Katarzyna Wyka

Cornell University | CU · Department of Psychiatry

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity prevalence has remained high, especially in minority populations with low incomes. This epidemic has been attributed to various dietary behaviors including increased consumption of energy-dense foods and sugary beverages and decreased intake of fruits and vegetables. Interactive, technology-based approaches are emerging...

Background: Almost eight million Americans suffer from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current PTSD drug therapies rely on repurposed antidepressants and anxiolytics, which produce undesirable side effects and have recognized compliance issues. Vasopressin represents a promising and novel target for pharmacological intervention. Logistical i...

Introduction The literature is limited on the impact of neighborhood parks on quality of life (QoL) and the mechanism linking them. Methods In this paper, we applied the structural equation model to data from a cross-sectional sample of 650 participants in low-income communities of New York City, we examined the associations of neighborhood park u...

Cannabis use is increasing among adults with children in the home particularly in states with cannabis legalization for medical (MCL) and/or recreational use (RCL), relative to states where cannabis use remains illegal at the state level. Exposure to secondhand smoke is a key risk factor for asthma among children. The objective of the current study...

Introduction: In April 2021, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration announced its intention to issue a product standard banning menthol as a characterizing flavor in cigarettes. Given the potential relevance of national estimates of menthol use to pending legislation, this study estimated the prevalence of menthol use among US adults...

Introduction: In July 2018, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development passed a rule requiring public housing authorities to implement smoke-free housing (SFH) policies. We measured secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure immediately before, and repeatedly up to 36 months post-SFH policy implementation in a purposeful sample of 21 New York City...

Background Measures of the built environment such as neighborhood walkability have been associated with health behaviors such as physical activity, the lack of which in turn may contribute to the development of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. However, limited research has examined these measures in associatio...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health issue. Yet, there are limited treatment options and no data to suggest which treatment will work for whom. We tested the efficacy of virtual reality exposure (VRE) or prolonged imaginal exposure (PE), augmented with D-cycloserine (DCS) for combat-related PTSD. As an exploratory aim...

Background Cannabis legalization and increases in cannabis use are occurring rapidly in the United States (US). Cannabis and tobacco are often used together, but it is unclear whether cannabis legalization will differentially affect cannabis use among those using cigarettes. This study estimated changes from 2004-2017 in the prevalence of cannabis...

Smoke-free housing policies are intended to reduce the deleterious health effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, but there is limited evidence regarding their health impacts. We examined associations between implementation of a federal smoke-free housing rule by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) and pediatric Medicaid claims for asth...

Background Mask use is a cost-effective measure to decrease COVID-19 transmission. Mask mandates intend to increase mask compliance but are often ambiguous when it comes to public outdoor spaces. Methods We used a field audit study to examine mask use in New York City neighborhood parks during COVID-19. 1453 park visitors were observed in 13 parks...

Aims To estimate the impact of recreational and medical cannabis laws (RCL, MCL) on the use of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States. Design A difference-in-difference approach was applied to data from the 2004-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Setting United States Participants Nationally representative cross-sectional...

Background Dolutegravir is being rolled out globally as part of preferred antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, including among treatment-experienced patients. The role of viral load (VL) testing before switching patients already on ART to a dolutegravir-containing regimen is less clear in real-world settings. Methods We included patients from th...

Background: The transition to dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was complicated by an initial safety signal in May 2018 suggesting that exposure to dolutegravir at conception was possibly associated with infant neural tube defects. On the basis of additional evidence, in July 2019, the...

Dietary acculturation may explain the increasing risk of diet-related diseases among African immigrants in the United States (US). We interviewed twenty-five Ghanaian immigrants (Youth n 13, Age (Mean ± sd ) 20 y ± 5⋅4, Parents ( n 6) and Grandparents ( n 6) age 58⋅7 ± 9⋅7) living in New York City (NYC) to (a) understand how cultural practices and...

Physical and social environments of parks and neighborhoods influence park use, but the extent of their relative influence remains unclear. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the physical and social environment of parks and both observed and self-reported park use in low-income neighborhoods in New York City. We conducted...

