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Monophyly of the Grammatidae and of the Notograptidae, with Evidence for their Phylogenetic Positions Among Perciforms
Abstract
Monophyly of a redefined Grammatidae consisting only of Gramma Poey and Lipogramma Böhlke is supported by synapomorphic modification of the cheek musculature: adductor mandibulae with a separate A1β portion lying lateral to the levator arcus palatini. The position of the Grammatidae in the Perciformes remains uncertain. Contrary to recent studies, its traditional placement with the percoid “disjunct lateral-line serranoids” (Opistognathidae, Plesiopidae and Pseudochromidae) is not corroborated by present evidence. Monophyly of the Notograptidae, containing only Notograptus Günther, is supported by numerous autapomorphies, including: anterior expansion of the median ethmoid; a large section of the adductor mandibulae that originates broadly on the skull, preopercle, and suspensorium; and a highly reduced gill-arch skeleton. Of several competing hypotheses, current evidence favors a relationship of notograptids to acanthoclinine plesiopids.
... Johnson's (1984) Grammatidae comprised, by default, the remaining genera, Gramma and Lipogramma. Gill and Mooi (1993) present evidence for monophyly of Johnson's Callanthiidae and Grammatidae. Springer et al. (1977) demonstrated that the Anisochromidae, Pseudoplesiopidae and Pseudochromidae (separate families in G. et al.) form a monophyletic group and synonymized them under the family name Pseudochromidae. ...
... Mooi (1993) demonstrates that the Plesiopidae are paraphyletic without inclusion of the Acanthoclinidae and accordingly synonymizes the two (Plesiopidae). Gill and Mooi (1993) present evidence to support the suggestion of Smith-Vaniz and Johnson (1990) that notograptids are related to acanthoclinine plesiopids, but elect not to alter the classification to reflect this hypothesis, pending additional corroborative evidence. G. et al. recognized the family Gregoryinidae, but noted that it may be based on a juvenile cheilodactylid. ...
... G. et al. treated them as separate families; however, Springer et al. (1977) identified additional specializations shared by the two families and synonymized them under the Cepolidae. Gill and Mooi (1993) agree with Springer et al. (1977) and identify a unique specialization in the gill arches of cepolids. Monophyly for several percoid families, as classified by G. et al., has been demonstrated. ...
... If there are 2 divisions , one inserting on the dentary and the other into the Meckelian fossa of the dentary, these 2 sections identified by the combination of relative position and inserting site may be A2 and A3, or A2α and A2β, or A2β and A3, respectively (e.g., figs. l and 8 in Gill and Mooi 1993). Diogo and Chardon (2000) also discussed misinterpretations of divisions in the ostariophysins followed by most authors. ...
... The adductor mandibulae is innervated by the ramus mandibularis V (RMV), a motor branch of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) (Kent 1983). Gill and Mooi (1993) used the RMV to demonstrate that sections A1β of the Grammatidae and Opistognathidae are not homologous. It is contentious as to whether the path of the RMV is a reliable indicator of subdivisions of the adductor mandibulae. ...
... In theIntroduction , we pointed out the ambiguities of the past definitions that cause complications in practice. For example, Gill and Mooi (1993) described the large muscle in Notograptus, which occupies the entire lateral surface of the cheek asperhaps of A1+2, because inserts anteriorly onto the maxilla via tendon and anteroventrally onto the coronoid process of dentary , and described the medial sectionlying medial to the ramus mandibularis V is interpreted as A3 . Furthermore, they described the ventromedial section lying medial to the ramus mandibularis V (RMV) as A2 in Gramma, Lipogramma, and Lonchopisthus. ...
Kao-yi Wu and Shih-chieh Shen (2004) Review of the teleostean adductor mandibulae and its significance to the systematic positions of the Polymixiiformes, Lampridiformes, and Triacanthoidei. Zoological Studies 43(4): 712-736. Divisions of the adductor mandibulae among a wide spectrum of teleostei were surveyed. Feeding habits do not generally dominate the number or nature of divisions of the adductor mandibulae. This muscle is innervated by the ramus mandibularis V, which is a reliable character for identifying divisions, which were rede- fined on this basis. Section A2β of the adductor mandibulae inserts into the Meckelian fossa, and connects with section Aw. The ramus mandibularis V always lies lateral to section A2β, and enters the Meckelian fossa together with it. Sections named A1β vary among teleosteans and are not always homologous. In the Clupeomorpha, Cyprinidae, Mugilomorpha, Atherinomorpha, and Percomorpha, the adductor mandibulae shows consistent and stable subdivisions. Divisions of the adductor mandibulae also support the Mugilomorpha and Atherinomorpha being sister groups. An A1+A2α division is found in the Percomorpha, Lampridiformes, and Polymixiiformes. Another particular configuration of A1 and A2α is found in the Triacanthoidei and Percoidei. The synapomorphic characters in the past literature for supporting Acanthomorpha and Percomorpha were revised, and these show large amounts of homoplasy. http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/43.4/712.pdf
... Number of pelvic-fin rays: I,5 (state 0); I,4 (state 1); I,2 (state 2). Notograptus has I,2 pelvic-fin rays (Gill & Mooi, 1993: 339, figs 11, 12 ...
... This was originally interpreted as an ordered transformation series, which seems a reasonable interpretation so is maintained here. Notograptus has an unbranched first pelvic-fin ray (Gill & Mooi, 1993: 339), which is shared with Steeneichthys, but is considered an independent derivation. ...
... , node A) used to define plesiopids, Notograptus shares three: a reduced number of pelvic-fin rays (3), modification or loss of the extensor proprius (4) and a bony pterygiophore ring articulating with dorsal-fin spine bases (5). Although several nonplesiopids also share these conditions (see Mooi, 1993 and Gill & Mooi, 1993 ...
The Notograptidae contains one genus, Notograptus Günther, and five nominal species from northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Morphological evidence places Notograptus among acanthoclinine plesiopids (continuous free margin of lower lip; head naked; dorsal and anal fins with many spines and few segmented rays; no extensor proprius; reduced number of caudal-fin rays) and supports a sister relationship with Acanthoplesiops (symphyseal flap on lower lip; reduced hypural 5; reduced hypurapophysis). This hypothesis resolves the relationships within Acanthoplesiops, clarifying the polarity of autogenous middle radials of dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores. The proposed relationships among acanthoclinines are: Acanthoclinus (Belonepterygion (Beliops (Notograptus (Acanthoplesiops hiatti (A. indicus (A. psilogaster (A. echinatus))))))). The distribution of Notograptus compliments that of its proposed sister clade in that Acanthoplesiops is unknown from northern Australia or southern New Guinea. There are repeated geographical patterns among several groups suggesting that Australia is a basal area to a broader Indo-Pacific region. Similarity between the Congrogadinae (Pseudochromidae) and Notograptus has long been noted, both having a loosely connected suspensorium and elongate body which were mistakenly considered indicators of relationship; we add reduced branchial arches, straight, tube-like gut and highly expandable anus. We examine these similarities as an indication of a shared specialized feeding habit. Notograptus is an alpheid shrimp predator, able to swallow its large prey whole. Most species of congrogadines eat whole, large crustaceans. This is probably an example of convergent adaptation to a particular selective regime. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 141, 179–205.
... This hypothesis is hereafter termed hypothesis A. An alternative hypothesis (hereafter termed hypothesis B) is argued here: that the first dorsal fin pterygiophore and its rays have been lost in congrogadines; that the first and second congrogadine pterygiophores are the homologs of the second and third pterygiophores of other pseudochromids; and that the one or two dorsal fin spines are transformed segmented rays (Fig. 7 ) . The displacement of the spines posteriorly to articulate (at least in the case of the first spine) with the next, nonserial pterygiophore is a typical feature of spinous dorsal and anal fins (e.g., in notograptids, where the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines are also transformed segmented rays; Gill and Mooi, 1993). I favor hypothesis B over hypothesis A because it accounts for the two pterygiophores in the space between neural spine 3 and 4 in grogadines and is consistent with the mode of association of the second dorsal fin spine with the second pterygiophore, the shape of anterior neural spines, and the configuration of anterior ribs and intermuscular bones. ...
... The posterior position of the first dorsal fin spine over the middle of the second pterygiophore in congrogadines might indicate that the anterodistal tip of the second pterygiophore is the fused distal radial of the first pterygiophore. Fusion of proximal/middle distal radials with the preceding distal radial is inferred in various other perciforms, including notograptids, plesiopids , labrids, blennioids and some serranids (Gill and Mooi, 1993; Mooi, 1993). Fusion has been confirmed for at least some of these taxa from studies of ontogenetic series (e.g., Mooi, 1993 ), but, unfortunately, ontogenetic information is currently lacking for congrogadines. ...
... The posterior position of the first dorsal fin spine over the middle of the second pterygiophore in congrogadines might indicate that the anterodistal tip of the second pterygiophore is the fused distal radial of the first pterygiophore. Fusion of proximal/middle distal radials with the preceding distal radial is inferred in various other perciforms, including notograptids, plesiopids , labrids, blennioids and some serranids (Gill and Mooi, 1993; Mooi, 1993). Fusion has been confirmed for at least some of these taxa from studies of ontogenetic series (e.g., Mooi, 1993 ), but, unfortunately, ontogenetic information is currently lacking for congrogadines. ...
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... Lipogramma is currently classified along with Gramma in the family Grammatidae based on a single synapomorphy in the arrangement of cheek musculature (Gill and Mooi 1993). Molecular data have failed to corroborate the monophyly of the Grammatidae (Betancur-R et al. 2013, Mirande 2016; rather, those data suggest that Lipogramma and Robertson, R. G. Gilmore, and Mooi and Gill (2002: fig. ...
... Potential close relatives of Lipogramma based on molecular data include blennioids, cichlids, plesiopids, pseudochromids, and Pholidichthys. Some of these groups have been previously linked to either Lipogramma, Gramma, or both, based on shared morphological characters, but the homologies of many of these characters have been questioned (Gill and Mooi 1993). At present, the phylogenetic position of Lipogramma is unresolved. ...
The banded basslet, Lipogramma evides Robins & Colin, 1979, is shown to comprise two species: L. evides, which inhabits depths of 133-302 m, and a new species described here as Lipogramma levinsoni, which inhabits depths of 108-154 m and previously was considered to represent the juvenile of L. evides. A second new species of banded basslet, described here as Lipogramma haberi, inhabits depths of 152-233 m and was previously not reported in the literature. Morphologically, the three species differ in color patterns and modal numbers of gill rakers, whereas various other morphological features distinguish L. levinsonsi from L. evides and L. haberi. DNA barcode data and multilocus, coalescent-based, species-delimitation analysis support the recognition of the three species. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data supports a sister-group relationship between the two deepest-living of the three species, L. evides and L. haberi, and suggests that the shallower L. levinsoni is more closely related to L. anabantoides Böhlke 1960, which inhabits depths < 120 m. Evolutionary relationships within Lipogramma thus appear to be correlated with species depth ranges, an eco-evolutionary pattern that has been observed in other Caribbean marine teleosts and that warrants further investigation. The new species represent the eleventh and twelfth new fish species described in recent years from exploratory submersible diving in the Caribbean in the globally poorly studied depth zone of 50-300 m. This study suggests that there are at least two additional cryptic species of Lipogramma, which are being analyzed in ongoing investigations of Caribbean deep-reef ecosystems.
