No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Cultural Differences and Cross-Cultural Similarities in Appraisals and Emotional Responses
... Lazarus and others (e.g., Lazarus, 1991;Lazarus, Averill, & Opton, 1970) have proposed and investigated biological, psychological, and social (B-P-S) antecedents of appraisals within the structures of various emotions. There is significant support across disciplines for the effects of these three types of antecedents on emotional states (e.g., Geary, 1995;Griner & Smith, 2000;Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995). A brief history of the emotion literature is helpful here to show how emotion research evolved to include the kinds of appraisal theories most relevant to this dissertation. ...
... Many scholars have theorized about and found empirical evidence for various classes of antecedents that feed appraisals. Three of the most frequently researched and well-supported have been biological (e.g., Roseman et al., 1995), psychological (e.g., Griner & Smith, 2000), and social or "cultural" (e.g., Mauro et al., 1992). These three classes fit neatly into the specifics of one of the most frequently cited appraisal theories, namely that of Lazarus (e.g., 1966Lazarus (e.g., , 1968Lazarus (e.g., , 1991. ...
... Other researchers have recently followed up on these theories and research programs, synthesizing in particular the work of the earlier emotion researchers on interest, Berlyne's (1960) variables, and the growing body of literature on appraisal theories of emotion, which experienced a renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s (e.g., Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1984). ...
... If people interpret the world through the lens of their cultural values, one would consequently expect differences in the frequency and intensity of anger and frustration between European Americans, on the one hand, and Indians and Tahitians, on the other hand. Indeed, Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek and Naidu (1995) found that American, as compared to Indian students reported higher overall intensities of anger when remembering autobiographical events, and anger intensity was fully mediated by an appraisal of the event as being inconsistent with one's goals. A similar observation was made by anthropologist Robert Levy who argued that the Tahitian's "common sense that individuals have very limited control over nature and over the behavior of others" (Levy, 1978, p. 228) is related to the near absence of anger in Tahitian culture. ...
... In one experiment, Savani and colleagues (2011, Study 5) asked Indian and European American students to indicate the extent to which they would adjust to or influence interpersonal situations that were sampled from both India and the US. In line with the American tendency to influence (e.g., Boiger, Mesquita, Tsai, & Markus, 2012;Morling et al., 2002;Weisz et al., 1984) and the Indian tendency to adjust (e.g., Roseman et al., 1995), the US participants initially reported more influence and the Indian participants more adjustment across the range of situations from both cultures. However, this pattern changed after the participants had been exposed to a sufficiently large number of situations from the other culture; after 100 trials the degree of adjustment reported by European American and Indian participants converged. ...
... While this study did not investigate emotions, it does make a strong case for the idea that meaning making is afforded by the situations that people commonly experience; it is conceivable that similar situational affordances affect appraisal processes and consequent emotions (cf. Roseman et al., 1995). ...
... The self-serving bias, for instance, is reinforced by the individualistic values of "Western" cultures, whereas in cultures valuing smooth interpersonal relationships, this bias is reversed (Anderson, 1999). Similarly, cultural differences in the elicitation of emotions have also been documented, both in detailed studies and large surveys (Mauro et al., 1992;Kitayama and Markus, 1994;Scherer and Wallbott, 1994;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1997a,b;Mesquita and Ellsworth, 2001). According to the universal contingency hypothesis, as put forward by Ellsworth (1994; and see Lazarus, 1991;Mesquita and Frijda, 1992;Scherer, 1997b), appraising events in a similar way should lead to similar emotions, irrespective of culture. ...
... Cross-cultural studies (e.g., Ben-Zur and Breznitz, 1991;Mauro et al., 1992;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1997a,b;Gidron et al., 1998; and see Mesquita and Ellsworth, 2001, for an overview) provide evidence for similar links between such sets of determinants and specific emotions across cultures, particularly for basic emotions like anger, sadness, and shame/guilt. But they also suggest cultural differences in appraisal tendencies that hinge, to a considerable extent, on the way in which causation is attributed and responsibility is ascribed. ...
... In doing this, our study also contributes to appraisal theories, as it identifies how culture-specific appraisal patterns are affected by differences in attribution styles. In general, the observed correspondence between cognitive determinants and emotional responses reflects appraisal-theoretical findings (e.g., Ellsworth and Smith, 1988;Smith et al., 1993;Roseman et al., 1995Roseman et al., , 1996Scherer, 1997a). Despite the label as the "Friendly Islands," people in Tonga seem to experience anger in ways similar to Bender et al. (2007a) and nearly as often as people in Germany. ...
The cognitive appraisal of an event is crucial for the elicitation and differentiation of emotions, and causal attributions are an integral part of this process. In an interdisciplinary project comparing Tonga and Germany, we examined how cultural differences in attribution tendencies affect emotion assessment and elicitation. Data on appraising causality and responsibility and on emotional responses were collected through questionnaires based on experimentally designed vignettes, and were related to culture-specific values, norms, and the prevailing self-concept. The experimental data support our hypothesis that – driven by culturally defined self-concepts and corresponding attribution tendencies – members of the two cultures cognitively appraise events in diverging manners and consequently differ in their emotional responses. Ascription of responsibility to self and/or circumstances, in line with a more interdependent self-concept, co-varies with higher ratings of shame, guilt, and sadness, whereas ascription of responsibility to others, in line with a less interdependent self-concept, co-varies with higher ratings of anger. These findings support the universal contingency hypothesis and help to explain cultural differences in this domain on a fine-grained level.
... For instance, worldviews, ideologies, values, and concepts of the self vary across racial and ethnic groups and may influence how members of these groups evaluate or appraise emotional stimuli (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, 1998Matsumoto, 2006;Schwartz & Bardi, 2001). Individuals from different racial and ethnic groups may diverge in their criteria for assessing event desirability, including their experience of specific emotions, related to culturally sanctioned rules and norms and related social reactions (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Roseman et al., 1995). Relatedly, tied to important aspects of cultural identity (e.g., individualistic vs. collectivistic orientation) is the perception that emotional experiences are (un) controllable and (un)predictable, and thus these may differ as a function of race and ethnicity (De Leersnyder et al., 2013). ...
... These results align with the premise that ethnoracial minorities may be motivated to dampen emotional experiences and expression. To elaborate, specific cultural norms for emotional experiences and expression vary across racial and ethnic groups (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Roseman et al., 1995). These cultural norms impact the extent to which different racial and ethnic groups encourage and reinforce emotional responding (Butler et al., 2007). ...
Objective
Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study applied systematic review methods to summarize the existing literature examining racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
Methods
We systematically searched four electronic databases (PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
Results
Of the initial 1253 articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Findings for emotion regulation strategies generally provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences (71% of reviewed studies), with ethnoracial minorities largely exhibiting greater use of emotion regulation strategies. Whereas the results for emotion regulation potential were slightly more mixed (63% of reviewed studies found racial/ethnic differences), ethnoracial minorities were also largely found to report lower emotion regulation potential.
Conclusion
This review advances the literature by providing additional support for racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
... Organizational behavior research in the private sector reveals that culture affects individuals' appraisals of situations and this leads to differential expression of emotions (Matsumoto et al. 1988;Mauro et al. 1992;Roseman et al. 1995). Cultures differ in norms surrounding emotional ...
... The interaction between emotion and culture is addressed in a small body of literature that covers a range of topics from display rules (Matsumoto 2006) recognizing others' emotions (Elfenbein and Ambady 2002), appraisal of one's own emotions (Roseman et al. 1995;Russell 1991) and emotional expression (Van de Vliert 2007). Emotion is implied throughout Hofstede's IBM studies and Project GLOBE. ...
