Rural Tourism Development: Localism and Cultural Change
Abstract
Rural tourism represents a merging of perhaps two of the most influential yet contradictory features of modern life. Not only are the forces of economic, social, cultural, environmental and political change working to redefine rural spaces the world over, but broad global transformations in consumption and transportation patterns are reshaping leisure behaviour and travel. For those concerned with both the nature of change in rural areas and tourism development, the dynamics and impacts of integrating these two dramatic shifts are not well known but yet are becoming increasingly provocative discourses for study. This book links changes at the local, rural community level to broader, more structural considerations of globalization and allows for a deeper, more theoretically sophisticated consideration of the various forces and features of rural tourism development. While Canadian in content, the cases and discussions presented in this book can be considered generally relevant to any rural region, continentally and globally, that has undertaken or is considering rural tourism development.
... Concomitantly, the average value of owned dwellings has increased significantly, the unemployment rate has fluctuated yet remained relatively high, and education attainment levels have been rising consistently (Statistics Canada, 2017). In other words, socio-demographic reconfiguration has been proceeding according to the destabilization of the town's economic and social equilibrium (George et al., 2009). ...
... (UNESCO, 2020) Through the promotion and institutionalization of Lunenburg's cultural heritage, real estate agencies, tourism developers and entrepreneurs have been capitalizing on Lunenburg's UNESCO status. Products and services targeting affluent, mobile groups are marketed to travellers, second-home buyers, 'neo-rural' residents, and business owners from outside the local area (George et al., 2009). Indeed, the expansion of regional and international immigration and tourism aligns with the provincial strategy for supporting economic and sociodemographic development, following several decades of generalized decline and consistent out-migration of (Ivany et al., 2014). ...
... Today, Bluenose II continues to act as a 'roving ambassador' for Nova Scotia, fulfilling her 'marketing job' through promotional voyages throughout key North American tourism markets (Sullivan, 1996). By celebrating the past and exploiting sentimental value for commercial gain, state-led tourism development in Nova Scotia has transformed people and places into static and passive resources for exchange in the international marketplace (George et al., 2009;McKay, 1994). Moreover, by creating cultural forms while denying others, the state has not only selected but generated and governed culture, thereby influencing what both visitors and locals come to see as being Nova Scotian (Hollinshead, 2009b). ...
Worldmaking for and through tourism often produces a reality which is advantageous to some populations and suppressive to others (Hollinshead & Suleman, 2018). Indeed, the production of precarious and feminized tourism labour is evidence of the tourism industry’s simultaneous reliance upon and re-creation of the system of global capitalism (Aitchison, 2005). However, tourism is fundamentally relational meaning it is constituted by, and relies upon, the very peoples and places it (re)produces. Herein lies the multiplicity and simultaneity of situated tourism life-worlds, as well as the potential for progressive detachment from dominant representations. Ethical worldmaking is presented as a threefold system involving the conception of tourism beyond or outside of global capitalism (Swain, 2009); the appropriation of our inescapable role in the production of tourism worlds (Caton, 2013); and the recognition that a multiplicity of tourism community stakeholders simultaneously interprets and shapes tourism worlds according to such intersecting differences as gender, race, class, age, nationality, sexuality and so forth (Swain, 2009). Applying this framework to an empirical study, the lived experiences of regionally mobile woman working in tourism provide insight into the tension and contradiction underpinning cultural tourism production in Lunenburg, Canada. Thus, a series of coping strategies are enacted in order to navigate and negotiate their complex positionality, blurring the boundaries between leisure and labour, travel and migration, subjugation and empowerment.
... Postoje četiri osnovne vrste kapitala u ruralnom turizmu: ljudski, društveni, finansijski/izgrađeni i prirodni. Da bi se postigla održivost, zajednice moraju imati ravnotežu ova četiri oblika kapitala, što je od značaja za interakciju ljudi sa agroekosistemom, kao produktom interakcije predela i ljudi, uključujući tu i njihove raspoložive tehnologije i kulturu (George et al., 2009). Stanovništvo ruralnih krajeva odlikuje demografska starost, što utiče i na pad lokalnog preduzetništva. ...
... Uloga žena u seoskom turizmu je takođe sa zakašnjenjem privukla interesovanje, a posebno u odnosu na saznanje da je taj oblik turizma u grupi izrazito sezonskih i nestabilnih ekonomskih delatnosti. Druge studije takođe ukazuju na važnost učešća zajednice u planiranju turizma, tako da lokalno stanovništvo, a posebno žene ne budu isključene iz sticanja prednosti od razvoja turizma (George et al., 2009). ...
... Nažalost, ideja da oni koji rizikuju kapital treba da imaju dominantnu poziciju u procesu donošenja odluka izgleda kao da je prihvaćena za normativ u planiranju i razvoju turizma. Zato je nužno da svi rizici budu prepoznati i da sve grupe koje potencijalno mogu da snose rizik moraju imati glas u procesu donošenja odluka, a koji bi trebalo da vodi do prihvatljivog ishoda za sve (George, 2009). ...
... Focus group discussion is a technique where a researcher assembles a group of individuals to discuss a specific topic, aiming to draw from the complex personal experiences, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes of the participants through moderated interaction [41]. Focus group discussion is a technique that allows a researcher to conduct research within a socially complex relationship framework [42]. ...
... In the case of Baan Nakian, a workshop focused on drawing a village map was organized by the government agents working in the village. This study agrees with George, Mair, and Reid [41], who noted that tourism is not viewed as a distinct planning category by government regulations. In fact, it should be initiated by incorporating different stakeholders from a community into an interactive system in a planning process [42]. ...
... Therefore, the workshop began with informing the locals about the initial idea of developing tourism in the village. It aimed to get the community to create a vision for their future development [41]. ...
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been heavily promoted in Thailand, particularly in rural communities. Tourism transforms the natural and culturally significant attractions of rural communities into consumer products. Tourism development also makes a direct connection between tourism and the community. Therefore, before starting a tourism development project, the interests of local residents need to be investigated and allowances made for their inclusion. This paper introduces foresight tools, community arts, and a community goal-setting technique for putting the authority of future tourism development in the hands of the local community, which is appropriate for tourism development in rural Thailand. This study aims to give the local community useful tools to design their own future development by helping its members develop an understanding of what tourism is and how it impacts their community. A series of inclusive workshops was used to emphasize the need to understand the opportunities and repercussions of tourism as a community, what is at stake, and how important it is to participate in development projects. This methodology was chosen to advance the community members’ ability to generate ideas about what kind of tourism products the community has the potential to develop. Furthermore, it aims to get locals to understand that tourism development is more than just getting that development started. Reaching their future goals requires continuing their tourism activities. Therefore, the two workshops we held advocated community arts and community goal-setting techniques as foresight tools to empower communities to design their future and gave support to those communities to improve the quality of their participation in tourism.
... Given its dependence on these species, Newfoundland was hardest hit by the collapse of the Atlantic groundfishery in the early 1990s (Cashin, 1993). for doing so arose following a visit to Québec City's monument commemorating its World Heritage status during a family vacation in 1993 (George & Reid, 2005;George et al., 2009). Nevertheless, awareness of the town's unique built heritage dates back several decades as individuals, organizations and committees had been mobilizing throughout the 20 th century to highlight the value of the town's cultural heritage, including the Lunenburg Heritage Society (LHS) established in 1972. ...
... Along with neighbouring Atlantic provinces and the state of Maine, Nova Scotia has been revered as a seaside destination since the mid-1800s drawing affluent seasonal summertime visitors from Toronto, Montréal, Boston, New York and the New England states. In fact, no point in Nova Scotia is more than sixty-seven kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean, and recognition of the value of the region's many beaches and beautiful coastal areas has led to the active pursuit of tourism promotion from the early 20 th century (Chesworth, 2016;George et al., 2009;McKay, 1994). For example, the slogan 'Canada's Ocean Playground' has been imprinted on provincial vehicle plates since 1923. ...