... Within percomorphs, pietschellids exhibit a unique combination of features that strongly support their separate status (Bannikov and Carnevale, 2011). However, some of the salient features characteristic of these fishes are reductive or occur homoplasiously in several unrelated percomorphs groups; some of the reductive features are probably associated with the benthic lifestyle of pietschellids (highly consolidated caudal skeleton; caudal fin rounded; substantial one-to-one relationship between pterygiophores and vertebrae) or to the relative body elongation, being the product of convergent evolution (e.g., Gosline, 1963;Gill and Mooi, 1993). Consequently, it is not possible for the moment to provide any unambiguous hypothesis of a sister group relationship with the known percomorphs and, for this reason, the Pietschellidae should be placed as incertae sedis within the highly diverse percomorph clade. ...
... This is particularly true in the tropical shallow-water benthic biotopes that offer a complex mosaic of habitat at a fine spatial scale. Overall, smallsized fish species tend to occupy restricted and sheltered habitats and microhabitats not available to the larger taxa (e.g., holes and crevices in reefs, branches of corals, surface of sponges, symbiotic relationships with anemones and echinoderms, and so on; see e.g., Tyler and Böhlke, 1972;Greenfield and Johnson, 1990;Fautin and Allen, 1992;Clarke, 1994;Patton, 1994;Randall et al., 1997). The skeletal configuration of Pietschellus led us (Bannikov and Carnevale, 2011) to hypothesize that it was characterized by a benthic lifestyle. ...
... comm.), and are occasionally present as cartilage in some species of eleotridids. Distal radials are absent (i.e., do not form or are resorbed during development) in the spine-bearing portion of the dorsal fin in a number of other perciform taxa including some scorpaenoids, Opistognathidae, some Grammatidae, and callionymoids (flee distal radials are "absent" in other groups, e.g., blennioids, labrids, plesiopids, but this is due to incorporation of the distal element into the succeeding pterygiophore and not a failure to develop or persist in the adult as in other taxa noted here) (Mooi, 1993;Gill and Mooi, 1993;Nakabo, 1983). Furthermore, the morphology of champsodontid pterygiophores is unusual in that the distal tips are inserted into sockets of the subsequent element, a condition not found in gobioids, although such a morphology could be interpreted as an autapomorphy of Champsodon. ...
... While these differences do not exclude a champsodontid/blennioid relationship, there are several groups that exhibit a pattern of caudal morphology more similar to that of champsodontids (e.g., callionymoids, some creediids). It is clear that caudal element fusion/reduction has occurred independently in several groups (Gill and Mooi, 1993), and can not be considered conclusive evidence of relationship. Chmnpsodontid anal fins, as in blennioids, are derived in having fewer than three pungent spines (replaced by 2 unbranched segmented rays in champsodontids), but remaining segmented elements, unlike in blennioids, are primitive in being branched. ...
An examination of the osteology and myology of the Champsodontidae reveals a number of, apomorphic features (e.g., double-headed
palatine, large pelvic radial, expaxial muscle inserting on the medial pelvic-fin ray, posterior levator internus inserting
on the third epibranchial). The evidence for a Champsodontidae/Chiasmodontidae relationship is examined through a re-evaluation
of the basal characters used to define the suborder Trachinoidei. The Champsodontidae are removed from the Trachinoidei and
a chiasmodontid sister relationship is rejected. After investigation of several possible alternative relationships (Paracanthopterygii,
Gobioidei, Callionymoidei, Kurtoidei, Apogonidae, Blennioidei, Trichodontidae), champsodontids are hypothesized to be members
of the perciform suborder Scorpaenoidei. This hypothesis is based largely on the synapomorphy of a parietal spine with an
opening for passage of the supratemporal sensory canal, a unique condition of champsodonitds and some scorpaenoids. A shared
Type 1 expaxial muscle morphology, with separate fibre insertions on the distal tips of the spine-bearing dorsal-fin pterygiophores,
is unusual and probably derived among perciforms. Champsodontids also share with some scorpaenoids Type 5 spinoid scales and
the origin of Baudelot's ligament from the first vertebra rather than the basi-occipital, although neither of these features
is unique to these taxa. The occurrence of an enclosed sensory canal on the parietals of Trichodontidae suggest that their
relationships might also lie with the Scorpaenoidei. Arguments pertaining to the removal of champsodontids from the trachinoids
apply equally to the hypothesized membership of the Cheimarrichthyidae, Pinguipedidae, Percophididae, Trichonotidae, Creediidae,
Chiasmodontidae, and notothenioids in the Trachinoidei. Inclusion of these taxa within the Trachinoidei is not well-supported,
and their relationships require further investigation.
... Such eggs are found in pseudochromids (Mooi, 1993) and in plesiopids sensu lato (i.e. including acanthoclinids Mooi, 1993 and notograptids Gill and Mooi, 1993). Gill and Mooi (1993) also record such demersal eggs with filaments in blennioids (here clade Q) and gobioids (here in clade W), as did Breder and Rosen (1966). ...
... ilaments arranged around the micropyle of the demersal egg in grammatids, opisthognathids , pomacentrids, plesiopids and apogonids (the latter is not in Q here but in clade W, see page 21). Such eggs are found in pseudochromids (Mooi, 1993) and in plesiopids sensu lato (i.e. including acanthoclinids Mooi, 1993 and notograptids Gill and Mooi, 1993). Gill and Mooi (1993) also record such demersal eggs with filaments in blennioids (here clade Q) and gobioids (here in clade W), as did Breder and Rosen (1966). Parenti (1993) records these eggs as a synapomorphy of the Atherinomorpha (viviparity in that group being a derived condition). Additionally Smith and Wheeler (2004) mention these eggs in the Cichlid ...
We show that RNF213 is a nuclear gene suitable for investigating large scale acanthomorph teleosteans interrelationships. The gene recovers many clades already found by several independent studies of acanthomorph molecular phylogenetics and considered as reliable. Moreover, we performed phylogenetic analyses of three other independent nuclear markers, first separately and then of all possible combinations (Dettaï, A., Lecointre, G., 2004. In search of nothothenioid (Teleostei) relatives. Antarct. Sci. 16 (1), 71-85. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004) of the four genes. This was coupled with an assessment of the reliability of clades using the repetition index of Li and Lecointre (Li, B., Lecointre, G., 2008. Formalizing reliability in the taxonomic congruence approach. Article accepted by Zoologica Scripta. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00361.x). This index was improved here to handle the incomplete taxonomic overlap among datasets. The results lead to the identification of new reliable clades within the 'acanthomorph bush'. Within a clade containing the Atherinomorpha, the Mugiloidei, the Plesiopidae, the Blennioidei, the Gobiesocoidei, the Cichlidae and the Pomacentridae, the Plesiopidae is the sister-group of the Mugiloidei. The Apogonidae are closely related to the Gobioidei. A clade named 'H' grouping a number of families close to stromateids and scombrids (Stromateidae, Scombridae, Trichiuridae, Chiasmodontidae, Nomeidae, Bramidae, Centrolophidae) is related to another clade named 'E' (Aulostomidae, Macrorhamphosidae, Dactylopteridae). The Sciaenidae is closely related to the Haemulidae. Within clade 'X' (Dettaï, A., Lecointre, G., 2004. In search of nothothenioid (Teleostei) relatives. Antarct. Sci. 16 (1), 71-85. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004), the Cottoidei, the Zoarcoidei, the Gasterosteidae, the Triglidae, the Scorpaenidae, the Sebastidae, the Synanceiidae, and the Congiopodidae form a clade. Within clade 'L' (Chen, W.-J., Bonillo, C., Lecointre, G., 2003. Repeatability of clades as a criterion of reliability: a case study for molecular phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei) with larger number of taxa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26, 262-288; Dettaï, A., Lecointre, G., 2004. In search of nothothenioid (Teleostei) relatives. Antarct. Sci. 16 (1), 71-85. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004) grouping carangoids with flatfishes and other families (Centropomidae, Menidae, Sphyraenidae, Polynemidae, Echeneidae, Toxotidae, Xiphiidae), carangids are the stem-group of echeneids and coryphaenids, and sphyraenids are the sister-group to the Carangoidei. The Howellidae, the Epigonidae and the Lateolabracidae are closely related. We propose names for most of the clades repeatedly found in acanthomorph phylogenetic studies of various teams of the past decade.
... In his phylogeny of the Plesiopidae, Mooi (1993) found no evidence to support the phylogenetic hypothesis of Mok et al. (1990). Gill and Mooi (1993) discussed why the adductor mandibulae arrangement is nonhomologous in the two families. In opistognathids the A1 β section of the adductor mandibulae originates medial rather than lateral (Fig. 3) to the levator arcus palatini (Lap) in contrast to the Grammatidae where the position of these two muscles is reversed. ...
Sixty species of jawfishes (Opistognathus) from the Indo-West Pacific are reported in an updated review, including descriptions of 18 new species: Opistognathus albomaculatus n.sp., O. asper n.sp., O. aurolineatus n.sp., O. bathyphilus n.sp., O. biporus n.sp., O. challenger n.sp., O. erdmanni n.sp., O. flavidus n.sp., O. helvolus n.sp., O. hyalinus n.sp., O. megalops n.sp., O. microspilus n.sp., O. nigripinnis n.sp., O. parvus n.sp., O. pholeter n.sp., O. triops n.sp., O. vigilax n.sp., and O. wassi n.sp.. Species accounts are provided for each species, including illustrations or color photographs, complete synonymies, specimens examined (or appropriate citation if previously published in detail), diagnosis, comparisons, etymology, and distribution maps. Geographic range extensions are reported for a number of species. An identification key is given for all species and frequency tables of important characters are also provided. The taxonomic status of Opistognathus inornatus and O. rosenbergii annulatus are discussed in detail but not completely resolved pending unavailable molecular data. Geographic variation is also described for Opistognathus adelus, O. albomaculatus n.sp., O. castelnaui, O. margaretae, O. variabilis, and O. vigilax n.sp. Many species are known only from holotypes and others from single localities, indicating how much more remains to be known about these jawfishes.
... Godkin and Winterbottom (1985) showed that congrogadines are pseudochromids, and discounted a possible congrogadine-Notograptus relationship. It is possible that Notograptus belongs with the plesiopids, but a more detailed study of Notograptus is necessary before its affinities can be resolved (Gill and Mooi, 1993). Mok et al. (1990) implied homology between the spinous pterygiophore condition in grammistins, plesiopids, acanthoclinids (sensu Hardy, 1985), and opistognathids based on a misinterpretation of the morphology. ...
... He further noted that suggestion that the presence of spherical egg masses in pseudochromids and other families indicated that these families were mouth brooders primitively could not be evaluated without further information on the phylogenetic relationships of these families and the distribution of mouth-brooding behaviour. In an analysis of plesiopid relationships, Mooi (1993) noted that mouth brooding was a specialized behaviour within that family, but that spherical egg masses were primitive. ...