The wide range of policies demanding multinational attention and the problems that brought them about include the globalization of financial markets, global climate change, internal and cross-border conflicts displacing tens of millions of people (UNHCR 2018), and international trade, among others. Understanding the effects of culture on human behavior is more crucial than it has ever been. Cultural worldviews are ideological belief systems that individuals use to both shape and explain their own and others' behavior (Matsumoto 2006). Expressions of emotion are an essential part of the daily work in organizations that are comprised of meaning-making jobs, so public sector work is on center stage. In this chapter, we explore the effect of cultural norms on several dimensions to emotional labor: emotive displays toward others, how people manage their emotive state, and how others "read" emotive displays and respond to them. Organizational behavior research in the private sector reveals that culture affects individuals' appraisals of situations and this leads to differential expression of emotions (Matsumoto et al. 1988; Mauro et al. 1992; Roseman et al. 1995). Cultures differ in norms surrounding emotional
... Because one of the major functions of culture is to maintain social order, cultures create rules, guidelines, and norms concerning emotion regulation because emotions serve as primary motivators of behavior and have important social functions (Keltner et al., 2003). Previous studies, in fact, have documented a number of cultural differences in processes related to emotion regulation, such as emotion-related appraisals (Matsumoto, Kudoh, Scherer, & Wallbott, 1988;Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, & Naidu, 1995;Scherer, 1997aScherer, , 1997b; coping, which is related to Reappraisal (Morling, Kitayama, & Miyamoto, 2003;Taylor, Sherman, Kim, Jarcho, & Takagi, 2004;Tweed, White, & Lehman, 2004;Yeh & Inose, 2002); and display rules, which are related to Suppression (Matsumoto, 1990(Matsumoto, , 1993Matsumoto, Takeuchi, Andayani, Kouznetsova, & Krupp, 1998;Matsumoto, Yoo, Hirayama, & Petrova, 2005). ...
... For the most part, hypotheses concerning the relationship between cultural values and Reappraisal were not supported. On the surface, this nonfinding is somewhat at odds with previous studies reviewed earlier that have demonstrated cultural differences in emotion-appraisal processes (Matsumoto et al., 1988;Mauro et al., 1992;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1997aScherer, , 1997b. But this apparent contradiction may be resolved by the fact that Reappraisal refers to processes that occur after an emotion has occurred, whereas previous studies on appraisal have examined the stimulus evaluation process before an emotion occurs. ...
This article reports differences across 23 countries on 2 processes of emotion regulation––reappraisal and suppression. Cultural dimensions were correlated with country means on both and the relationship between them. Cultures that emphasized the maintenance of social order––that is, those that were long-term oriented and valued embeddedness and hierarchy––tended to have higher scores on suppres-sion, and reappraisal and suppression tended to be positively correlated. In contrast, cultures that minimized the maintenance of social order and valued individual Affective Autonomy and Egalitarianism tended to have lower scores on Suppression, and Reappraisal and Suppression tended to be negatively correlated. Moreover, country-level emotion regulation was significantly correlated with country-level indices of both positive and negative adjustment. The 37 coauthors of this article, in alphabetical order by last name, are as follows:
... To address these calls, this paper discusses how confrontative and non-confrontational behaviors may be viewed as coping processes (e.g. Roseman et al. 1995) and extends this view to service encounters in different situational-cultural contexts. ...
... Research on cross cultural psychology attempts to extend appraisal theories to different cultural contexts, providing a way to contrast cultural differences and to underline similarities within a common framework (e.g., Roseman et al. 1995;Sherer 1997;Laufer 2002). The premise is if people from two cultures appraise the same event in a similar way, then they may feel the same emotions (Sherer 1997) and therefore they will behave in a similar way. ...
Customers may alter their conflict style depending on their cultural values’ orientations and whether the adversary belongs to their group or not. This paper provides cross-cultural insight into the psychological mechanisms that shape different styles of customer’s coping with interpersonal conflicts. Drawing on cognitive appraisal theory, the paper extends the framework of appraisal-emotions coping to different cultural–situational contexts and develops a set of theory-driven propositions. The insights from this conceptual paper suggest that within inter-cultural encounter contexts, an interpersonal conflict may lead to confrontative coping, for both allocentric and idiocentric customers. However, in the case of an intra-cultural encounter, the allocentrism trait may weigh against the pursuit of any conflict and therefore may increase the tendency of non-confrontational coping, while the idiocentrism trait is more likely to encourage adopting confrontative tactics regardless of the group belongingness of the frontline service employee.
... Similarly, these models could better characterize contextual differences in self-reported emotional experience, like those between cultures, and whether they derive directly from differences in the appraisals involved in the evidence generation process (Imada & Ellsworth, 2011;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1997), or thresholds of evidence for specific response options due to cultural norms (Matsumoto, 1990;Mesquita & Walker, 2003). Alternatively, these models could also advance research on how distinct emotion regulation strategies shape subjective experience and selfreports (McRae et al., 2012;Troy et al., 2018). ...
Self-reports remain affective science’s only direct measure of subjective affective experiences. Yet, little research has sought to understand the psychological process that transforms subjective experience into self-reports. Here, we propose that by framing these self-reports as dynamic affective decisions, affective scientists may leverage the computational tools of decision-making research, sequential sampling models specifically, to better disentangle affective experience from the noisy decision processes that constitute self-report. We further outline how such an approach could help affective scientists bet- ter probe the specific mechanisms that underlie important moderators of affective experience (e.g., contextual differences, individual differences, and emotion regulation) and discuss how adopting this decision-making framework could generate insight into affective processes more broadly and facilitate reciprocal collaborations between affective and decision scientists towards a more comprehensive and integrative psychological science.
... 3. Für eine kleinere Zahl von Emotionen konnten die genannten Befunde interkulturell weitgehend repliziert werden (Mauro, Sato & Tucker, 1992;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu & Thapa, 1995;Scherer, 1997a, b ...
Der dritte und letzte Band der dreibändigen 'Einführung in die Emotionspsychologie' befasst sich mit den kognitiven Aspekten der Emotionen. Wie in den Bänden I und II wird die systematische mit einer historischen Perspektive vebunden. Im ersten Kapitel wird deshalb die kognitive Emotionstheorie von Meinong dargestellt; die folgenden Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit ausgewählten neueren kognitiven Theorien (Weiner, Lazarus, Ortony, Clore & Collins). In jedem Kapitel werden Bezüge zur neuesten Forschung hergestellt und ausgewählte Aspekte der jeweiligen Theorie diskutiert.
--- Note: This is a copy of the preprint document of the published book (2003, which is now now out of print, although used copies can still be found for sale on ebay).
... As stated, worry or fear is a basic human emotion common to all cultures. However, different cultural values may lead to different emotional responses [11]. Thus, the way worry is felt and expressed is not only biologically determined but also influenced by cultural context [12]. ...
Background:
Dementia worry is a widespread phenomenon and the most common emotional reaction elicited by the threat of developing dementia in the future. The cultural factors of dementia worry have not been examined widely, although dementia can be perceived differently between cultures and lead to varying levels of dementia worry. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of dementia worry and factors associated with it cross-nationally in Israel and Australia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with two age-matched adult samples (447 participants in Israel and 290 in Australia). The primary outcome measure was the 12-item Dementia Worry Scale.
Results:
Israeli participants (mean age = 42.5 years; 50.1% female) reported statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of concern about developing dementia in comparison to Australian participants (mean age = 43.7 years; 49.8% female). Increased ageism and increased perceptions about the likelihood of developing dementia were the most important factors associated with increased worry.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that country may not be the best criterion to assess cultural differences and should be accompanied by the participants' assessment of their cultural tendencies. Our study also stresses the importance of conceptualizing and assessing affective and cognitive aspects of dementia worry, as people from different cultures might perceive dementia worry cognitively differently but affectively similar and vice-versa.
... Their results revealed substantial cultural differences in evaluations on multiple appraisal dimensions, including control, responsibility, and anticipated effort. Another study (Roseman et al., 1995) investigated the appraisal patterns of anger, fear, and sadness in India and the US. Significant cultural differences were observed, with Indian participants perceiving greater causation by circumstances in anger-eliciting situations. ...
Emotions result from evaluations of events, referred to as appraisals. Specific configurations of appraisals have been shown to characterize different emotions, with some variation occurring across cultures. However, appraisal research to date has focused primarily on negative emo-tions, though recent efforts have started to also examine the appraisal profiles of positive emo-tions. Cross-cultural work on the appraisals of positive emotions has, however, been scarce. Here, we examine the appraisal profiles of nine positive emotions in the US and China. Using 13 commonly employed appraisal dimensions, we investigated the evaluations of events elicit-ing amusement, awe, compassion, desire, gratitude, interest, love, pride, and relief. Eighty par-ticipants from China and the US recalled events from their own life involving each of these emotions and provided Likert-scale appraisal ratings for each emotional event. Consistent with previous research, we find distinct appraisal patters for each positive emotion. We also, for the first time, demonstrate cultural variations in appraisals of positive emotions. Our study extends existing research by highlighting differences in appraisals of positive emotions across cultures.
