Williamson, Morris, Pye, Kamat, and Hensley (2008) and in Rangkadilok et al. (2010). Clearly, sesamin and sesamolin contents exhibited high variations among the genotypes, particularly under drought stress conditions. ...
Ten sesame genotypes planted under two irrigation regimes of 60% and 90%, as the maximum allowable depletion (MAD), were used to investigate the effects of drought stress on certain quantitative and qualitative characters of sesame seeds with four contrasting coat colors. The polyphenolic components, sesamin, sesamolin, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), seed yield, and oil content of the seeds were also examined. Results revealed that drought decreased seed yield, oil content, sesamin, and quercetin but increased TFC, TPC, and RSA as well as most of polyphenolic components and sesamolin. The drought-tolerant genotypes including Markazi1 exhibited higher chlorogenic, ellagic, and p-coumaric acids as well as TFC, RSA, and rutin. While the dark-seeded sesame genotypes contained higher caffeic, ferulic, ellagic acids as well as TPC and RSA, the light-seeded ones were richer in sesamin and sesamolin as well as p-coumaric and gallic acids. The findings of the study provided basic information on the changes in some seed secondary metabolites when sesame was subjected to drought stress. The results also confirmed not only the presence of considerable amounts of antioxidants in sesame seeds but also differences in secondary metabolite levels among the sesame seeds with different seed coat colors.
... Sesame seed consists of 50 to 60% oil, 13.5% carbohydrates and 20% proteins (Arslan et al., 2007), and are commonly used as ingredients in buns, breads, biscuits and snacks (Pastorello et al., 2001). Sesame oil is a rich source of natural antioxidants like sesamin, sesamolin and sesamol and hence it is considered as the best oil for cooking purposes not just because of its antioxidant activity but also because of its free radical scavenging, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties (Hou et al., 2003;Noguchi et al., 2004;Williamson et al., 2007). ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, proteins and natural antioxidants. Reports on tissue culture methods involving regeneration through callus phase are scanty, genotype dependent and have been reported with low regeneration frequency. This recalcitrant nature will impede the application of modern biotechnological tools for genetic advancement studies in sesame. An efficient protocol for invitro shoot organogenesis from callus cultures has been established using cotyledon explants excised from 1-week-old seedlings of sesame cv. TMV 3. Maximum frequency of greenish white friable compact (GWFC) callus (72.0%) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.54 μM of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Organogenic GWFC callus cultured on MS medium containing 4.4 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 10 μM of silver nitrate (AgNO3) showed the optimum frequency of shoot regeneration (66%) and produced 4.6 shoots per 150 mg callus. Optimum rooting of 70.2%, an average of 6.02 ± 0.8 roots per shoot was achieved on MS medium fortified with 5.6 μM of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully in a greenhouse with a 65.8% survival rate. Non significant phenotypic aberrations were observed among the ex vitro transferred plantlets. The genetic stability of regenerants was assessed by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. PCR amplification using 10 RAPD and 10 SSR primers generated 71 distinct and scorable DNA bands. DNA banding patterns reveal the absence of somaclonal variation among the plantlets regenerated through indirect organogenesis compared to that of mother plant and confirms the genetic purity of the invitro raised plants. The developed protocol could be effectively employed for obtaining genetic traits invitro through genetic transformation studies.
... Sesame seeds are edible and regularly used for flavor as well as ingredients in food products. Sesame seed oil is unique among the commercially available edible oils in having natural antioxidants such as sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol, and also exerts several beneficial health effects including antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties [3][4][5] . Assessment of genetic diversity is very important in crop improvement program. ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important crop known for its high-quality edible oil. Molecular markers are useful to explore highly diverse genotypes and relationships among populations for crossbreeding programs. In the present investigation, the genetic fidelity of 9 sesame cultivars of Tamil Nadu was assessed by 10 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. A total of 102 DNA bands were obtained with RAPD primers, of which 46 were polymorphic. SSR primers generated 19 bands, of which 8 were polymorphic. The genetic relationships of nine varieties were inferred using the average linkage method. The cultivars were grouped into 2 clusters from RAPD and 3 clusters from SSR markers. Among the two RAPD clusters, cluster I comprised of TMV 4, TMV 5, TMV 6, TMV 7, SVPR 1, VRI 1, VRI 2, and CO 1 and cluster II comprised of TMV 3 cultivar. In SSR clusters, cluster I consisted of CO 1 and VRI 2, cluster II consisted of TMV 5, TMV 6, TMV 7, VRI 1, and SVPR 1 and cluster III consisted of TMV 3 and TMV 4 cultivars. The experimental results showed that mono-geographical separation of cultivars generally did not result in the greater genetic distance. This study demonstrated that RAPD and SSR markers were appropriate for evaluation of low diversified sesame varieties. Understanding of these characteristics of sesame cultivars in Tamil Nadu will provide a theoretical foundation for further development of variation among the sesame cultivars. © 2018, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
... In addition, its oil is traditionally used for cooking and in industries [1]. It contains antioxidants such as sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol, and it also exerts beneficial health effects including antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties [2][3][4][5]. India ranks first in area (1.86 million ha) and second in production (6, 36, 000 Mt) next only to Myanmar [6]. Sesame is the third most important oil seed crop in India after groundnut and mustard. ...
The regeneration methods in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) already developed were genotype dependent and were unsuccessful for Indian cultivars. Hence, an efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration in sesame was attempted with TMV 3 cultivar. Immature cotyledons derived from 1-week old seedlings were cultured on MS (Murashige and Shoog) medium fortified with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuran (TDZ) and kinetin for adventitious shoot induction. It was found that optimal medium for direct shoot formation was MS with BAP (2.0 mg/l) at a frequency of 74% with an average of 4.5 shoots per expalnt. The shoot regeneration frequency was significantly reduced with either TDZ or kinetin when compared with BAP alone. Elongated individual shoots were transferred on MS media supplemented with Indole Butyric Acid (IBA; 0.5 mg/l) showed rooting frequency of 70%. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized to potting mixture containing sand, soil and clay mixture and grown to maturity with survival rate of 65 %. No phenotypic aberrations were observed among the ex vitro transferred plantlets. The protocol described here assures a high frequency of shoot regeneration, root induction and also plant survival rate.
... Few studies have been published on the extraction and determination of lignan and γ-tocopherol in sesame oil, and the commonly employed methods are methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) (Bhunia et al., 2015;Schwertner & Rios, 2012;Williamson, Morris, Pye, Kamat, & Hensley, 2008) and hexane extraction coupled with normal-phase liquid chromatography (NP-LC) (AOCS, 2009;Ballus et al., 2014;Fernandes et al., 2015;Mariod, Matthäus, & Hussein, 2011) for lignan and γ-tocopherol, respectively. However, no information could be found in the literature regarding the simultaneous analysis of these compounds by using a single instrument with only one injection. ...