Background and Aims Cannabis use among parents may be increasing with legalization, but perception of associated risk has declined. The study investigated the association between cannabis legalization and cannabis use among adults with children in the home over time in the United States (US). Design A Difference‐in‐Difference approach was applied...

Importance: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with many health conditions in children and adults. Millions of individuals in the US are currently exposed to SHS in their homes. Objective: To investigate whether a federal ban on smoking in public housing settings was associated with a decrease in indoor SHS levels in New York City pub...

The remarkably high and growing placebo response rates in clinical trials for CNS indications, such as depression and schizophrenia, constitute a major challenge for the drug development enterprise. Despite extensive literature on participant expectancies and other potent psychosocial factors that perpetuate placebo response, no empirically validat...

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) offers comprehensive instruction to clients in three forms of meditation: the body scan, sitting meditation, and gentle hatha yoga. Clinical experience suggests that participants may express a preference for one mode of practice over others. However, little research has addressed this question or explored p...

Background Cannabis policy has shifted toward legalization in many parts of the United States (US). While attention has been focused on whether legalization will lead to changes in cannabis use, it is conceivable that legalization will also affect use of substances that individuals frequently use with cannabis. This study assessed whether cannabis...

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains endemic among people who use drugs (PWUD). Measures of HCV community viral load (CVL) and HCV care continuum outcomes may be valuable for ascertaining unmet treatment need and for HCV surveillance and control. Methods: Data from patients in an opioid treatment program during 2013-2016 were used to (1)...

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence has increased in the worsening opioid epidemic. We examined the HCV preventive efficacy of medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and geographic variation in HCV community viral load (CVL) and its association with HCV incidence. Methods: HCV incidence was directly measured in an open cohort of patients...

This study shows that breathing mindfully for 3 minutes over a period of 4 weeks, positively affects compassion fatigue in nurses. A nonrandomized, pre/postintervention study was conducted using a 3-minute attentional breathing intervention. Thirty-two nurses participated over 4 weeks. The intervention demonstrated statistically significant reducti...

Background Cannabis use is more common among adults with anxiety. Cannabis legalization is occurring rapidly across the United States (US) and individuals may use cannabis to cope with anxiety. This study investigated whether cannabis use across the US has changed differentially by anxiety status and by state cannabis legalization for medical (MML)...

Objective This study elucidates the association between acceptance, mindfulness, and psychological well‐being in a community‐based sample participating in a Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. Method Participants (n = 52) completed an 8‐week MBSR program at an academic medical center. Participants completed the Profile of Mood State...

Objective To compare the efficacy of cognitive evolutionary therapy (CET) with cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. Methods Ninety‐seven participants (78 females/19 males) were randomized to a single‐blinded controlled trial (CET: n = 51 vs. CT: n = 46). Assessments were conducted at baseline, Sessions 4 and 8, posttreatment, and 3‐month follow‐...

The percentage of adults in the United States reporting current marijuana use has more than doubled, from 4 to 9% between 2002 and 2018, suggesting that exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke (SHMS) has probably increased. Few studies have characterized the extent to which residents experience SHMS, particularly those living in multi-unit housing....

Background The placebo effect within Schizophrenia clinical trials has been noted as alarmingly high (Kinon et al., 2011). While numerous methodological approaches have been implemented to reduce this phenomenon (e.g., centralized ratings, remote rater monitoring, and data surveillance before subject randomization), research indicates the placebo e...

Importance The prevalence of extreme obesity continues to increase among adults in the US, yet there is an absence of subnational estimates and geographic description of extreme obesity. This shortcoming prevents a thorough understanding of the geographic distribution of extreme obesity, which in turn limits the ability of public health agencies an...

Introduction: Cigarette use is declining yet remains common among adults with mental health conditions. In contrast, e-cigarette use may be on the rise. This study investigated the relationship between serious psychological distress (SPD) and exclusive and dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among United States (US) adults from 2014 to 2017....

UNSTRUCTURED Longitudinal, natural experiments provide an ideal evaluation approach to better understand the impact of built environment interventions on community health outcomes, particularly heath disparities. As there are many recruitment and retention challenges inherent to the design of longitudinal, natural experiments, adaptive and iterativ...

