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GIS: A computing perspective
Abstract
This book has an emphasis on spatial modelling. The book is intended for readers from any background: for teaching it takes readers through the main concepts by means of definitions, explications and examples; and for the more advanced researcher, each chapter has a bibliography for further reading. An introductory chapter covers GIS and preparatory material on general computing. Chapters two and three present background material on general database and formalisms for spatial concepts. Chapters four to six explore exposition of core material forming a progression from high-level conceptual models, through representations, to indexes that allow acceptable performance. Chapter seven provides an overview of architectures and interfaces for GIS and finally chapter eight concludes with selected topics of current research interests. -H.R.Goode
... Based on this theory, spatial objects are classified according to their spatial dimension. For each dimension n, there exists a minimal object, which is called an n-simplex, where n indicates the spatial dimension [46,47,[54][55][56]. ...
The paper deals with the reverse engineering, namely the as built documentation of the actual construction. The input is data measured in field using geodetic methods. In addition to modern methods of surveying 3D objects, such as laser scanning, it is still necessary to use classic surveying using a total station. The bottle neck of the process is the creation of documentation of the construction, which is still created manually in the appropriate CAD/BIM software. The goal of the research was to find a method that would reduce the amount of manual work when drawing documentation in CAD/BIM to a minimum. The core of the solution is the use of a topology that interconnects the points measured in field. The entire procedure has 2 parts: 1. Creating a topo-logical drawing template in a suitable CAD/GIS software (digital sketch), 2. Adding geometry to this sketch and creating a drawing using topological codes. The method was verified in practice by applying it to several specific buildings in the Czech Republic. The practical application of the method demonstrated a 30% time saving, a reduction in work and error rate in the entire process.
... Conventionally, two approaches to space abstraction are utilized in geospatial data modelling, i.e. fieldoriented and object-oriented (Worboys 1995). The field-oriented approach assumes complete subdivision of the space into smaller, often regular partitions, e.g. ...
3‐D modeling has been the subject of increased attention in the last two decades. Technology has been developed to such a degree that large datasets can be collected, processed, analyzed, managed, and visualized in reasonable time. Domain applications are looking with much interest at 3‐D representations, acknowledging the increased possibilities for display and analysis of data. The tendency of using 3‐D data from different domains in one application is growing, and this poses many challenges. Developed independently through the years, 3‐D applications involve various representations (vector, raster, freeform curves, and surfaces), levels of detail, appearance, semantics, and topology. Representing the real world in 3‐D differs significantly from representation in 2‐D. Technology and approaches for data collection (detect vertical elements of objects, overhanging sections – as sheds, bridges, and roofs), data processing, data structures, data models, and visualization have to be adapted, extended, and/or improved to deal with vertical and overhanging elements as well as objects located inside, above or below each other. Many of the well‐known approaches in 2‐D GIS are not readily applicable to 3‐D representation. This requires investigation of new possibilities for representation, structuring, and visualization of data. This entry outlines the most commonly used 3‐D geometric representations in terms of their geometry, resolution, topology, and semantics, elaborates on their use in a wide range of applications, and discusses some of the challenges in research and development.
... Cadastral parcels may also be unlimited in the Z axis. As such, we consider 3D cadastral data geometries and their topological requirements to be representative of a broad range of object-oriented (Worboys, 1995) 3D application domains. Scenarios were encoded in various candidate spatial data encoding technologies to determine the potential overhead involved and then compared to existing software capabilities. ...
Many data exchange standards for 3D spatial data applications exist, ranging from the general Geography Markup Language (GML) underpinning CityGML to specific models for business application domains, such as BuildingSMART Industry Foundation Classes (BIM/IFC). There are a number of different approaches to modelling 3D objects, and in general the geometry aspects of these can be readily understood in the context of the visualisation needs of different applications. The topology, or relationships between elements of these objects, on the other hand is either not directly supported by such geometry models or implemented in different ways by different standards. We discuss limitations of existing standards for describing topological relationships in particular. In some cases topology information is embedded in geometry objects using identifiers for vertices, edges and faces, but in general there is scope to develop a standardised model for describing alternatives for topology and 3D geometry representations. A limited set of such models allows for interoperability via transformations between different representations. The ISO 19107 Spatial Schema provides an adequate conceptual model for these concerns, so we present the argument that a profile of this comprehensive model be defined for the limited set of such representation options required for Smart Cities and other similar applications.
... Object-orientated concepts have recently become an important tool in GIS (Worboys, 1996). They have been developed to help design representations in GIS that are closer to the way people think and describe the world. ...
This chapter presents the results of ongoing research on the landscape of the Sherwood Forest Natural Area (SFNA). Visions from a selected group of stakeholders were ‘captured’ using independent qualitative and quantitative methods in order to identify their similarities and differences and to analyse the implications for the environmental management of the SFNA.
Text analysis of documents provided by stakeholders was used to identify landscape features and characteristics that they considered important. Representatives of each stakeholder group were then interviewed in order to collect geographical data that could be used to map each stakeholder ‘vision space’. The chapter describes preliminary results for the study.
... O sensoriamento remoto pode ser entendido como o uso da radiação eletromagnética para a aquisição de informações referentes a um determinado local ou objeto (ROSA, 2007;RODRIGUES et al., 2013). Quando usados em conjunto com sistemas computacionais capazes de analisar e modelar elementos referenciados geograficamente apresentam um resultado final oriundo de diversas bases de dados, os sistemas de informação geográfica ou SIG (WORBOYS, 1995;ROSA;BRITO, 1996;FUSHITA et al., 2013), cada vez mais importantes, por exemplo, para a compreensão do estado de degradação das espécies de um determinado bioma. ...