A novel method for rapid and simultaneous analysis of three lignans and γ-tocopherol in sesame oil has been established based on a one-step solvent extraction followed by normal-phase liquid chromatography. The briefness of the experimental procedure, use of 5 mL of n-hexane/isopropanol (98:2, v/v) for extraction without any further cleanup process, short analysis time (10 min), and excellent sensitivity and selectivity demonstrated the advantages of this practical and efficient method. All the analytes exhibited satisfactory recoveries ranging from 95.4 to 103.4% at three spiked levels, with the relative SD ranging from 1.1 to 4.4%. The limits of quantitation of this method for four analytes were in the range of 0.3–1.0 μg g⁻¹. The validated method was successfully applied to the coinstantaneous determination of lignan and γ-tocopherol in five real sesame oil samples. Furthermore, the results of this study were compared with previously reported method and standard method.
... 3 Furthermore, sesame oil has anti-inflammatory activity and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells caused by tocopherol homologues. 4,5 Sesame oil in spite of containing 85% unsaturated fatty acids, is one of the most stable vegetable oils to oxidation. 6 However, sesame oil, which has positive nutritious and healthy effects, is low in ω 3 fatty acids and because of its high price has limited application in the food industry. ...
Purpose: Suitable ratio of essential fatty acids has an important role in maintaining good health. There is no pure oil with an ideal fatty acid composition and oxidative stability. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of oil obtained by blending flaxseed oil as a rich source of ω3 fatty acids with sesame and olive oils.
Methods: Three different ratios (65:30:5, 60:30:10 and 55:30:15) were prepared using olive, sesame and flaxseed oils. These mixtures were stored at 4°C and 24°C and their quality and physicochemical properties were determined by measuring the fatty acid composition, phenolic compound, peroxide, anisidine values and schaal tests.
Results: Fatty acid composition indicated that adding 10% and 15% flaxseed oil into blends have suitable ratio of essential fatty acids. The sample which contained 5% flaxseed oil had the highest phenolic content among treatments and these compounds showed a significant decrease during storage. A significant increase (p
... Sesame oil has anti-inflammatory activity and antiproliferative effects on human cancer cells caused by vitamin E (tocopherol homologues) (Rangkadilok et al., 2010;Williamson, Morris, Pye, Kamat, & Hensley, 2008). However, this oil, which has many nutritious and healthy effects, is expensive and has limited application in food industry. ...
Oils and fats have many functions in food product preparation. Quality, stability and nutritional features of oils are the most important factors in food technology. There is no pure oil with good functional and nutritional properties and appropriate oxidative stability. Therefore, vegetable oils are modified using different methods to enhance their commercial applications and to improve their nutritional quality. Modification methods are hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation and blending.
... Sesame seeds have been found to possess high amounts of γ-tocopherol ranging from 468.5 to 517.9 mg/kg lipid along with low quantities of α and δ-tocopherols (Yoshida et al. 2007;Williamson et al. 2008). However, the overall level of tocopherol in sesame is low in comparison to other vegetable oils (Kamal-Eldin 2010). ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) economically valued worldwide for its seeds and seed oil has been designated as ‘queen of oilseeds’. Antioxidants such as lignans and their derivatives prevent oxidation of the oil and provide longer shelf life making sesame oil one of the most stable oils. Due to the presence of several bioactive compounds it has been often listed among the world’s healthiest foods. However, the attempts to improve sesame crop remain scanty resulting in lack of superior genotypes having high yield potential and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, traits such as indeterminate growth habit and capsule shattering are also responsible for its reduced yields making it less favorable for large-scale farming. Wild relatives of sesame are important reservoir of useful genes and need to be exploited for sesame improvement. These wild species exhibit crossability with the cultivated gene pool to varying extents and can be utilized for transferring the desirable traits using conventional breeding approaches assisted with modern techniques. Extensive research efforts are therefore desirable in several aspects such as identification of different gene pools of sesame genetic resources, phylogenetic relationships, assessment of genetic diversity in the cultivated gene pool, etc. Molecular approaches to develop genetic map, hybrid testing, identification of core collections, DNA fingerprinting are already underway. Biotechnological interventions required for the successful production of transgenic plants have also been initiated. Recently, most of the genes and biosynthetic pathways involved in oil and other useful components of sesame seeds have been unraveled. An integrated approach based on conventional and modern tools for identification and utilization of useful genes followed by their successful incorporation in the cultivated gene pool is desirable for large-scale cultivation of sesame, to meet the increasing demands of healthy food crops due to the ever increasing heath awareness world over.
... antioxidant activity, antiproliferative activity, lowering cholesterol levels, and showing antihypertensive effects and neuro protective effects against hypoxia or brain damage (Rangkadilok et al., 2010). Apart from sesame lignans, sesame seed and oil also contain other important biologically active compounds, such as vitamin E (tocopherol homologues) (Williamson et al., 2008). Tocopherol has many beneficial properties, such as antiproliferative effects in human cancer cells, anti-inflammatory activity and partial prevention of age-associated transcriptional changes in heart and brain of mice (Rangkadilok et al., 2010). ...
The worldwide trend to replace synthetic food additives with natural compounds has led to an increasing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants with natural ones. Roasted Sesame seed oil extracted by cold pressing (RSSO) is very stable due to the presence of a number of natural antioxidants. Therefore, it has a long shelf-life and can be blended with less stable edible oils to improve their stability. In this work, blends of different ratios of RSSO (10, 20 and 40%) with soybean and/or sunflower oils were prepared and evaluated for their oxidative stability. The evaluation included the measurement of peroxide value, free fatty acid, iodine value, colour index, refractive index, Rancimat induction period and fatty acid composition. Protective factors as well as Cox value were calculated. In addition, total phenolic content of sesame oil blends and their antioxidant scavenging activity byDPPH free radical, were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of RSSO especially 20 and 40%to either soybean or sunflower oils improved the antioxidative property of the oil blends. Thus, the blends of these two refined edible oils with roasted sesame seed oil showed nutritional merits with improved stability for domestic cooking and heating purposes. Also, blending is the most economical process for fat modification.
... A range of 0.82 to 11.05 mg/ g sesamin content was observed in sesame cultivars of China [18]. The study is in conformity with Willianson et al. [51] who reported variations in sesamin content in the diverse genotypes of sesame which was influenced by genetic, environmental and geographical factors. ...