Longitudinal, natural experiments provide an ideal evaluation approach to better understand the impact of built environment interventions on community health outcomes, particularly health disparities. As there are many participant engagement challenges inherent in the design of large-scale community-based studies, adaptive and iterative participant...

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most prevalent blood-borne infection and causes more deaths than any other infectious disease in the US. Incident HCV infection in the US increased nearly 300 % between 2010 and 2015, Community viral load (CVL) measures have been developed for HIV to measure both transmission risk and treatment...

Background Cannabis use is increasing in the United States. Prior work suggests tobacco use in pregnancy is much more common among those with depression. It is not known whether cannabis use is also more common among this especially vulnerable group. Identifying those at highest risk for cannabis use is required to direct prevention and interventio...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of non-adherence to an accelerometry protocol in an economically disadvantaged urban population. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: We analyzed 985 New York City adult participants aged 18-81 years from the Physical Activity and Redesigned C...

Background: Tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with 41,000 deaths attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. On July 30, 2018, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development passed a rule requiring public housing authorities to implement smoke-free housing (SFH) policies. Objectives: Prior to...

Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) often co-exist among survivors of the September 11, 2001 (9/11) World Trade Center (WTC) attacks. Research in police and nontraditional responders suggests PTSD mediates the relationship between 9/11 physical exposures and LRS, but not vice versa. We replicated t...

Background: PTSD, which has been identified in up to 23% of post-9-11 veterans, often results in a chronic, pernicious course. Thus, effective treatments are imperative. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded that the only intervention for PTSD with sufficient evidence to conclude efficacy is exposure therapy. This Phase III trial compares the...

The apparent efficacy of d-cycloserine (DCS) for enhancing exposure treatment for anxiety disorders appears to have declined over the past 14 years. We examined whether variations in how DCS has been administered can account for this "declining effect". We also investigated the association between DCS administration characteristics and treatment ou...

Recent research demonstrates that youth fitness improvements are associated with lower absenteeism. This study assessed whether the effects of poverty on the longitudinal fitness-absenteeism relationship are consistent across poverty measures at the student, school, and neighborhood levels and across sex in New York City (NYC) public school youth i...

The objective of this study was to describe how a cohort review approach was applied as an evaluation framework for a community health worker intervention among adult residents in 5 public housing developments in New York City in 2015-2017. The cohort review approach involved systematically monitoring participants engaged in the Harlem Health Advoc...

Background: Tobacco remains a leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., responsible for more than 440,000 deaths each year. Approximately 10% of these deaths are attributable to exposure of non-smokers to secondhand smoke (SHS). Residents living in public multi-unit housing (MUH) are at excess risk for SHS exposure compared to the general po...

Introduction: Despite increasing use of cannabis, it is unclear how cannabis use is related to cigarette transitions. This study examined cannabis use and smoking initiation, persistence, and relapse over one year among a nationally representative sample of United States (US) adults. Methods: Data were from US adults (18+) who completed two wave...

Introduction: Recent research demonstrates that cardiovascular fitness improvements are associated with lower absenteeism, particularly for girls attending schools located in high poverty neighborhoods. Poverty at the student, school, and neighborhood levels may each have unique effects on both cardiovascular fitness and school absenteeism. There i...

Objective This study was designed to determine (a) whether the prevalence and odds of either obesity or diabetes differed in foreign-born black Africans and Caribbeans living in New York City (NYC) and (b) whether time in the United States (US) affected odds of either outcome. Methods Data were obtained from NYC Community Health Survey 2009–13 for...

Research is limited on the health of foreign-born Blacks (FBBs), who are often grouped with African Americans. This study compared obesity and diabetes odds in FBBs and US-born Blacks (USBBs) in NYC. Analyzing the 2009–2013 NYC Community Health Survey (3701 FBBs and 6297 USBBs), weighted multivariate logistic regression examined odds of obesity and...

Ample evidence supports the use of Virtual Reality (VR) for anxiety disorders. Nonetheless, currently there is no evidence about moderators or potential negative effects of VR treatment strategies. An Individual Patient Data (IPD) approach was employed with 15 retrieved datasets. The current study sample was composed of 810 patients. Randomized con...