A gestão dos recursos naturais embasada no modelo do desenvolvimento sustentável é, sem dúvida, um dos maiores desafios de gestão ambiental. Para isso, técnicas de sensoriamento remoto têm sido cada vez mais usadas objetivando um melhor e maior auxílio à decisão. Na margem Noroeste (B) do município de São Francisco, Norte de Minas Gerais, localizado na bacia alto-média do rio São Francisco e onde o Cerrado natural sofreu intensa degradação no intervalo de 41 anos (1975-2016), realizou-se o presente estudo, objetivando, por meio da metodologia de sobreposição de imagens cartográficas, utilizando-se a ferramenta IDW do software Arcgis 10.2 gerar um mapa capaz de apresentar a média populacional da Goiaba (Psidium guajava) por ponto de coleta. Pode-se concluir, após a exitosa experiência metodológica aqui presente, que os seus exemplares arbóreos se localizam prioritariamente no extremo Sul da margem B, sendo interessante pensar como esta espécie, mesmo oriunda do Cerrado não se adaptou tão bem na área estudada. Uma hipótese para explicar isso se dá pelo fato de a semente da goiaba sofrer quebra de dormência, em geral, quando se tem flutuações abruptas de temperatura, algo não observado no local, com exceção das margens do rio São Francisco, exatamente o local onde se observa a presença dessa frutífera em maior quantidade. Recomendam-se mais estudos na região para verificação se a hipótese apresentada é de fato correta. Palavras-chave: Bacia do Rio São Francisco. Sensoriamento remoto. Métodos e técnicas de auxílio à decisão. Use of sigs for generation of maps with the goiaba (Psidium guajava) middle location in the northwest margin of the São Francisco Municipal, São Francisco water, MG Abstract Managing natural resources responsibly is undoubtedly one of the biggest environmental management challenges. Thus, remote sensing techniques have been increasingly used to better and better aid decision making. In the Northwest (B) portion of the municipality of São Francisco, North of Minas Gerais, located in the upper-middle São Francisco River basin and where the natural Cerrado suffered intense degradation in the 41year interval (1975-2016), we conducted the present study, aiming, through the methodology of overlapping cartographic images, using the IDW tool of Arcgis 10.2 software to generate a map capable of presenting the population average of Goiaba (Psidium guajava) by collection point. We can conclude, after the successful methodological experience present here, that its tree specimens are located primarily in the extreme south of margin B, it is interesting to think how this species, even coming from the Cerrado, did not adapt so well in the studied area. A good hypothesis to explain this is due to the fact that the guava seed suffers from dormancy, in general, when there are abrupt fluctuations in temperature, something not observed in the place, except for the banks of the São Francisco River, exactly the place where observes the presence of this fruit in greater quantity. Further studies in the region are recommended to verify whether the hypothesis presented is indeed correct. Keywords: São Francisco river basin. Remote sensing. Decision support methods and Ttechniques.
... Sensoriamento remoto pode ser entendido como o uso da radiação eletromagnética para a aquisição de informações referentes a um determinado local ou objeto (Rosa, 2007). Quando usado em conjunto com sistemas computacionais capazes de analisar e modelar elementos referenciados geograficamente, apresenta um resultado final oriundo de diversas bases de dados -os sistemas de informação geográfica ou SIG (Worboys, 1995;Rosa & Brito, 1996) -, cada vez mais importantes, por exemplo, para a compreensão do estado de degradação das espécies de determinado bioma. ...
A gestão dos recursos naturais de maneira responsável é, sem dúvida, um dos maiores desafios de gestão ambiental. Por isso, técnicas de sensoriamento remoto têm sido cada vez mais usadas objetivando uma melhor e maior tomada de decisão. Este estudo realizou-se na margem noroeste (B) do município de São Francisco, Norte de Minas Gerais, localizado na Bacia alto-média do Rio São Francisco e onde o Cerrado natural sofreu intensa degradação num intervalo de 41 anos (1975–2016). O estudo objetivou, por meio da metodologia de sobreposição de imagens cartográficas, utilizando-se a ferramenta IDW do software ArcGIS 10.2, gerar um mapa capaz de apresentar a média populacional do baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata) por ponto de coleta. Pode-se concluir, após a exitosa experiência metodológica aqui presente, que os exemplares arbóreos do baruzeiro, se usados de modo sustentável, podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento local, haja vista seu potencial comercial. Seu uso responsável, por meio de mecanismos de gerenciamento ambiental baseados nos mapas aqui gerados, é indicado pensando no desenvolvimento econômico e ambiental do município estudado.
... Opis geometrijskih karakteristika traži apriori definiranje: apstrakcije, dimenzije prostora i objekata, te metodu za prezentiranje. Usvojena su dva pristupa za apstrakciju prostora u procesu modelirnja: orijentacija-polja 13 i orijentacija-objekta 14 (Worboys 1995.). Stvarni svijet je obično predstavljen kao dvodimenzionalni ili trodimenzionalni geometrijski prostor. ...
Kompleksnost modernog društva, sveopća globalizacija, tehnološki razvoj i posljedice ljudskog razvoja na okoliš i klimu, nametnuli su potrebu za prikupljanjem sve raznovrsnijih, detaljnijih, obuhvatnijih i vremenski ažurnih podataka o prostoru. Kako bi se ta potreba zadovoljila, u drugoj polovini prošlog stoljeća razvijene su brojne tehnologije i tehnike prikupljanja podataka o prostoru koje pružaju više podataka i informacija no što su ih institucije i tvrtke koje se bave interpretacijom podataka i izradom prostornih prikaza bile u stanju obraditi. Nastalo stanje pogotovo je potencirala činjenica da su u pravilu institucije organizirale izradu prostornih podloga, prikaza ili sada baza podataka samo za svoje potrebe, rezultat čega je bilo neracionalno trošenje resursa i ograničena iskoristivosti stvorenih podataka odnosno proizvoda.
Prepoznajući da se nastala kompleksna situacija može riješiti samo cjelovitim pristupom koji će objediniti tehnološke, organizacijske i financijske kapacitete te postaviti prikupljanje, obradu i dijeljenje prostornih podataka na nove osnove, osmišljen je koncept Infrastrukture prostornih podataka (IPP).
... Triangulation (Worboys, 1995). Water depths between the points at the triangle vertices are linearly interpolated along the triangle edges between pairs of data points. ...
The effective management of the Coastal Zone requires an appreciation of the complex nature of the processes at work. Decisions relating to its management require the modelling of these processes which in turn calls upon a large number of disparate data sets. The most effective way to relate these data to each other, to facilitate their subsequent analysis, and to allow clear visualisation, is by geographical position. This thesis describes work aimed at improving the efficiency and applicability of coastal process models in shoreline management decisions by integrating spatial data and coastal processes in a GIS environment. A Geographic Information System has been integrated with a coastal wave model. The resulting system is shown to simplify the modelling procedures, to facilitate the generation of input data and incorporate functionality for the visualisation and analysis of model results. Increased automation makes coastal process modelling less complicated and more accessible to non- specialists. The integrated system developed has extended the capability of the wave model to generate wave data. Wave height, period, and direction can be generated for discrete points at any density along an inshore contour. These results are visualised and analysed in the GIS. The system has been further developed to demonstrate its decision support capabilities. It is adapted for a typical dredging application. New tools allow the bathymetry to be 'excavated' simulating sediment removal; and subsequent modelling quantifies its impact on the inshore wave conditions, which are then reported back to the user. The system and tools are assessed using two test areas. The benefits of using the integrated system are evaluated by comparison with the experience of using wave models in isolation when investigating coastal management issues. Finally, directions and suggestions for further work are discussed.