... However, strategies employed to regulate emotional experiences may vary due to variations in cross cultural orientations such as in individualistic (independent) versus collectivistic (interdependent) cultures For example, passive emotion regulation strategies may be compensatory strategies in some culture but optimal solutions in. 6 Two frequently used emotion regulatory strategies cognitive reappraisal (antecedent-focused) and expressive suppression (response-focused) not only determine the type of emotion, but also decide when and how to show that emotion. 7 Cognitive reappraisal comes early in emotion-generative process. ...
A systematic review of literature on emotion regulation is carried out with the aim to identify, analyze and compare the commonly used emotion regulatory strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) in individualistic and collectivistic cultures including Pakistan and to study outcomes of different emotion regulation strategies in culture specific context. A systematic search has been conducted for required articles which have been published between 1990 and 2015. Only those studies have been included in the review which reported either cognitive reap-praisal or expressive suppression in their findings. Review indicates that individualistic cultures prefer emotional expression to regulate emotions while colle-ctivistic cultures, such as in Pakistan, focus more on expressive suppression. Emotional suppression can cause mental disease, physiological illness, and poor social and psychological adjustment. To sum up, culture predicts whether individuals are motivated to express or suppress their emotions. Collectivist culture encourages greatest control on emotion expression
... Their results revealed substantial cultural differences in evaluations on multiple appraisal dimensions, including control, responsibility, and anticipated effort. Another study (Roseman et al., 1995) investigated the appraisal patterns of anger, fear, and sadness in India and the US. Significant cultural differences were observed, with Indian participants perceiving greater causation by circumstances in anger-eliciting situations. ...
Emotions result from evaluations of events, referred to as appraisals. Specific configurations of appraisals have been shown to characterize different emotions, with some variation occurring across cultures. However, appraisal research to date has focused primarily on negative emotions, though recent efforts have started to also examine the appraisal profiles of positive emotions. Cross-cultural work on the appraisals of positive emotions has, however, been scarce. Here, we examine the appraisal profiles of nine positive emotions in the US and China. Using 13 commonly employed appraisal dimensions, we investigated the evaluations of events eliciting amusement, awe, compassion, desire, gratitude, interest, love, pride, and relief. Eighty participants from China and the US recalled events from their own life involving each of these emotions and provided Likert-scale appraisal ratings for each emotional event. Consistent with previous research, we find distinct appraisal patters for each positive emotion. We also, for the first time, demonstrate cultural variations in appraisals of positive emotions. Our study extends existing research by highlighting differences in appraisals of positive emotions across cultures.
... This structure of the emotions has been empirically tested and refined using three different methodologies: (1) vignette research (Roseman, 1983;Roseman, 1991); (2) retrospective studies (Roseman, 1991); and (3) experimental research (Roseman and Evdokas, 2004). Cross-cultural comparisons have also been conducted (Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, and Thapa, 1995). ...
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EI CONSTRUCT IN CROATIA
The study of the emotional intelligence (EI) construct in Croatia has a long history that started in 1994 with the doctoral dissertation of Vladimir Takšić for whom Drs. Jack D. Mayer and Peter Salovey provided assistance for the collected literature and proposal. Since EI was a relatively new concept there were challenging justifying its scientific appropriateness and gaining access to major research journals in the US and also in Croatia. Through much persistence Takšić completed the thesis titled “Validation of Emotional Intelligence Construct” in 1998 which was based on Mayer and Salovey (1997) model. Sixteen distinct abilities from the model listed in Mayer and Salovey (1997) were operationalized using self-report scales. Factor analysis revealed three latent dimensions which were: 1) ability to perceive and understand emotions, 2) ability to express and label emotions, and 3) ability to manage and regulate emotions. These factors became the basis for the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ; Takšić, 2002; Takšić, Mohorić & Duran, 2009).
Since 1998 several PhD. and master theses were written in Croatia mainly at the University of Zagreb under mentorship of three professors: Alija Kulenović (who unfortunately passed away in 2004), Vladimir Takšić and Vesna Buško. The dissertation topics were mostly related to validation of well-known EI instruments (Matešić, 2003; EQ-i; BarOn, 2003), or construction of new scales (Buško & Babić Čikeš, 2013; Mohorić, Takšić & Šekuljica, 2016) which will be presented in more detail in this chapter.
... When faced with a dangerous encounter, idiocentric (allocentric) consumers experience more (less) anger than shame. Furthermore, Roseman et al. (1995) found that Indians reported lower sadness, fear, and anger than Americans. Since Indians perceive negative outcomes as less modifiable than Americans do, they resign themselves more readily to what happened and thus perceive less discrepancy from what is desired and feel less negative emotion. ...
The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western origin but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Pacific Island, and Latin American people and their cultures. American culture encompasses the customs and traditions of the United States. The United States is sometimes described as a "melting pot" in which different cultures have contributed their own distinct "flavors" to American culture. The United States of America is a North American nation that is the world's most dominant economic and military power. Likewise, its cultural imprint spans the world, led in large part by its popular culture expressed in music, movies and television. The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western culture (European) origin and form but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Polynesian, and Latin American people and their cultures. The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America. It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
... Interestingly, those constructs, especially selfperception and emotional regulation, are critical for EI. Additionally, emotional regulation (e.g., Butler et al. 2007;Kitayama et al. 2000;Matsumoto 1990) and emotion expression (e.g., Pittam et al. 1995;Roseman et al. 1995) have been shown to differ across cultures. All these findings point to possible differences across cultures or nationalities. ...
... When faced with a dangerous encounter, idiocentric (allocentric) consumers experience more (less) anger than shame. Furthermore, Roseman et al. (1995) found that Indians reported lower sadness, fear, and anger than Americans. Since Indians perceive negative outcomes as less modifiable than Americans do, they resign themselves more readily to what happened and thus perceive less discrepancy from what is desired and feel less negative emotion. ...
The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western origin but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Pacific Island, and Latin American people and their cultures. American culture encompasses the customs and traditions of the United States. The United States is sometimes described as a "melting pot" in which different cultures have contributed their own distinct "flavors" to American culture. The United States of America is a North American nation that is the world's most dominant economic and military power. Likewise, its cultural imprint spans the world, led in large part by its popular culture expressed in music, movies and television. The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western culture (European) origin and form but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Polynesian, and Latin American people and their cultures. The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America. It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
... In much of this research, emotions were described in terms of the average patterns of appraisals and/or action tendencies associated with them. For instance, Roseman and colleagues (1995) found that anger in India and anger in the United States, on average, were similarly characterized by an appraisal of other-blame, but in contrast to U.S. anger, Indian anger was more likely appraised as being caused by circumstances (for other examples, see Frijda, Kuipers, & ter Schure, 1989;Imada & Ellsworth, 2011;Mauro et al., 1992;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer & Wallbott, 1994). ...
The current research offers an alternative to essentialism for studying cultural variation in emotional experience. Rather than assuming that individuals always experience an emotion in the same way, our starting point was that the experience of an emotion like anger or shame may vary from one instance to another. We expected to find different anger and shame experience types, that is, groups of people who differ in the instances of anger and shame that they experience. We proposed that studying cultural differences in emotional experience means studying differences in the distribution of these types across cultural contexts: There should be systematic differences in the types that are most common in each culture. Students from the United States, Japan, and Belgium (N = 928) indicated their emotional experiences in terms of appraisals and action tendencies in response to 15 hypothetical anger or shame situations. Using an inductive clustering approach, we identified anger and shame types who were characterized by different patterns of anger and shame experience. As expected, we found that the distribution of these types differed across the three cultural contexts: Of the two anger types, one was common in Japan and one in the U.S. / Belgium; the three shame types were each most prevalent in a different cultural context. Participants' anger and shame type was primarily predicted by their culture of origin (with an accuracy of 72.3% for anger and 74.0% for shame), and not, or much less, by their ethnic origin, SES, gender, self-construal, or personality.