... (Ivany et al., 2014: 28) Attempting to undo what decades of cultural production has, perhaps, contributed to forging Nova Scotia intoa quaint, slow, haven -Ivany and Commissioners (2014) call for the province's residents to adopt a 'new attitude' in order to overcome sentiments pervading the collectivity including negativity, stigmatization of success and resistance to change. Indeed, as neoliberal ideals and practices of globalization, technological innovation and international trade swept societies of the global North throughout the 20 th century, capitalist underdevelopment has resulted in Nova Scotia's economy lagging behind that of other Canadian provinces (George et al., 2009;Ivany et al., 2014;McKay, 1993;. Paradoxically, creative cultural producers have been capitalizing upon material and immaterial cultural manifestations that have both evolved spontaneously and been actively contrived, including antimodernist and Folk culture 'assets'. ...
Following the Atlantic fisheries crisis of the 1990s coastal communities have been undergoing deindustrialization and economic diversification through the development of services-sector activities, including tourism. With a permanent resident population of 2,263, the Town of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia has been capitalizing upon UNESCO World Heritage Site designation, awarded in 1995, thereby transforming the cultural character of the place. Whereas culture has evolved for hundreds of years according to colonial settlers’ relationship to the Atlantic Ocean, 21st century cultural evolution is proceeding according to the commodification of the town’s immaterial and built heritage. Nevertheless, drawing upon the lived experiences of regionally mobile women contributing to Lunenburg’s tourism workforce, living temporarily or (re)establishing residence in the region, this project examines multiple versions and visions of Lunenburg and its populations. Embodying the complexities and contradictions characteristic of contemporary society, this social figure is simultaneously subject to precarious and objectifying tourism work, and capable of moving freely to, through and away from chosen places. This qualitative research mobilizes an interdisciplinary framework and, through an autoethnographic research design, draws upon my own lived experiences of tourism work and spatial mobility.
Applying the concept of worldmaking, this master’s thesis explores the power of tourism to transform the social, spatial and cultural character of Lunenburg. Indeed, international tourism reproduces the uneven system of global capitalism, impacting tourism communities worldwide. However, echoing the Atlantic fisheries crisis of the 1990s, the sudden onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020, is threatening the international tourism industry upon which Lunenburg has come to rely. Thus, this moment represents an opportunity for tourism stakeholders at all levels to pause and critically reflect upon the role of tourism in contemporary societies.
Keywords: community-based tourism, lifestyle mobilities, worldmaking, embodiment, autoethnography
... Through homestays, tourists can interact with local populations and perform cultural activities. Rural lifestyles and cultural activities attract modern tourists [11]. ...
... Tribes, castes, and minorities have high rates. Encourage these communities to contact with the outside world through tourism to open their eyes [11]. A study by Esteban and Macarena [12] taking examples from two rural Ecuadorian communities showed that these communities' empowerment in the field of tourism was raised by making them more engaged in community participation of different parameters, starting with imparting the knowledge of marketing their tourism products. ...
With the advent of tourism, especially in India, the tendency toward homestay development increases and contributes to the cultural diplomacy of the location. This research provides a dynamic pricing model for homestay accommodations that emphasises decision-making criteria such as trust components, i.e., belief, disbelief, and uncertainty. In defining the proposed work, dynamically changing characteristics such as the Manhattan distance of a certain homestay from their district headquarters and additional features chosen and supplied to a specific consumer are explored. In addition, the concept of seasonality and the trust component lent dynamism to the suggested equation. The proposed equation is validated using the linear programming optimisation approach and graphs generated with the OLS regression technique. Our homestay model offers Chhattisgarh's tribal communities an alternative approach of financial gain.
... As such, there is an ongoing discussion on the contested nature of events as tools for serving predominantly tourists. In this context, George et al. (2009) state that leisure events originally developed for local residents represent the most sustainable form of events, given their focus on community needs with outside visitor attraction as an additional point of interest. The role of events in that sense could be seen as an entertainment incentive that contributes to psychosocial well-being of residents in the first place. ...
... The idea of community in this context is defined by notions of social interaction, networks and connectedness concentrated on one specific territory(Pedlar, 1996). In these terms, social capital becomes specifically important for rural peripheral communities, where it is often characterized by kinship, interdependency and strong social ties(George et al., 2009).At the same time, the concept of social capital is widely used in the context of social change and resilience(Kokorsch, 2017;Kaltenborn et al., 2017). For instance,Woolcock (2001) states that "communities endowed with a rich stock of social networks and civic associations will be in a stronger position to confront poverty and vulnerability, resolve disputes and/or take advantage of new opportunities"(Woolcock, 2001, p. 67). ...
Remote communities stay vulnerable in the face of major socioeconomic challenges. Tourism is often seen as a way to stimulate local economies and increase attractiveness of peripheral destinations, while events are considered to be one of the tools to promote tourism. In this regard, local collaboration is deemed to be crucial for facilitating development in spatially remote areas, where social context plays an important role in formation of entrepreneurial networks. By using the case of a local community festival Aldrei fór ég suður (AFS) in Ísafjörður, Iceland, I investigate relationship between the festival and local tourism entrepreneurs and define opportunities that the festival might provide for sustainable development of the area. Based on data collected from 24 interviews, findings suggest that the impact of AFS on local businesses varies depending on the category of business, its location, seasonality and target group, whereas the festival also contributes to enhancement of destination image, extension of tourist season and attraction of new categories of visitors. Following theoretical framework of social capital and social embeddedness, the main role of the festival is found to be related to enhancement of community pride and contribution to social change within community. On the other hand, results demonstrate general lack of willingness to collaborate and suggest an increased risk of overembeddedness given the self-reliant nature of the festival and its reluctance to commercialization. Discussed suggestions for sustainable destination development include co-branding, packaging for extended stay, transportation options and usage of empty housing for temporary accommodation.
... People find solutions to problems such as monotony, decrease in human relations, and melancholy caused by urban life by participating in aggregate or alternative tourism activities, where they can have the opportunity to live in a different environment for a short time and even fulfill their longing for rural life [32]. Rural tourism offers an ideal alternative for tourists who are in such search [31], [33]. ...
Halfeti district, located in the southeast of Turkey, is a destination area with tourism potential with its natural beauties, ruins reflecting historical, religious and cultural heritage, and endemic plant and animal existence. With the Birecik dam starting to collect water, the flooded rural settlement areas have become interesting and the tourism destination value of Halfeti district has further increased. Halfeti's tourism value continues to increase day by day after it was included in the Cittaslow network in 2013. Local community, who earned income only through animal and plant production in the past, have gone into rural tourism activities with these changes in Halfeti district, and Halfeti has taken a special place among rural tourism destination areas today. In this study, the rural tourism potential of Halfeti district was investigated in the context of rural development. In the study, SWOT analysis was conducted using primary data. As a result of the SWOT analysis, it was determined that the strengths of Halfeti district in terms of rural tourism potential are greater than its weaknesses. In addition, suggestions are offered for using Halfeti's rural tourism potential in ensuring rural development.
... 4). George et al. (2009) "argue there are four theoretical approaches to understanding community. These four approaches are: the human ecological approach, the social systems approach, the interaction approach, and the critical approach" (p. ...
... Sustainable development can be defined as a concept of introducing structural change to a society so that development does not physically and socially overwhelm the local community in the sense that it would threaten growth through social unrest, environmental pollution, or resource depletion [10,11]. Sustainable tourism, a subset of sustainable development, is "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities" [12,13]. ...
This paper discusses the mechanism of tourists choosing green transportation means. Based on relevant research, this paper first constructed the concept of green transportation for tourist destinations. Then, based on the two theories of tourists’ environmental responsibility behavior—the theory of planned behavior and the theory of norm activation, combined with the characteristics of tourists’ demand for transportation in tourist destinations—a model aimed at influencing the mechanism of tourists’ choice of green transportation was constructed. Two tools, SPSS24.0 and AMOS23.0, were chosen for data analysis to provide policy suggestions for the destination to promote the guide for choosing green transportation means and providing tourists with more satisfactory transportation.