... Com relação à ordem, o tempo pode ser classificado como linear (ou linearmente ordenado), circular (ou cíclico) e ramificado (WORBOYS; DUNCKHAM, 2004). O tempo linear considera que os pontos da linha do tempo fluem sequencialmente (há uma ordem de precedência entre eles) e os eventos podem ser medidos em escala ordinal ou em intervalos. ...
The objective of this research was to develop a spatio-temporal database to check the impact of changes in the characteristics of a watershed in runoff. The focus of this research was the development and adaptation of methods and techniques to incorporate the temporal dimension in spatial databases. Thus, we considered the following questions: i) the need to consider the drainage in the process of planning the land use; ii) the need to consider watershed as the unit of planning and management and iii) the fact that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are currently statics and that present limitations regarding the representation and manipulation of the temporal dimension of data, which restricts their applicability to examine the dynamic changes that occur in a watershed and the estimated impact on runoff. The conceptual modeling was performed using the techniques of entity-relationship (ER), based on the semantic analysis of the variables involved in testing the characteristics of a watershed,and on the runoff estimation. The organization of the changes that occur over time in the characteristics of the watershed was made based on a time-based approach. For the storage structure of spatiotemporal entities, we used the object-based approach. Queries were developed to perform alphanumeric, spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal data and to quantify the characteristics of the watersheds. The SCS-CN method was applied to estimate the runoff. A pilot test was conducted to validate the logical model and to verify the integrity of BDET. The study area was the Atuba river watershed in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Parana. This basin has undergone a major process of urbanization and is currently considered the second most urbanized watershed in the region. The pilot test found that the BDET designed meets the requirements and responds to queries defined in the survey, being a tool to assist in the management of stormwater and land use.
... Câmara (2001) Dentro desse escopo de aplicações pode-se citar de modo geral algumas funcionalidades de um SIG (Worboys, 1995): ...
Postgraduate thesis about a route calculation service. This service was made in C++ programming language using free libraries and OpenStreetMap data. It's worth of note that the service works in desktop and in offline mode.
... Since the number of factors influencing flood risk estimation is significant, a part of implementations of flood risks estimation and visualization systems authors decide to use advantages offered by Geo-Information Systems (GIS). As stated in [24], "A geographic information system (GIS) is a special type of computer-based information system tailored to store, process and manipulate geospatial data". Aside from being capable of analyzing geospatial data, GIS is a very powerful tool when it comes to visualizing the results of a geospatial data analysis. ...
... Puede utilizarse el lenguaje de consulta SQL tanto para crear tablas como para insertar, borrar o modificar los datos. Los resultados de las consultas que se generan en estas bases de datos son datos particulares o tablas en las que se han establecido condiciones mediante una serie de valores numéricos (Silberschatz, 2010;Worboys, 2004). ...
Revisión Resumen La planificación ambiental hídrica en cuencas hidro-gráficas debe involucrar diferentes elementos para la descontaminación del cuerpo de agua receptor. Es por ello que para la selección de las plantas de tra-tamiento de aguas residuales municipales en países en vía de desarrollo se deben considerar, entre otros aspectos, la composición típica del agua residual cruda, la eficiencia de remoción de contaminantes por tipo de tecnología, indicadores de desempeño por tecnología, aspectos ambientales sobre locali-zación y la estrategia espacial para la localización. Este artículo presenta la metodología desarrollada por los autores, construida con base en los aspec-tos técnicos, económicos y ambientales, como una herramienta para la toma de decisión de inversiones futuras de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales con elementos multidisciplinarios. Palabras clave: aguas residuales, tratamiento, tecno-logía, selección, planificación ambiental. Abstract In water environmental planning in watersheds should contain aspects for the decontamination of receiving water body, therefore the selection of the treatment plants municipal wastewater in developing countries, you should consider aspects of the typical composition raw wastewater pollutant removal efficiency by technology, performance indicators for technology, environmental aspects of localiza-tion and spatial localization strategy. This methodology is built on the basis of technical, economic and environmental attributes, such as a tool for decision making future investments in treatment plants municipal wastewater with multidisciplinary elements.
... Puede utilizarse el lenguaje de consulta SQL tanto para crear tablas como para insertar, borrar o modificar los datos. Los resultados de las consultas que se generan en estas bases de datos son datos particulares o tablas en las que se han establecido condiciones mediante una serie de valores numéricos (Silberschatz, 2010;Worboys, 2004). ...
A widely adopted solution in order to obtain a low Time to Market by a segment of Telecommunication operators is the use of the concept of service composition because their philosophy is to reuse software components previously implemented. The composition has two phases, the synthesis and orchestration, understanding the second one as a challenge to converged services because it requires extensive technical knowledge and experience. This article proposes a mechanism based on graphs and Petri Nets to automate the orchestration of services in converged JS-LEE environments, which operates at design time in order to not affect performance in the execution of composite services. The results demonstrate that the mechanism can transform an abstract process with 20 component services in an executable JSLEE service , without exceeding 500 ms. Resumen Una solución ampliamente adoptada para obtener un bajo Time to Market por parte de los operadores de Telecomunicaciones, es la utilización del con-cepto de composición de servicios ya que su filoso-fía es reutilizar componentes software previamente implementados. La composición tiene dos fases, la síntesis y la orquestación, siendo la segunda un reto en los servicios convergentes debido a que requiere amplio conocimiento técnico y experiencia. En este artículo se propone un mecanismo basado en Gra-fos y redes de Petri para automatizar la orquestación de servicios sobre entornos convergentes JSLEE, el cual funciona en tiempo de diseño con el propósito de no afectar el rendimiento en la ejecución del ser-vicio compuesto. Los resultados demuestran que el mecanismo puede transformar un proceso abstracto con 20 servicios componentes, en un servicio ejecu-table JSLEE, sin superar los 500 ms. Palabras clave: Composición de servicios, JAIN SLEE, Orquestación Automática.
... Puede utilizarse el lenguaje de consulta SQL tanto para crear tablas como para insertar, borrar o modificar los datos. Los resultados de las consultas que se generan en estas bases de datos son datos particulares o tablas en las que se han establecido condiciones mediante una serie de valores numéricos (Silberschatz, 2010;Worboys, 2004). ...
... Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow attaching attribute information in tables to a geographic location and visualizing the distribution of the data spatially. There can therefore can be useful in effectively addressing the complex task of managing field operations across a wide range of field plots, crops and experiments, GIS is an extremely powerful tool for handling information about objects and events in the landscape (Worboys, 1995). With the recent developments in adopting web services for various GIS applications, the issue of sharing spatial data in real time has additional dimension. ...
Abstract: Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy and nearly 3/4th of the population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood, which is directly influenced by climate vagaries. In addition, the exponential growth rate in population coupled with increasing demand for food put together resulted in the restless onslaught of natural resources of the country, placing a big question mark on the stability and sustainability of Indian agriculture. Further, the global warming is very much happening phenomenon causing frequent climatic uncertainties on spatial and temporal scales, posing an added challenge to agricultural crop productivity as well as sustainability. As agriculture is essentially a spatial phenomenon, which is not independent of location, we need to move forward with proper planning and management of the existing agriculture lands (= smart farming) to secure food supply on both regional and global scales. Smart farming can make possible through micro-level mapping of natural resources using geo-spatial technologies. These technologies allow us to enhance communication and collaboration in decision-making at various levels to effectively manage farm resources and assets, thereby enhancing the efficiency of overall workflows as well as improving the accessibility of accurate information. At the farm level, multiple variables do operate and comprehensive examination of these variables simultaneously in a geospatial environment helps in better understanding of, how an agricultural system functions and interacts over space and time. This study has developed a proto type of Spatial Decision Support System for Smart Farming using geospatial techniques. The web-based geo-spatial interactive maps at farm level were developed to monitor field activities and integrated with crop growth models to study the Maize crop performance at different stages. Crop parameters like biomass and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were observed from seedling to harvest stage (25-17150 kg/ha and 0.22-1.65, respectively) along with N stress from flowering to harvest (0.01 to 0.44) thereby providing inputs for apt decision-making. In nutshell, the smart farming represents a better way of synthesizing and summarizing knowledge about different components of a crop and supports stakeholders’ decision-making process for efficient crop management.
... Em busca de outras opções, com as quais fosse possível registar informação espacial qualitativa e quantitativa, os SIG aparecem como uma possível solução (FUENTES-PORTO 2010;HENRIQUES 2010;HENRIQUES et al. 2015: 97-102;BERTOZZI et al 2015) [3]. Os programas de SIG desktop, bem conhecidos nas ciências geográficas (TOMLIN 1990;MATOS 2001;WORBOYS 2004) podem-se dividir em dois grupos quanto ao licenciamento: os de livre acesso e os que carecem de uma licença para a sua utilização, ditos comerciais ou proprietários. Apenas alguns de uso mais corrente. ...
The present article intends to present a model for the documentation and registry used in the diagnosis and intervention stages in conservation and restoration (C & R) of a set of twelve works by Adriano de Sousa Lopes, from the collection of the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon (FBAUL). To this end, a free and open access geographic information system (GIS) software called QGIS® was used. During the analysis, several vector maps were produced, both for diagnosis and for conservation and restoration treatments (CR), namely the microcracks network, areas of loss, consolidation areas, textile microsurgery and chemical cleaning. The quantitative results obtained from the spatial analyses of the pictorial surfaces were recorded in the GIS database. Finally, it was verified that the technical study of works with the QGIS(R) program contemplates a spatial perception of the works of art for evidencing, in a systematic and integrated way, the phenomena of alteration of the pieces under analysis.
... Em busca de outras opções, com as quais fosse possível registar informação espacial qualitativa e quantitativa, os SIG aparecem como uma possível solução (FUENTES-PORTO 2010;HENRIQUES 2010;HENRIQUES et al. 2015: 97-102;BERTOZZI et al 2015) [3]. Os programas de SIG desktop, bem conhecidos nas ciências geográficas (TOMLIN 1990;MATOS 2001;WORBOYS 2004) podem-se dividir em dois grupos quanto ao licenciamento: os de livre acesso e os que carecem de uma licença para a sua utilização, ditos comerciais ou proprietários. Apenas alguns de uso mais corrente. ...
O presente artigo pretende dar a conhecer um modelo de documentação e registo de dados empregue no diagnóstico e intervenção de conservação e restauro de um conjunto de doze obras de Adriano de Sousa Lopes, pertencentes ao espólio da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (FBAUL). Recorreu-se a um programa informático de sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG), gratuito e de acesso livre, denominado QGIS®. Durante esta análise, foram produzidos diversos mapas vetoriais, quer de diagnóstico, quer dos tratamentos de conservação e restauro (CR), nomeadamente da rede de microfissuras, das áreas de lacuna, das áreas de consolidação, das áreas de microcirurgia têxtil e da limpeza química. Na base de dados do programa foram anotados os resultados quantitativos resultantes das análises espaciais das superfícies pictóricas. Verificou-se que o estudo técnico das obras com o programa QGIS® permite a análise espacial das obras de arte auxiliar a interpretação, de forma sistemática e integrada, os fenómenos de alteração das peças em análise.
... Consequently, studies using Remote Sensing data, Cartographic principles and Geographic Information System (GIS) in examining earth's surface spatial elements are specifically aimed at making informed decisions because the spatial outputs, mostly in the form of maps and accompanied statistics, help in resource allocation and landuse management on one hand, and policy impact analysis on the other hand (Goodchild, 1992;Ojigi, 2006;. In addition, informed decisions are useful for planning purposes in areas like topographical mapping (Ikhuoria and Ogedegbe, 1998;Soneye and Akintuyi, 2013), environmental management (Worboys, 2003), land suitability and crop production (Verhulp and Niekerk, 2017;Rilwani, 2014), topographic analysis and visualization (Yokoyama, Shirasawa and Pike, 2002;Fabiyi, Ige-Olumide and Enaruvbe, 2012;Nkeki and Asikhia, 2014), as well as urbanisation, industrialization and regional planning (Omuta, 1984;Fasona and Omojola, 2004). In other words, having reliable and up-to-date spatial data sources such as Satellite Remote Sensing, ground surveying and croudsourced mapping are regarded as fundamental to effective planning and infrastructural development (Ufuah, 2003;Bello and Ojigi, 2013). ...
In the past, large scale mapping was carried using precise ground survey methods. Later,
paradigm shift in data collection using medium to low resolution and, recently, high resolution
images brought to bear the problem of accurate data analysis and fitness-for-purpose challenges.