... However, strategies employed to regulate emotional experiences may vary due to variations in cross cultural orientations such as in individualistic (independent) versus collectivistic (interdependent) cultures For example, passive emotion regulation strategies may be compensatory strategies in some culture but optimal solutions in. 6 Two frequently used emotion regulatory strategies cognitive reappraisal (antecedent-focused) and expressive suppression (response-focused) not only determine the type of emotion, but also decide when and how to show that emotion. 7 Cognitive reappraisal comes early in emotion-generative process. ...
p>A systematic review of literature on emotion regulation is carried out with the aim to identify, analyze and compare the commonly used emotion regulatory strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) in individualistic and collectivistic cultures including Pakistan and to study outcomes of different emotion regulation strategies in culture specific context. A systematic search has been conducted for required articles which have been published between 1990 and 2015. Only those studies have been included in the review which reported either cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression in their findings. Review indicates that individualistic cultures prefer emotional expression to regulate emotions while collectivistic cultures, such as in Pakistan, focus more on expressive suppression. Emotional suppression can cause mental disease, physiological illness, and poor social and psychological adjustment. To sum up, culture predicts whether individuals are motivated to express or suppress their emotions. Collectivist culture encourages greatest control on emotion expression while interacting with family and friends with more emphasis on maintaining social harmony. On the other hand, individualistic culture endorses comparatively less expression of negative emotions especially towards strangers. Adjusting one’s emotion to the social environment is more important in cultural context.</p
... Furthermore, the findings of the T-test showed differences in the perception of betrayal, anger, and frustration between the British and Jordan samples with the British participants experiencing stronger negative emotions. This finding also provides support to the notion suggested by Zourrig et al, (2009b) and Roseman et al, (1995) that western consumers experience stronger negative emotions than eastern consumers and thus confirm (H7B) for both conditions and H6C in case of an outcome failure. ...
Online consumer revenge is costing companies millions of dollars annually. Yet, a limited number of studies have investigated the factors that influence online consumer revenge and the degree to which they carry on across cultural boundaries. A serious gap was noticed concerning the forms, triggers, and process of consumer revenge in the online context. Additionally, it was noticed that previous theoretical models of consumer revenge go directly from the desire for revenge state to the actual revenge state without explaining the cognitive process the consumer goes through when evaluating the decision whether or not to commit revenge. To address these research gaps, a mixed method approach was applied. A qualitative approach was employed first to explore this behaviour. Afterwards, a scenario based survey was used in order to examine and test the casual relationships between the variables identified in the first study on a larger sample from Jordan and Britain.
Overall, the findings of this thesis have proven for the first time the secondary appraisal state consumers go through when evaluating their online revenge coping options. In this state, consumers were found to evaluate the reach of their actions, the risk involved, and the ability to perform the online revenge behaviour. Additionally, this thesis found that the British participants cognitively evaluate their online revenge options more extensively when compared to the Jordanian participants. The findings of this thesis also identify a new set of triggers for online consumer revenge including the type (process/outcome) and the severity of the service failure. This finding shifts away from the traditional fairness violations view of the triggers of consumer revenge. Moreover, the findings of this thesis establishes the role of the national culture in influencing online revenge as demonstrated by the difference in the harm appraisals, negative emotions, and the desires for revenge between the English and Jordanian participants.
... Or des études montrent qu'il existe des différences culturelles significatives au niveau de l'utilisation préférentielle des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle (Matsumoto, 2006). Cela s'explique en partie par des différences culturelles au niveau des processus d'évaluation cognitive et des expressions émotionnelles (Roseman et al., 1995) mais aussi des traits de personnalité dominants présents dans chaque culture (Matsumoto, 2006). Par exemple, Matsumoto (2006) montre dans son étude que les japonais, comparés aux américains, utilisent davantage la stratégie de suppression expressive. ...
En se fondant sur différents travaux de recherche et en s’appuyant sur les données qualitatives collectées auprès de la force « intervention » du GIGN, cet article tente de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle de l’anxiété en situation extrême. L’étude révèle que la stratégie de réévaluation cognitive est la plus efficace et qu’à partir d’un certain seuil d’anxiété, les individus optent pour une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle inefficace. Finalement, les auteurs proposent un modèle en quatre étapes permettant de réguler plus efficacement l’anxiété.
Based on several researches and on the analysis of qualitative data collected from the Intervention Unit of the GIGN, this article investigates the mechanism of emotional regulation of anxiety in extreme situations. Our study confirms that cognitive reappraisal is the most efficient strategy to regulate anxiety, but when the level of anxiety perceived becomes too high, people tend to choose a less effective strategy. Finally, we draw practical implications based on the 4 steps process identified in this research.
... Darüber hinaus soll aber auch geprüft werden, ob die bislang identifizierten Dimensionen tatsächlich kulturübergreifend die (einzig) relevanten sind. Während der appraisal-Prozeß selbst und die Verknüpfung von kognitiven Determinanten mit emotionalen Reaktionen als kulturunabhängig angenommen werden, gilt dies nicht für die inhaltliche 'Belegung' der Determinanten (Frijda & Mesquita, 1994;Mauro, Sato & Tucker, 1992;Roseman et al., 1995;Scherer, 1997;Scherer & Wallbott, 1994). Ob ein Kriterium als gegeben wahrgenommen wird oder nicht, hängt vielmehr von der Interpretation der Situation ab. ...
... Duyguların kuramsal temelleri incelendiğinde kimi araştırmacılara göre insan tüm duygulara doğuştan sahip olarak dünyaya gelirken (Roseman, 1995;Izard, 1992), kimi araştırmacılara göre ise duyguların oluşumunda sosyalleşme süreci önemli bir yer tutmaktadır (Buck, 1983;Dunn, Brown ve Beardsall, 1991). Son dönemlerde ise duyguların anlaşılmasında duygu ile biliş arasında doğal bir bağlantı olduğu kabul görmektedir Frijda, 1994). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emotion management skills programme on office workers emotion management skills.
In research, single grouped experimental motive has been used. An independent variable has been applied to a random group in single grouped pre & post test model. The effectiveness of the application has been researched by making evaluations both pre & post experiment.
17 female and 7 male test subjects have participated in study with the principle of willingness. Thus, sample of research has been made out of 23 office workers who work in a private hospital. Pre-test datum before studies started and last test datum in the end of Emotion Management Education Program were acquired. An education program for 6 weeks consisting 12 sessions each to take long 90-120 minutes has been applied to the experimental group.
In the conclusion of the research, have shown that Emotion Management Educational Program having been applied by means of based on cognitive-behavioral techniques emotion management skills programme has made a positive effect to the group in expressing feelings in a clear and apprehensible way”, “showing feelings as they are” and “controlling physical responses”.
Ozet
Bu calismanin amaci, duygu yonetimi egitimi programinin ofis calisanlarinin duygularini yonetime becerilerine etkisini belirlemektir.
Arastirmada tek gruplu deneysel desen kullanilmistir. Tek gruplu on test-son test modelinde, gelisiguzel secilmis bir gruba bagimsiz degisken uygulanmistir. Hem deney oncesi, hem de deney sonrasi olcmeler yapilarak uygulamalarin etkiligi arastirilmistir.
Arastirmaya 17’si bayan, 7 ‘si erkek toplam 23 denek gonulluluk ilkesi ile katilmistir. Boylece orneklemi, ozel bir tip merkezinde gorev yapan 23 orgut calisani olusturmustur. On test verileri calisma baslamadan once, son test verileri ise Duygu Yonetimi Egitim Programi bitiminde elde edilmistir. Deneysel gruba 6 hafta sureyle ve 12 oturumdan olusan ve her bir oturumun 90 ile 120 dakika surdugu beceri egitim programi uygulanmistir.
Arastirma sonucunda yasanti yoluyla bilissel davranisci teknikler Duygu Yonetimi Egitimi Programinin deney grubu uzerinde “duygulari yalin ve anlasilir bir bicimde ifade edebilme”, “duygulari oldugu gibi gosterebilme”, “bedensel tepkileri kontrol edebilme” uzerinde anlamli etkisinin oldugunu gostermistir.
... These studies revealed few cultural differences in the appraisals associated with specific emotions, which was again taken as support for a universalist view on emotions (e.g., Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995;Scherer, 1997;Scherer & Wallbott, 1994). ...