... The transition of tourism into a regulated domain inevitably catalysers substantial shifts across the social, cultural and ecological dimensions. George et al. (2009) noted that intentional tourism expansion is unfolding predominantly due to demand factors. Their model delineates limited inherent potential within the town for augmenting tourism assets (natural, infrastructure, human, cultural, etc.). ...
Throughout history, the tourism industry has encountered diverse crises, each with its distinct characteristics. While the nature of these crises may evolve, the inevitability of their occurrence persists. Given the unpredictability of such events, understanding recovery factors for tourism destinations becomes crucial for swift recuperation. This study employed a destination recovery measurement model, visualised through Geographic Information System and GeoDA, focusing on Iran's 31 provinces. Indicators including tourism density, capacity, investment, accommodation, employment rate and destination type, in conjunction with COVID‐19 cases, were utilised to gauge recovery status. The spatial distribution of the destination recovery index was analysed, revealing nonrandom cluster patterns, affirming that recovery is influenced by specific factors rather than occurring haphazardly. Provinces equipped with higher‐factor concentrations demonstrated swifter recovery, while others exhibited less tourism‐related prominence. These findings hold significance for stakeholders encompassing tourism managers, policymakers and governments vested in the sustainability of future tourism destinations.
... Many definitions have been attached to the concept "culture." George [36] defines culture as those socially transmitted and distinct patterns of behavioral characteristics belonging to a particular social group, the complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. In support of this definition, Pop et al. [37] allude that culture includes the beliefs, values, practices, and aspirations of a society; the way in which values are expressed and applied concretely in the day-to-day life of that society and the processes and mediums through which the preservation and further transmission of values take place. ...
Cultural sensitivity and cultural sustainability have been discussed in other fields but have not been clearly understood in the study of tourism and subsequently have not filtered through the strategies and policies that support cultural heritage tourism development. Studies on cultural sensitivity and cultural sustainability focus more on conceptualization, which leaves a gap in linking these concepts with cultural heritage product development, and beneficiation by local communities. The purpose of this chapter is to advocate that cultural sensitivity and cultural sustainability should be at the core of all efforts that are directed at igniting cultural heritage tourism using the R66 cultural heritage route, South Africa as a case study. Literature review was conducted to gather information that seeks to address the purpose of this discussion. The findings point to the necessity of partnerships and capacity building of all stakeholders involved in cultural heritage tourism development. Based on the findings, it is recommended that tourist destinations should adopt and implement strategies and policies that promote cultural sensitivity and cultural sustainability in stimulating cultural heritage tourism planning and development.
... Farmers' work and the origin of food need to be brought closer to society to counter globalization processes; • A farm has the potential to provide attractive educational activities that will result in desirable environmental and consumer attitudes [126,127]; • Educational services represent an opportunity for additional income for farmers and the motivation to continue farming and maintain the vitality of rural areas [115]. ...
A Sustainable Approach to Tourism Development in RuralAreas: The Example of Poland
Abstract: The research presented in this article concerns the issue of rural tourism, which is associatedwith significant economic and landscape changes in the countryside. It is important that touristdevelopment in these areas be subject to the principles of sustainable development, which areimportant for the preservation of the environment in which tourism operates. The research topic isrelated to two of the most salient features of rural tourism today, environmental sustainability andpro-environmental behavior, which are considered the right ways to achieve sustainability goals. Themain research aim presented is to indicate which of the postulates of sustainable development arebeing implemented and how concerning the functioning and development of rural tourism is on thePolish tourism market. Another goal is to indicate what types of resources in the rural environmentare the basis for the preparation of a tourist product; for whom and how these resources are to be used;as well as the participation of the local community in the management of the resources that constituteits own environment, one of the basic principles of sustainable development. The primary methodused was a document analysis and an analysis of selected websites presenting rural environmentalresources used in this form of tourism. The research identified that sustainable approaches to tourismdevelopment in rural areas in Poland are appropriate with respect to the resources available there andto both natural and cultural values. For resources used in a rural environment, emphasis is placed onthe protection of both elements. It has been identified that one idea for their protection is sustainablesharing, which assumes rational use to an extent that would not affect the nature of the assets butat the same time could benefit the local community. Both values are used in different ways but, inaddition to their purely recreational value, their educational value is equally important each time.Keywords: sustainable development; rural tourism; educational homesteads; participation; localaction group
... Los proyectos turísticos suelen ser intrusivos en la vida de las comunidades (George et al. 2009: 217) y la población no siempre está a favor de su desarrollo porque el beneficio sólo es sensible para un sector muy concreto y limitado. Además, en muchos territorios, la población rural carece de conocimientos y capacidades para desarrollar emprendimientos exitosos. ...
... Technological advancements, increased leisure time, new social and consumption standards, and the shift towards traditional life and nature, coupled with the pursuit of an alternative lifestyle, are the pivotal factors contribu ting to the development of special forms of tourism (Kokkosis et al., 2011). The latter lead to the emergence of new destinations and experiences, as well as new tourist demands (George et al., 2009). Tourism in very particular destinations is a category of special forms of tourism and is comprised by people or groups wishing to explore a destination that is relatively hard to access and demonstrates several particularities (Lee and Bai, 2016). ...
Tourism in Antarctica has been dynamically developed in recent decades, although it is located in a small geographical part of continent. The main reason that visitors plan a trip to the destination, when the opportunity is given, is the natural landscape and wildlife. In addition, overheating of the planet that causes ice to melt has enhanced the feeling of fear as there is severe environmental concern for the coming years. Space and seasonal exclusions make it even more special and the tourist product which is offered by this continent is expensive and requires a lot of preparation. Tourism activity in such a fragile environment has sparked several reactions in the past, mainly from the scientific community, as it is the main recipient of the negative effects of tourism. Furthermore, organized efforts have been made so that the offered product will promote more environmentally friendly trips that will affect the ecosystem as little as possible. The main objective of this research is to analyze this kind of tourism because of the need for new forms. The positive and negative impacts that tourism can have on the environment and the statistics on arrivals and countries of origin of tourists in recent years are analyzed. Moreover, the tourist packages that seem to be in the greatest demand of visitors are presented. The main research question of this paper is whether this destination can host intense tourism activity. Following an extensive bibliographic review, the research makes it clear that the study area cannot support strong tourism activity even though future tourism forecasts report an additional increase in arrivals.
... Tourism, also in connection with festivals, can lead to positive changes in the economic and rural development of communities (George et al, 2009). is article demonstrates how festivals can strengthen the cultural identity of residents and so may have a positive influence by helping to prevent depopulation movements in rural areas. ...
Constantly rising customer requirements and a need for differentiation from the competitors assume a clear service orientation as well as the qualitative arrangement of interfaces to customers. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a possibility to fulfil this need. It helps to sustainably increase the customer satisfaction to achieve higher profits by cost reductions and an increase in sales. This paper identifies, due to qualitative research in the global sales organization of a leading company in the flexible packaging industry, design features of a CRM-system, which can contribute to an increase in sales and raise of the shareholder value. This helps companies to specifically align and optimize existing tools as well as new CRM-approaches regarding these value-adding requirements. It also helps to establish significant competitive advantages and long-term and profitable customer relationships.
... There has been an exchange of culture as a result of the development of rural tourism (George et al., 2009). Various studies have criticized tourism development for influencing the social, cultural, and behavioral patterns in society (Terkenli et al., 2007). ...