Using high resolution satellite images such as QuickBird and IKONOS are now preferred
alternatives. This paper is aimed at comparing pixel-based (PIXBIA) and Geo-object-based
(GEOBIA) classification methods using ENVI 4.8 and eCongnition software respectively, and
ArcGIS 10.1 for map layout creation. It uses Aba main city in south-eastern Nigeria as a case
study. The paper further evaluates the classification accuracies obtained using error matrix and
then test the classifications’ agreement to geographic reality using Kappa Coefficient statistical
analysis. Analyzing 2012 QuickBird image as a proof of concept, the study shows that the objectbased
approach had a higher overall accuracy (OA= 98.75%) than the pixel-based approach
(OA=79.44%). With a Kappa Coefficient of K=0.97 (very good) for object-based approach and
K=0.62 (good) for pixel-based, the object-based method showed a higher class separability
between and among examined geographic objects such as water, bare-land and tree canopy as
evidenced in the Golf Course under re-construction in Aba city. In addition, the object-based
results also show a higher overall producer accuracy (PA=98.42% > PA=85.37) and user
accuracy (UA=96.70 > UA=81.04%) respectively. The paper, therefore, recommends that object based
classification method be applied in analyzing high resolution satellite image. The approach
is also recommended for mapping urban areas in developing countries such as Nigeria where the
paucity of fund required in flying airplane for the production of orthophotos is a major challenge in
large scale mapping.
... Bir noktanın Voronoi çokgeni herhangi bir noktayı, kendisine en yakın konumdaki komşu noktalardan ayırmaktadır. Çokgenin kenarları, nokta ile komşu noktaları birleştiren doğru parçalarının kenar orta dikmelerinden oluşmakta, her nokta kendisine ait komşu noktalar ile birleştirildiğinde Delaunay üçgenlemesi elde edilmektedir ( Worboys, 1995). Şekil 2'de Voronoi diyagramı verilmiş olan kümenin Delaunay üçgenleri görülmektedir. ...
... In accordance with this notion, the current study found that audio stimuli contributed to user assessment of scenarios. The soundscape was particularly useful for assessing temporal aspects of scenarios, as sound is inherently dynamic (Worboys and Duckham, 2004), and it can be assessed in terms of outcomes or level of impact occurring over a duration. For example, a participant identified sound pollution through longer ship-to-shore travel as a disadvantage of the proposed relocation mooring buoy scenario, indicating that the incorporation of sound into the geovisualization allowed her to come to this conclusion. ...
Effective coastal planning is inclusive and incorporates the variety of user needs, values and interests associated with coastal environments. Realistic, immersive geographic visualizations, i.e., geovisualizations, can serve as potentially powerful tools for facilitating such planning because they can provide diverse groups with vivid understandings of how they would feel about certain management outcomes or impacts if transpired in real places. However, the majority of studies in this area have focused on terrestrial environments, and research on applications of such tools in the coastal and marine contexts is in its infancy. The current study aims to advance such research by examining the potential a land-to-sea geovisualization has to serve as a tool for inclusive coastal planning efforts. The research uses Sidney Spit Park (BC, Canada) as a study site, and a realistic, dynamic geovisualization of the park was developed (using Unity3D) that allows users to interact with and navigate it through the first-person perspective. Management scenarios were developed based on discussions with Parks Canada, and these scenarios included fencing around vegetation areas, positioning of mooring buoys, and management of dog activity within the park. Scenarios were built into the geovisualization in a manner that allows users to toggle different options. Focus groups were then assembled, involving residents of the Capital Regional District (BC, Canada), and participants explored and provided feedback on the scenarios. Findings from the study demonstrate the geovisualization's usefulness for assessing certain qualities of scenarios, such as aesthetics and functionality of fencing options and potential viewshed impacts associated with different mooring boat locations. In addition, the study found that incorporating navigability into the geovisualization proved to be valuable for understanding scenarios that hold implications for the marine environment due to user ability to cross the land-sea interface and experience underwater places. Furthermore, this research demonstrated that building scenarios within a realistic geovisualization required modeling place-based characteristics (including soundscape) as well as spatial properties. This approach can allow users the ability to more comprehensively assess scenarios and consider potential options.
... Structured datasets can also be the basis of effective data mining. The difference between this and a simple database query is that users may not know what information or patterns they are seeking in advance [8]. ...
The evolved potentialities of information technologies permit data disambiguation, interoperability and sharing through the web to reach an effective comprehensive knowledge. International standards are published as a reference for integrating data in a common framework and in an open perspective. Standard ontologies exist both in the cartographic and the cultural heritage field; however, they are distinct standards, and some limits (in the spatial or semantic management) make them incomplete for being used to manage architectural heritage knowledge. It is necessary to exploit both disciplines’ contributions, integrating them in a model suitable for architectural heritage data management. In this paper, the ontological model for cartographic urban themes, OGC CityGML, is extended for managing architectural heritage multi-scale, multi-temporal, complex data. The conceptual framework is explained and some implementation aspects are considered, both for the definition of the extension and for the filling-in of such a structure with architectural heritage 3D data.
... The reason is that traditional intersection algorithms are frequently plagued by special cases (SCs) (Douglas 1990). Furthermore, these SCs are significantly different in different dimensions (Worboys and Duckham 2004). The possible SCs in 1D, 2D, and 3D intersection calculations are listed inTable 5. ...
The tight coupling between geospatial data and spatial analysis results in high costs in terms of efficiency when developing algorithms to accommodate different types of data, even when the analysis tasks are the same. Universal GIS (Geographic information system) algorithms, as alternatives to tightly coupled approaches, can reduce development costs. However, a unified representation of spatial data is necessary to support the development of universal GIS algorithms. To this end, this research proposes and implements a template-based approach using geometric algebra to create a unified representation of multidimensional data. The template is composed of parameters and operators for GIS representation and computation. The template approach can support general GIS analyses with parameter unfolding and operator integration methods. A case study of intersection analysis shows that developing programming scripts based on computation templates is much simpler than traditional methods. The results suggest that the template-based method is more efficient than traditional methods and more convenient for high-dimensional applications.
This study aimed to carry out a comparative analysis between methods for detecting Besag-Newell and Getis-Ord space clusters. This was an epidemiological study, retrospective with a quantitative approach, whose data used for analysis refer to the number of annual confirmed cases of dengue in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, and which correspond to the years 2018 to 2021. They were registered throughout the state of Paraíba, 52,780 confirmed cases of dengue in the analyzed period. Although there is variability in results, the Getis-Ord method could present better results when compared to the Spatial Incidence Ratio maps. This method also detected clusters of low value, in other words, that has certain protection regarding the disease vector. Therefore, the methods used in this study showed variability in results when compared, demonstrating the importance of applying and evaluating the most appropriate method for the object of study.