Objective: Seed oil quantity and sesamin concentration in the wild and cultivated species of Sesamum from Kerala viz., Sesamum indicum, S. malabaricum, S. radiatum, S. laciniatum, S. prostratum and S. alatum were estimated in comparison with the commercially released variety, S. indicum var. CO1, along with the antioxidant properties of the species. Methods: The seed oil extract in petroleum ether was assayed to determine sesamin concentration through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Free radical scavenging and reducing power activities of the oil were assessed by following standard procedures. Results: The percentage of oil content was high (49.62%) in the cultivated species, compared to the wild taxa (23.25%). The concentration of sesamin was high in S. radiatum (6.52 mg/ g) at a retention time of 31 min. The study noticed high antioxidant activity of the seed oil of the wild species, S. radiatum and S. malabaricum, which was at par with that of the cultivated species, S. indicum. Conclusion: The antioxidant assays indicates that the species of Sesamum as a natural source of antioxidant. This property prevalent in the wild species can be of immense use in the manufacturing of therapeutic as well as pharmaceutical combinations such as anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory- drugs. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.
... Since then the main focus has been made to isolate two of the major aglycon lignans namely, sesamin and sesamolin from varied sources (Doskotch and El-Feraly, 1969;Baures et al., 1992;Kamal-Eldin et al., 1994;Amarowicz et al., 2001;Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004;Reshma et al., 2010;Zhou et al., 2010). Recently, Williamson et al. (2008) described some new methods involving photodiode array detection for sesamin analysis. The isolation of the lignans involves two major steps. ...
... Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa 20 reported that -tocopherol was the only representative of tocopherol isomers identified in both Indian sesame cultivar seeds and commercial oils. Williamson et al. 67 investigated the contents of tocopherols in sesame (S. indicum L.) seeds of 11 different genotypes from eight countries worldwide. The results indicated that the sesame seed accessions contained significantly higher levels of -tocopherol (56.9-99.3 ...
Though sesame seed oil contains high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and even a small amount of free fatty acids in its unrefined flavored oil, it shows remarkable stability than other dietary vegetable oils. The good stability of sesame seed oil against auto-oxidation was ascribed not only to the inherent lignans and tocopherols, but also to the generated browning reaction products when sesame seeds were roasted. Also, there is an excellent synergistic effect among these three kinds of components. The lignans in sesame seed oil could be categorized into two types: the inherent lignans (sesamin, sesamolin) and the lignans (e.g. sesamol, sesamolinol, etc) that were mainly formed during oil production process. The highest level of tocopherols in sesame seed oil is γ-tocopherol. This paper reviewed the antioxidant activities of lignans and tocopherols, as well as the browning reaction and its products in the sesame seed and/or its oil. It was indicated that the composition, structure of browning reaction products and their impacts on sesame ingredients need to be further studied to better explain the remaining mysteries of the sesame oil.
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... antioxidant activity,[9] antiproliferative activity[16] and responsible for enhancing antioxidant activity of vitamin E in lipid peroxidation systems,[10] lowering cholesterol levels,[17] increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes[18] and show antihypertensive effects.[1920] Apart from sesame lignans, sesame seed and oil also contain other important biologically active compounds such as vitamin E (tocopherol homologues), especially γ-tocopherol.[2122] ...
Sesame seed is a reservoir of nutritional components with numerous beneficial effects along with health promotion in humans. The bioactive components present in the seed include vital minerals, vitamins, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and unique class of lignans such as sesamin and sesamolin. The presence of phenylpropanoid compounds namely lignans along with tocopherols and phytosterols provide defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species and increases keeping quality of oil by preventing oxidative rancidity. In this article, we have reviewed the nutraceutical, pharmacological, traditional and industrial value of sesame seeds with respect to bioactive components that hold high antioxidant value. Valuable information on superior functional components of sesame will strongly promote the use of sesame seeds in the daily diet world-wide. In spite of huge repertoire of sesame germplasm collection, limited research efforts on the use of conventional and biotechnological methodologies have resulted in minimal success in developing nutritionally superior cultivars. In consequence, value addition efforts in sesame would enable development of genotypes with high antioxidant activity and subsequently prevention of free radical related diseases. Modification of bioactive components in sesame would enable production of stabilized sesame oil with enhanced shelf life and better market value.
... Sesamin and sesamolin, for example, have shown antioxidant [23], antiproliferative [24,25], antihypertensive [26,27], and neuroprotective activities [28], as well as lowering cholesterol levels [29] and increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes [30]. In addition to lignans, other bioactive compounds, such as vitamin E, have been highlighted [31,32]. Considering the applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries and the presence of antioxidants, as well as the lack of chemical evidence that justify the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, the present investigation was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the sesame oil and sesamin. ...
Sesame oil is widely consumed as nutritious food, cooking oil, and in pharmaceuticals and food. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the sesame oil and sesamin were investigated. The sesame oil and sesamin reduced the number of abdominal contortions at the doses 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. The first and second phases of the time paw licking were inhibited by sesame oil and sesamin (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). After 90 min of treatment, sesame oil and sesamin increased the reaction time on a hot plate (200 or 400 mg/kg). Considering the tail-immersion assay, the sesame oil and sesamin produced significant effect after 60 min at the doses of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. After 4 h of application of the carrageenan, the sesame oil and sesamin were effective against the paw edema. The exudate volume and leucocyte migration were also reduced by sesame oil and sesamin. These results suggest that sesamin is one of the active compounds found in sesame oil and justify the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of this product.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a significantly lucrative cash crop for millions of smallholder farmers. Its seeds are an important source of a world highly appreciated oil and two clinically essential antioxidant lignans, sesamin and sesamolin. Accordingly, many countries import annually millions of tons of sesame seeds. The demand for lignan-rich sesame seeds is increasing yearly due to the continuous discovery of several pharmacological attributes of sesamin and sesamolin. To meet the demand, the sesame breeder's primary objective is to release sesame cultivars enriched in oil and lignans. Thus, it is necessary to summarize the information related to sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame in order to promote joint efforts of specialized research teams on this oilseed crop. In the following, we present the current knowledge on sesamin and sesamolin content in S. indicum L. with respect to the updated biosynthesis pathway, associated markers, governing loci, available variability in sesame germplasm, their in planta potential roles in sesame, and the newly discovered pharmacological abilities. In addition, we propose and discuss some required studies that might afford genomics-assisted breeding of high lignans content sesame varieties.
This booklet covers easily available medicinal plant products that have been used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for various indications and have useful properties in respiratory infections and have been also shown to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory ands other properties which can be beneficial in such infections.