... Comparisons among wet and dry skeletons (e.g., Olney et al., 1993;Holcroft and Wiley, 2015), and surveys of characters through different visualization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy and histology (e.g., Webb, 1989a;Ghedotti et al., 2018), x-ray computed tomography (e.g., Schaefer, 2003;Webb et al., 2006;Schwarzhans et al., 2018), and magnetic resonance imaging (e.g., Chakrabarty et al., 2011;Graham et al., 2014), have helped identify a wealth of anatomical features that have facilitated our interpretation of fish evolution (e.g., Potthoff et al., 1986;Springer and Johnson, 2004;Hilton et al., 2015). These techniques have helped us discover, differentiate, and assess the homology and phylogenetic significance of particular anatomical features (e.g., Johnson, 1975;Gemballa and Britz, 1998), were critical for identifying characters that suggested novel placements of taxa within the broader phylogeny of fishes (e.g., Rosen and Parenti, 1981;Johnson and Patterson, 1993;Stiassny, 1993), allowed researchers to assess the intrarelationships of lineages of fishes hypothesized to be closely related (e.g., Parenti, 1981;Baldwin and Johnson, 1996;Harold and Weitzman, 1996), or aided the search for the sister group of well-established clades (e.g., Gill and Mooi, 1993;Johnson and Brothers, 1993). Despite this breadth of studies, relatively few explicit anatomical studies have focused on the broader evolutionary relationships of fishes (exceptions include: Johnson and Patterson, 1993;Patterson and Johnson, 1995;Springer and Orrell, 2004), at least compared to the large number of broad-scale DNA-based studies (e.g., Chen et al., 2003;Miya et al., 2003;Smith and Wheeler, 2006;Near et al., 2012;Betancur-R. ...
Predators can affect the development, fitness, and behavior of prey species in myriad ways. In response to the threat of predation, tadpoles can alter growth rate, morphology, and foraging behavior. Changes to tadpole development have the potential to alter life history characteristics and are therefore of interest in species of conservation concern. Using experimental mesocosms, we explored how non-lethal predators affected the larval development of the Pine Barrens Treefrog, Hyla andersonii, a near-threatened species in the United States. We found that caged dragonflies (Anax junius) induced darker tail coloration and deeper tail fins in tadpoles of H. andersonii, but the dragonflies did not affect tadpole behavior, survival, or size at metamorphosis. Non-lethal predator presence also induced greater within population variation in the tail color trait compared to populations without predators. This result suggests that there may be underlying genetic variation in the ability to express phenotypically plastic traits, a concept that should be explored further because it has implications for the evolution of inducible defenses. These findings support the existence of an adaptive syndrome among hylid tadpoles, where tadpoles develop conspicuous tail morphology in response to larval dragonfly predators.
... Comparisons among wet and dry skeletons (e.g., Olney et al., 1993;Holcroft and Wiley, 2015), and surveys of characters through different visualization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy and histology (e.g., Webb, 1989a;Ghedotti et al., 2018), x-ray computed tomography (e.g., Schaefer, 2003;Webb et al., 2006;Schwarzhans et al., 2018), and magnetic resonance imaging (e.g., Chakrabarty et al., 2011;Graham et al., 2014), have helped identify a wealth of anatomical features that have facilitated our interpretation of fish evolution (e.g., Potthoff et al., 1986;Springer and Johnson, 2004;Hilton et al., 2015). These techniques have helped us discover, differentiate, and assess the homology and phylogenetic significance of particular anatomical features (e.g., Johnson, 1975;Gemballa and Britz, 1998), were critical for identifying characters that suggested novel placements of taxa within the broader phylogeny of fishes (e.g., Rosen and Parenti, 1981;Johnson and Patterson, 1993;Stiassny, 1993), allowed researchers to assess the intrarelationships of lineages of fishes hypothesized to be closely related (e.g., Parenti, 1981;Baldwin and Johnson, 1996;Harold and Weitzman, 1996), or aided the search for the sister group of well-established clades (e.g., Gill and Mooi, 1993;Johnson and Brothers, 1993). Despite this breadth of studies, relatively few explicit anatomical studies have focused on the broader evolutionary relationships of fishes (exceptions include: Johnson and Patterson, 1993;Patterson and Johnson, 1995;Springer and Orrell, 2004), at least compared to the large number of broad-scale DNA-based studies (e.g., Chen et al., 2003;Miya et al., 2003;Smith and Wheeler, 2006;Near et al., 2012;Betancur-R. ...
Surveys and analyses of anatomical characters have allowed researchers to describe a wealth of anatomical features and contribute to our evolutionary understanding of fishes for centuries. However, most of these studies have focused on specific lineages or families rather than the broader evolutionary relationships. As such, there has been a lack of progress inferring higher-level relationships among percomorphs. With the use of large-scale DNA-based methods in multiple studies over the past two decades, the backbone of the phylogeny of fishes is becoming increasingly understood. Taking this DNA-based phylogenetic backbone into account, we have the opportunity to integrate discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data to test earlier topologies and provide new and improved hypotheses of relationships. The carangiform fishes, which include approximately 1,100 species in 29–34 families, were initially recovered as a clade in DNA-based studies. Subsequent to its initial recovery, many molecular phylogenies have been published assessing carangiform relationships, but these studies present a conflicting array of hypotheses on the intrarelationships of this clade. In addition to this diversity of hypotheses, no studies have explicitly diagnosed the clade or its major subgroups from a morphological perspective or conducted a simultaneous analysis to put forth synapomorphies for relationships across the Carangiformes using a combination of molecular and morphological data. In this study, we performed combined analyses of new and previously identified discrete morphological characters and new and previously published genome-scale data to characterize the evolutionary history and anatomical variation within this clade of fishes. Our novel morphological dataset included 201 hard and soft tissue characters, and it was combined with a novel dataset of 463 ultraconserved element loci. Our combined analysis of these data resulted in a monophyletic Carangiformes, with a series of subclades nested within. We put forth a series of subordinal names based on the recovered branching pattern, morphological character evidence, and relative stability in large-scale studies. These suborders are the Centropomoidei, which includes Centropomidae, Lactariidae, Latidae, and Sphyraenidae; Polynemoidei, which includes Polynemidae and the infraorder Pleuronectoideo; Toxotoidei, which includes Leptobramidae and Toxotidae; Nematistioidei, which includes Nematistiidae; and Menoidei, which includes Menidae and Xiphioidea. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss morphological characters that support the relationships between two or more lineages of carangiform fishes. Finally, we highlight patterns of morphological convergence among some carangiform fishes and their previously hypothesized sister lineages.
... The description of the new species from Roatan brings the total number of species in Lipogramma to 13, all of which occur in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. Lipogramma and Gramma are currently classified in the family Grammatidae based on a single synapomorphy in the arrangement of cheek musculature (Gill and Mooi 1993). This relationship is not supported by molecular data, although the relationships between genera in the diverse Ovalentaria have proven to be difficult to resolve with traditional molecular markers, a combination of molecular markers and morphological characters, and phylogenomic data (Betancur-R et al. 2013;Mirande 2016;Eytan et al. 2015). ...
A new species of Lipogramma is described from submersible collections at 122–165 m depth off the coast of Roatan, Honduras, in the western Caribbean. The new species is distinguished from all other species in the genus by its bright blue coloration on the head, nape, and dorsal portion of the trunk beneath the spinous dorsal fin, a prominent round black blotch below the origin of the spinous dorsal fin, and a high number of gill rakers. A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes shows that the new species belongs to a clade containing L.levinsoni , L.regia , and L.anabantoides . At Roatan, submersible observations of this and other Lipogramma species indicate clear, interspecific habitat partitioning by depth and substrate.
... One spine and five soft rays are present. For other families of this order, see Greenwood (1976), Potthoff (1980), Matsuoka (1985, Pietsch (1989), Sasaki (1989), 123 Stiassny (1990b), Gill and Mooi (1993), Hoese and Gill (1993), Mooi (1993), Springer (1993), Winterbottom (1993), Westneat (1993), Bellwood (1994), Gomon (1997) and Doyle (1998). ...
The osteology of the pelvic girdle skeleton in representatives of several families of eurypterygian fishes was studied. The pelvic girdle is made up of a pair of ventral plates (basipterygia). Each plate consists of a central part, a median process, a membranous anterior process, an endochondral posterior process, wings, radials, and pelvic spines and rays. Splints are present in some primitive taxa. The central part is an ossification of the original pelvic cartilage that usually anteriorly retains a cartilage tip and posteriorly forms an articulation surface for the fin radials and rays. The membranous wings constitute an internal, an external dorsal, an external ventral, and a ventral wing. Not all the processes and wings are present in all eurypterygian fishes. It is the elaboration and orientation of wings that leads to its complexity in higher fishes. Primitively, in euteleosts, there are a number of autogenous radials. The medialmost radial is the largest and associated or fused to the base of the innermost ray and other radials are autogenous.
... Most Perciformes have a short neural spine on preural 2, an autogenous parhypural, autogenous haemal spines on preurals 2 and 3, an autogenous hypural 5 or separate from other hypurals, and caudal cartilage. In many Perciformes hypurals 1-4 are autogenous, but also in many are fused, either together, to the urostyle or both (Greenwood 1976;Mok 1983;Sasaki 1989;Fujita 1990;Hoese & Gill 1993;Gill & Mooi 1993;Westneat 1993;Gomon 1997;Doyle 1998). Percidae (Fig. 31). ...
The osteology of the caudal skeleton in representatives of 41 genera in 39 families of eurypterygian fishes was studied. The caudal skeleton of eurypterygian fishes consists of five or six hypurals, a parhypural, one to three epurals, one or two pairs of uroneurals, ural centra 1 and 2, last preural centra and associated neural and haemal spines, and procurrent and principal rays. Eurypterygians like other teleosts have a diural caudal skeleton (two ural cen-tra). Primitively in basal Acanthomorpha and Acanthopterygii, the caudal elements are autog-enous and several intercaudal and postcaudal cartilages support these isolated elements. Basal groups usually have six autogenous hypurals, three epurals, two pairs of autogenous neurals, autogenous ural centrum 2, and autogenous haemal and neural spines on the last centra. In some basal groups such as Myctophidae, many of the caudal elements are fused, because of the presence of primitive conditions in related taxa, the fusion in such a groups should be regarded as secondary and independent from that in higher taxa. In higher groups, there is a tendency for the elements to fuse together and to the centra and caudal cartilage are lost due to lack of function. In specialized groups such as some Scorpaeniformes, all the elements are fused and the caudal cartilage is lost.
... The teleost family Grammatidae is composed of thirteen species: eight in the genus Lipogramma and five in the genus Gramma (Böhlke and Randall, 1963;Starck II and Colin, 1978;Sazima et al., 1998;Victor and Randall, 2010), all of which are restricted to the western Atlantic (Gill and Mooi, 1993). Lipogramma species inhabit manly deep reefs, from 30 to more than 300 m (Gilmore, 1997) and have not been well studied. ...
Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°56’20”S 38°55’32”W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis.
... Outgroup. The interopercle is thick in typical percoids (character 18-0) (e.g., Gregory, 1933;Johnson, 1980;Gill and Mooi, 1993;pers. obs.). ...
The osteologic and myologic characteristics of the family Pentacerotidae are described in detail. The family Pentacerotidae is a monophyletic group supported by 11 synapomorphies found in all family members. Of their synapomorphies, two (the second infraorbital and endopterygoid articulate with lateral ethmoid conditions) are considerably rare in percoids and strongly support the monophyly of the family. A comparison of 44 transformation series among all species revealed four equally parsimonious trees, and a strict consensus tree was adopted. On the basis of the inferred phylogenetic relationships of the Pentacerotidae, this family was cladistically classified into two subfamilies and seven genera: Histiopterinae (Histiopterus, Evistias, Zanclistius, Pentaceropsis, Paristiopterus, and Parazanclistius) and Pentacerotinae (Pentaceros). The center of origin of pentacerotids was inferred to be the Southern Australian region. I propose that the two families, Ostracoberycidae and Chaetodontidae, are closely related with Pentacerotidae.