Do emotions differ across cultures? This article reviews the markedly different ways in which psychologists have approached this question in the past and discusses directions for the future. We first show how past research has often failed to find cultural differences in emotion by focusing on what emotions people from different cultures can have hypothetically, rather than investigating the emotions they actually have in daily life. Taking a socio-cultural perspective, we demonstrate that cultural differences in people’s actual emotional practices not only exist, but are also meaningful and predictable: Accumulating evidence suggests that people experience more of those emotions that fit their culture’s relationship goals and values. We review evidence for two mechanisms that may be behind these cultural differences in emotion – different situational ecologies and different tendencies to interpret (or appraise) emotional events. Finally, we discuss a road map for what lies ahead in the psychological study of cultural differences in emotion. We propose that future research will benefit from a dynamic approach to culture and emotion—an approach that explicitly captures how cultural differences in emotion emerge as a function of people’s ongoing social interactions and relationships.
... The organizational literature is nearly devoid of studies of sadness. An exception is Roseman and colleagues' (Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, & Naidu, 1995) findings that sadness was related to appraisals of powerlessness. Sadness might be expected when work-related deaths and other traumas occur, but it can be argued that sadness in the workplace may also arise from the relatively innocuous context of an uncivil experience. ...
Using appraisal theory, this research examined targets' emotional responses to workplace incivility, and how these responses impact targets' behavioral responses. Targets who reported greater incivility reported greater anger, fear, and sadness. Targets' anger was associated with more direct aggression against the instigators; targets' fear was associated with indirect aggression against instigators, absenteeism, and exit; and targets' sadness was associated with absenteeism. Status moderated the effects of fear and sadness. Our results underscore the need for organizations to manage civility so that they and their employees can avoid substantial direct and indirect costs associated with workplace incivility. At a broader level, our results suggest the importance of developing greater awareness about the harmful effects of fear and sadness in the workplace.
... Arnold (1960) suggested that emotions arise after people appraise events as risky or beneficial. Also, Roseman et al. (1990) indicated that hope and fear result from events appraised as uncertain and joy is caused by events appraised as motive-consistent and certain. ...
Purpose
This research extends Mehrabian and Russell's Stimulus‐Organism‐Response model to include both external (i.e. reputation) and internal source of information (i.e. website quality) as stimuli which affect consumers' response systems. The purpose of this paper is to test a more comprehensive model consisting of reputation and website quality (stimuli), cognition and emotion (organism) and purchase intention (response).
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 219 usable questionnaires were obtained at a large Midwestern university through online survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for data analyses.
Findings
Reputation had a significant positive effect on consumers' emotion and significant negative effect on perceived risk. All four website quality dimensions had significant negative effects on perceived risk and significant positive effects on emotion, except for customer service. Perceived risk had a significant negative effect on consumers' emotion, and both perceived risk and emotion had a significant impact on purchase intention.
Research limitations/implications
This research employed convenience sampling, which resulted in a majority of female respondents. The results may be generalized to a limited extent.
Originality/value
This study allows for empirical examination of the different effects of various components of retail websites on emotion, perceived risk and behavioral intentions. This research will add value to the related literature by filling the void of previous research and also will provide practical implications for online retailers on designing and maintaining positive consumer response. Strength of the research lies in its ecological validity, since respondents were not simply all reacting to the same single stimulus.
... Other methods can be used to examine whether culture influences appraisals of emotional situations and emotional experiences (Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992;Mesquita, 2001;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995). One method relies on ratings of hypothetical scenarios (Reisenzein, 1995;Schimmack & Diener, 1997;Schimmack & Hartmann, 1997). ...
The present study examined the hypothesis that Asian cultures' dialectical way of thinking influences emotion reports. A dialectical way of thinking sees emotions of the opposite valence (e.g., happy, sad) as compatible with each other. In contrast, Western philosophy considers these emotions to be in conflict with each other. We examined correlations between frequency estimates of pleasant emotions (FPE) and frequency estimates of unpleasant emotions (FUE) in Asian, non-Asian collectivistic, and Western cultures. As predicted, FPE-FUE correlations were less negative in Asian cultures than in other cultures. We also observed a tendency for the culture effect to be moderated by gender. The strongest negative correlation was obtained for women in non-Asian cultures. Subjective well-being increases with the frequency of pleasant emotions and decreases with the frequency of unpleasant emotions. Thus, frequency judge- ments of emotions are an important indicator of subjective well-being (Diener, 1984; Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1991; Diener, Smith, & Fujita, 1995). One question in subjective well-being research has been the relation between the frequencies of pleasant and unpleasant emotions. Are frequent experiences of
... Which of these Appraisal-Emotion Relationships have been Supported? Research to date has provided evidence that: (a) positive emotions are elicited by events appraised as motive-consistent, and negative emotions are elicited by events appraised as motive-inconsistent (Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995;Roseman et al., 1990;Scherer, 1993;Wallbott & Scherer, 1988); (b) joy and sadness are elicited by events appraised as relevant to appetitive motives, and relief, distress and disgust are elicited by events appraised as relevant to aversive motives (Roseman, 1991;Roseman et al., 1990); (c) hope and fear are elicited by events appraised as uncertain, and joy is elicited by (motive-consistent) events appraised as certain (Frijda, 1987;Roseman, 1991;Roseman, et al., 1990;Smith & Ellsworth, 1985); and (d) pride, shame, guilt, and regret are elicited by events appraised as caused by the self; and love, dislike, and anger are elicited by events appraised as caused by other persons Hypothesised structure of the emotion system (from Roseman, 1984). ...
In order to move toward a more accurate, complete, and integrative theory of the causes of emotions, empirical evidence relevant to a recently proposed appraisal theory was examined, and hypotheses from several alternative appraisal theories were compared and tested. Given questions that focused on the cognitive causes of emotions rather than their phenomenological contents, 182 subjects rated the appraisal determinants of emotion experiences that they recalled. Results suggest that appraisals of unexpectedness (not unexpected/unexpected), situational state (motive-inconsistent/motiveconsistent), motivational state (aversive/appetitive), probability (uncertain/ certain), control potential (low/high), problem source (non-characterological/characterological factors), and agency (circumstances/other person/self), differentiate a large number of widely-discussed emotions. These results are used to formulate a revised, empirically grounded, and more comprehensive model that specifies which appraisals cause 17 different emotions.
... As described by Pearlin and Schooler (1978), powerlessness is the extent to which one regards one's life-chances as being fatalistically ruled in contrast to as being under one's own control. This is an indicator of alienation and isolation in life mastery that may influence students' sense of belonging to their community (e.g., Shoho, 1996), drug/alcohol abuse (e.g., Nam, 1994), and the negative emotions of sadness and fear (e.g., Roseman et al., 1995). ...
Emotional Intelligence has been a hot topic for both parents and educators in Hong Kong in recent years. Conceptually, emotional intelligence should be related to students' life satisfaction, positive attitudes towards life, and the attainment of various education goals. However, despite its growing popularity, there is relatively little empirical evidence showing these relationships. The purpose of the present study is to provide some empirical evidence to examine these effects in Hong Kong. A group of 30 university students helped generate emotional intelligence items and 20 of these items were selected empirically from the responses of another 100 university students. Then a sample of 225 six formers completed a questionnaire which measured their perceived emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, and powerlessness in their lives. Their form masters evaluated their performance in moral and social development. Attainment in intellectual education of these students was estimated by their HKCEE results. As expected, results indicated that emotional intelligence is positively related to life satisfaction, and performance in moral, social and intellectual development. It is also negatively related to powerlessness in life. Limitations for this study and implications for future emotional intelligence research are discussed.
... 43%, und Reisenzein und Spielhofer (1994, Studie 3, 30 Emotionen) von 46%. Für eine kleinere Anzahl von Emotionen konnten diese Ergebnisse-ebenso wie die charakteristischen Einschätzungsmuster der untersuchten Emotionen-inzwischen in zahlreichen Ländern weitgehend repliziert werden (Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995;Scherer, 1997). Die Höhe der in diesen Untersuchungen gefundenen, statistischen Assoziation zwischen Einschätzungsmustern und Emotionen ist allerdings weit niedriger, als die meisten Einschätzungstheorien vorhersagen, denn diese postulieren zumeist einen deterministischen Zusammenhang. ...
... For example, the descriptions of experience were similar over cultures: A joyful event is experienced as desired, very pleasant, and strengthening the self-esteem, a threatening event as unpleasant, goal preventing and difficult to overcome. Such common features were also confirmed in other studies (Frijda et al., 1995;Mesquita, 2001b;Roseman et al. 1995). The subjects' evaluation of action readiness also showed cross-cultural similarities (Frijda, Markam, Sato, & Wiers, 1995;Mesquita 2001b). ...