A simple and fast normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous detection of α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, and asarinin in sesame oil (SO) was investigated. Conditions were a silica gel column as the separation unit, n-hexane and tetrahydrofuran (93:7, v/v) as the mobile phase, isocratic elution, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 30 °C, and florescence detector with excitation and emission wavelengths of 295 and 330 nm. SO samples were directly dissolved in n-hexane for HPLC analysis. Results showed that the method performed wide linear ranges and good linearity (0.27-100.0 μg/mL, R² > 0.9996), low limits of detection (0.09-0.16 μg/mL) and quantification (0.27-0.41 μg/mL), good precision and accuracy (biases of <2.83% and relative standard derivations of <3.77%), good separation performance [resolution factor (1.66-6.20), separation factor (1.11-3.94), retention factor (1.08-1.42), and height of theoretical plates (0.01-0.04 mm)], and satisfactory recoveries (87.3-109.8% for SO and 96.5-106.9% for lard). The method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of the eleven analytes in SO samples.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed with edible and potentially nutritional and medical uses in most countries and may show variability for bioactive concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed production weights, numbers, oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in seeds from 8 randomly diverse sesame genotypes with various seed coat colors over two years. Oil analysis were conducted using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) on a Bruker mq-one minispec. Protein was measured by combustion on an Elementar Rapid N Exceed nitrogen analyzer. Lignan and tocopherol compounds were prepared and analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) on an Agilent 1100. Fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography on an Agilent 7890A with a 15 m DB23 analytical column and FID (flame ionization detector). The bioactives and 1000 seed weights were significantly influenced by genotype, except for heptadecenoic acid (17:1), while total seed weight, total seed numbers, sesamolin, γ-tocopherol, and oleic acid (18:1) were influenced by year. Oil, protein, δ-tocopherol, and margaric acid (17:0) showed a year x genotype interaction. Significant 1000 seed weights ranged from 1.8 to 3.3 g while oil and protein concentrations significantly ranged from 29.43–54.69% and 13.92–21.76%, respectively. Sesamin and sesamolin ranged significantly from 0.55 to 8.98 mg/g and tocopherols ranged from 0 to 239.58 μg/g. The major unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids significantly ranged from 26.60 to 54.85 % while the minor unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 %. The saturated fatty acids significantly ranged from 0 to 10.58 %. Several correlations were observed among the bioactives. The 8 sesame genotypes can be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with enhanced bioactives.
The impacts of conventional oven roasting at different temperatures and for different times on the physicochemical attributes of sesame seeds obtained from different regions was assessed. The color characteristics (a*, b*, and L* values), ash, moisture, protein, oil, total phenolic, and antioxidant activity of raw sesame seeds and the peroxide value, p-anisidine, fatty acids, and tocopherols of sesame oil varied with source. Oven roasting temperature and time significantly affected the physicochemical properties and bioactive components of sesame seeds and the oil quality from different countries. Roasting variably increased the a* value, antioxidant activity, protein, oil, total phenolic, and tocopherol content, and p-anisidine and peroxide values, whereas it reduced b* and L* values, moisture, and linolenic acid content of sesame seeds from different countries. Roasting conditions and growing locations affected the physiochemical composition and bioactive compounds of seeds. Such factors can influence the quality attributes of sesame seeds and oil and should be considered during processing.
Sesamin and sesamolin constitute the main bioactive secondary metabolites of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L., Pedaliaceae). In the present work, a rapid HPTLC-based methodology was developed in compliance with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for the quantification of these two lignans in sesame seeds. A comparative study was simultaneously performed with HPLC-PDA for assessing the sesamin and sesamolin content of diverse samples. Both methods were validated and the results were subsequently subjected to statistical analysis in order to compare their performance as well as to investigate possible correlations. The methods were shown to be adequately correlated in terms of performance, as revealed by Pearson's rank correlation coefficients (>0.99 for sesamin and >0.98 for sesamolin) and Bland-Altman analysis (relative method bias 0.06–0.21, SD of bias 0.05–0.07). HPTLC densitometry could thereby serve as a valid and reliable tool for the rapid determination of the major lignans in sesame seed samples.
Information on the variability available in lignan and fatty acid content in the oilseed crop of Sesamum indicum has been limited. This article presents and discusses the composition, quantity, and variability available for the two traits in the sesame germplasm that are grown in diverse agro climatic regions of India. HPLC and GC analysis of sesame seeds harvested over a period of three crop seasons revealed a considerable amount of variability in lignan and fatty acids. The antioxidant lignans sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin were observed to be in the range of 0.16–3.24, 2.10–5.98 and 1.52–3.76 mg/g of seed, respectively. Similarly oleic and linoleic acids, respectively, have ranged from 34.71 to 45.61% and 38.49 to 49.60%. The black sesame seeds were found rich in sesamin, sesamolin, total lignan content and oleic acid and are thus identified nutritionally and pharmaceutically more important than white and brown seeds. Pearson statistics showed a strong correlation between the components within a particular trait and also some correlation was found between the traits. The study revealed promising cultivars for use in sesame breeding aimed at improving lignan and fatty acid contents, and can be thus directly used in human foods, nutrition, health and welfare.
In this study, the concentrations of three lignans in 100 sesame seeds and 56 sesame oils were determined using a newly developed method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV/Vis detector. Total lignan contents in sesame seed and oil samples ranged from 2.52 to 12.76 and 3.38 to 11.53 mg/g, respectively. Black sesame seeds showed higher sesamin content (range 1.98–9.41 mg/g, mean 4.34 mg/g) and sesamolin content (range 1.06–3.35 mg/g, mean 1.92 mg/g) than the other three varieties of sesame seeds. Black sesame oils had higher contents of lignans than the white sesame oils, although remarkable differences were not observed. Hot pressed and small mill sesame oils expressed higher contents of sesamol, sesamin, and total lignans than the cold pressed and refined sesame oils. The results revealed that there is extensive variability in lignan concentration in sesame oils and seeds.