... Such differences not only have been used to identify eggs in plankton samples (Merrett and Barnes, 1996) but are also potentially useful taxonomic characters (Gill and Mooi, 1993;Johnson and Brothers, 1993;Britz et al., 1995;Chen et al., 1999;Britz and Breining, 2000). Chen et al. (1999) concluded that the ultrastructural features of the egg envelope are helpful in species identification of distantly related species, but not of closely related ones. ...
Im Rahmen der Studien zur Wirkung von Bleinitrat auf die Embryonalstadien des afrikanischen Welses Clarias gariepinus wurde zunächst der Einfluß der Besamung auf den Härtungsprozess des Chorions untersucht, um die Bedeutung des gehärteten Chorions als Schutzfunktion im Hinblick auf Schadstoffeinwirkung zu klären. Das Studium der Embryonalentwicklung war erforderlich, um das Ausmaß der Änderung der Normalentwicklung unter dem Einfluß von Bleinitrat bewerten zu können. Im Rahmen der toxikologischen Untersuchungen der Wirkung des Bleinitrats auf die Embryonalstadien wurden folgende biologische Marker (Biomarker) betrachtet: Änderungen in der Entwicklung und der Schlüpfrate, morphologische und histologische Änderungen, sowie biochemische Veränderungen (Änderungen von Stoffwechsel-Enzymaktivitäten) und molekulare Veränderungen (Erfassung von DNA-Schädigungen). Die Exposition der besamten Eier mit Bleinitrat führte zu einer Verlängerung der Inkubationszeit und zu starken Mißbildungen. Der Rückgang der Häufigkeiten der Mißbildungen mit der Zeit ließ die Annahme zu, daß die mißgebildeten Embryonen starben. Im Gegensatz zu den morphologischen Mißbildungen wurden histopathologische Effekte nur bei Embryonen gefunden, die den höchsten Dosierungen (300 µg/l und 500 µg/l Bleinitrat) ausgesetzt waren. Nach dem Schlupf war das Muster der Enzymaktivitäten nach Exposition mit Bleinitrat uneinheitlich; die Aktivität von G6PDH nahm zu, die von LDH nahm ab und die von PK zeigte unregelmäßige Fluktuationen. Die Embryonalstadien zeigten signifikante Dosis-abhängige Antworten über die Zeit, da das Ausmaß der DNA-Schädigungen signifikant mit den Bleinitrat Konzentrationen anstieg. Vor dem Schlupf konnten bei den Embryonen nach Bleinitrat Exposition keine Änderungen in den Enzymaktivitäten gefunden werden und nur geringe DNA-Schädigungen, d.h die toxischen Effekte waren sehr gering. Eine Erklärung könnte die schützende Wirkung der Eihülle gegenüber Schadstoffen sein. Die gewählten Biomarker stellen sensitive Detektionsmethoden für Bleinitrat dar. So könnten sie sich als sinnvolle Bioindikatoren für Ägypten erweisen, da dort zunehmend Umweltverschmutzung mit Blei und Bleiakkumulation in Lebensmitteln zu verzeichnen ist.
... In general, perciforms have extrascapulars, a posttemporal with distinct processes, a medium size supracleithrum, a cleithrum with medial, lateral, and posteromedial flanges, a broad dorsal postcleithrum and an elongated ventral postcleithrum, well developed scapula and coracoid, and four autogenous actinosts (Ida, 1976;Gill and Mooi, 1993;Bellwood, 1994;Matsuoka, 1985;Pietsch, 1989;Sasaki, 1989;Simons, 1991;Simons, 1992). However, there are some variations in the number, shape and size of the extrascapulars and postcleithra and shape and size of the actinosts and supracleithra (Doyle, 1998;Mok, 1983;Springer, 1993). ...
Bones of the pectoral girdle skeleton in representatives of 48 genera in 41 families of eurypterygian fishes were studied. The structure and position of the pectoral girdle is relatively stable in eurypterygians. It consists of the extrascapula, posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum, postcleithrum, scapula, coracoid, actinosts, and fin rays. An ectocoracoid is present in some Gasterosteiformes. Most eurypterygians have a posttemporal with distinct dorsal and ventromedial processes. The dorsal process ligamentously articulates with the epioccipital and the ventromedial process with the intercalary when present, and when absent, with the posteroventral margins of the pterotic and exoccipital. In most taxa, the supracleithrum bears a sensory canal and articulates with the posttemporal anteriorly and with the cleithrum posteriorly. The cleithrum is Y-shaped consisting of the anterodorsal, posterodorsal, and ventral rami. Dorsal and ventral postcleithra are present in some Eurypterygii. The scapula articulates with the cleithrum and bears a foramen which is complete or open anteriorly and bordered by the cleithral ventral ramus. Most taxa have four autogenous actinosts that increase in size gradually from the first to the fourth, but in some, the first actinost is fused. The dorsalmost ray is rudimentary in some taxa.
... In the past four decades, after the publication of the influential and "highly tentative" (Johnson, 1984) classification of perciform fishes by Greenwood et al. (1966), several studies have improved our knowledge of percoid fishes through detailed surveys of character complexes (e.g., Johnson, 1975;Freihofer, 1978;Rosen & Patterson, 1990;Mooi & Gill, 1995;Springer & Johnson, 2004) or definition of monophyletic families or family groups (e.g., Fraser, 1972;Springer & Freihofer, 1976;Vari, 1978;Johnson, 1980;Randall, 1983;Starnes, 1988;Sasaki, 1989;Gill & Mooi, 1993;Mooi, 1993;Carpenter & Johnson, 2002;Day, 2002;Kim, 2002;Mooi & Gill, 2004). Substantial progress in the understanding of percoid phylogeny also has been derived from the use of comparative myology (e.g., Johnson, 1980;Johnson & Fritzsche, 1989) and neuroanatomy (e.g., Freihofer, 1963; and from the analysis of larval characters (Johnson, 1984;Baldwin, 1990;Baldwin & Johnson, 1993). ...
The marine percoid fish Dules temnopterus Agassiz, 1836 from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, northern Italy, is redescribed in
detail and assigned to the new genus Jimtylerius. Due to its unique combination of features (e.g. jaws with multiserial, short, and blunt
teeth; canines absent; hypertrophied pharyngeal bones with large molariform teeth; caudal skeleton with five autogenous hypurals, three epurals
and two uroneurals; first uroneural fused with the ultimate centrum; procurrent spur present; caudal fin with 17 principal rays; 10 dorsal
procurrent rays and 8 ventral procurrent rays; predorsal formula /0+0/0+2/1+1/; dorsal fin continuous, notched, with 10 strong spines and
nine soft rays; posterior dorsal-fin pterygiophores trisegmental; anal fin with three strong spines and seven rays; caudal fin slightly emarginated;
scales relatively large and cycloid), Jimtylerius cannot be assigned to any of the fossil or extant percoid families and it is placed incertae
sedis in the Percoidei. Some problems of classifying fossil percoid fishes also are discussed. Finally, it is shown that the Late Paleocene percoid
family Asianthidae is not valid and that the “asianthid” genera Asianthus and Eosasia are not clearly distinguishable from each other.
... Divisions of the adductor mandibulae have come under recent scrutiny in an effort to determine the reliability of the course of RMV. One school notes that the path of RMV through divisions of the adductor mandibulae is variable and phylogenetically uninformative (Edgeworth 1935;Winterbottom 1974a;Gill & Mooi 1993). An opposing view suggests that the path of RMV may be phylogenetically informative (Gosline 1989;Diogo & Chardon 2000;Nakae & Sasaki 2004;Wu & Shen 2004), with the primary obstacle to robust interpretations being comparisons among non-homologous divisions of the adductor mandibulae. ...
Striated muscles of a generalized genus of percomorph fishes (Micropterus, Centrarchidae, Percomorpha) were described. Overall, myological variation was sparse among species of black bass. Variation took the form of minor variants in the size or shape of a muscle or of singular or incongruous variants characterized by abnormalities in a single specimen. The remaining myological variation occurred as mimicking variants and was shared irregularly among taxa. The lack of myological variation among black bass may well be correlated with the low degree of diversity exhibited in their ecology, life history, and external anatomy. However, the value of Micropterus in systematic and evolutionary studies is not compromised by morphological stasis. Instead, because Micropterus and other conserved lineages have been minimally responsive to ecological factors, they are valuable as outgroups to polarize character states, as identifiers of vicariant events leading to allopatric speciation, and as exemplars for studying the evolutionary mechanism of stabilizing selection. In addition, the description and assessment of myological variation in this generalized percomorph will be useful in future studies of comparative anatomy, functional morphology, and higher level systematics.
... Generally, they have a short larval period and some species, even in adulthood, appear to remain near the coast (Beldade et al. 2007). Highlighted here are Wsh from the Grammatidae family ), a monophyletic group comprising 13 species with distribution restricted to the Western Atlantic (Gill and Mooi 1993). In this group, the genus Gramma is composed of only Wve species (Böhlke and Randall 1963;Starck and Colin 1978;Sazima et al. 1998;Victor and Randall 2010), inhabiting shallow waters, such as G. loreto and G. brasiliensis, or deeper regions such as G. melacara, G. linki and G. dejongi (Victor and Randall 2010). ...
In the tropical Atlantic, the ichthyofauna between the coast of Brazil and the Caribbean regions, divided by the Amazon barrier, is very similar presenting several geminate species, including Gramma brasiliensis, endemic in Brazil, and its Caribbean counterpart Gramma loreto. Morphological and molecular studies have helped establish evolutionary patterns that sister-species of these two marine habitats are subjected to. However, their chromosomal characteristics are only beginning to be better characterized. Accordingly, a comparative cytogenetic analysis was carried out in G. brasiliensis and G. loreto, seeking evidence of cytotaxonomic markers implicated in the karyotypic diversification of these species and likely associated with speciation events. Heterochromatic regions and their affinity to fluorochromes GC- or AT-specific were identified, as well as the distribution of ribosomal DNA sites in chromosomes, either by silver nitrate impregnation (Ag-NORs) or dual-color FISH mapping with 18S and 5S rDNA probes. While displaying the same diploid number, 2n = 48 chromosomes, considered basal for Perciformes, the two species differed in karyotype structure, showing karyotypic formulas and species-specific heterochromatin pattern. The cytological characters found support the differentiating status of these species, possibly achieved under the conditions of allopatry due to the Amazon/Orinoco barrier, showing chromosomal peculiarities in Grammatidae species when compared to other groups of Perciformes.
... Interspecific differences in the microstructure of the chorion (egg envelope) of teleost fishes have been recognised for almost 30 years (Merrett and Barnes, 1996). Such differences have been used not only to identify eggs in plankton samples (Merrett and Barnes, 1996), but also as potentially useful taxonomic characters (Gill and Mooi, 1993;Johnson and Brothers, 1993;Britz et al., 1995;Chen et al., 1999;Britz and Breining, 2000). Chen et al. (1999) concluded that the ultrastructural features of the egg envelope were found to be helpful in species identification of the distantly related species, but not of closely related ones. ...