Background: Childhood obesity is a public health crisis, particularly in low-income, minority populations in the United States. Innovative and technology-enhanced interventions may be an engaging approach to reach at-risk youth and their parents to improve dietary behaviors and feeding practices. However, such tools are limited, especially ones th...

Numerous studies have found mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to be useful for a range of problems including anxiety, pain, and coping with a medical illness. As the field matures, there is a growing interest in mediational factors associated with the beneficial effects of MBSR. Self-compassion is a construct of increasing focus in empirica...

Background: Despite the development of evidence-based fall-prevention programs, there remains a need for programming that will engage older adults in real-world settings. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a community-based group program that integrates joyful movement into fall prevention. The curriculum emphasizes a positive experience of mo...

Purpose of the study: This mixed-methods study explored the feasibility and acceptability of using a tablet-based research consent process with adults aged ≥65 years. Design and methods: In the first phase, focus group participants reported on their perceptions of a tablet-based consent process. In the second phase, older adults were randomized...

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a public health crisis, particularly in low-income, minority populations in the United States. Innovative and technology-enhanced interventions may be an engaging approach to reach at-risk youth and their parents to improve dietary behaviors and feeding practices. However, such tools are limited, especially ones that...

Abstract Introduction: One-fifth to one-third of students in high-poverty, urban school districts do not attend school regularly (missing ≥6 days per year). Health related fitness is shown to be associated with absenteeism, although this relationship may differ across poverty and gender subgroups. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that area poverty woul...

Background: Extensive research demonstrates the benefits of fitness on children's health and academic performance. Although decreases in health-related fitness may increase school absenteeism, multiple years of prospective, child-level data are needed to examine whether fitness changes predict subsequent chronic absenteeism status. Methods: Six...

Introduction: One-fifth to one-third of students in high-poverty, urban school districts do not attend school regularly (missing ≥6 days per year). Health related fitness is shown to be associated with absenteeism, although this relationship may differ across poverty and gender subgroups. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that area poverty would be a str...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with functional deficits, poor physical health, and diminished quality of life. Limited research has examined PTSD symptom clusters and their associations with functioning and distress among disaster recovery workers, a population at high risk for PTSD due to potential for repeated trauma. The purp...

The graph illustrates the relationship between fitness change and absenteeism in girls by school-area poverty. As shown above, for girls attending schools in high/very high poverty areas, relative to those who had a large decrease in fitness (>20% from the prior year), those who had a small decrease (10-20%), <10% change, small increase (10%-20%),...

Barriers for renal transplant patients to immunosuppressant medication adherence are poorly understood, despite the high rate and toll of non-adherence. We sought to assess factors that contribute to barriers to immunosuppressive medication adherence in an ethnically diverse sample of 312 renal transplant patients recruited from three transplant ce...

Two studies suggest that reductions in posttraumatic symptoms (Aderka et al., 2013) and cognitions (Zalta et al., 2014) precede reductions in depressive symptoms during prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female assault survivors. The present study explored the temporal relationship between posttraumatic and...

Objective: While burn injuries can have dramatic effect on patients' physical health, they can also lead to intense psychological distress, loss of important social and role functioning, and alterations in outward appearance. We aimed to identify potential leading indicators of recovery in the post-discharge period following acute burn injury and...

Introduction: Youth health-related fitness positively affects academic outcomes, although limited research has focused on the relationship between fitness and school absenteeism. We examined the longitudinal association between individual children's fitness and lagged school absenteeism over 4 years in urban middle schools. Methods: Six cohorts...

Purpose One-fifth to one-third of students in high-poverty, urban school districts do not attend school regularly (missing ≥6 days per year). Fitness is shown to be associated with absenteeism, although this relationship may differ across poverty and gender subgroups. Methods Six cohorts of New York City public school students were followed from g...

The present study aimed at developing a scale comprising the factors thought to be implicated in good-design fitness in humans. Items tapping into dimensions such as health, attractiveness, safety of, and fit with, the environment, resourcefulness, upward mobility, mate value, and extended family were included. The construct showed good internal co...