This paper deals with reverse engineering, namely the as-built documentation of actual construction. The input is data measured in the field using geodetic methods. In addition to modern methods of surveying 3D objects, such as laser scanning, it is still necessary to use classic surveying using a total station. The bottleneck of the process is the creation of documentation of the construction, which is still created manually in the appropriate CAD/BIM software. The goal of this research was to find a method that would reduce the amount of manual work when drawing documentation in CAD/BIM to a minimum. The core of the solution is the use of a topology that interconnects the points measured in-field. The entire procedure has two parts: (1) creating a topological drawing template in a suitable CAD/GIS software (digital sketch) and (2) adding geometry to this sketch and creating a drawing using topological codes. This method was verified in practice by applying it to several specific buildings in the Czech Republic. The practical application of the method demonstrated 30% time savings and a reduction in work and error rate in the entire process.
A elaboração deste livro surgiu da experiência dos primeiros autores no ensino de Geologia ministrado no Instituto de Geociências-USP para os alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil da Escola Politécnica-USP, por uma década. Nesse sentido, esta obra aborda os conceitos geológicos aplicados à Engenharia. O objetivo é apresentar os principais conceitos e fornecer bibliografia adicional para um maior aprofundamento da matéria.
p>The river channel evolution of the Afon Dyfi (N. Wales) is characterised by a complex system of lateral and vertical channel change where bank failure and subsequent collapse leads to land loss throughout the main river system.
Cartographic analysis of the Afon Dyfi has been undertaken from map based data spanning 100 years to determine the rates, locations and patterns of channel change. This information has been manipulated within a GIS by creating overlays of the digitised maps. These overlays highlight discrete areas of relative instability and stability within the river system. To determine why, when and how this instability/stability takes place, and to understand the processes and mechanisms that drives it, fieldwork was undertaken. This fieldwork involved a collection of field reconnaissance techniques enabling identification and measurement of factors influencing bank stability. The merging of the historical data and present conditions of the river system allows an understanding of the long-term stability of the system and its present stability. It enables areas to be determined which are both stable in the past and present; areas both unstable in the past and present; areas stable in the past but unstable at present; and areas unstable in the past and stable in the present.
A challenge to the analysis such as this includes the merging of historical and contemporary data over relatively large areas, coupled with the need to establish spatially contiguous relationships between dates and styles of channel activity. This thesis will explore how such problems can be addressed using GIS analysis and spatial statistics, in particular, Geographically Weighted Regression and thereafter how to inform non-specialists connected with the management of dynamic natural systems. Specifically, Management Units will be determined, based on the protocol developed in Shoreline Management Plans, with a mind to implementation by the Environment Agency.</p
The aim of this paper is to implement a novel Scan to BIM method applied to cultural heritage field to build 3D GIS model able to connect different databases and, as consequence, allowing a multidisciplinary approach. The proposed method was applied to the case study of a rock church located in the famous ceramics district of Grottaglie (Italy). To obtain the 3D GIS model of the structure under investigation, it was necessary to perform, as a first step, an integrated survey with Terrestrial Laser Scanner technology and close range photogrammetry which allowed the construction of a dense point cloud and high-resolution orthophotos useful for the study of architectural and historical analysis of the elements present within the rock site. Subsequently, the single objects identified using the stratigraphic method, was modelled from point cloud by the development of an original procedure based on the use of some tools developed in Rhinoceros and MeshLAB software that allowed reconstructing the objects in a geometrically accurate way. Indeed, the difference between the point cloud and the BIM model was of few millimetres, demonstrating the high quality of the proposed method. Finally, the BIM model was imported into 3D GIS environment and for each element previously identified, it was possible to connect multi-information.
Objective: This report aims to provide practical advice about the implementation of a public health monitoring system using both geographic information system technology and mobile health, a term used for healthcare delivery via mobile devices. application amongst household residents and community stakeholders in the limited resource community. Methods: A public health monitoring system was implemented in a semi-rural district in Thailand. The challenges encountered during implementation were documented qualitatively in a series of monthly focus group discussions, several community hearings, and many targeted interviews. In addition, lessons learned from the expansion of the program to 75 other districts throughout Thailand were also considered. Results: All challenges proved solvable yielding several key pieces of advice for future project implementation teams. Specifically, communication between team members, anticipating technological challenges, and involvement of community members are critical. Discussion: The problems encountered in our project were mainly related to the capabilities of the data collectors and technical issues of mobile devices, internet coverage, and the GIS application itself. During the implementation phase, progressive changes needed to be made to the system promptly, in parallel with community team building in order to get the highest public health impact.
ScanGIS'2001 - The 8th Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science, 25-27 June 2001, Ås, Norway - Proceedings
ScanGIS'2005 - Proceedings of the 10th Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science, Stockholm, Sweden, 13-15 June 2005
ScanGIS'2007 - Proceedings of the 11th Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Sciences
Attaif is one of the most flooded areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to its topography, being located at the eastern coast of the Red Sea. In the present study, we used the aeromagnetic data and the GIS techniques in order to understand the behaviour of the flood and its relation to geological structures. The aeromagnetic data can be used for mapping tectonic features, geologic contacts, and structures of the buried basement terrain. The structural lineaments (e.g. faults, which cause the formation of major basins) were deduced from magnetic maps. The basin trends reflect the structural elements that control the drainage of flood towards the basins and sub-basins. In the study, a direct relationship between the lineament features and the drainage streams was found. Besides, the database of the geological features was built using GIS capabilities. The geomorphic characteristics of a drainage basin represent a significant function in controlling the basin’s hydrology. The hydrologic data was extracted from the DEM data by using the flow accumulation grid tool. Moreover, the spatial distribution of drainage basins and the morphometric analysis was achieved by using the ArcGIS software. Besides, the evaluation of different morphometric parameters represented the land’s topographic expression. The results revealed that Attaif is crossed by three major flood basins, which are controlled by deep geological structures.
Geographical information science is interesting from a philosophical point of view because the distinctions that its practitioners find themselves compelled to make have important resonances with distinctions that have been proposed in other contexts. An example is the dichotomy between object-based and field-based presentations of geographical data. This paper explores the relationships amongst a set of closely aligned distinctions which have appeared in the literature on both spatial and temporal reasoning in philosophy, cognitive science, geographical science, linguistics and other fields. Any systematic account of such distinctions must inform the construction of a workable ontology for spatio-temporal sciences such as geography.