Much of the existing knowledge of the mechanisms involved in teleost fertilisation is based on a few small model species that have no commercial value. Research is therefore urgently required to address mechanisms involved in fertilisation in species of great commercial value. In this study, the ultrastructural morphological variations in the surface of the egg of Clarias gariepinus were recorded before and after fertilisation by using electron microscopy. The outer surface of the unfertilised egg was smooth, whereas the fertilised egg acquired a network of projections on the vegetal hemisphere. Moreover, different patterns of ornamentation on the egg surface were evident. This pattern of ornamentation varied with the progress of embryonic development. The micropyle of the C. gariepinus egg consisted of a funnel-shaped vestibule, from the bottom of which a cylindrical micropylar canal extended. The micropylar canal decreased in diameter after completion of fertilisation, forming a micropylar disc. The sperm behaviour on the egg surface was oriented towards any depression on the chorion surface. The chorion of ovulated eggs consisted of one layer. After fertilisation the chorion was differentiated into three layers: the double-layered coat, the zona radiata externa and the zona radiata interna. Four protein subunits of the chorion of C. gariepinus were identified by SDS-PAGE. IR-spectra obtained from C. gariepinus chorion revealed that the vibration of chorion proteins exhibited different weak activities in the IR-spectra with minor difference between pre- and post-fertilisation chorion proteins.
... Divisions of the adductor mandibulae have come under recent scrutiny in an effort to determine the reliability of the course of RMV. One school notes that the path of RMV through divisions of the adductor mandibulae is variable and phylogenetically uninformative (Edgeworth 1935;Winterbottom 1974a;Gill & Mooi 1993). An opposing view suggests that the path of RMV may be phylogenetically informative (Gosline 1989;Diogo & Chardon 2000;Nakae & Sasaki 2004;Wu & Shen 2004), with the primary obstacle to robust interpretations being comparisons among non-homologous divisions of the adductor mandibulae. ...
Diverse freshwater lacustrine fishes enter tributaries to spawn, but resident riverine members may also occupy these same tributaries. While mark-recapture and biotelemetry studies suggest reproductive isolation between such populations, the assertion has rarely been tested genetically. To address this question, Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) from the southern shoreline of Lake Erie were compared genetically to bass in adjacent tributaries. Results from mitochondrial DNA sequences support the hypothesis that lacustrine and riverine populations segregate. Furthermore, divergences among tributary populations were often as large as those divergences between lacustrine and riverine bass, suggesting that each river population may become genetically distinct.
... Looking for relatives, we surveyed several percomorph groups which include taxa exhibiting certain of the salient features of Pietschellus, such as the forward shift of the dorsal-fin origin over the head. Pietschellus shares a number of character states with lophiiforms, callionymoids, blennioids, trachinoids, pterygocephalids, cottoids and scorpaenoids, but none of these taxa prove satisfactory as sister groups for Pietschellus, mostly because a large number of these character states are reductive and probably associated with their common benthic lifestyle (Gosline, 1963) or to the relative elongation (Gill and Mooi, 1993) of the body being the product of convergent or parallel evolution (see also Rosenblatt, 1984). Those character states which are not obviously associated with ecological adaptations (e.g. ...
A new genus and species of percomorph fish, Pietschellus aenigmaticus gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Eocene (Ypresian) micritic limestone of the Monte Postale site of the Monte Bolca locality, northern Italy. This new percomorph taxon is based on a single well-preserved nearly complete specimen that exhibits a unique combination of features. A detailed comparative analysis indicates that Pietschellus possibly was a benthic fish which shares several character states with certain lophiiform, callionymoid, trachinoid, blennioid, pterygocephalid, cottoid and scorpaenoid taxa. Most of these shared character states, however, are reductive and seem to be related to the convergent benthic lifestyle and/or to the relative elongation of the body, being the product of parallel or convergent evolution. Therefore, the present evidence does not favour any sister-group relationship and, as a consequence, Pietschellus is placed as incertae sedis within the percomorph fishes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... (1) the entire segmentum facialis of elopiforms [5], clupeiforms [47], argentinoids [108], esocoids [62] and salmonoids [47,108]; (2) the ricto-malaris of siluriforms [20,162] and esocoids [18,19,108]; (3) the ricto-stegalis of stomiatiforms [48], zeiforms [13,14,47], nototheniiforms [14], perciforms [146,163], scorpaeniforms [14] and trachiniforms [156][157][158]164]; (4) the stego-malaris of gonorynchiforms [16], characiforms [15], mugiliforms [14,47] and acanthuriforms [14]; (5) the malaris of characiforms [8,41,95], mugiliforms [12,114], synbranchiforms [115][116][117][118], gasterosteiforms [60], atheriniforms [39,120], beloniforms [120] and anabantiforms [115]; (6) the rictalis of aulopiforms [49,126], stephanoberyciforms [48,49], beryciforms [49,127], blenniiforms [9,165], caproiforms [9,13,14], cottiforms [9,11,29,47,[128][129][130]166], gobiiforms [9,131], labriforms [9,30,38,71,76,132,133,[135][136][137][138][139][140][141]143,144,167], perciforms [7,9,19,38,40,47,54,59,68,114,[147][148][149][150][151][152], scombriforms [9,34,153], scorpaeniforms [9,11,26,29,38] and trachiniforms [9]; ...
The infraclass Teleostei is a highly diversified group of bony fishes that encompasses 96% of all species of living fishes and almost half of extant vertebrates. Evolution of various morphological complexes in teleosts, particularly those involving soft anatomy, remains poorly understood. Notable among these problematic complexes is the adductor mandibulae, the muscle that provides the primary force for jaw adduction and mouth closure and whose architecture varies from a simple arrangement of two segments to an intricate complex of up to ten discrete subdivisions. The present study analyzed multiple morphological attributes of the adductor mandibulae in representatives of 53 of the 55 extant teleostean orders, as well as significant information from the literature in order to elucidate the homologies of the main subdivisions of this muscle. The traditional alphanumeric terminology applied to the four main divisions of the adductor mandibulae - A1, A2, A3, and Aω - patently fails to reflect homologous components of that muscle across the expanse of the Teleostei. Some features traditionally used as landmarks for identification of some divisions of the adductor mandibulae proved highly variable across the Teleostei; notably the insertion on the maxilla and the position of muscle components relative to the path of the ramus mandibularis trigeminus nerve. The evolutionary model of gain and loss of sections of the adductor mandibulae most commonly adopted under the alphanumeric system additionally proved ontogenetically incongruent and less parsimonious than a model of subdivision and coalescence of facial muscle sections. Results of the analysis demonstrate the impossibility of adapting the alphanumeric terminology so as to reflect homologous entities across the spectrum of teleosts. A new nomenclatural scheme is proposed in order to achieve congruence between homology and nomenclature of the adductor mandibulae components across the entire Teleostei.
... Thacker's (2000) characters 41, 44, 49 and 52 are probably manifestations of a single character, elongation. As noted by Gill and Mooi (1993), elongate fishes usually possess a suite of characteristics, which include: relatively high numbers of vertebrae and dorsal and anal-fin rays, reduction of the caudal fin and skeleton, and reduction of the pelvic fins and girdle. For example, Thacker's character 41 (slender pelvis with anterior extensions of the pelvic intercleithral cartilage) is almost identical to the pelvic morphology found in Luciogobius Gill, an unrelated elongate gobiid in Birdsong et al.'s (1988) Astrabe group. ...
The composition of the Microdesminae has been inconsistently reported in recent molecular studies. A monophyletic Microdesminae consisting of both Indo-Pacific and New World/Atlantic genera is diagnosed here by the following synapomorphies: maxilla with elongate projection extending anteriorly over ascending processes of premaxilla; palatine
medial process absent; single dorsal process on cleithrum; supracleithrum oriented vertically and closely applied to cleithrum; posttemporal with elongate posteroventral process; body slender and elongate, with associated increase in number of vertebrae and median fin rays (total vertebrae 42–66 with 19 or more precaudal vertebrae, total dorsal-fin rays 42–78, anal-fin rays 27–43), slender pelvis with anterior extensions of the pelvic intercleithral cartilage, and decrease in number of pelvic-fin rays (with a spine and 2–4 segmented rays); single dorsal fin; dorsal-fin spines usually 12 or more; predominantly 1:1 relationship between interneural spaces and anterior dorsal-fin pterygiophores; and first
(supernumerary) ray on first anal pterygiophore a bilaterally paired, segmented ray. Several of these characters (particularly single dorsal process on cleithrum, posttemporal with elongate posteroventral process) support a possible relationship between microdesmines and Schindleria, as does dorsal gill-arch morphology.
... Godkin and Winterbottom (1985) showed that congrogadines are pseudochromids, and discounted a possible congrogadine-Notograptus relationship. It is possible that Notograptus belongs with the plesiopids, but a more detailed study of Notograptus is necessary before its affinities can be resolved (Gill and Mooi, 1993). Mok et al. (1990) implied homology between the spinous pterygiophore condition in grammistins, plesiopids, acanthoclinids (sensu Hardy, 1985), and opistognathids based on a misinterpretation of the morphology. ...
Cladistic methods are used to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the Indo-Pacific marine fish family Plesiopidae. Using multiple outgroups, osteological and myological characters indicate that plesiopids are monophyletic only with the inclusion of the Acanthoclinidae as the sister group to the genus Plesiops. A new classification lowers the Acanthoclinidae to subfamilial rank, and other monophyletic units are recognized at this same rank to produce the following phylogenctically sequenced classification (included genera in parentheses): Trachinopinae (Trachinops), Assessorinae (Assessor), Paraplesiopinae (Paraplesiops, Calloplesiops, Steeneichthys), Fraudellinae (Fraudella), Plesiopinae (Plesiops), Acanthoclininae (Acanthaclinus, Belaneplerygian, Behaps, Acanthoplesiops). This phylogeny suggests that egg mass guarding is plesiomorphic for the family, and that oral incubation in Assessor is autapomorphic. A diagnosis for the newly defined family is provided.
... There are a few ... studies about percomorph taxa with adhesive egg filaments: nandids and badids (Britz, 1997), pseudochromoids (Mooi, 1990;Mooi et al., 1990) including Notograptidae (Gill & Mooi, 1993), the blenniid Lipophrys (as Blennius) pavo (Risso) (Patzner, 1984), the labrisomid Dialommus fuscus Gilbert (Howe, 1991), and cichlids and pomacentrids (Stiassny & Mezey, 1993;Mooi, 1990). Of these taxa, only the egg attachment mechanisms of the blennioids L. pavo (Patzner, 1984) and D. fuscus (Howe, 1991) show some resemblance to that of the gobiesocids described above. ...
The three eastern Atlantic gobiesocid species Lepadogaster lepadogaster, Apletodon dentatus and Diplecogaster bimaculata share an attachment apparatus consisting of numerous bifurcating filaments that originate at the animal egg pole and are embedded in a mucous layer. The thickness of the mucous layer and zona radiata, and the structure and size of the micropyle vary among the three species. Because of lack of information about egg structure in paracanthopterygians and percomorphs with adhesive demersal eggs, the phylogenetic significance of this character complex remains unclear.
... In the analytical component of the gill-arch study, Springer and Orrell (2004) resolved Pholidichthyidae as nested within the "labroids." Pholidichthys was compared with Notograptus, where it was noted that the two lineages shared several morphological features observed in other elongate percomorph clades such as blennioids and zoarcoids (Gill and Mooi 1993;Mooi and Gill 2004). Britz (2006) noted that Pholidichthys and substrate spawning cichlids share larval attachment organs that are paired and on the forehead, which larvae use to attach themselves to the substrate with mucous threads (Wirtz 1993). ...