As a result of globalization, living conditions in communities have changed. The changing economic situations, communication, and technology have made people more individualistic. Tourism is a rural development resource which has both beneficial social as well as economic consequences according to Bahrami and Noori (2013). In most countries, tourism is used as an instrument for economic and social development. According to Ross (1992), integrated tourism plays a vital role for rural development and local population development in these natural, cultural and social attractions, in particular in developing countries. A stable population and economy have been promoted by tourism, which are both important in order to achieve long-term rural development. The aim of this study is to examine the rural development impact of tourism in Sri Lanka. The research was led by four objectives of research, which included an analysis of the social, economic, cultural and environmental effects of tourism in rural areas. The study revealed that, based on data collected from 150 locals in Eastern Sri Lanka, tourism has an 87% impact on rural development. The study found that both economically and socially, tourism had significant positive impacts on rural development. The study also showed that the environmental impacts and cultural impacts showed a weak but positive association with rural development
... Specifically, tea cafés create diversification of tourism products emerging from a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, food and beverage industry, trade, real estate, health, education, art and culture, and business services. This emergence of resources is the accumulation of community capital, including natural, financial, human, social and cultural, all of which lead to sustainable development (George et al. 2009;Khaokhrueamuang 2014). The diversity of tea-related tourism products provided in a tea café community increases tourists' satisfaction and their revisit intention owing to tea café values such as health and emotion (Cheung et al. 2021). ...
This chapter examines the characteristics of tea cafés in the city of Shizuoka to clarify the functions of community diversification through the creation of tea tourism routes. The study reviewed the Shizuoka ‘Ocha-Café’ guidebook provided by the Tea Town Promotion Section of Shizuoka City and conducted a field survey of selected tea cafés and their surrounding tourism resources. Results revealed that the 23 tea cafés recommended in the guidebook are divided into three groups, namely family-run, chain and cooperative. The three categories of cafés serve four functions for residents: 1) a space to communicate, 2) a place to relax, 3) a place to taste tea and 4) a space to learn about and exchange tea knowledge and culture. These functions diversify the tea café community through tea tourism routes by linking tea cafés with different community resources.
... According to George, Mair and Reid (2009), in order to assess rural tourism development model, one should first determine which factors have motivated the local community to develop rural tourism. These reasons are different in different areas. ...
Nepal is endowed with the majestic Himalayan ranges, including Mt. Everest, which is 8848 m, is the world’s highest mountain peak. Nepal is renowned world-wide as a prime tourist destination due to its unparalleled natural beauty; diverse bio-diversity; ethnic, lingual and social diversity; and historical and cultural wealth. There are many lakes, rivers, mountainous areas, museums, national parks, historical places, greenery forests, cultural heritages which become attractions to the tourists in Nepal. Rural setting is one of the most potential areas to promote the rural tourism where tourists can have opportunity to observe the rural setting, culture, life-style, social relationship, hospitality etc of rural people in Nepal. So, the study has developed the community oriented rural tourism development model covering the stages of development. The study was conducted in Lamjung, Tanahu and Nawalparasi districts among the home-stay operators, tourist experts and other tourism related stakeholders. In-depth interview was done with the respondents to collect their opinion about the best model of rural tourism. The study has developed the Community Oriented Rural Tourism Development Model (CO-RTDM) which has explained the seven stages of development.
... This part of the article is consistent with the results of Nassaji Kamrani et al. (2017). Having surveyed the religion's main values with tourism practitioners and educators, George et al. (2009) suggested that learning should be carried out from the local culture point of view. By introducing the new concept of religious learning interaction model to the relationship between the behavior of domestic religious tourists and religious tourism aims, this result confirms that the domestic religious tourists require adequate attitudes of respect, experience, and fully exploit religious experiences. ...
This paper studies a theoretical model of moderated mediation in which religious learning assists as an intervening mechanism that explains the moderated relationships between brand image and the dimensions of travel benefits (tranquility and health). The study also considers the four dimensions of direct effects of a spiritual experience including (Sense of bliss, Elimination of the life concerns, Emotional involvement and Interaction). The results of the study of 384 religious tourists provide support for this integrated model across the dimensions of travel benefits. Furthermore, the results of the studies conducted on the domestic tourists verify this integrated model along with the dimensions of the religious travel advantages. The moderating effect of the religious learning is expected to have a positive impact of the brand image on the religious travel benefits as this learning strengthens the positive linkage. Additionally, the spiritual experiences enhance the positive effect of the religious travel benefits through the brand image. The present findings also indicate that the Religious travel benefit have direct effects on health and tranquility Variables via Brand image and religious learning. A model is implemented here in order to measure the strength of the findings and it is argued how this moderated mediation pattern could be shown using the empirical evidence of the religious beliefs concentrated on the various religious experiences of the tourists.
... Community-based tourism products local is understood as a tourist pull factor created by local communities based on sources tourism power or the uniqueness possessed by the community local itself. Reid, et al. [10] also stated that tourism products can be identified based on their uniqueness owned by the local community and their conformity with the targeted market. ...
Community Based Tourism is a tourism industry that promote community involvement (society) and environment. It aims to improve impact economic and social for the community in the context of the sustainability development goals. This article is about community involvement in the development framework at the local rural level. Characteristics of people who are less educated but loyal to the social order is the research setting. The public participation mechanism initiated by the local government has encouraged the responsive participation of local communities. The interaction of government actors and community agents in the implementation of tourism village policies describes an adaptive policy mechanism in the context of the environment and local communities.
... In his state-of-the-art review, Butler (1999, p.8) defined sustainable tourism as "knowledge and research on sustainable development in the context of tourism" with most places needing development and seeing tourism as one way to achieve it even if the precise nature of the development is contested (George, Mair, & Reid, 2009). Economic development has been at the centre of much tourism development but, as shown by the cases in this volume, 'triple-bottom-line' approaches to economic, environmental and social development (Dwyer, 2005) are now embedded in sustainable tourism innovation. ...
The intent of this volume is to provide an opportunity for academics, extension professionals, industry stakeholders and community practitioners to reflect, discuss and share the innovative approaches that they have taken to develop sustainable tourism in a variety of different contexts. This volume includes nine cases from across North and Central America reaching from Hawaii in the west to New England in the east and from Quebec in the north to Costa Rica in the south. Case studies are a valuable way to synthesize and share lessons learned and they help to create new knowledge and enhanced applications in practice. There are two main audiences for this volume: 1) faculty and students in tourism related academic programs who will benefit from having access to current case studies that highlight how various stakeholders are approaching common issues, opportunities and trends in tourism, and 2) extension agents and practitioners who will gain important insights from the lessons learned in the current case study contexts. The National Extension Tourism (NET) Design Team and the World Leisure Centre of Excellence in Sustainability and Innovation are delighted to share the latest Innovative and Promising Practices in Sustainable Tourism.
... Community agency entails building relationships that enhance the capacity of local people to act for themselves (Matarrita-Cascante et al., 2010). George et al. (2009) highlight that the local people who are close to where tourism development takes place should be part of tourism policy formulation and development since it affects their lives, and that such policies should not be made from afar. Authors (Adu-ampong, 2017;Kimbu & Ngoasong, 2013;Tiberghien, 2019) stress the importance of decision-making processes in tourism that integrates stakeholders across different levels of governance. ...
This paper explores community empowerment in tourism development in Nigeria through an analysis of the perceptions of key stakeholders. Community empowerment is essential to ensure local community members benefit from tourism development. The study uses a qualitative approach to evaluate the degree of local community participation and empowerment in tourism in South-West Nigeria. Findings suggest that when community members have a sense of their political agency, they feel empowered psychologically. Community empowerment was found to be experienced differently by different stakeholders within the communities—some were more positive than others. The variability of experience suggests the potential for some cross—institutional/project learning. Local Government Tourism Committees (LGTCs) can facilitate empowerment at the community level—should be supported, and their role cultivated, to address the dearth of meaningful community empowerment. This in turn will require Nigerian governance structures to be willing to devolve a degree of power and authority over decisions to these bodies and the communities they serve.
... It is observed that the interests of powerful stakeholders with more resources to invest take precedence over less powerful groups such as poor local communities. The centrality of power relationships in the shaping of rural tourisms is a theme re-iterated by George et al. (2009). As rural tourism development often is contingent upon and strongly influenced by the negotiation of power relationships between different stakeholders, including government, "this makes it somewhat problematic as a tool of regional development and poverty alleviation" (Dashper, 2014: 7). ...