Date revised - 20050912, Number of references - 73, Last updated - 2012-09-10, DOI - PSIN-2005-08029-006; 2005-08029-006; 1841695688, Albas, Daniel C.; McCluskey, Ken W.; Albas, Cheryl A. Perception of the emotional content of speech: A comparison of two Canadian groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 7. 4 (1976): 481-490. Sage Publications, Camras, L. A., Oster, H. 1998 Production of emotional facial expressions in European American, Japanese, and Chinese infants Developmental Psychology 34 4 616-628, Caudill, W.; Weinstein, H. Maternal care and infant behavior in Japan and America. Psychiatry, 32. 1 (1969): 12-43, Chao, Ruth K. 1995 Chinese and European American cultural models of the self reflected in mothers' childrearing beliefs. Ethos 23 3 328-354, Choy, G., & Mohay, H. (2001, April), A cross-cultural study of Chinese and Australian children 's understanding of emotional dissemblance. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN., COLE, Pamela M.; BRUSCHI, Carole J.; TAMANG, Babu L. Cultural differences in children's emotional reactions to difficult situations. Child development, 73. 3 (2002): 983-996. Blackwell, Damasio, Antonio. The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. (1999): xiv, 386. Harcourt College Publishers, Darwin, C. (2000). Der Ausdruck der Gemütsbewegungen bei dem Menschen und den Tieren [The expression of the emotions in man and animals]. Frankfurt: Eichborn Verlag., Doi, Takeo. The anatomy of dependence. (Trans. John Bester). The anatomy of dependence. (Trans. John Bester). (1973): 170. Kodansha International, Ekman, Paul. Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 19. (1971): 207-283. University of Nebraska Press, Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Ellsworth, P. (1982c). What are the similarities and differences in facial behavior across cultures? In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (2nd ed., pp. 128-144). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press; Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme., Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V. The Facial Action Coding System. (1978): 300 pp.. Consulting Psychologists, Essau, Cecilia Ahmoi; Trommsdorff, Gisela. Coping with university-related problems a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27. 3 (1996): 315-328. SAGE Publications Inc, Field, Tiffany M.; Walden, Tedra A. Production and discrimination of facial expressions by preschool children. Child Development, 53. 5 (1982): 1299-1311. Blackwell Publishing; Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Friedlmeier, W. (2005b). Kultur und Emotion. Zur Sozialisation menschlicher Gefühle. In B. Kleeberg, T. Walter, & F. Crivellari (Eds.), Urmensch und Wissenschaftskultur (S. 137-160). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft., Friedlmeier, W., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Emotion und Emotionsregulation im Kulturvergleich [Emotion and emotion regulation in cross-cultural perspective]. Manuscript submitted for publication., Friedlmeier, W. (1999a). Emotionsregulation in der Kindheit [Emotion regulation in childhood]. In W. Friedlmeier & M. Holodynski (Eds.), Emotionale Entwicklung. Funktion, Regulation und soziokultureller Kontext von Emotionen (pp. 197-218). Heidelberg, Germany: Spektrum., Friedlmeier, W., & Trommsdorff, G. (2002, August). Negative emotional reaction and interactive regulation in 2- and 5-year-old German and Japanese children with their mothers. Paper presented at the XVIIth Meetings of the ISSBD in Ottawa, Canada., Friedlmeier, W. (1999b). Sozialisation der Emotionsregulation [Socialization of emotion regulation]. Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation, 19, 35-51., Frijda, Nico H. The emotions. The emotions. (1986): xii, 544. Cambridge University Press; Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Frijda, Nico H.; Markam, Suprapti; Sato, Kaori; Wiers, Reinout. Emotions and emotion words. Everyday conceptions of emotion: An introduction to the psychology, anthropology and linguistics of emotion. (1995): 121-143. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, * Frijda, Nico H. 1994 Varieties of Affect: Emotions and Episodes, Moods, and Sentiments, in Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions, New York: Oxford University Press, 59-67., Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books., Gergely, G., & Watson, J. S. (1999). Early socio-emotional development : Contingency perception and the social-biofeedback model. Dans P. Rochat (Éd.), Early social cognition: Understanding others in the first months of life (pp. 101-136). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum., HEINE, Steven J.; LEHMAN, Darrin R.; KAIPING PENG; GREENHOLTZ, Joe. What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82. 6 (2002): 903-918. American Psychological Association, Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage., Hofstede, Geert H. Culture's consequences, international differences in work-related values. Culture's consequences, international differences in work-related values (1980): 475. Sage Publications, Holodynski, Manfred; Friedlmeier, Wolfgang; Holodynski, M; Friedlmeier, W. Development of emotions and emotion regulation - Development. Development of Emotions and Emotion Regulation (2006): 1-9. SPRINGER, Izard, Caroll E. Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. Handbook of emotions. (1993): 631-641. Guilford Press, Izard, Carroll Ellis. Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press, 1977., Kagitcibasi, Cigdem. The Autonomous-Relational Self: A New Synthesis. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST, 1. 3 (1996): 180-186. HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, Kagitcibasi, C. A Critical Appraisal of Individualism and Collectivism: Toward a New Formulation. CROSS CULTURAL RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY SERIES -SAGE-, 18. (1994): 52-65, Kudoh, T., Matsumoto, D. 1985 Cross-cultural examination of the semantic dimensions of body postures Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 6 1440-1446, Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.1991-98760-000, Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. Japanese Patterns of Behavior. Honolulu: East-West Center: University of Hawaii Press, 1976., Levenson, Robert W.; Ekman, Paul; Heider, Karl; Friesen, Wallace V. Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62. 6 (1992): 972-988. American Psychological Association, Leventhal, Howard; Scherer, Klaus. The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1. 1 (1987): 3-28. Taylor & Francis, MARKUS, H. R.; KITAYAMA, S. Culture and the self : implications for cognitions, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98. 2 (1991): 224-253. American Psychological Association, Matsumoto, D, Kupperbusch, C 2001 Idiocentric and allocentric differences in emotional expression, experience, and the coherence between expression and experience Asian Journal of Social Psychology 4 2 113-131, Matsumoto, David. Culture and Emotion. The handbook of culture and psychology. (2001): 171-194. Oxford University Press, Matsumoto, David. Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20. 1 (1989): 92-105. Sage Publications, Matsumoto, David; Consolacion, Theodora; Yamada, Hiroshi; Suzuki, Ryuta; et al. American-Japanese cultural differences in judgements of emotional expressions of different intensities. Cognition and emotion (Print), 16. 6 (2002): 721-747. Psychology Press, Meltzoff, Andrew N.; Moore, M. Keith. Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54. 3 (1983): 702-709. Blackwell Publishing; Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Mesquita, Batja. Culture and emotion: Different approaches to the question. Emotions: Currrent issues and future directions. (2001): 214-250. Guilford Press, Mesquita, Batja 2001 Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 1 68-74, Miyake, Kazuo; Campos, Joseph J.; Kagan, Jerome; Bradshaw, Donna L. Issues in socioemotional development. Child development and education in Japan. (1986): 239-261. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co, Nussbaum, Martha C. Emotions and social norms. Culture, thought, and development. (2000): 41-63. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Oyserman, D; Coon, H M; Kemmelmeier, M. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 128. 1 (2002): 3-72. AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, Roseman, Ira J.; Dhawan, Nisha; Rettek, S. Ilsa; Naidu, R. K. Cultural differences and cross-cultural similarities in appraisals and emotional responses. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26. 1 (1995): 23-48. Sage Publications, Rothbaum, Fred; Weisz, John R.; Snyder, Samuel S. Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42. 1 (1982): 5-37. American Psychological Association Inc, RUSSELL, J. A. Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression ? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological bulletin, 115. 1 (1994): 102-141. American Psychological Association, SCHERER, K. R.; WALLBOTT, H. G. Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of personality and social psychology, 66. 2 (1994): 310-328. American Psychological Association, Scherer, Klaus R.; Matsumoto, David; Wallbott, Harald G.; Kudoh, Tsutomu. Emotional experience in cultural context: A comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States. Facets of emotion: Recent research. (1988): 5-30. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Scherer, Klaus R., Summerfield, Angela B. 1983 Cross-national research on antecedents and components of emotion: A progress report. Social Science Information 22 3 355-385, Schimmack, Ulrich 1996 Cultural influences on the recognition of emotion by facial expressions: Individualistic or Caucasian cultures? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27 1 37-50, Schmidt-Atzert, L. (1996). Lehrbuch der Emotionspsychologie (Textbook of psychology of the emotions). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer., Seginer, Rachel; Trommsdorff, Gisela; Essau, Cecilia; Seginer, Rachel. Adolescent Control Beliefs: Cross-cultural Variations of Primary and Secondary Orientations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16. 