In this study, seismic-wave velocity (Vp) and electrical resistivity (ER) were used to determine the quality of Asmari limestone in the southwest of Iran. In addition, the efficiency of geophysical methods in prediction of rock mass classification system (Q) and modified classification for sedimentary rock masses (Qsrm) has been compared. Models for the prediction of Q and Qsrm in Asmari limestone were rendered by extracting about 1200 data point sets of studded sections of Seymareh and Karoun 2 Dam Sites (SDS and KDS) in south-west Iran, and using multivariate regression analyses and ArcGIS fuzzy overlay (AFO). Because Qsrm considers bedding, dipping of the layers, texture, and presence of cavities, prediction of Qsrm value by combining geophysical methods has a better prediction of limestone rock mass quality. The coefficient of determination (R²) for empirical equations obtained for predicting of Q and Qsrm 0.49 and 0.66, respectively; and the coefficient of determination 0.82 for the estimated Qsrm from the AFO model was calculated. In addition, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean average error (MAE) were measured for model accuracy evaluation shows that the AFO method was interesting because it had good accuracy for prediction of Qsrm by geophysical methods.
Το βιβλίο αποτελεί εισαγωγή στην Επιστήμη της Γεωγραφικής Πληροφορίας (Geographic Information Science - GIScience) η οποία ασχολείται με τη συστηματοποίηση της κατανόησης και αναπαράστασης του γεωγραφικού χώρου, και με τη συλλογή, επεξεργασία, ανάλυση, ερμηνεία, παρουσίαση και διαχείριση των γεωχωρικών δεδομένων του (geospatial data). Δεν ακολουθεί τη συνήθη ύλη βιβλίων που καλύπτουν βασικές λειτουργίες εμπορικού λογισμικού GIS, αλλά θεμελιώνει θεωρητικά και πρακτικά την προσέγγιση αναπαράστασης του γεωχώρου. Εισάγει τις βασικές αρχές αντίληψης, εννοιολόγησης και αναπαράστασης γεωχωρικών φαινομένων, τις βασικές χωρικές ιδιότητες/σχέσεις, την περιγραφή τους σε ένα πληροφοριακό περιβάλλον, τα κύρια μοντέλα πεδίων/οντοτήτων, τις βασικές δομές δεδομένων, τις πηγές και τεχνολογίες συλλογής και επεξεργασίας δεδομένων, την οργάνωσή τους σε βάσεις δεδομένων, και τις δυνατότητες χωρικής ανάλυσης και γεωοπτικοποίησης. Προκειμένου να αναδείξει τις διαφορετικές απαιτήσεις των πεδίων που χρησιμοποιούν πληροφορία με γεωχωρική αναφορά, το βιβλίο ολοκληρώνεται με την παρουσίαση αντιπροσωπευτικών τέτοιων εφαρμογών. Στο τέλος κάθε Κεφαλαίου αναφέρεται η σχετική βιβλιογραφία, καθώς και όροι-κλειδιά. Το βιβλίο απευθύνεται σε αναγνώστες πανεπιστημιακού προπτυχιακού επιπέδου. Η Επιστήμη της Γεωγραφικής Πληροφορίας, με την τεχνολογική της διάσταση (Γεωπληροφορική και ΓΠΣ), μπορεί να προσεγγιστεί από 3 πλευρές: (α) των αναγκών του χρήστη/της εφαρμογής (user perspective), (β) της κατανόησης της ιδιαιτερότητας της γεωγραφικής πληροφορίας και της μεθοδολογικής σχεδίασης συστήματος και εφαρμογών (modelling perspective), και (γ) της υλοποίησης συστημάτων-εφαρμογών σε φυσικό επίπεδο (computing perspective). Επειδή οι εφαρμογές και οι υπολογιστικές τεχνολογικές δυνατότητες συνεχώς μεταβάλλονται, δίνεται από πρόθεση σαφής προτεραιότητα στη λιγότερο ευμετάβλητη μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση. Έτσι εξασφαλίζεται ο διαχρονικός χαρακτήρας του βιβλίου και η αξία της γνώσης που παρέχεται στον αναγνώστη.
The capabilities of satellite data and geographic information system (GIS)
to assess and monitor land resources are escalating with the technical advancements.
However, the costs of these data and the GIS softwares are barrier to their use by
broader community, particularly in developing countries. To maximize the scientific
and societal benefits of the spatial data, open data and softwares are being promoted.
Several satellite data from different sources with a wide array of spatial, spectral,
temporal, and radiometric resolutions are now being made available free to all
categories of users. To analyze the satellite data of widely differing characteristics
and other spatial and nonspatial data from different sources, rapid advancements
have been observed in free/open-source software (FOSS) development in the field of
GIS. This chapter discusses the availability of open spatial data (satellite and vector)
and open-source GIS softwares (OSGS). The viability of adoption of OSGS as an
alternative to proprietary softwares has also been discussed.
Problem
The goal is therefore to build a platform using advanced GIS and web-based database technologies that would make key land-related information needed for investors available and easy to access. The resulting interactive map is intended to become a comprehensive source of land related information relevant for businesses and investors that is easy to view on-line and that can serve a wide range of public and private sector end users too.
Contributions
The primary purpose of the geoportal is distribution and visualization of spatial data over the Internet, but its interactive capabilities could bring its functionality far beyond. This paper proposed a usage of geoportals for decision making, especially with spatial data warehouses, whose main characteristics are: more organized data structure, better integration of disparate data, new spatially enabled analysis, reduced decision making cycle time and improved decisions making.
Method
In the use case project, we utilized standard data warehousing infrastructure to integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across agencies. For agencies which could not accept the approach, we have created web services and catalogued all their data to central geoportal. We got information system that supports business decision making activities and serve the management and planning levels of organizations.
Results
As per definition, this geoportal provides an entry point to access all data (geospatial data, remote sensing, information and services), and could be used to Discovery, View, Download, and Transformation. We suggest building geoportal on three levels, web services platform, enterprise geoportal, and finally spatial data warehouse. We got information system that supports business decision making activities and serve the management and planning levels of organizations, show structural and non-structural data changing. Basically, this data warehouse represent knowledge based system, and we have interactive system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, with their business models to identify and make decisions. Summarizing previous statements we can see that it sounds like real decision support system. This decision support geoportal gather and present information like inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts); comparative statistic and demography figures between time points; and historic and projected economic indicators and natural characterics based on statistic assumptions. We suggest building geoportal on three levels: web services platform, enterprise geoportal, and spatial data warehouse.