One consequence of the COVID-19-induced changing consumer travel preferences is growing demand from urban residents for open spaces and the experiences of rural destinations. This re-focuses attention on the challenges of rural tourism firms and of issues of developing rural tourism destinations. In extant international scholarship only limited studies have been undertaken for sub-Saharan Africa. This paper contributes to research debates on rural tourism change in the Global South and more particularly around COVID-19 and the development prospects for rural tourism in South Africa. Using 25 qualitative interviews undertaken in the rural Thaba Chweu Local Municipality of Mpumalanga province it is shown that the challenges facing rural tourism relate to weaknesses in the local institutional environment that have existed for the past two decades. The core constraints on expansion on rural tourism surround issues of the local government mismanagement and corruption. The consequence has been limited provision of basic services and maintenance of critical infrastructure, most especially roads, water and power supplies, which are essential for successful rural tourism development. It is concluded that the leading challenges facing rural tourism firms in South Africa are markedly different from issues which are highlighted in scholarship concerning rural tourism in the Global North.
... In developing countries, the generation of foreign exchanges is emphasized, while in developed countries the focus is more on solving regional socio-economic problems (Sharpley, 2002;Wall & Mathieson, 2006a). In developed countries, tourism advocates for the economic development of peripheral areas facing industrial decline (George et al., 2009;Schmalegger et al., 2010). It is claimed that the tourist consumption leads to an increase in the financial resources of the peripheral regions, and, among other things, to the creation of new jobs and new investments. ...
Tourism in biosphere reserves is recognized as a method of providing a way to develop small and locally anchored tourism based on natural values, with the ambition to minimize negative environmental impacts, as a way to encourage nature and local community engagement in sustainable ways and enable learning to achieve sustainability. This thesis represents the literature review on sustainable tourism. It defines the term biosphere reserves and the basic characteristics of sustainable tourism. The natural and social characteristics of the researched area are presented, the case study, the number of visitors and accommodation capacities of Bačko Podunavlje are described. Then, all three functions of the "Backo Podunavlje" Biosphere Reserve have been explained. In the methodological part, the tools, procedures, and sample surveys, together with working hypotheses related to primary research - attitudes of the local population, and then research methods for secondary research - analysis of Danube water quality, are presented. Throughout the results and discussion, the hypotheses are confirmed, partially confirmed or refuted, using statistical calculations and other methods of testing. On the other hand, in the conclusion of the paper, a scientific and practical contribution to the theory and field studies, as well as the limitations of the research have been shown. Also, ideas and proposals for future research and practical advice are presented, which aim to suggest and motivate the initiation of changes that can lead to the sustainable tourism development of the Bačko Podunavlje Biosphere Reserve.
... And, sport and leisure practices are implicated in constructing ideas of rurality and community (Rich, Bean, & Apramian, 2014;Rich & Misener, 2021). Important for this commentary, tourism emerged as a way that many rural communities are redefining themselves and re-invigorating their economies in response to regional, national, and global transformations (George et al., 2009). The mobilities or flows of people to and from rural spaces are inextricably bound up with the relationship between urban and rural citizens. ...
... Reid and colleagues, we pioneered a participatory action process (Reid, Mair, George, & Taylor, 2001) for tourism planning and development that encouraged members of communities to ask themselves not just 'why' they wanted tourism in their communities, but also how it could be developed in a way that allowed communities to achieve goals that extended beyond just generating economic growth. Our team published a series of papers, book chapters, and a book that all built on this question (see, for example, Mair, Reid, George & Taylor, 2001;Reid, Mair, & Taylor, 2000;Reid, Mair, & George, 2004;Mair & Reid, 2007, George, Mair, & Reid, 2009). ...
This chapter aims to share my experience as a tourism researcher with women who are embarking on a career in tourism research now or will do so in future.
The purpose of this book is to serve as a collective mentoring platform where today’s generation of women tourism researchers can share their experiences, observations and advice with future generations.
... Reid and colleagues, we pioneered a participatory action process (Reid, Mair, George, & Taylor, 2001) for tourism planning and development that encouraged members of communities to ask themselves not just 'why' they wanted tourism in their communities, but also how it could be developed in a way that allowed communities to achieve goals that extended beyond just generating economic growth. Our team published a series of papers, book chapters, and a book that all built on this question (see, for example, Mair, Reid, George & Taylor, 2001;Reid, Mair, & Taylor, 2000;Reid, Mair, & George, 2004;Mair & Reid, 2007, George, Mair, & Reid, 2009). ...
... There have been cases of positive change in the village due to the development of tourism from the perspective of the local community. In tourism literature, such apparent positive changes in the body of tourist areas, especially rural areas, are referred to as in tourism literature, such apparent positive changes in the body of tourist areas, especially rural areas, are referred to as aristocracy (George, Wanda, Heather, & Donald, 2009). ...
This research explained how tourism activity influenced the society. The impact that was elaborated in this study was "economic, sociocultural, and environmental" aspects. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and correlational. Most of the data are based on field studies and sampling method (Cochran) to evaluate the effects of tourism development on rural settlements; 384 villagers have been interviewed. Findings of the study show that in contrast to the survey of villagers and tourists who evaluated the highest effect in relation to the economic dependent variable with an average rank of 4.1752, in the stepwise regression study the most changes are related to the social and cultural and physical and environmental dimension dependent variable with a coefficient of 0.080. Finally, Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypothesis of this study, according to which it can be stated. Tourism development has provided positive changes in economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental dimensions in the village.
This paper is devoted to the problems of rural tourism. The development of tourism is increasingly associated with increasing contact that takes place between humans and the natural environment. In this regard, the role of green rural tourism as an alternative recreational business is being increased worldwide. The preferences and benefits of rural tourism are analyzed from various aspects.
Abstrak Dampak COVID-19 terhadap pariwisata, transportasi, dan layanan terganggu. Pariwisata memiliki potensi besar sebagai tulang punggung pemulihan ekonomi di Kabupaten Bogor. Pengembangan desa wisata didukung melalui BUMDES Satu Miliar Satu Desa (Samisade) dan pada tahun 2022 diadakan Festival Desa Wisata dengan total hadiah Rp 1 Miliar. Pariwisata pedesaan dipandang sebagai sektor yang dapat berkontribusi pada pemulihan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di desa wisata binaan Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bogor yaitu Desa Sukajadi. Ada banyak tempat wisata terkenal di sekitar Desa Sukajadi, namun dikelola oleh pihak swasta. Masyarakat di sini ingin turis juga datang ke desa agar desa bisa maju dan bisa membantu perekonomian masyarakat. Bagaimana konsep agrowisata di desa wisata Sukajadi? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan konsep desa wisata Sukajadi yang berorientasi pada pengembangan desa wisata dari dan untuk masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menggambarkan situasi dan potensi desa wisata untuk pengembangan ke depan. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah konsep pengembangan desa wisata Sukajadi yang dapat dijadikan masukan bagi desa wisata milik masyarakat lainnya. Abstract The impact of COVID-19 on tourism, transportation, and services is disrupted. Tourism has great potential as the backbone of economic recovery in Bogor Regency. The development of tourist villages is supported through BUMDES One Billion One Village (Samisade) and in 2022 a Tourism Village Festival was held with a total prize of IDR 1 billion. Rural tourism is seen as a sector that can contribute to the recovery. This research was conducted in a tourist village assisted by the Bogor Tourism College, namely Sukajadi Village. There are many famous tourist attractions around Sukajadi Village, but they are managed by the private sector. The people here want tourists to come to the village too so that the village can progress and can help the economy of the community. What is the agritourism concept in the tourist village of Sukajadi? The purpose of this research is to develop a concept for the Sukajadi tourism village which is oriented towards developing a tourism village from and for the community. This study uses qualitative methods to describe the situation and potential of a tourism village for future development. The findings from this study are the concept of developing the Sukajadi tourism village which can be used as input for other community-owned tourist villages.