This chapter looks at the classification and species inter-relationship, morphology and biology of sesame (. Sesamum indicum L.) before going on to discuss the chemical composition and nutritional components of sesame oil, cake and meal, including their functional properties. Production, cultivation, harvesting and seed storage are all described, and processing, including dehulling, oil extraction and purification, sesame cake and meal and protein concentrates and isolates, reviewed. The chapter discusses the culinary uses of sesame seed together with its use as an animal feed and in industry and its medical applications. Finally, quality issues and future research needs are addressed.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops grown in India and worldwide. This oilseed crop has high nutritional value due to the presence of antioxidants such as lignans and tocopherols. Screening of oilseed germplasm for important nutritional attributes is of prime importance in quality breeding programs. In the present study, the content of lignans (sesamin and sesamolin) and tocopherol homologues (α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) was determined using reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) in 143 sesame lines collected from diverse agro-ecological zones of India. Exploitable levels of sesamin, sesamolin, γ-, and δ-tocopherol was observed in the studied sesame lines. Sesamum indicum cultivar CO 1, introgressed line MKN 9, and Sesamum malabaricum showed high values for sesamin. Exotic and indigenous accessions of S. indicum (EC 542283 and IC 132176, IC 204681, IC 204773) showed high sesamolin contents. Cultivars, AKT 64, AKT 101, Phule til 1, and Tapi A showed high values for γ- and δ-tocopherol. The average content of sesamin and sesamolin was 0.86 and 0.50 mg g−1 seed, respectively. The average tocopherol content (292 μg g−1 seed) found in this study indicates the presence of a high amount of tocopherol in Indian sesame germplasm. Superior genotypes of sesame reported in this study could be utilized in sesame breeding programs for enhancing oil yield and nutritional attributes.
Sesame is believed to have originated in Africa, and is regarded to be the oldest oilseed crop known to man. Evidence from interspecific hybridization and phytochemical analysis indicate that the progenitor of sesame occurred in the Indian subcontinent (Bedigian et al. 1985). From here, sesame was introduced to Mesopotamia in the Early Bronze Age and by 2000 BC where it became a crop of enormous importance. Mesopotamia became the hub of distribution of sesame into the Mediterranean. By the second century BC, sesame became a prominent oil crop in China. Today sesame is cultivated pantropically.
Sesame oil is commonly used as antioxidant. Sesamin (SA) and sesamolin (SO) are major lignans (a non-fat constituent) in sesame seed oil, inhibit 5-desaturase activity and cause accumulation of dihomo-- linolenic acid (DGLA), a precursor of 1-series prostaglandins, and the decreasing production of proinflammatory 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes. Diets supplemented with SA and/or SO, lower serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 but elevate IL-10 in mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice fed with sesame seed oil have a 65% survival rate after cecal ligation and puncture as compared with the 20% survival in the controls. SA and SO inhibit the IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and nitric oxide (NO) productions from microglia under LPS stimulation. The protective effects of SA/SO to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury have been attribute to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The antioxidant activities of SA/SO are identified in their methylenedioxyphenyl moieties that can be changed into dihydrophenyl (catechol) moieties. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mediators of a variety of pathological processes, including inflammation and ischemic/hypoxic injury, the ROS scavenging moiety may contribute as an important component to prevent cells from the free radical injury. Hypoxia or HO-induced cell injury are related with activated MAPKs and caspase-3 activities. Evidence suggests that the protective effects of SA and SO on hypoxic neuronal cells are related to suppression of ROS generation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In addition, SA/SO significantly reduce LPS-activated p38 MAPK. Specific inhibitors of MAPKs dose-dependently inhibit NO and cytokine productions in LPS-stimulated microglia. Therefore, the inhibition of NO and cytokine productions may partly due to the reduction of LPS-induced p38 MAPK signal pathway by SA and SO.
The effects of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil, on various aspects of cholesterol metabolism were examined in rats maintained on various dietary regimens. When given at a dietary level of 0.5% for 4 weeks, sesamin reduced the concentration of serum and liver cholesterol significantly irrespective of the presence or absence of cholesterol in the diet, except for one experiment in which the purified diet free of cholesterol was given. On feeding sesamin, there was a decrease in lymphatic absorption of cholesterol accompanying an increase in fecal excretion of neutral, but not acidic, steroids, particularly when the cholesterol-enriched diet was given. Sesamin inhibited micellar solubility of cholesterol, but not bile acids, whereas it neither bound taurocholate nor affected the absorption of fatty acids. Only a marginal proportion (ca. 0.15%) of sesamin administered intragastrically was recovered in the lymph. There was a significant reduction in the activity of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase after feeding sesamin, although the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, drug metabolizing enzymes, and alcohol dehydrogenase remained uninfluenced. Although the weight and phospholipid concentration of the liver increased unequivocally on feeding sesamin, the histological examination by microscopy showed no abnormality, and the activity of serum GOT and GPT remained unchanged. Since sesamin lowered both serum and liver cholesterol levels by inhibiting absorption and synthesis of cholesterol simultaneously, it deserves further study as a possible hypocholesterolemic agent of natural origin.
The tocopherols, the major vitamers of vitamin E, are believed to play a role in the prevention of human aging-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease, yet little is known concerning determinants of their plasma concentrations. Evidence from animal studies suggests that the dietary source of gamma-tocopherol can significantly affect plasma levels of this tocopherol as well as its functional vitamin E activity. To determine whether plasma levels of tocopherols in humans are similarly altered, a study was undertaken in which subjects (n = 9) were fed muffins containing equivalent amounts of gamma-tocopherol from sesame seeds, walnuts, or soy oil. We observed that consumption of as little as 5 mg of gamma-tocopherol per day over a three-day period from sesame seeds, but not from walnuts or soy oil, significantly elevated serum gamma-tocopherol levels (19.1% increase, p = 0.03) and depressed plasma beta-tocopherol (34% decrease, p = 0.01). No significant changes in baseline or postintervention plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or carotenoids were seen for any of the intervention groups. All subjects consuming sesame seed-containing muffins had detectable levels of the sesame lignan sesamolin in their plasma. Consumption of moderate amounts of sesame seeds appears to significantly increase plasma gamma-tocopherol and alter plasma tocopherol ratios in humans and is consistent with the effects of dietary sesame seeds observed in rats leading to elevated plasma gamma-tocopherol and enhanced vitamin E bioactivity.
Sesamin, a major lignan in sesame seeds, has multiple functions such as cholesterol-lowering and anti-hypertensive activities. To investigate the effect of sesamin on gene expression in the liver, a DNA microarray analysis was carried out. The ingestion of sesamin dissolved in olive oil up-regulated the expression of 38 genes, 16 of which encode proteins possessing a lipid-metabolizing function, and 16 of which encode proteins possessing a xenobiotic/endogenous substance metabolizing function. In particular, sesamin significantly increased the expression of beta-oxidation-associated enzymes in peroxisomes and auxiliary enzymes required for degradation, via the beta-oxidation pathway, of unsaturated fatty acids in mitochondria. The ingestion of sesamin also resulted in an increase in the gene expression of acyl-CoA thioesterase involved in acyl-CoA hydrolase and very-long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase. Interestingly, it induced the expression of the gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol-metabolizing enzyme. These results suggest that sesamin regulates the metabolism of lipids, xenobiotics, and alcohol at the mRNA level.