The perciform group Labroidei includes approximately 2600 species and comprises some of the most diverse and successful lineages of teleost fishes. Composed of four major clades, Cichlidae, Labridae (wrasses, parrotfishes, and weed whitings), Pomacentridae (damselfishes), and Embiotocidae (surfperches); labroids have been an icon for studies of biodiversity, adaptive radiation, and sexual selection. The success and diversification of labroids have been largely attributed to the presence of a major innovation in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, pharyngognathy, which is hypothesized to increase feeding capacity and versatility. We present results of large-scale phylogenetic analyses and a survey of pharyngeal jaw functional morphology that allow us to examine the evolution of pharyngognathy in a historical context. Phylogenetic analyses were based on a sample of 188 acanthomorph (spiny-rayed fish) species, primarily percomorphs (perch-like fishes), and DNA sequence data collected from 10 nuclear loci that have been previously used to resolve higher level ray-finned fish relationships. Phylogenies inferred from this dataset using maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree analyses indicate polyphyly of the traditional Labroidei and clearly separate Labridae from the remainder of the traditional labroid lineages (Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, and Pomacentridae). These three "chromide" families grouped within a newly discovered clade of 40 families and more than 4800 species (>27% of percomorphs and >16% of all ray-finned fishes), which we name Ovalentaria for its characteristic demersal, adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments. This fantastically diverse clade includes some of the most species-rich lineages of marine and freshwater fishes, including all representatives of the Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, Pomacentridae, Ambassidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Mugilidae, Opistognathidae, Pholidichthyidae, Plesiopidae (including Notograptus), Polycentridae, Pseudochromidae, Atherinomorpha, and Blennioidei. Beyond the discovery of Ovalentaria, this study provides a surprising, but well-supported, hypothesis for a convict-blenny (Pholidichthys) sister group to the charismatic cichlids and new insights into the evolution of pharyngognathy. Bayesian stochastic mapping ancestral state reconstructions indicate that pharyngognathy has evolved at least six times in percomorphs, including four separate origins in members of the former Labroidei, one origin in the Centrogenyidae, and one origin within Beloniformes. Our analyses indicate that all pharyngognathous fishes have a mechanically efficient biting mechanism enabled by the muscular sling and a single lower jaw element. However, a major distinction exists between Labridae, which lacks the widespread, generalized percomorph pharyngeal biting mechanism, and all other pharyngognathous clades, which possess this generalized biting mechanism in addition to pharyngognathy. Our results reveal a remarkable history of pharyngognathy: far from a single origin, it appears to have evolved at least six times, and its status as a major evolutionary innovation is reinforced by it being a synapomorphy for several independent major radiations, including some of the most species rich and ecologically diverse percomorph clades of coral reef and tropical freshwater fishes, Labridae and Cichlidae. [Acanthomorpha; Beloniformes; Centrogenyidae; key innovation; Labroidei; Ovalentaria; pharyngeal jaws; Perciformes.].
... Interspecific differences in the microstructure of the chorion (egg envelope) of teleost fishes have been recognised for almost 30 years (Merrett and Barnes, 1996). Such differences have been used not only to identify eggs in plankton samples (Merrett and Barnes, 1996), but also as potentially useful taxonomic characters (Gill and Mooi, 1993; Johnson and Brothers, 1993; Britz et al., 1995; Chen et al., 1999; Britz and Breining, 2000). Chen et al. (1999) concluded that the ultrastructural features of the egg envelope were found to be helpful in species identification of the distantly related species, but not of closely related ones. ...
Much of the existing knowledge of the mechanisms involved in teleost fertilisation is based on a few small model species that have no commercial value. Research is therefore urgently required to address mechanisms involved in fertilisation in species of great commercial value. In this study, the ultrastructural morphological variations in the surface of the egg of Clarias gariepinus were recorded before and after fertilisation by using electron microscopy. The outer surface of the unfertilised egg was smooth, whereas the fertilised egg acquired a network of projections on the vegetal hemisphere. Moreover, different patterns of ornamentation on the egg surface were evident. This pattern of ornamentation varied with the progress of embryonic development. The micropyle of the C. gariepinus egg consisted of a funnel-shaped vestibule, from the bottom of which a cylindrical micropylar canal extended. The micropylar canal decreased in diameter after completion of fertilisation, forming a micropylar disc. The sperm behaviour on the egg surface was oriented towards any depression on the chorion surface. The chorion of ovulated eggs consisted of one layer. After fertilisation the chorion was differentiated into three layers: the double-layered coat, the zona radiata externa and the zona radiata interna. Four protein subunits of the chorion of C. gariepinus were identified by SDS-PAGE. IR-spectra obtained from C. gariepinus chorion revealed that the vibration of chorion proteins exhibited different weak activities in the IR-spectra with minor difference between pre- and post-fertilisation chorion proteins.
... Interspecific differences in the microstructure of the chorion (egg envelope) of teleost fishes have been recognised for almost 30 years (Merrett and Barnes, 1996). Such differences have been used not only to identify eggs in plankton samples (Merrett and Barnes, 1996), but also as potentially useful taxonomic characters (Gill and Mooi, 1993;Johnson and Brothers, 1993;Britz et al., 1995;Chen et al., 1999;Britz and Breining, 2000). Chen et al. (1999) concluded that the ultrastructural features of the egg envelope were found to be helpful in species identification of the distantly related species, but not of closely related ones. ...
Much of the existing knowledge of the mechanisms involved in teleost fertilisation is based on a few small model species that have no cominercial value. Research is therefore urgently required to address mechanisms involved in fertilisation in species of great commercial value. In this study, the ultrastructural morphological variations in the surface of the egg of Clarias gariepinus were recorded before and after fertilisation by using electron microscopy. The outer surface of the unfertilised egg was smooth, whereas the fertilised egg acquired a network of projections on the vegetal hemisphere. Moreover, different patterns of ornamentation on the egg surface were evident. This pattern of ornamentation varried with the progress of embryonic development. The micropyle of the C. gariepinus egg consisted of a funnel-shaped vestibule, from the bottom of which a cylindrical micropylar canal extended. The micropylar canal decreased in diameter after completion of fertilisation, forming a micropylar disc. The sperm behaviour on the egg surface was oriented towards any depression on the chorion surface. The chorion of ovulated eggs consisted of one layer. After fertilisation the chorion was differentiated into three layers: the double-layered coat, the zona radiata extema and the zona radiata intema. Four protein subunits of the chorion of C. gariepinus were identified by SDS-PAGE. IR-spectra obtained from C. gariepinus chorion revealed that the vibration of chorion proteins exhibited different weak activities in the IR-spectra with minor difference between pre- and post-fertilisation chorion proteins.
... Although most previous studies on the phylogeny of bony fishes have predominantly used external morphological characters, osteology, and molecular data, information about the contribution of soft tissue characters is limited. Beside the early classical descriptions and comparisons of the anatomy of selected actinoterygian fishes (Vetter, 1878;Allis, 1897Allis, , 1903Dietz, 1914Dietz, , 1921Takahasi, 1925;Edgeworth, 1935;Kesteven, 1943;Karrer, 1967), some encouraging works about the utility of soft tissue characters in phylogenetic studies have been published, however (Winterbottom, 1974;Gosline, 1981Gosline, , 1986Gosline, , 1989Stiassny, 1981Stiassny, , 1982Marino and Dooley, 1982;Howes, 1985aHowes, ,b, 1989Gill and Mooi, 1993;Parenti and Song, 1996;Diogo and Chardon, 2000;Diogo, 2004;Parenti and Grier, 2004;Springer and Johnson, 2004;Wu and Shen, 2004;Hertwig, 2008). ...
The medaka, Oryzias latipes, is a model organism in experimental biology. Its ontogeny and osteology have been studied frequently, but no detailed description of its cranial anatomy exists. Based on manual dissections, histological slide sections, and 3D-reconstructions, we describe the anatomy of the jaw apparatus of O. latipes, focusing on musculature, connective tissue elements, and the nervous system. The soft tissue anatomy of the head of O. latipes is characterized by several derived characters that seem to be related to the modification of the upper jaw and a reduced mobility of its bones, which is an evolutionary novelty of the Beloniformes. These apomorphies could also be influenced by the small size of O. latipes. The maxilla is medial to the premaxilla. The presence of extensive connective tissue elements severely limits the mobility of both bones against each other and against the neurocranium. The external section of m. adductor mandibulae is partly fused with the internal section, originates from the quadrate, and inserts to the lower jaw. The intermediate head of the internal section is narrow and forms a bend along the ventral margin of the orbit. The intramandibular section is a separate narrow muscle between retroarcticular and dentary. These characters need to be verified in other representatives of Beloniformes to test their contribution to the disputed phylogenetic relationships within this taxon and to improve the understanding of the evolution of beak-like jaws in beloniform fishes.
The familial classification and specific identity of Stigmatonotus australis Peters, 1877 has been unresolved ever since its original description. Examination of a photograph and X-radiograph of the holotype confirms placement in the serranid subfamily Anthiadinae. It is further identified to the genus Hypoplectrodes Gill, 1862 and shown to represent a juvenile specimen of the species currently called H. cardinalis Allen & Randall, 1990. Character and other evidence supporting this conclusion are summarised, including discussion of apparently contradictory characters. Consequently, the following synonymisations are proposed: the family-group name Stigmatonotidae Whitley, 1954 with Anthiadides Poey, 1861, the generic name Stigmatonotus Peters, 1877 with Hypoplectrodes Gill, 1862, and the species name H. cardinalis Allen & Randall, 1990 with S. australis Peters, 1877.
The comparative morphology of the family Sparidae is described comprehensively for the first time and is used to formulate character data for phylogenetic analysis. The data is found to be particularly character rich in areas such as the braincase, jaws and gill arches. Phylogenetic analysis, using PAUP* was performed in order to resolve the evolutionary relationships for 29 sparid genera and representatives sparoid families: Centracanthidae; Lethrinidae; Nemipteridae. Parsimony analysis of this data yielded three equally parsimonious trees. The Sparidae constitute a monophyletic group, with the inclusion of Centracanthidae, which is embedded within cladistically derived sparids. A grouping of derived sparids are found to be reasonably well supported when judged by Bremer support and bootstrapping, while relationships amongest those taxa more basal are found to be weakly supported. Further analysis of the data is assessed from 1) character quality through application of Le Quesne probabilities; 2) data partitioning; 3) influence of outgroups; 4) effects of ordering and 5) recoding, using non-additive binary coding. These analyses also support a hypothesis of relationships amongest derived sparids that is both well supported and resolved. However, the relationships of basal sparids are sensitive to these analyses, suggesting that not much confidence may be placed in the revealed theories of their interrelationships. The conflict between alternative trees reflects the high levels of homoplasy, which is not uncommon for percoid data sets. The geographic distribution is explained using three methods of cladistic biogeography, based on irreversible and reversible methods of ancestral area analysis and dispersal-vicariance analysis. The Indo-Pacific is identified as the most likely ancestral area for the Sparidae. Reconstruction of the evolution of feeding strategies among sparids suggests that there is a progressive transition from generalist to specialized feeders with four assemblages recognized. The diversification of feeding strategies within the Sparidae may have had important consequences for the evolution of the group which is discussed. Fossil sparid material from the Early to Middle Eocene is redescribed and included in the Recent matrix for further phylogenetic analyses. Comparison of the fossil material warrants the erection of a new genus and species, Ellaserrata monksi and a new genus Abromasta microdon is erected for Pagellus microdon. A minimum age of origin for the group can be postulated at 55Ma.