W artykule przeanalizowano ofertę edukacyjną (72 programy) związaną z dziedzictwem kulturowym przygotowaną przez pomorskie gospodarstwa należące do Ogólnopolskiej Sieci Zagród Edukacyjnych. Tematycznie programy edukacyjne związane były ze zwyczajami i obrzędami, edukacją regionalną, ginącymi zawodami, tradycyjną kuchnią i rzemiosłem artystycznym. W większości programów ukazywane było niematerialne dziedzictwo kulturowe pomorskiej wsi. Elementy dziedzictwa materialnego pojawiały się głównie w programach zakwalifikowanych jako edukacja regionalna. Największą żywotność w gospodarstwach przejawiały wzorce kaszubskie, następnie kociewskie i żuławskie. Ma to swoje odzwierciedlenie w proponowanych programach nauki języka kaszubskiego, haftu, tkactwa, garncarstwa, wikliniarstwa, sztuki ludowej, tańca, śpiewu i kuchni regionalnej. Większość zagród oferowała kilka programów edukacyjnych zorganizowanych w formie jednodniowych warsztatów, pokazów, pogadanek, plenerów skierowanych głównie do zorganizowanych grup dzieci i młodzieży szkolnej. Zajęcia, oprócz gospodarzy, prowadzili też twórcy ludowi i lokalni animatorzy.
Un primer testimonio de agradecimiento está dirigido hacia el programa de mejoramiento
al profesorado (PROMEP) dependiente de la Secretaria de Educación
Pública por el invaluable apoyo financiero que hace posible que estas líneas
puedan ser divulgadas a la comunidad académica. El presupuesto otorgado en el
marco de la Convocatoria de Redes Temáticas de Colaboración 2008, ha permitido
conjuntar esfuerzos de investigación de nueves profesores- investigadores y
cuatro estudiantes de posgrado de la universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de
Hidalgo y del Centro Regional Universitario Centro Occidente de la Universidad
Autónoma Chapingo. Asimismo, permitió la reunión de destacados profesores
investigadores en el ámbito del desarrollo, el ambiente y la migración para conocer
sus experiencias en estos temas y que esta actividad facilitó el intercambio
franco y responsable sobre los escenarios teóricos-disciplinarios en el cual se
debate hoy día el trabajo de los cuerpos académicos y de los integrantes de los
programas de estudio involucrados en este complejo esfuerzo conjunto sobre el
desarrollo regional, local y sustentable.
In the eastern part of North Macedonia, in the Maleshev valley, with an area of 595 km, the small town of Berovo stands proudly. Apparently, it is no different from other small places in the country, but with the first meeting with the hosts, the impression of Berovo and Maleševija is already formed, and by getting to know the natural factors, the rich cultural and historical heritage, the secret that attracts thousands of visitors a year right here in this little town in the East. Berovo is a real potential for the development of rural tourism with an authentic style.Today we live in a new and modern society where every person from the huge urban areas dreams of spending a certain short period of time in a rural and not sufficiently developed territorial space. The accumulated stress and the overloaded city environment give people the opportunity to make a comparison between gray everyday life and staying in an authentic rural environment, the need for fresh and ecologically clean food, pleasant contacts with the local population, getting closer to natural beauties, the village garden, yard, and with desire and to rural labor.
Today, tourism plays an important role in the socio–economic development of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. This has a great impact on the economy of the region, serves to create jobs, attract investment, and develop small and medium–sized businesses. Considering that one of the most important aspects of the economic contribution of tourism is the creation of new jobs, the local government focuses on the development of hotel services, restaurants, transportation services, tour guides, handicraft workshops and many other services. In addition, the development of the tourism sector helps to improve the skills and qualifications of the native residents, creates new opportunities for training and employment in the tourism sector.
Plum brandy is one of the most recognizable symbols of Republic of Serbia. Production of plum brandy is recently on the UNESCO list and can be a very significant factor in the process of promoting the destination from the aspect of tourism. Looking at the current situation, through positive examples of practice and a review of the theoretical framework, the collection of statistical data obtained on the basis of previous research, it was observed that the destination of Podgorina has numerous predispositions for branding. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the formation of “The Rakija Šljivovica Route”, where the production of plum brandies would be a significant component of the branding process of the destination. In this way, permanent migration from rural to urban areas would be slowed down, the rich cultural heritage of this region, agriculture and traditional occupations would be revived.
Ο τουρισμός για την Ελλάδα αποτελεί το κλειδί για την οικονομία, καθώς είναι ένας κλάδος αρκετά σημαντικός και ταχέως αναπτυσσόμενος. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, παρατηρείται αλλαγή στις ανάγκες των τουριστών με αποτέλεσμα να υπάρχει αποστροφή από τον μαζικό τουρισμό και οι εναλλακτικές μορφές τουρισμού να κερδίζουν συνεχώς έδαφος με μια από αυτές τον γαστρονομικό τουρισμό που αποτελεί θέμα του παρόντος πονήματος. Στα πλαίσια αυτά, αρκετοί προορισμοί προσπαθούν να αναδειχθούν μέσω της ιδιαιτερότητας τους και να γίνουν ευρέως γνωστοί. Όσον αφορά τον γαστρονομικό τουρισμό, η Ελλάδα είναι μια ευρωπαϊκή χώρα που παράγει πλήθος προϊόντων και διαθέτει τα θεμέλια για την δημιουργία ιδιαίτερων πιάτων, τα οποία αν και αρκετά διαδεδομένα δεν έχουν καταφέρει να εντάξουν την χώρα σε μια ανταγωνιστικότερη θέση.
Μελέτη περίπτωσης αποτελεί το Πήλιο, γνωστό ως το βουνό των Κενταύρων, καθώς είναι ένας προορισμός πλούσιος στη παραγωγή τοπικών προϊόντων λόγω του έφορου εδάφους. Η περιοχή μελέτης, εμφανίζει παράδοση που διατηρείται εδώ και πολλές δεκαετίες και παρόλη την φήμη της στον ελλαδικό χώρο μέχρι στιγμής δεν έχει γίνει οργανωμένη προσπάθεια προώθησης του συγκεκριμένου τομέα, ενώ διατίθεται η απαραίτητη δυναμική. Η παρούσα εργασία, στοχεύει στην ανάπτυξη, προώθηση και διαφήμιση της γαστρονομίας του Πηλίου μέσα από την δημιουργία ενός στρατηγικού προσχέδιου μάρκετινγκ που ανταποκρίνεται στις ανάγκες της περιοχής. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της προσπάθειας, συλλέχθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν στοιχεία της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης μέσω επιτόπιας έρευνας. Για την μέγιστη κατανόηση αυτών, εκπονήθηκε ανάλυση SWOT ενώ για την υλοποίηση του οράματος η πρόταση στηρίχθηκε στο μοντέλο μάρκετινγκ 8P’s, το οποίο παρουσιάστηκε εκτενώς. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη όσα αναφέρθηκαν, επιλέχθηκαν προωθητικές δράσεις όπως η δημιουργία ειδικών γεγονότων και η προώθηση τους στα Μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, η δημιουργία σλόγκαν που ταυτίζει την περιοχή με την γαστρονομία καθώς και επιπρόσθετες ενέργειες που θα αναφερθούν στην συνέχεια. Κύριος πυλώνας της έρευνας είναι η επιλογή στρατηγικής ανάπτυξης και εφαρμογής σχεδίου μάρκετινγκ που θα αναδείξει την Πηλιορείτικη κουζίνα σε εθνικό επίπεδο με απώτερο σκοπό την προσέλκυση τουριστών γαστρονομικού περιεχομένου.
This chapter focuses on sustainability challenges in the wine industry from a tourism perspective. Wine tourism is considered an important, growing segment of the tourism sector and is a well-developed practice in many international wine-producing regions, but it comes with significant cultural, social, and environmental impacts including tourism's significant contribution to climate change and damage from overtourism. Sustainable tourism has attempted to address these issues, but serious concerns persist. The COVID-19 pandemic was an opportunity to revisit tourism's purpose and consider alternative models and approaches that better respect ecological limits and better support human flourishing. New approaches to wine tourism that go beyond sustaining tourism or minimizing tourism's negative effects are expanding. These regenerative approaches highlight wine tourism's potential to generate economic, social, cultural, and environmental benefits.