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
Maize lines differ greatly in their composition and total seed content of tocopherols and carotenoids. When HPLC is employed for the determination of tocopherols, the carotenoids present in some of the extracts may not always be fully separated. It is observed that although tocopherols and carotenoids differ greatly in their UV-visible spectra, the absorbance of certain carotenoids might adversely affect the tocopherol determinations. A reversed-phase HPLC system has been developed that effectively separates α-, δ- and γ-tocopherol and avoids interference caused by the carotenoids present. The method is based on the utilisation of a low level of methanol in an acetonitrile:dichloromethane gradient in the presence of triethylamine. This method provides a reliable and accurate procedure for the determination of tocopherols in maize kernels. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
For three decades, high performance liquid chromatography has proven itself to be a powerful, flexible, and inexpensive tool for basic and clinical research. Recent advances in our understanding of disease have prompted a demand for more sensitive and selective methods of routine bioanalysis, particularly with respect to the determination of oxidative metabolites and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Multidimensional detectors utilizing coulometric arrays offer a solution to these research needs. The challenge to the bioanalyst is now to creatively apply HPLC-ECD technology to promising research and clinical enterprises.
Advances in analytical methodologies in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of lipid-soluble antioxidants, such
as vitamin E, have evolved since its discovery in 1922 (1). The primary purpose of vitamin E (tocopherol) and its tocopherol homologs is to act as free radical scavengers to control
lipid oxidation in the body (2). The physiological and biochemical processes lipid-soluble vitamins possess are beneficial in preventing a number of degenerative
diseases and conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (3–7), cardiovascular disease (8–10), and cancer (11–13). Pharmaceutical, medical, as well as industrial disciplines have been interested in the clinical outcomes of tocopherol
studies. Thus, a critical need exists to measure multiple tocopherols and their oxidation products simultaneously in human
tissue (2,14–19). Our laboratory is interested in studying lipid nitration products in biological matrices primarily as biomarkers to determine
the level of oxidative stress and tissue damage. 3-Nitrotyrosine has been determined to be a useful protein biomarker employed
to measure oxidative stress based in previous publications (20–26). The most commonly measured nitrated tocopherol compound of interest is 5-NO2-γ-tocopherol (2,19,27,28). This and other tocopherol congeners of interest are depicted in Fig. 1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with combined electrochemical and photodiode array detection (HPLC-ECD-PDA)
is a relatively new, versatile and reliable chromatographic technique employed to generate high sensitivity and selectivity,
reproducibility, and accuracy in the determination of tocopherol homologs.
Fig. 1.The chemical structures of the different tocopherol congeners discussed in the text.
Lignan (sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin) profile was determined in different cultivars (botanically identified or market samples)
of sesame seeds and commercial oils procured from different parts of India. The wide variation observed in total lignans from
21 sesame seed and 9 commercial oils was attributed to variations in sesamin and sesamolin contents. Lignan content was high
(18 g sesamin/kg, 10 g sesamolin/kg) in seasame cultivars obtained from the northeastern states of India. In two of the commercial
oils having the Agmark label, the total lignan content was ∼12 g/kg (7.3 g sesamin, 4.7 g sesamolin), 50% of the maximum permissible
levels of unsaponifiable matter. In both the seeds and commercial oils, γ-tocopherol was the only representative of tocopherol
isomers identified. Sesamin and sesamolin were isolated and crystallized from high-lignan cultivars, and their purity was
confirmed by HPLC and spectral (UV and fluorescence) analysis.
The effects of dietary supplementation of sesamin on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Experimental diets containing 0.2% sesamin (an equiweight mixture of sesamin and episesamin) or 0.2% alpha-tocopheryl acetate were given to rats starting 1 week before intragastric administration of DMBA (10 mg/rat). Sesamin significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the cumulative number of palpable mammary cancers by 36% at 12 weeks post-DMBA administration compared with animals on a control diet. Alpha-tocopheryl acetate inhibited both the incidence and the cumulative number of mammary tumors by 20% and 45%, respectively. Concentrations of lipid peroxides in plasma, liver and tumors were all decreased in both sesamin and alpha-tocopheryl acetate groups. The activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased in rats fed sesamin (140 to 150% of the control and alpha-tocopheryl acetate groups). Fatty acid compositions of plasma, liver and tumor phosphatidylcholine showed a decreased tendency of the metabolism of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid and hence of the plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2 in the sesamin group. The inhibitory effect of sesamin on DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis may be ascribed, at least in part, to immunopotentiation and increased antioxidative activity.
Free radicals vary widely in their thermodynamic properties, ranging from very oxidizing to very reducing. These thermodynamic properties can be used to predict a pecking order, or hierarchy, for free radical reactions. Using one-electron reduction potentials, the predicted pecking order is in agreement with experimentally observed free radical electron (hydrogen atom) transfer reactions. These potentials are also in agreement with experimental data that suggest that vitamin E, the primary lipid soluble small molecule antioxidant, and vitamin C, the terminal water soluble small molecule antioxidant, cooperate to protect lipids and lipid structures against peroxidation. Although vitamin E is located in membranes and vitamin C is located in aqueous phases, vitamin C is able to recycle vitamin E; i.e., vitamin C repairs the tocopheroxyl (chromanoxyl) radical of vitamin E, thereby permitting vitamin E to function again as a free radical chain-breaking antioxidant. This review discusses: (i) the thermodynamics of free radical reactions that are of interest to the health sciences; (ii) the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic properties that are associated with chain-breaking antioxidants; (iii) the unique interfacial nature of the apparent reaction of the tocopherol free radical (vitamin E radical) and vitamin C; and (iv) presents a hierarchy, or pecking order, for free radical electron (hydrogen atom) transfer reactions.