2 (1993): 243-260. Taylor & Francis Group Ltd., 2 Park Square Oxford OX14 4RN UK, Sogon, Shunya; Masutani, Makoto. Identification of emotion from body movements: A cross-cultural study of Americans and Japanese. Psychological Reports, 65. 1 (1989): 35-46. Psychological Reports, Sroufe, L. Alan. Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. (1996): xiii, 263. Cambridge University Press, Stansbury, K, Sigman, M 2000 Responses of preschoolers in two frustrating episodes: Emergence of complex strategies for emotion regulation Journal of Genetic Psychology 161 2 182-202, Super, Charles M.; Harkness, Sara. The cultural structuring of child development. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 2: Basic processes and human development (2nd ed.). (1997): 1-39. Allyn & Bacon, Thompson, R A. EMOTION AND SELF-REGULATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION, 36. (1990): 367-467. UNIV NEBRASKA PRESS, Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.1995-97791-000, Trommsdorff, G., & Kornadt, H.J., 2003. Parent-child relations in cross-cultural perspective. In L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Handbook of Dynamics in Parent-Child Relations (pp.271-306). London: Sage., Trommsdorff, Gisela; Friedlmeier, Wolfgang. Emotion regulation in early childhood: A cross-cultural comparison between German and Japanese toddlers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30. 6 (1999): 684-711. SAGE Publications Inc, Trommsdorff, G; Friedlmeier, W; Trommsdorff, G. Control and responsiveness in Japanese and German mother-child interactions. Early Development and Parenting, 2. 1 (1993): 65-78, Trommsdorff, G., & Friedlmeier, W. (1999). Emotionale Entwicklung im Kulturvergleich [Emotional development in cross-cultural perspective]. In W. Friedlmeier & M. Holodynski (Eds.), Emotionale Entwicklung. Funktion, Regulation und soziokultureller Kontext von Emotionen (pp. 275-293). Heidelberg, Germany: Spektrum., Valsiner, Jaan. Human development and culture - the social nature of personality and its study. Human development and culture - the social nature of personality and its study (1989): 395. Lexington Books, Valsiner, J. (2003). Culture and its transfer: Ways of creating general knowledge through the study of cultural particulars. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 2, Chapter 12). Retrieved April 20, 2004, from Western Washington University. Center for Cross-Cultural Research Web site: http://www.wwu.edu/∼culturc/readings., Van der Veer, R. and Valsiner, J. (1994) The Vygotsky Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers., van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Leung, Kwok. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. (1997): xiii, 186. Sage Publications, Inc, Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press., Weisz, John R. Development of control-related beliefs, goals, and styles in childhood and adolescence: A clinical perspective. Self-directedness: Cause and effects throughout the life course. (1990): 103-145. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
... We examined ten appraisals (pleasantness, goal conduciveness, effort, perceived control, certainty, agencyself, agency-others, agency-circumstances, unfairness, and moral violation), all of which are the major appraisals in most appraisal theories (Roseman, Dhawan, Retttek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995;Scherer, 1997;Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; see the appendix for the appraisals). Some straightforward predictions can be made. ...
This study examined the emotion and appraisal correlates of the needs for Competence and Relatedness. Using experience-sampling, fluctuations of competence and relatedness throughout a day's period were found to correspond to fluctuations in emotions and appraisals in ways theoretically consistent with the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 20002.
Deci , E. L. , & Ryan , R. M. ( 2000 ). The “what” and “why” of goal-pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior . Psychological Inquiry , 11 , 227 – 268 . [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]View all references). Each need was related in specific ways to the six emotions examined (anger, sadness, fear, guilt, shame, and joy) and, more interesting, was characterized by a specific appraisal-profile. Implications of these findings for needs processes are discussed.
... Second, our findings have tapped into an interesting issue for cross-cultural studies on emotion. Although culture is becoming an increasingly important variable in mainstream emotion research (e.g., Kitayama & Markus, 1994;Russell, Fernandez-Dols, Manstead, & Wellenkamp, 1995), much of the attention has been centered on the structural similarity or difference of emotional experience across cultures (e.g., Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992;Mesquita & Frijda, 1992;Roseman, Dhawan, Rettek, Naidu, & Thapa, 1995;Russell, 1991;Scherer & Wallbott, 1994). Along with the question of whether different cultural members are alike or different in their affective reactions to various antecedent conditions of emotion, our findings suggest that the functional value or significance attached to such affective experience may differ across cultures. ...
The relative importance of emotions versus normative beliefs for life satisfaction judgments was compared among individualist and collectivist nations in 2 large sets of international data (in total, 61 nations,
N = 62,446). Among nations, emotions and life satisfaction correlated significantly more strongly in more individualistic nations (
r = .52 in Study 1;
r = .48 in Study 2). At the individual level, emotions were far superior predictors of life satisfaction to norms (social approval of life satisfaction) in individualist cultures, whereas norms and emotions were equally strong predictors of life satisfaction in collectivist cultures. The present findings have implications for future studies on cultural notions of well-being, the functional value of emotional experiences, and individual differences in life satisfaction profiles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Purpose
This study is designed to bridge a gap in the existing leadership communication literature by delving into lesser-explored facets of the field. It particularly concentrates on investigating how the verbal aggressiveness of supervisors influences various aspects of the workplace, including workplace emotional culture, the quality of employee–organization relationships (EORs) and the prevalence of counterproductive work behaviors (CWB).
Design/methodology/approach
This study employed a quantitative research design to investigate the impact of supervisors' verbal aggressiveness on employee and organizational outcomes. The data were collected from 392 full-time employees across various organizations and industries in the USA using a self-report questionnaire. The researchers used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data and test hypotheses.
Findings
The findings of this study showed that supervisors' verbal aggressiveness had a significant positive association with negative emotional culture and employee CWB. However, it had no direct impact on employee–organization relationships. The effect of supervisor verbal aggressiveness on employee CWB was found to be mediated by a negative team-level emotional culture.
Originality/value
This study advances the literature on leadership communication by highlighting the detrimental influence of the dark side of leadership communication. More specifically, by identifying negative emotional culture and employee CWB as the direct outcomes of supervisor verbal aggressiveness, the authors add to the existing theoretical knowledge on verbal aggressiveness in the workplace. Additionally, this study provides empirical evidence of the impact of a negative emotional culture on eliciting employees' CWBs and diminishing relationship quality, adding to the body of knowledge on why managing emotional culture is crucial for organizations and workgroups.
The scientific inquiry pertaining to culture and emotion has moved beyond the nature versus nurture debate toward a framework of anticipation that all humans share a similar biologically programmed basis for emotional experience; yet, across development, emotions are elicited, displayed, and perceived in a diverse set of complex ways that are affected significantly by cultural factors across all domains of emotional experience. This entry reviews the current state of understanding and identifies future directions of research in the field of culture and emotion across development.
To foster cross-cultural collaboration, leaders must go beyond describing cultural differences and instead create effective connections among members. We propose a dynamic balancing framework, drawing on the Chinese principle of “seeking commonality while preserving difference,” that emphasizes seeking commonality by connecting with universal human values and needs, aligning shared goals and objectives, and fostering shared identity and belonging, while at the same time preserve difference by respecting diverse cultural values, attending contextualized local needs, and validating unique strengths and identities. A case study of a business leader exemplifies this framework. This approach can enhance leadership effectiveness for successful cross-cultural collaborations.
Demystifying Emotions provides a comprehensive typology of emotion theories in psychology (evolutionary, network, appraisal, goal-directed, psychological constructionist, and social) and philosophy (feeling, judgmental, quasi-judgmental, perceptual, embodied, and motivational) in a systematic manner with the help of tools from philosophy of science, allowing scholars in both fields to understand the commonalities and differences between these theories. Agnes Moors also proposes her own novel, skeptical theory of emotions, called the goal-directed theory, based on the central idea that all kinds of behaviors and feelings are grounded in goal-striving. Whereas most scholars of emotion do not call the notion of emotion itself into question, this review engages in a critical examination of its scientific legitimacy. This book will appeal to readers in psychology, philosophy, and related disciplines who want to gain a deeper understanding of the controversies at play in the emotion domain.