Rural culinary tourism is a growing sector in European tourism and is a key resource
for rural development, in particular in Southern Europe. The boom of the sector that followed the COVID-19 pandemic, however, poses important questions concerning the actual capacity of local actors to grasp this opportunity. The paper investigates the main trends in rural tourism in Southern Europe and the specific educational needs entrepreneurs express based on extensive research conducted in seven Southern European countries (France, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey) within the Erasmus + project “The European Network for the Promotion of Culinary and Proximity Tourism in Rural Areas” in 2022. Specifically, the research was conducted through focus group discussions with professionals and stakeholders of the project carried out in the target countries involving 76 respondents. Based on the data collected, this paper indicates a way forward for the new gastronomes to understand this sector and invest their professionality in it.
Özet
Turizm, geliştiği bölgelerde ekonomik, sosyokültürel ve çevresel açıdan faydalar sağlayabileceği gibi birtakım sebeplerle maliyetleri de beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Nitekim turizmin ortaya çıkarabileceği fayda ve maliyetlerden en çok etkilenebilecek kesim olan yerli halkın turizmin etkilerine yönelik algılarının belirlenmesi de önemli bir konuyu meydana getirmektedir. Yapılan bu araştırmada Uzungöl yerli halkının turizmin etkilerine olan algıları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Uzungöl yerli halkına turizmin etkilerine yönelik anket uygulanmıştır. Eldeki verilerle yerli halkın turizmin etkilerine olan genel algısı, demografik ve kişisel özelliklerine göre algı farklılıkları ile turizme olan ekonomik, sosyokültürel ve çevresel algıları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda yerli halkın turizmin olumlu etkilerini daha yüksek oranda algıladığı anlaşılmış ve halkın turizm bağımlılığının fazla olması nedeniyle daha çok turizmin ekonomik etkilerini algıladığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte yerli halkın turizmin etkilerine yönelik algıları arasında farklılıklar ve anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ışığında bölgenin sürdürülebilir gelişimine yönelik yerli halka çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur. Abstract
Tourism can provide economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits in the regions where it develops, and it can also bring costs for a number of reasons. As a matter of fact, determining the perceptions of the local people, who can be most affected by the benefits and costs of tourism, about the effects of tourism also creates an important issue. In this study, the perceptions of the local people of Uzungöl to the effects of tourism were evaluated. In this context, a questionnaire was applied to the local people of Uzungöl about the effects of tourism. With the data at hand, the general perception of the local people on the effects of tourism, the differences in perception according to their demographic and personal characteristics, and the relations between their economic, socio-cultural and environmental perceptions on tourism were examined. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was understood that the local people perceived the positive effects of tourism at a higher rate and it was seen that the people perceived the economic effects of tourism more due to their high dependence on tourism. However, it has been determined that there are differences and significant relationships between the perceptions of the local people about the effects of tourism. In the light of the findings obtained as a result of the research, various suggestions were presented to the local people for the sustainable development of the region.
Growth trends in life-long learning, and rural tourism indicate potential for the rural educational tourism sector; however; there is very little empirical research on how this niche tourism, which may include activities such as, agricultural school excursions/exchange programmes, “farm-to-table” culinary courses, artisan craft programs, etc., might build local capacity, support sustainable rural economies, and mobilize place-based ways of learning that are required for global sustainability. This research project, which is at the conceptual/exploratory stage, aims to explore the economic, social and environmental impacts of rural educational tourism. There is no existing research that brings together rural development and place-based educational tourism in a Canadian context. Sub-questions with particular relevance to rural development policy and planning include: How was rural educational tourism integrated within a greater economic and learning development strategy? What new roles and competencies did stakeholders require and how were they developed? What changes from traditional forms of policy development were required? How were issues of sustainability, environmental impact, and conservation addressed? How did the quality and quantity of interconnections change? Since educational tourism has received very little research attention, comparative case studies with mixed methods are a suitable approach. I hope to include educational tourism activities in rural Aboriginal communities, pending consultation, and with an understanding of Aboriginal research as being research by and with Aboriginal Peoples. My approach emphasizes and values the existing strengths, assets and knowledge systems of rural communities.
The disease COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has initially disrupted the Chinese economy after the first cases were reported in December 2019 in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China. The virus continued to spread throughout the rest of the world. This spread of the virus led to the official designation of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in late February 2020, which resulted in the disruption of these economies due to the stringent lockdowns and restrictions in travel disease's evolution. The disruptive economic impact is highly uncertain, making it difficult for policymakers to craft an appropriate policy response to these macroeconomic disruptions. To better understand possible economic outcomes, this paper explores the use of the machine learning approach LSTM to assess the economic forecast in some selected countries. The empirical results from this paper demonstrate that there are temporary disruptions in macroeconomics in the short run and these economies rebound. The recovery of each selected country may be different as the forecast would imply.
Tourism is the most dynamic direction of the economy, and its role and importance in the world are increasing daily. The growth of the economic, social, and cultural importance of tourism determines the development of individual countries because tourism is a complex business direction, the development of which leads to the possibility of sustainable economic growth.Tourism has many directions, among which is rural tourism. Tourism in rural areas has a special place in developing rural regions and solving socio-economic problems because the local population no longer has to leave the village to get better working and living conditions. It should be noted that, in developed countries, tourism is used as an economic tool in rural areas to solve the problems of mountainous regions and the population living there. In addition to economic benefits, tourism development in rural areas has inestimable importance in preserving rural regions' cultural and historical identity. Tourism business development in rural areas is very important in recovering the local population. According to the recommendation issued by the United Nations, it is necessary for the population living in the city to spend 3-4 months of rest in nature. The purpose of our research is to study the economic and social problems of the rural population in the example of Adjara, Georgia, as well as to determine the role of rural tourism in solving the problems in rural areas.
SON ŞANS TURİZMİ,
AKILLI (SMART) TURİZM DESTİNASYONLARI,
TURİZMDE OTANTİKLİK OLGUSU,
TURİZM ve EDEBİYAT İLİŞKİSİ KAPSAMINDA ESKİŞEHİR ANADOLU LİSESİ KÜÇÜK PRENS KİTAP MÜZESİ,
AŞI TURİZMİ,
TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE HİZMET VERMİŞ İLK HAVA ULAŞIM ARAÇLARI: ZEPLİNLER ve HINDENBURG FELAKETİ,
HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNDE KIYASLAMA YAKLAŞIMI ve ÇALIŞAN MOTİVASYONUNA ETKİSİ,
OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL DIŞLANMANIN ÜRETKENLİK KARŞITI İŞ DAVRANIŞLARINA ETKİSİ,
TURİZMDE PERSONEL GÜÇLENDİRME ÇALIŞMALARI,
MÜŞTERİ DENEYİMİ: TURİZM İŞLETMELERİNDEN ÖRNEKLER,
KIRSAL TURİZM PAZARLAMASI,
GASTRONOMİ ve SANAT İLİŞKİSİ,
GASTRONOMİ ve KİMLİK,
TEMALI RESTORANLAR,
TURİST REHBERLERİNİN VEGANLIK ve VEGAN TURİSTLERE DAİR BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ,
COVID-19 KRİZİNİN SEYAHAT NİYETİYLE İLİŞKİSİNDE SEYAHAT BAĞLILIĞININ ARACILIK ROLÜ,
COVID-19 SÜRECİNDE TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNE KAVRAMSAL BİR BAKIŞ
Rural tourism has been a key research area over the last few decades. However, evaluating the advancement of its dimensions as a systematic and comprehensive audit was long overdue. This study performed a bibliometric analysis on 404 articles from 1980 to 2019 and revealed that rural tourism has maximum growth in the last two decades. Deductive and quantitative methods are the principally implemented theoretical and methodical approaches, respectively. The developed countries have majorly contributed from 1980 to 1999, while the last two decades the developing nations have contributed. The rural tourism research in the developed world has matured by debating critical issues such as community politics, power struggle, resource control, whereas these issues along with several new issues, such as climate change and epidemic, have ample scope in future especially in the context of Eastern World. This study offers an insight into the evolution of conceptual framework, authorship, institution-specific productivity, spatial distribution of study areas, crucial themes, and the future research directions. The present findings will work as a comprehensive reference to the potential research dimensions and add to the existing knowledge body of the tourism research in general and the rural tourism research in particular.