Although vitamin E has been known as an essential nutrient for reproduction since 1922, we are far from understanding the mechanisms of its physiological functions. Vitamin E is the term for a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols, of which α-tocopherol has the highest biological activity. Due to the potent antioxidant properties of tocopherols, the impact of α- tocopherol in the prevention of chronic diseases believed to be associated with oxidative stress has often been studied, and beneficial effects have been demonstrated. Recent observations that the α-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver specifically sorts out RRR-α-tocopherol from all incoming tocopherols for incorporation into plasma lipoproteins, and that α- tocopherol has signaling functions in vascular smooth muscle cells that cannot be exerted by other forms of tocopherol with similar antioxidative properties, have raised interest in the roles of vitamin E beyond its antioxidative function. Also, γ-tocopherol might have functions apart from being an antioxidant. It is a nucleophile able to trap electrophilic mutagens in lipophilic compartments and generates a metabolite that facilitates natriuresis. The metabolism of vitamin E is equally unclear. Excess α- tocopherol is converted into α-CEHC and excreted in the urine. Other tocopherols, like γ- and δ-tocopherol, are almost quantitatively degraded and excreted in the urine as the corresponding CEHCs. All rac α-tocopherol compared to RRR-α-tocopherol is preferentially degraded to α-CEHC. Thus, there must be a specific, molecular role of RRR-α-tocopherol that is regulated by a system that sorts, distributes, and degrades the different forms of vitamin E, but has not yet been identified. In this article we try to summarize current knowledge on the function of vitamin E, with emphasis on its antioxidant vs. other properties, the preference of the organism for RRRα-tocopherol, and its metabolism to CEHCs.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a lipophilic gaseous molecule synthesized by the enzymatic oxidation of L-arginine. During periods of inflammation, phagocytic cells generate copious quantities of NO and other reactive oxygen species. The combination of NO with other reactive oxygen species promotes nitration of ambient biomolecules, including protein tyrosine residues and membrane-localized gamma-tocopherol. The oxidative chemistry of NO and derived redox congeners is reviewed. Techniques are described for the determination of 3-nitro-tyrosine and 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
The exposure of human lymphoid leukemia Molt 4B cells to sesamin and episesamin which were isolated from unroasted sesame seed oil and identified by MS, and 1H and 13C-NMR, led to both growth inhibition and the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Morphological change showing apoptotic bodies was observed in the Molt 4B cells treated with sesamin and episesamin. The fragmentations by sesamin and episesamin of DNA to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments that are characteristics of apoptosis were observed to be concentration-dependent, respectively. Moreover, the amount of the DNA fragments in the sesamin-treated cells was increased from 2 days, while that in the episesamin-treated cells was elevated at 3 days after addition of the compounds. These findings suggest that growth inhibitions by sesamin and episesamin of Molt 4B cells result from the induction of apoptosis in the cells.
The preventive effects of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil, and vitamin E on hypertension and thrombosis were examined using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). At 5 weeks of age the animals were separated into four groups: (i) a control group; (ii) a vitamin E group, which was given a 1,000 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg diet; (iii) a sesamin group, given a 1,000 mg sesamin/kg diet; and (iv) a vitamin E plus sesamin group, given a 1,000 mg alpha-tocopherol plus 1,000 mg sesamin/kg diet for 5 weeks from 5 to 10 weeks of age. Resting blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method once weekly. A closed cranial window was created and platelet-rich thrombi were induced in vivo using a helium-neon laser technique. The number of laser pulses required for formation of an occlusive thrombus was used as an index of thrombotic tendency. In control rats, systolic blood pressure and the amount of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) became significantly elevated with age. However, the elevation in blood pressure and 8-OHdG were significantly suppressed in rats administrated vitamin E, sesamin, or vitamin E plus sesamin. At 10 weeks, the number of laser pulses required to induce an occlusive thrombus in arterioles of the control group was significantly lower than in the other groups (p<0.05). These results indicate that chronic ingestion of vitamin E and sesamin attenuated each of elevation in blood pressure, oxidative stress and thrombotic tendency, suggesting that these treatments might be beneficial in the prevention of hypertension and stroke.
Oxidative stress and quasi-inflammatory processes recently have been recognized as contributing factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reactive nitrating species have specifically been implicated in AD based on immunochemical and instrumental detection of nitrotyrosine in AD brain protein. The significance of lipid-phase nitration has not been investigated in AD. This study documents a significant two- to threefold increase in the lipid nitration product 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol in affected regions of the AD brain as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In a bioassay to compare the relative potency of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol against nitrative stress, rat brain mitochondria were exposed to the peroxynitrite-generating compound SIN-1. The oxidation-sensitive Kreb's cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was inactivated by SIN-1, in a manner that could be significantly attenuated by gamma-tocopherol (at <10 microM) but not by alpha-tocopherol. These data indicate that nitric oxide-derived species are significant contributors to lipid oxidation in the AD brain. The findings are discussed in reference to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of AD and the possible role of gamma-tocopherol as a major lipid-phase scavenger of reactive nitrogen species.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of a variety of pathological processes, including inflammation and ischemic injury. The neuroprotective effects of sesame antioxidants, sesamin and sesamolin, against hypoxia or H2O2-induced cell injury were evaluated by cell viability or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Sesamin and sesamolin reduced LDH release of PC12 cells under hypoxia or H2O2-stress in a dose-dependent manner. Dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-sensitive ROS production was induced in PC12 cells by hypoxia or H2O2-stress but was diminished in the presence of sesamin and sesamolin. We evaluated further the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and caspase-3 in hypoxia-induced PC12 cell death. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPKs of signaling pathways were activated during hypoxia. We found that the inhibition of MAPKs and caspase-3 by sesamin and sesamolin correlated well with the reduction in LDH release under hypoxia. Furthermore, the hypoxia-induced apoptotic-like cell death in cultured cortical cells as detected by a fluorescent DNA binding dye was reduced significantly by sesamin and sesamolin. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of sesamin and sesamolin on hypoxic neuronal and PC12 cells might be related to suppression of ROS generation and MAPK activation.
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or alphaT) has long been recognized as a classic free radical scavenging antioxidant whose deficiency impairs mammalian fertility. In actuality, alpha-tocopherol is one member of a class of phytochemicals that are distinguished by varying methylation of a chroman head group. Early studies conducted between 1922 and 1950 indicated that alpha-tocopherol was specific among the tocopherols in allowing fertility of laboratory animals. The unique vitamin action of alphaT, combined with its prevalence in the human body and the similar efficiency of tocopherols as chain-breaking antioxidants, led biologists to almost completely discount the "minor" tocopherols as topics for basic and clinical research. Recent discoveries have forced a serious reconsideration of this conventional wisdom. New and unexpected biological activities have been reported for the desmethyl tocopherols, such as gamma-tocopherol, and for specific tocopherol metabolites, most notably the carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (CEHC) products. The activities of these other tocopherols do not map directly to their chemical antioxidant behavior but rather reflect anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and natriuretic functions possibly mediated through specific binding interactions. Moreover, a nascent body of epidemiological data suggests that gamma-tocopherol is a better negative risk factor for certain types of cancer and myocardial infarction than is a alpha-tocopherol. The potential public health implications are immense, given the extreme popularity of alphaT supplementation which can unintentionally deplete the body of gamma-tocopherol. These findings may or may not signal a major paradigm shift in free radical biology and medicine. The data argue for thorough experimental and epidemiological reappraisal of desmethyl tocopherols, especially within the contexts of cardiovascular disease and cancer biology.