Synonymies, diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, an identification key, and meristic frequency tables are provided for all species of Lonchopisthus. Most of the skeletal anatomy of L. higmani is also illustrated. A new jawfish, Lonchopisthus ancistrus n. sp., is described from the Gulf of Mexico and off Honduras based on 21 specimens 41-89 mm SL. The new species differs from other congeners by the following combination of characters: the posterior end of the maxilla strongly hooked; the cheek and opercle without scales; the membrane connecting the maxilla and premaxilla and the inner membrane covering the posterior part of the dentary pale; segmented dorsal-fin rays 11-13, with unbranched rays 2-5; longitudinal body-scale rows 33-39; and very long pelvic fins, 39.4-75.3% SL. Lonchopisthus lemur (and its synonym L. meadi) shares most characters with L. ancistrus, but differs in having shorter pelvic fins, 19.2-29.9% SL; fewer longitudinal body-scale rows, 26-33; the cheek and opercle scaled; and 5 infraorbitals (vs. 4). Both are relatively deep-water species, occurring from 100 m to at least 375 m (vs. 3-139 m in the other species). Lonchopisthus micrognathus is unique in having no branched caudal-fin rays at any size and the middle caudal-fin rays with free tips that may be used to maintain tactile contact with the substrate while hovering over its burrow. The western Atlantic Lonchopisthus higmani and eastern Pacific L. sinuscalifornicus are sister species that differ from the other Atlantic species in having the posterior end of the maxilla with a notch instead of a strong hook, the opercle with a large dark blotch, and one supraneural (vs. no supraneural).
Background
Fish classifications, as those of most other taxonomic groups, are being transformed drastically as new molecular phylogenies provide support for natural groups that were unanticipated by previous studies. A brief review of the main criteria used by ichthyologists to define their classifications during the last 50 years, however, reveals slow progress towards using an explicit phylogenetic framework. Instead, the trend has been to rely, in varying degrees, on deep-rooted anatomical concepts and authority, often mixing taxa with explicit phylogenetic support with arbitrary groupings. Two leading sources in ichthyology frequently used for fish classifications (JS Nelson’s volumes of Fishes of the World and W. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes) fail to adopt a global phylogenetic framework despite much recent progress made towards the resolution of the fish Tree of Life. The first explicit phylogenetic classification of bony fishes was published in 2013, based on a comprehensive molecular phylogeny (www.deepfin.org). We here update the first version of that classification by incorporating the most recent phylogenetic results.
Results
The updated classification presented here is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes. A total of 72 orders (and 79 suborders) are recognized in this version, compared with 66 orders in version 1. The phylogeny resolves placement of 410 families, or ~80% of the total of 514 families of bony fishes currently recognized. The ordinal status of 30 percomorph families included in this study, however, remains uncertain (incertae sedis in the series Carangaria, Ovalentaria, or Eupercaria). Comments to support taxonomic decisions and comparisons with conflicting taxonomic groups proposed by others are presented. We also highlight cases were morphological support exist for the groups being classified.
Conclusions
This version of the phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is substantially improved, providing resolution for more taxa than previous versions, based on more densely sampled phylogenetic trees. The classification presented in this study represents, unlike any other, the most up-to-date hypothesis of the Tree of Life of fishes.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The bandfish family Cepolidae, comprising the subfamilies Owstoniinae and Cepolinae, is characterized, and defining characters of the three groups are identified and discussed. Characters of larvae of both subfamilies are described and illustrated. Six nominal genera of owstoniines had been proposed by various authors, but we recognize only Owstonia Tanaka. Utility of selected identification characters of the genus are discussed. Differences in lateral-line patterns have been the primary character used by some recent authors for recognition of two owstoniine genera, with Sphenanthias Weber possessing the plesiomorphic lateral-line condition. Several other patterns also occur in these fishes bringing into question the phylogenetic significance of lateral line plasticity. Sexual dimorphism in pelvic fin lengths is also present in several species. Identification keys, descriptions, synonymies, distribution maps and photographs or illustrations are provided for all Owstonia species for which adults are available. Although only 15 valid species were previously known, a remarkable hidden diversity of these fishes was discovered in major museum collections with the following 21 species here described as new: O. ainonaka (eastern Australia), O. contodon (Philippines), O. crassa (New Caledonia and Solomon Islands), O. dispar (Solomon Islands), O. elongata (New Caledonia and Vanuatu), O. fallax (eastern Australia and New Caledonia), O. geminata (Vanuatu and Philippines), O. hastata (eastern Australia), O. hawaiiensis (Hawaiian Islands); O. ignota (Mariana Islands), O. lepiota (Tanzania), O. melanoptera (Philippines), O. merensis (eastern Australia, Torres Strait), O. mundyi (Kiribati, Christmas Island), O. nalani(eastern Australia and New Caledonia), O. nudibucca (eastern Indian Ocean, Mentawai Islands and off Myanmar), O. psilos (Western Australia), O. raredonae (Mozambique), O. rhamma (Vanuatu), O. scottensis (Western Australia, Scott Reefs) and O. similis (Madagascar). Several specimens based on small juveniles, which we describe as Owstonia sp., appear to be additional new species but are not formally described as such.
Bei acht Arten der Atherinomorpha wurden erstmals morphologische Beschreibungen und Zeichnungen der Kiefermuskulatur durchgeführt. In der Arbeit wurde besondere Rücksicht auf die Gestalt der Kiefermuskulatur der Beloniformes gelegt. Für Oryzias latipes (Adrianichthyidae) wurde zusätzlich eine 3D-Rekonstruktion des Kopfes erstellt. Es wurden 37 Merkmale der Muskulatur, der Ligamente und des Nervenverlaufes phylogenetisch kodiert und in einem Character Mapping auf drei Topologien (Rosen, 1964; Rosen & Parenti, 1981; Lovejoy et al., 2004) geplottet. Anhand der untersuchten Arten und kodierten Merkmale ergab sich, daß die Beloniformes sensu Rosen & Parenti (1981) am besten unterstützt werden. Demnach stehen die Adrianichthyidae an der Basis der Beloniformes den Exocoetoidei gegenüber. Die Exocoetoidei spalten sich in die Exocoetoidea (Exocoetidae + Hemiramphidae) und die Scomberesocoidea (Belonidae + Scomberesocidae). Es wurden nur wenige Arten exemplarisch untersucht wurden. Die morphologischen Beschreibungen und Zeichnungen sollen vor allem als Grundlage für umfassendere Analysen der Kiefermuskulatur innerhalb der Atherinomorpha dienen. Die Monophylie der Hemiramphidae und Belonidae wird gegenwärtig angezweifelt (Lovejoy et al., 2004). Die vorliegende Arbeit war nicht dafür konzipiert, diese Fragen zu klären, es wird aber auf kritische Merkmalskomplexe der Gruppen hingewiesen (M. adductor mandibulae-Komplex).
Mehrere 3d-Filme online.
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Also published as:
Werneburg I (2009). Vergleichende Morphologie der Kiefermuskulatur der Beloniformes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Verlag Dr. Müller, ISBN: 978-3-639-19302-2 (incl. extended English summary: Comparative Morphology of the Jaw Musculature of Beloniformes).
Within the Pseudochromidae, the subfamily Pseudoplesiopinae is diagnosed by six unequivocal autapomorphies: single tubed lateral-line scale; posterior part of pelvic bone with triangular or hook-shaped lateral process; base of anterior process on pelvic bone posteriorly positioned; coracoid articulates ventrally with medial face of lateral lamina of cleithrum; basihyal bound to anterior face of basibranchial 1; and urohyal with prominent,dorsally directed process. Five genera are recognised in the subfamily. Pseudoplesiops Bleeker (Nematochromis Weber is a junior synonym), with seven nominal species, is diagnosed by a single autapomorphy: medial laminae of pelvic bones expanded dorsally. ChlidichthysSmith (WamizichthysSmith is a junior synonym), with 10 nominal species, is diagnosed bytwo,autapomorphies: lower lip incomplete; and second infraorbital bone absent. Pectinochromis n.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops lubbocki Edwards & Randall), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by five autapomorphies: second dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting between,neural spine 3 and 4; second supraneural bone absent; first dorsal-fin pterygiophore expanded,anteriorly; first dorsal- fin pterygiophore with lateral processes; and gill rakers relatively numerous. Amsichthysn.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops knighti Allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by a single autapomorphy:,upper preopercular ,pore usually absent. Lubbockichthys n.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops multisquamatus Allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by four autapomorphies: scales small; scales cycloid at all stages of ontogeny; some,head bones with weakly honeycombed,surface; and parietal enclosing dorsal part of supratemporal, laterosensory ,canal. A parsimony analysis of various characters of the laterosensory system, caudal skeleton, dorsal-fin osteology, and fin-ray branching ,supports ,the following ,relationships: ( Lubbockichthys ((Amsichthys + Pseudoplesiops) (Chlidichthys+ Pectinochromis))). GILL, ANTHONYC., & ALASDAIRJ. EDWARDS, 1999. Monophyly, interrelationships and description of three new
Descriptions of six new species of Australian jawfishes (genus Opistognathus) are presented: O. alleni n.sp. (Western Australia), O. seminudus n.sp. (Great Barrier Reef), O. stigmosus n.sp. (Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea Plateau), O. elizabethensis n.sp. (Tasman Sea, Elizabeth Reef), O. verecundus n.sp. (northern Australia), and O. reticeps n.sp. (northern Australia). The nominal genus Tandya Whitley is discussed and provisionally synonymized with Opistognathus Cuvier. An identification key to all Australian jawfishes is provided.
Within the Pseudochromidae, the subfamily Pseudoplesiopinae is diagnosed by six unequivocal autapomorphies: single tubed lateral-line scale; posterior part of pelvic bone with triangular or hook-shaped lateral process; base of anterior process on pelvic bone posteriorly positioned; coracoid articulates ventrally with medial face of lateral lamina of cleithrum; basihyal bound to anterior face of basibranchial 1; and urohyal with prominent dorsally directed process. Five genera are recognised in the subfamily. Pseudoplesiops Bleeker (Nematochromis Weber is a junior synonym), with seven nominal species, is diagnosed by a single autapomorphy: medial laminae of pelvic bones expanded dorsally. Chlidichthys Smith (Wamizichthys Smith is a junior synonym), with 10 nominal species, is diagnosed by two autapomorphies: lower lip incomplete; and second infraorbital bone absent. Pectinochromis n.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops lubbocki Edwards & Randall), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by five autapomorphies: second dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting between neural spine 3 and 4; second supraneural bone absent; first dorsal-fin pterygiophore expanded anteriorly; first dorsal- fin pterygiophore with lateral processes; and gill rakers relatively numerous. Amsichthys n.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops knighti Allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by a single autapomorphy: upper preopercular pore usually absent. Lubbockichthys n.gen. (type species Pseudoplesiops multisquamatus Allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by four autapomorphies: scales small; scales cycloid at all stages of ontogeny; some head bones with weakly honeycombed surface; and parietal enclosing dorsal part of supratemporal laterosensory canal. A parsimony analysis of various characters of the laterosensory system, caudal skeleton, dorsal-fin osteology, and fin-ray branching supports the following relationships: ( Lubbockichthys ((Amsichthys + Pseudoplesiops) (Chlidichthys + Pectinochromis))).