This paper considers the limits of self‐regulation in the pursuit of sustainable tourism. There is evidence of considerable good practice brought about by self‐regulation in many parts of Europe, and this is illustrated by the example of the Alps. However, even a consideration of the traditional division between individual and social costs indicates the limitations to self‐regulation. The main emphasis of the paper is on exploring how regulation theory can deepen our appreciation of the constraints on self‐regulation.
There is an increasing realization among biophysical scientists that human behavior drastically impacts the degree to which sound agroecosystems are implemented. Written by an international team of experts assembled by a leading rural sociologist, Interactions Between Agroecosystems and Rural Communities shows how human behavior impacts agroecosystems both positively and negatively and provides an understanding of alternative ways of working with human communities to increase agroecosystem sustainability. Through a general overview and a series of case studies, this text demonstrates how changes in the economy influence what local people can do to sustain agroecosystems. It also addresses specific community-based actions located in both temperate and tropical zones in Europe, North America, Asia, Central America, and Latin America that have resulted in more sustainable agroecosystems. With 30 diagrams and illustrations, this volume enables the reader to understand fully the impact of exogenous forces on agroecosystems.
Culture becoming a fundamental characteristic of the information society and art together with economics is the true linking element of social globalization. Tourism has on the other side anthropological foundation and makes a point of communications between different social groups. Culture tourism is thus not simply an issue that confronts tourist with classical tourist attraction (cultural heritage and quality events) but spreads knowledge contrasting different ways of life between host and guest and the interchange ideas about new global experiences. The symbolic nature and rhetorical uses of postmodern tourism (tourist society) have been regularly examining the power in tourism to remake peoples, places and pasts. The author has demonstrated that tourism society is the archetype of modern society and tourists are the prototype of post-modern man. The author has drawn attention to the project of IMAGO SLOVENIAE as a framework of new approach of post-modern cultural tourism. Its basic role in Slovenian cultural space is to encourage complete spatial and business renovations of old cities, to link high quality cultural events with our cultural heritage, and simultaneously to integrate Slovene culture in the common European house.
Traditional heartland dominance of the U.S. economy, described by Myrdal's 'process of circular and cumulative causation', has been reversed within the past decade. Sparked by shifts in job location, and structured by housing market dynamics, dominant migration streams are from core to periphery, from large cities to small, from higher to lower density areas, and from metropolitan to non-metropolitan regions. These reversals are restructuring the nation's settlement patterns. This paper examines the role of U.S. housing policy in promoting new low-density residential construction far in excess of household growth, thereby accelerating neighbourhood filtering and the abandonment of housing constructed in earlier decades, and facilitating locational adjustments to the growth reversals. Within this context, the forces promoting revitalization of certain inner neighbourhoods in certain metropolitan regions are evaluated: local 'tightness' of housing supply; life-style shifts in the 'baby boom' generation; and a particular coincidence of neighbourhood externalities such as high-quality older housing, public-good amenities, and abundant facilities and services. It is concluded that each of these forces is subject to limits that will severely constrain the extent of inner city revitalization, however, unless other more potent contributing causes appear.
There has been much discussion concerning the likelihood of middle- and upper-income groups choosing to locate near the centers of United States cities. One may find case studies documenting the rejuvenation of central city neighborhoods with a discussion of the factors that tended to bring this rejuvenation about. However, there has been little attempt to integrate this rejuvenation with traditional urban theory. In addition, there has been almost no research that looks at more than a few cities and uses comparable measures that tries to formulate and evaluate a theory of central city residential revival. This article is a step in that direction. It summarizes the author's research in center city revival. Twenty of the largest United States cities were studied to see if there was any positive change in the number of census tracts with middle- and upper-income families living within two miles of the CBD during the 1960s. It was found that a number of the cities did show an increase in the number of such tracts. An analysis of the causal factors follows. Upon completion of this analysis, it was concluded that the centers of the nation's largest cities are not destined for decay but in fact hold potential as the sites of middle- and upper-income neighborhoods.
The Rural White Paper, published in 1995, is the first comprehensive statement for the UK on specifically rural policy for 50 yr and long overdue. Its importance stems from the need to reassess government policy in the light of rapidly changing priorities in the English countryside. No longer is the 'rural' primarily the domain of food production; instead many commentators are pointing to the multiplicity of alternative definitions of the 'rural' and uses of the countryside. The Rural White Paper recognises that these may be in conflict and marks the beginning of a debate on how these could be reconciled. Attention must now turn to the post White Paper debate where the opportunity presented to adapt rural policy to the changing nature of the countryside must not be missed. Given significant and increasing public support for countryside protection, a greater commitment to a 'strong' version of sustainable development and its practical applications may be the most appropriate response to the increasing pressures on and conflicts within the rural environment.
Perceived increases in the proportion of human capital in the production mix are matched by calls for the development of methods of accounting for human capital. The term “capital” is used in a range of academic and professional fields. Cultural capital is a term from sociology, closely related in meaning to human capital and human resources, but providing a unique perspective of its own. This paper suggests that, by reaching outside the traditional economic rationality of the discourse on human resources or human capital, cultural capital provides insights for accounting. In particular, it suggests that a form of human resource accounting based on cultural capital is needed to reflect the plural authority and accountability structures of organizations.
This paper addresses concerns that stem from the shift toward third way politics by governments in the name of fostering community development and social capital. In this context, voluntarism is something of a double‐edged sword for recreation and leisure studies. The volunteer plays a critical role in community recreation, but may also serve to sanction government abdication of responsibility for equitable and sustainable developments in aspects of community life, including recreation. It is suggested that both citizen and government action is necessary to encourage equality and flourishing of the community as a whole in recreation and leisure.
Cette étude de cas sur des travailleurs licenciés dans un comté rural de l'Ontario s'inscrit dans le cadre de la controverse au sujet des effete, sur les travailleurs et la société, de la libéralisation du commerce et de la restructuration économique. En nous fondant sur l'expérience des travailleurs licenciés, la durée du chômage, la comparaison entre les anciens et les nouveaux emplois ainsi que sur la baisse des revenus, nous fournissons des données empiriques sur le genre de transformation qui s'opère dans une communauté rurale. Nous affirmons que, pour ce type de communauté du moins, les effets à long terme de la restructuration sont négatifs pour les travailleurs et la communautéà laquelle ils appartiennent, et, en particulier, pour les femmes et les travailleurs plus âgés.
A case study of laid-off workers in a rural Ontario county is placed within the polarized debate over the implications for workers and for society more broadly of trade liberalization and economic restructuring. Examining experiences of layoff, including length of time unemployed, comparisons between old and new jobs, and the degree of income loss, we present empirical data on the transformation taking place in a rural community context. We argue that, for such communities at least, the long-term effects of restructuring are negative for workers and their communities overall, and are particularly disadvantageous for women and older workers.
IntroductionResearching the Praxis of Place PromotionContesting Place PromotionApplying Critical ApproachesConcluding Thoughts
This chapter summarizes important aspects of tourism public policy research. It focuses on research approaches and methodologies, and considers the limitations of policy analysis. Debates and discussions concerning shifts in focus, for example from government to governance, are described. Future directions for research in areas such as metagovernance, digital citizenship (“citizen 2.0”), and e-governance are presented. We conclude that research in tourism public policy remains fragmented, and there appears to remain a reluctance by most scholars in this field to engage in deeper discussions of public policy and political studies in ways that make contributions to those disciplinary areas outside the field of tourism studies.