The preventive effects of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil and vitamin E on hypertension and thrombosis were examined using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Animals at 5 weeks of age were separated into four groups: (i) control group; (ii) vitamin E group, which was given 1000 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg diet; (iii) sesamin group, given 1000 mg sesamin/kg diet; and (iv) vitamin E plus sesamin group, given 1000 mg alpha-tocopherol plus 1000 mg sesamin/kg diet for 5 weeks from 5 to 10 weeks of age. Resting blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method once weekly. A closed cranial window was created in the right parietal bone of the rat and platelet-rich thrombi were induced in vivo using a helium-neon laser technique. The number of laser pulses required for formation of an occlusive thrombus was used as an index of thrombotic tendency. In control rats, systolic blood pressure and the amount of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) became significantly elevated with age. However, the elevation in blood pressure and 8-OHdG were significantly suppressed in rats administered vitamin E, sesamin, or vitamin E plus sesamin. At 10 weeks, the number of laser pulses required to induce an occlusive thrombus in arterioles of the control group was significantly lower than in the other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that chronic ingestion of vitamin E and sesamin attenuated both elevation in blood pressure, oxidative stress and thrombotic tendency, suggesting that these treatments might be beneficial in the prevention of hypertension and stroke.
This paper describes the composition of authentic hazelnut oils obtained from nuts collected from five countries that are major suppliers of hazelnut oil. Oils were analyzed using standard methods for fatty acids, fatty acids in the triacylglycerol 2-position, tocopherols and tocotrienols, triacylglycerols, sterols, steradienes, and iodine value. The results were generally in good agreement with those of other publications. Tocotrienols, previously unreported in hazelnut oil, were detected in one sample. There were no major differences in the composition of oils from different countries. Roasting the nuts prior to pressing had little effect on oil composition.
The tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) was determined for nine cultivars (cvs. Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise, Parisienne, and Rego). Walnuts were harvested over three consecutive years from two different geographical origins (Bragança and Coimbra, Portugal), for a total of 26 samples. The methodology employed was a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a series arrangement of a diode array detector followed by a fluorescence detector, allowing the simultaneous analysis of all tocopherols and tocotrienols. The analyses showed that all samples presented a similar qualitative profile composed of five compounds: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, and gamma-tocotrienol. gamma-Tocopherol was the major compound in all samples, ranging from 172.6 to 262.0 mg/kg, followed by alpha- and delta-tocopherols, ranging from 8.7 to 16.6 mg/kg and from 8.2 to 16.9 mg/kg, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the data obtained showed the existence of significant differences in composition among cultivars. These differences were also significant when cultivars were grouped by year of production, showing that besides genetic factors, the vitamin E composition was influenced by environmental factors.
Vitamin E has many reported health effects and is recognized as the most important lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in the body. Vitamin E has also been reported to play a regulatory role in cell signalling and gene expression. Epidemiological studies show that high blood concentrations of vitamin E are associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Yet, high doses of supplemental vitamin E have been associated with an elevated risk of heart failure and all-cause mortality. Therefore, establishing alternative strategies to improve vitamin E status without potentially increasing mortality risk may prove important for optimal nutrition.
The nitric oxide (NO) free radical serves diverse functions in mammalian physiology, facilitating processes that range from vasodilation to neurotransmission to host-pathogen defense. Despite the fascinating biochemical utility of this small diatomic gas, NO and its derived oxidation or reduction products [reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) or reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs)] can be deleterious to cells and tissues under conditions of pathophysiology. Recent years have witnessed a tremendous and continuing scientific interest in RNI, both as targets for pharmacotherapy and as biomarkers for disease. Accordingly, methods have been developed to quantify RNI in real time under controlled experimental conditions. Such methods usually employ either electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin traps (see ) or electrochemical sensors (Cserey and Gratzl, 2001). Nonetheless, the transient nature of NO and RNIs often precludes their routine assessment in animal experiments or human clinical studies where tissue must be archived and stored at a later time. To circumvent these limitations, methods have been invented to detect and quantify stably nitrated products of RNI reaction with ambient biomolecules. This chapter describes the theory and methodology for detection of lipid-phase tocopherol nitration products, especially 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol (5-NO2-gammaT) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD).
An HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of sesaminol triglucoside and a sesaminol diglucoside in sesame seeds. These two lignans were isolated, and their structures were characterized by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Defatted sesame flour was extracted first with 85% ethanol for 5 h followed by 70% ethanol for 10 h at room temperature using naringenin as internal standard. Analysis of 65 different samples of sesame seeds indicated that the content of sesaminol triglucoside ranged from 36 to 1560 mg/100 g of seed (mean 637 +/- 312) and that of sesaminol diglucoside ranged from 0 to 493 mg/100 g of seed (mean 75 +/- 95). No significant difference was found between sesaminol glucoside contents in black and white seeds.
Three different HPLC detection systems were compared for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in olive oil: fluorescence and diode array connected in series, ultraviolet, and evaporative light scattering. The best results were obtained with the fluorescence detector, which was successfully applied in the quantification of tocopherols and tocotrienols in 18 samples of Portuguese olive oils. To support the validity of the method, the parameters evaluated were linearity, detection limits, repeatability, and recovery. All of the studied samples showed similar qualitative profiles with six identified compounds: alpha-T, beta-T, gamma-T, delta-T, alpha-T3, and gamma-T3. Alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) was the main vitamin E isomer in all samples ranging from 93 to 260 mg/kg. The total tocopherols and tocotrienols ranged from 100 to 270 mg/kg. Geographic origin did not seem to influence the tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of the olive oils under evaluation.
This paper describes the composition of sesame seed oils obtained from seeds collected from five countries that are major suppliers of traded sesame seed oil. Oils were extracted from the seeds using small-scale industry pressing equipment and analyzed using standard methods for fatty acids, fatty acids in the triglyceride 2-position, tocopherols and tocotrienols, triglycerides, sterols, steradienes, and iodine value. Values for the composition of the sterols, triglycerides, fatty acids, iodine value, and tocopherol composition were generally in good agreement with the results published elsewhere. All of the oils from roasted seeds contained low levels of the sterol degradation products stigmasta-3,5-diene and campesta-3,5-diene, which were probably formed by dehydration of the parent sterols during roasting.
- B Halliwell
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and Medicine, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press: Oxford; 237– 245.
Measurement of 3- nitrotyrosine and 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
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- Ra Floyd
Hensley K, Williamson KS, Floyd RA. 2000. Measurement of 3-
nitrotyrosine and 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol by high-performance liquid
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Measurement of 3‐nitrotyrosine and 5‐nitro‐γ‐tocopherol by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
- Hensley
Effects of vitamin E and sesamin on hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Noguchi
Reversed‐phase HPLC determination of vitamin E components in maize kernels
- Tadmor
On-line medical dictionary
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