We present in this contribution a language to describe environmental changes in spatial-aware simulations from the requirement view. For this language, we model the expression of spatio-temporal change patterns named variation with explicit components. Then, we analyze three categories of variations based on the expression model. This step determines possible types of variations that may appear in descriptions of environments. After that, mapping principles for mapping these types to software artifacts are introduced. Our work provides support to prototyping simulated environment generators from conceptual descriptions. By processing a description in our language, a skeleton of software which can produce the described variations is generated.
Faced with health, environmental, and socio-economic issues related to the heavy use of pesticides, diffuse phytosanitary pollution becomes a major concern shared by all the field actors. These actors, namely the farmers and territorial managers, have expressed the need to implement decision support tools for the territorial management of diffuse pollution resulting from the plant protection practices and their impacts. To meet these steadily increasing requests, a cartographic analysis approach was implemented based on GIS which allows the spatialization of the diffuse pollution impacts related to plant protection practices on the Etang de l’Or catchment area in the South of France. Risk mapping represents a support-decision tool that enables the different field actors to identify and locate vulnerable areas, so as to determine action plans and agri-environmental measures depending on the context of the natural environment. This work shows that mapping is helpful for managing risks related to the use of pesticides in agriculture by employing indicators of pressure (TFI) and risk on the applicator’s health (IRSA) and on the environment (IRTE). These indicators were designed to assess the impact of plant protection practices at various spatial scales (field, farm, etc.). The cartographic analysis of risks related to plant protection practices shows that diffuse pollution is unequally located in the North (known for its abundant garrigues and vineyards) and in the South of the Etang de l’Or catchment area (the Mauguio-Lunel agricultural plain known for its diversified cropping systems). This spatial inequity is essentially related to land use and agricultural production system. Indeed, the agricultural lands cover about 60% of the total catchment area. Consequently, this cartographic analysis helps the territorial actors with the implementation of strategies for managing risks of diffuse pollution related to pesticides use in agriculture, based on environmental and socio-economic issues and the characteristics of the natural environment.
It is widely recognized that the degree of development of a science is given by the transition from a mainly descriptive stage to a more quantitative stage. In this transition, qualitative interpretations (conceptual models) are complemented with quantification (numerical models, both, deterministic and stochastic). This has been the main task of mathematical geoscientists during the last forty years - to establish new frontiers and new challenges in the study and understanding of the natural world.
Mathematics of Planet Earth comprises the proceedings of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences Conference (IAMG2013), held in Madrid from September 2-6, 2013. The Conference addresses researchers, professionals and students. The proceedings contain more than 150 original contributions and give a multidisciplinary vision of mathematical geosciences.
Geocoding longitudinal and individual-level historical demographic databases enables novel analyses of how micro-level geographic factors affected demographic outcomes over long periods. However, such detailed geocoding involves high costs. Additionally, the high spatial resolution cannot be properly utilized if inappropriate methods are used to quantify the geographic factors. We assess how different geocoding levels and methods used to define geographic variables affects the outcome of detailed spatial and historical demographic analyses. Using a longitudinal and individual-level demographic database geocoded at the property unit level, we analyse the effects of population density and proximity to wetlands on all-cause mortality for individuals who lived in five Swedish parishes, 1850–1914. We compare the results from analyses on three detailed geocoding levels using two common quantification methods for each geographic variable. Together with the method selected for quantifying the geographic factors, even small differences in positional accuracy (20–50 m) between the property units and slightly coarser geographic levels heavily affected the results of the demographic analyses. The results also show the importance of accounting for geographic changes over time. Finally, proximity to wetlands and population density affected the mortality of women and children, respectively. However, all possible determinants of mortality were not evaluated in the analyses. In conclusion, for rural historical areas, geocoding to property units is likely necessary for fine-scale analyses at distances within a few hundred metres. We must also carefully consider the quantification methods that are the most logical for the geographic context and the type of analyses.
In the design of a new public transport system or of an extension of an existing system, the choice of a suitable placement of stations and stops in the territory and the definition of the main axes are very important. The different choice in the number and distribution of the stops of a road transport system or of a railway transport system, in fact, makes the system more or less widespread and affects the consistency of the catchment area and the attractiveness of the system. The accessibility of a system, add to the reliability in providing the service, is the fundamental parameter influencing the modal split of the users. Therefore, the Public Administration must have tools able to evaluate different scenarios.
With regard to the events occurring in the past few years many deaths and events Population- based incident such as Mena and Paris and natural disasters for emergency evacuation of the population feel the need to model is perceived. The main objective of this research is Find the shortest route to evacuation in the shortest time. Since routing optimization problem in crisis management by optimizing several parameters in real time-consuming you can search methods on two groups of single-criteria optimization algorithms and evolutionary classified as well as the progress of GIS and access to appropriate information The analysis of transportation issues were highly regarded. In this study, part of the street network Tabriz 5nd District (South
Valiasr) Using Genetic Evolutionary Algorithms , Ant Colony and also process network analysis in GIS environment was evaluated. The results of these studies beginning with the 1186/12 m in time 3/19 sec the ant colony algorithm and then track the length of the 1187/47
m in time 1/50 sec by Genetic Algorithm and finally the path of the 1186/12 m by Arc GIS,
respectively. The results show the effectiveness of GA in terms of processing time and reach the optimal solution is better than the ant colony Algorithm and the shortest path is the same result ant colony algorithm with GIS environment. Search capabilities with multiple parameters simultaneously is the features and characteristics of the proposed method with the development of algorithms that can be applied to benefit from them.
Gittok (pronounced: jee-tock, ʤi:tɒk) is a free, open-source software tool with slides and tutorials for assisting with the education of geographic information technology (GIT). It has been developed for beginners who aim to become researchers or developers in the field of GIT, and for engineers who offer GIT applications that comply with the geographic information (GI) standards. In this paper, first, harmonization between conceptual data modeling using the General Feature Model (GFM) and conceptual representation modeling using the General Portrayal Model (GPM) are discussed. The gittok GFM, which applies object-oriented modeling, can be regarded as being an extension of the conventional layer-based model. The gittok GPM is a comprehensive meta-model for defining maps and lists. Lists, that is, sequence of feature identifiers and attributes for the GI representations, are defined under the harmonization between GFM. The author took charge of the first open seminar using gittok, held in Tokyo, Japan, in January 2016. Most of the participants were able to acquire the fundamental knowledge about GIT and the GI standards. Gittok is a useful tool for the GIT education, especially for higher education students and engineers who offer GIT applications in compliance with the GI standards.
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