Research on emotion and affective sciences is flourishing today like never before. The impetus for this surge is largely rooted in studies of emotion across cultures and coincides with the half century existence of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP). Beginning with studies initially documenting the universality of the expression and recognition of certain facial expressions of emotion in the 1970s, cross-cultural research was crucial in providing further evidence for the universality of antecedents, appraisals, subjective experiences, self-reported responses, and physiological reactions throughout the 1980s and 1990s. That same literature also demonstrated the existence of many cultural variations in these emotion domains, as well as in the concepts, language, attitudes, beliefs, and values about emotion. We review this literature with the goal of demonstrating some of the many meaningful and important contributions IACCP and cross-cultural studies have made to the field of emotion and affective sciences. This area of research has also been marred by considerable controversies for almost the entire period of study, and we describe those as well. We conclude with a presentation of current models of understanding the association between culture and emotion that integrate disparate cross-cultural findings and address controversies in the field, in the hope that such models can serve as a platform for renewed cross-cultural research in this area for the next half century and beyond.
Subjective emotional experience emerges from several sources: physiological changes and body sensations, awareness of these changes, perception of an event eliciting emotion, and its appraisal. Being biologically based in its roots, the experience of emotions may still be influenced by cultural factors through appraisal, interpretation, and labeling, which in turn depend on the culture-specific meaning of the event (Matsumoto & Hwang, 2012).
Internet use and online shopping have grown exponentially in recent years, especially since the COVID Pandemic. Although many studies have been conducted on the success factors of online retailers, few of them have addressed the factors affecting the online sales of services. On the other hand, the website quality, while important, it only shows a factor of evaluating online service provider. Other features of online sales sites can play an important role in influencing customer response and purchase intention. This study, using the stimulus-organism-response model, examines the factors affecting the customer purchase intention to buy services from the sites of high-speed Internet services provider companies in Iran. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings are based on the fact that Security/Privacy have a positive and significant effect on reputation. Also, website design and customer service have a positive and significant effect on customer positive emotions. In addition, it was found that Security/Privacy have a positive and significant effect on perceived risk and positive emotions have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. Finally, perceived risk has a positive and significant effect on negative emotions.
In this paper we introduce a data set of social roles and their aspects (descriptors or actions) as emerging from surveys conducted across a sample of over 400 respondents from two different cultures: US and India. The responses show that there are indeed differences of role perceptions across the cultures, with actions showcasing less variability, and descriptors exhibiting stronger differences. In addition, we notice strong shifts in sentiment and emotions across the cultures. We further present a pilot study in predicting social roles based on attributes by leveraging dependency-based corpus statistics and embedding models. Our evaluations show that models trained on the same culture as the test set are better predictors of social role ranking.
This study examined which of three interventions was most effective in reducing aggression in middle school students in Korea: a lecture-based general prevention program, a therapeutic drumming group featuring collaborative work between a school music teacher and a music therapist, or an education-based drumming group. A non-randomized Repeated Measured ANOVA with one repeated factor and one between-groups factor was conducted to look for any statistically significant differences among the three groups (general prevention group, therapeutic drumming group, and education-based drumming group), between pre-and post-test, or in the interaction between group and time. The Korean version of the Aggression Questionnaire and its four subscales (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility) were examined in mixed models by time, group, and the interaction between time and group. Participants (N = 231) were the whole third-year classes of an urban middle school in Korea. The results suggested a significant Time × Group interaction on total Aggression scores, as well as on the physical aggression and hostility sub-scale scores; no significant differences were found for the verbal aggression or anger sub-scale scores. Post hoc analysis revealed that the therapeutic drumming group had significant reductions in total aggression scores and on the subscales of physical aggression and hostility compared to the education-based drumming group; however, no significant differences were found between the therapeutic drumming group and the general lecture group. These findings indicate that collaborations between school music teachers and music therapists may be used effectively to mitigate aggression related to school violence in middle school students in Korea.
Das Thema dieses Buches ist Stress und Kultur. Die Stressforschung interessiert sich für Copingstrategien und fokussiert auf Stressoren, d. h. Prozesse, wie Individuen auf Ereignisse reagieren, die sie als herausfordernd oder bedrohlich einschätzen. Compas et al. (2001) definieren Coping als „conscious and volitional efforts to regulate emotion, cognition, behavior, physiology, and the environment in response to stressful events or circumstances“ (p. 89).
Background: As physicians have a significant role in promoting health of society, it is necessary that physicians themselves not only have suitable level of mental and physical health, but also stay in higher level of positive characteristics of well-being. This study aimed to investigate and compare mental health and some positive psychology factors including happiness, hope and spirituality among students of medicine during years of education.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 332 students of medicine at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, were randomly selected during 2013. The students' spirituality, mental health, happiness, and hope were measured using Elison questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Oxford questionnaire, and Synder questionnaire, respectively. Data were analyzed using t, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Logistic regression tests.
Findings: The mean scores of Elison questionnaire of Spirituality (90.201 ± 15.678), GHQ-28 questionnaire (27.798 ± 15.678), Oxford questionnaire of Happiness (68.385 ± 17.274), and Synder questionnaire of Hope (23.373 ± 3.154) were calculated. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant decrease in Happiness score form primary to final years of medicine. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant relationship between happiness, hope, spirituality and mental health questionnaire and its subscales but there was only significant relationship between Elison questionnaire of spiritual wellness and students' grade point average (GPA).
Conclusion: According to significantly decrease of happiness among students during years of education, and significant relationship between happiness, hope, spirituality and mental health, need for more serious attention to these issues in educational planning is necessitated.
Abstract
Background: Today, due to the important role the university students play in governance of the country, they are considered as one of the most important groups of the society. Thus, their health status should be monitored. Inappropriate status of dormitories can be a source of diseases and endanger the students’ health. This study aimed to determine the health status of Shahid Dastgheib dormitory in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the researcher referred to all the rooms in Shahid Dastgheib Dormitory in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and collected the necessary data for determining the health status of the rooms using the health assessment form. Then, the data were encoded, entered into the SPSS statistical software (v. 19), and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Fisher exact test.
Results: According to the results, 15.5%, 68.9%, 14.8%, and 0.8% of the rooms accommodated 1, 2, 3, and 4 individuals, respectively. Moreover, most of the dormitory students (36.1%) were from Fars province. In this study, a significant correlation was found between the number of occupants per room and the health status of that room (P<0.05); such a way that as the number of occupants per room increased, the room showed a weaker health condition. Overall, dental students having about 8% of the optimal health status, 21 and 23 year old age groups having approximately 4% of the optimal health status, post-graduate students, and older students had more desirable conditions compared to the students of other schools.
Conclusion: Since the research was conducted in one dormitory, similar studies are recommended to be performed in all dormitories. Overall, the present study results indicated that the health conditions of the dormitory was not much desirable and requires more attention on the part of the authorities.
Keywords: Health, Dormitory, Students
Since access to their fishing grounds is open, overexploiting limited resources is the severest risk Tongan fishermen have to face. In showing how this risk is perceived and coped with by local fishermen, the influence of culturally shared models on risk appraisal is analyzed. These models not only determine whether a given situation will be appraised as dangerous, but also have an impact on affective and behavioral reactions. Different cultural models will be compared in order to explain divergent concerns about the status of fish stocks and consequently, divergent measures for dealing with the situation.
Prior research has typically attempted to distinguish one emotion from another by identifying distinctive expressions, physiology, and subjective qualities. Recent theories claim emotions can also be differentiated by distinctive action tendencies, actions, and motivational goals. To test hypotheses from both older and more recent theories, 100 Ss were asked to recall experiences of particular negative emotions and answer questions concerning what they felt, thought, felt like doing, actually did, and wanted. Results support hypotheses specifying characteristic responses for fear, sadness, distress, frustration, disgust, dislike, anger, regret, guilt, and shame. The findings indicate that discrete emotions have distinctive goals and action tendencies, as well as thoughts and feelings. In addition, they provide empirical support for hypothesized emotion states that have received insufficient attention from researchers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.