This study presents a cladistic analysis of the Cyprinodontiformes based on a comparative anatomical examination of 95 species. Seventy-eight characters of musculature, connective tissue elements and nervous system of the jaw apparatus are described, in many cases for the first time. In order to investigate the contribution of such soft tissue traits, the new data have been analysed separately and in combination with an extensive data matrix of morphological, primarily osteological characters produced by Costa using the nona software. The inclusion of soft tissue characters led to the description of numerous additional apomorphies and to an improved resolution of the consensus topologies in the combined analysis. Though the consensus of the separate tree searches was limited in resolution due to a relatively high degree of homoplasy and probably to rapidly evolving adaptive transformations, phylogenetic hypotheses mostly congruent to recent phylogenetic studies were yielded. These findings are evidence for the usability of cranial soft tissue characters as a reliable additional source of information for cladistic studies of fish phylogeny. With regard to the highly contentious deep splitting events within the Cyprinodontiformes and the monophyly of the Aplocheilidae, the consideration of the new data supported a new hypothesis that agrees with the palaeogeographical framework of the break-up of Gondwana. The genus Aplocheilus from India represents the sister group to all remaining taxa of the Cyprinodontiformes, while the second branch separates the genus Pachypanchax from Madagascar. A comparable biogeographical pattern has been found congruently in different groups of teleostean freshwater fishes. The Valenciidae from Europe are closely related to the Nearctic taxon Funduloidea. The placement of the genus Fluviphylax remained unresolved because it is not only characterized by the possession of several derived characters but also by numerous plesiomorphic ones.
A phylogenetic analysis of the majority of sparid genera and representatives of the sparoid families Centracanthi-dae, Lethrinidae and Nemipteridae is presented using 87 predominately osteological characters. The Sparidae constitute a monophyletic grouping, with the inclusion of the centracanthid Spicara smarts, which nests deep within the ingroup. The phylogeny was then used to investigate agreement with the most recent molecular study, taxo-nomic stability of subfamilial classification and the evolution of feeding strategies. Results show that the incongruence between morphological and molecular data appears largely to be an artifact of errors in rooting. However, there appears to be real and substantial conflict between the molecular tree and the morphological data, which is not attributable to the different positions of the least congruent taxa. The data support the molecular hypothesis that none of the subfamilial classification, based on dentition and trophic specialization, is monophyletic, and should be rejected pending further taxonomic Révision. The phylogeny supports multiple independent origins of trophic types and it is suggested that the evolutionary plasticity of the oral teeth of sparids has been fundamental to the adaptive radiation of this family compared to their closest allies.
IntroductionConcepts and Methods
Cladistic Biogeography Distribution, Faunal Composition and Historical Biogeography by RegionConclusions
References
The population genetic structure of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in Lake Erie was investigated using two mitochondrial DNA sequences (control region and cytochrome b) and eight nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. The objective was to evaluate relative resolution of fine-scale versus broad-scale spawning population genetic structure across Lake Erie. Results showed that only cytochrome b sequences supported the divergence of populations grouped by basins, suggesting little correspondence to bathymetric features of Lake Erie. The majority of sampling sites were characterized by large within site variances, particularly with the microsatellite data, reducing the efficiency to delimit populations with the given sample sizes. Although conclusions from mtDNA and microsatellites were not corroborative, all data sets revealed some divergent sites across and within basins. The apparently weak genetic structuring of populations does not reflect the strong behavioral patterns of male nest-site fidelity and adult migration. Finer-scale structure among geographically proximate sites was detected primarily with microsatellite data. Several locations were consistently identified as most genetically divergent suggesting that they may serve as long-term attractor areas for spawning populations. Mitochondrial DNA data indicated a broader-scale pattern reflecting either colonization from at least two glacial refugia or different dispersal routes from a common refugium with subsequent genetic divergence through drift. Genetic variation of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie is likely a product of glacial history with behavioral and stochastic factors interacting at different spatial and temporal scales. A precautionary management approach would weigh both genetic and behavioral patterns and develop appropriate conservation strategies for a non-panmictic smallmouth bass population in Lake Erie.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Systematics and Evolution, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2000. Includes bibliographical references.
Three reductive specializations (absence of the posterior uroneural, procurrent spur and third preural radial cartilages) define the percoid family Serranidae with respect to the ostensibly polyphyletic Percichthyidae (sensu Gosline, 1966). A single innovative specialization, the presence of three spines on the opercle, indicates that the Serranidae are monophyletic. All members of the serranid subfamily Epinephelinae, comprising five tribes, share a unique modification of the first dorsal pterygiophore, seemingly a specialization for support of the elongate dorsal spine of the larvae. The enigmatic Niphon spinosus, placed in the Percichthyidae by Gosline (1966), and in the Centropomidae by Rivas and Cook (1968), shares the epinepheline specialization, as well as the four specializations that characterize the Serranidae. It is hypothesized that the monotypic Niphon is the sister group of all other epinephelines. Identification of the larva of Niphon could provide corroborative evidence for this hypothesis.
Biological investigations of deep outer reef faces by manned submersibles and deep diving techniques have yielded collections and observations of a previously undescribed species of the West Indian genus Gramma, a genus of fishes usually referred to the family Grammidae or to a more inclusive Serranidae. This fish is apparently a common and widespread element of the outer reef face fauna of the Bahama Islands and Caribbean area. The three species of Gramma tend to replace one another with depth with G. linki occurring generally below 60 m where it occurs with G. melacara. Where G. melacara does not occur in the eastern Caribbean, G. linki can occur considerably shallower.
The genera of the trachinoid family Uranoscopidae are compared anatomically with each other and with outgroup taxa. Evidence is provided to show that the families Cheimarrichthyidae, Pinguipedidae, Percophidae, Trichonotidae, Creediidae, Champsodontidae, Chiasmodontidae, Leptoscopidae, Trachinidae, and Uranoscopidae have cladistic affinity; that the Trachinidae and Uranoscopidae are sister groups; and that the Uranoscopidae is monophyletic. Of the 17 nominal genera, seven are recognized as valid: Pleuroscopus Barnard, with a single species; Gnathagnus Gill, four species; Uranoscopus Linnaeus, with perhaps as many as 36 species; Kathetostoma Günther, about seven species; Genyagnus Gill, a single species; Ichthyscopus Swainson, five species; and Astroscopus Brevoort, in Gill, probably only three species. Pleuroscopus and Gnathagnus constitute a monophyletic assemblage that forms the sister group of all remaining uranoscopid genera, Uranoscopus and Kathetostoma together form the sister group of the three remaining genera, and Genyagnus is the sister group of Ichthyscopus and Astroscopus. The family and genera are diagnosed, and generic synonymies and a revised key to the genera are provided.
Differences in shape and arrangement of chorionic projections on the demersal eggs of pseudochromoids were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Eggs of the Pseudochromidae vary from the plesiomorphic condition of pseudochromines, in which filaments attach to the chorion via oblong structures, to the derived condition in pseudoplesiopines and anisochromines, in which the filaments form a tight cluster opposite the micropyle. Congrogadines are further derived, possessing few filaments but having numerous cruciform hooks. The Opistognathidae, Grammatidae, and the plesiopid genus Plesiops all have filaments arranged around the micropyle. However, differences in filament attachment and other egg surface characteristics suggest that the condition is not homologous. The plesiopid genera Fraudella, Paraplesiops, and Trachinops have eggs that possess anchor-shaped hooks. This might be a synapomorphy, but the absence of a definitive outgroup makes character polarizations difficult. The eggs of remaining plesiopid genera are similar to those of the Acanthoclinidae, which possess stalked, filament-bearing structures evenly distributed over the chorion. Two other families of marine perciforms that have demersal eggs with adhesive filaments were also examined. In the Apogonidae, the filaments spiral down the long axis of the egg from the micropylar end. Pomacentrids also produce threads at the micropyle, but have two layers, an outer net-like sheet and an inner layer of filaments similar to those of other taxa in this study. The egg types of neither apogonids nor pomacentrids are homologous with those of pseudochromoids. The difficulty in determining homology between the different egg morphologies, along with the problem of designating outgroups, makes character polarization difficult and phylogenetic hypotheses speculative. Whether or not mouthbrooding is primitive in pseudochromoids cannot be resolved at present.
A study of the osteology, myology and selected external characters of the Congrogadidae elucidates the phylogenetic relationships of as many taxa as were available for examination. Character polarity was determined using the outgroup method. Evidence is presented to support the hypotheses that (a) congrogadids and pseudochromids form a monophyletic group; (b) anisochromins and congrogadids are sister groups; and (c) the sister group of this latter assemblage is the Pseudoplesiopinae. Utilizing the anisochromins and pseudoplesiopins as outgroups, it is hypothesized that the relationships of the genera of congrogadids can be expressed as follows, using the sequencing convention: Rusichthys, the halimuraenoid, Haliophis, Halidesmus, Natalichthys, Blennodesmus, Halimuraena, Congrogadus and Congrogadoides. Autapomorphies supporting the hypothesized monophyly of each of the genera Congrogadus, Congrogadoides and Halidesmus are presented, but only in the case of Halidesmus could we postulate the relationships of the contained species. We were unable to identify autapomorphies for the three species contained in each of Natalichthys and Halimuraena. The genera Congrogadus and Congrogadoides, with a total of five species between them, share eight specializations, and form a monophyletic group. In view of this, we reduce Congrogadoides to a subgenus of Congrogadus.To preserve the monophyletic integrity of the Pseudochromidae, we reduce the Congrogadidae to subfamilial status within the Pseudochromidae, thus ending their long tenure among the blennioid fishes.
Since 1981, deep reef ichthyofaunal observations and collections have been made by the Johnson-Sea-Link submersibles in the Bahama Islands at depths between 300 and 600 m. A new grammid fish species, Lipogramma flavescens, is described from a single specimen collected at a depth of 285 m at San Salvador. In addition, large adult specimens of L. evides are described from specimens collected between 108 and 306 m at San Salvador. The first continental record of L. anabantoides is documented for the continental shelf north of the Dry Tortugas.
An osteological examination of predorsal and associated bones in serranoid fishes indicated phylogenetic relationships between them. Three subfamilies of serranids—Anthiinae, Serraninae, and Epinephelinae—showed distinctive patterns in numbers, shape, and placement of bones. Two lines of divergence arose from the serranine pattern, one includes the anthiines and the other includes the epinephelines, liopropomines, pseudogrammids, grammistids, and several genera of uncertain affinities. Within these lines progressive loss of elements in the predorsal region can be seen. The alignment of liopropomines with grammistids and pseudogrammids is indicated by other characters including larval morphology, reduced number of dorsal spines and specialized nasal organ. Further consideration of characters such as gonad morphology and toxin production that have been used in studying relationships among these fishes is suggested.
Nomenclature and abbreviations are proposed for the cartilaginous elements of the caudal skeleton of teleostean fishes. These
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by Count F. de Castelnau. At head of title: Intercolonial exhibition essays, 1875-6. "No. II."
Preparation of small vertebrates cleared after alcian blue staining of cartilage is facilitated by trypsin digestion. Specimens are fixed in formation, washed, skinned, and eviscerated. After staining in a solution of alcian blue in acetic acid-alcohol for 24-48 hours, they are transferred to water through graded alcohols. Excess alcian blue is removed over a period of up to three weeks by changes every 2-3 days of 1% trypsin in approximately one-third-saturated sodium borate. Bony tissues may be stained after this in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5% KOH. Specimens are bleached if necessary and dehydrated through graded KOH-glycerine mixtures for storage in glycerine. Since alcohol treatment in addition to formalin fixation does not affect results with this method, it should be useful to researchers who want to study the cartilage or cartilaginous skeletons in museum specimens, which are routinely fixed in formalin and stored in alcohol.
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This study was supported by Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowships to each author, and in part by an Australian Postgraduate Research Award to A
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