Background Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue among minority youth in the United States. Technology-enhanced approaches can be effective for promoting healthy behavior change. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the usability of prototypes of a Web-based interactive tool promoting healthy dietary behaviors to reduce chi...

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue among minority youth in the United States. Technology-enhanced approaches can be effective for promoting healthy behavior change. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the usability of prototypes of a Web-based interactive tool promoting healthy dietary behaviors to reduce chi...

Background The Million Hearts® initiative aims to prevent heart disease and stroke in the United States by mobilizing public and private sectors around a core set of objectives, with particular attention on improving blood pressure control. South Asians in particular have disproportionately high rates of hypertension and face numerous cultural, lin...

Although studies show that loneliness increases risk of illness and hastens death, it is poorly understood among persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Using data on 150 people with SMI, we used logistic regression to predict (1) loneliness from sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and (2) psychiatric hospitalization from presence of l...

Objective: To evaluate the health effectiveness of community health workers among three groups (intervention, attentional control and control groups) of Hispanic adults with uncontrolled (HbA1c >8%) type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial involving 180 English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic individuals with uncont...

To guide targeted cessation and prevention programming, this study assessed smoking prevalence and described sociodemographic, health, and healthcare use characteristics of adult smokers in public housing. Self-reported data were analyzed from a random sample of 1664 residents aged 35 and older in ten New York City public housing developments in Ea...

Introduction This study examined feasibility of a place-based community health worker (CHW) and health advocate (HA) initiative in five public housing developments selected for high chronic disease burden and described early outcomes. Methods This intervention was informed by a mixed-method needs assessment performed December 2014–January 2015 (re...

Importance Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders is unclear. Objective To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-...

Background The built environment plays a critical role in promoting physical activity and health. The association between parks, as a key attribute of the built environment, and physical activity, however, remains inconclusive. This project leverages a natural experiment opportunity to assess the impact of the Community Parks Initiative (CPI), a ci...

Background: In NYC, non-Hispanic Black Caribbean and West African immigrants constitute 19% and 4%, respectively, of the total foreign-born population. Research is limited on the health of foreign-born Blacks (FBBs), as they are often grouped with African Americans. This study investigated how obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) might differ between...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to a manga comic (Japanese comic art) with messages promoting fruit consumption influenced psychosocial variables associated with increased fruit intake in middle-school youth. A three-group, randomized, single-session study was conducted in two public middle schools in central North Carol...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious condition, with certain occupations at increased risk due to greater trauma exposure. These same individuals face multiple barriers to care. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of conducting a research trial with exposure therapy delivered via videoconferencing. Eleven adults working in...

Background: Randomized controlled trials have found an inconsistent effect of anthelmintic treatment on long-term seizure outcomes in neurocysticercosis. The objective of this study was to further explore the effect of albendazole treatment on long-term seizure outcomes and to determine if there is evidence for a differential effect by seizure typ...

Objective The onset of psychosis typically occurs during adolescence or early adulthood and can have a detrimental impact on social and cognitive development. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) shows promise in reducing the risk of psychosis. Teaching families to apply CBT with their offspring may bolster therapeutic gains made in time-limited tre...

This chapter details the development of an evidence-based clinical assessment and treatment program following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. This unprecedented disaster resulted in a large population of disaster workers in need of psychological assessment and sometimes treatment following their depl...

Background: Randomized controlled trials have found an inconsistent effect of anthelmintic treatment on long-term seizure outcomes in neurocysticercosis. The objective of this study was to further explore the effect of alben-dazole treatment on long-term seizure outcomes and to determine if there is evidence for a differential effect by seizure typ...

Burn injuries are unique in their medical and psychological impact, yet there has been little exploration of psychiatric treatment for this population. This uncontrolled pilot study assessed feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a treatment protocol designed to address posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, coping with scarrin...

Objective The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sleep disturbance, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and functional disability in a population exposed to a singular traumatic event.Method The participants were a population of 2,453 predominantly male utility workers who were deployed to the World Trade Cente...

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate interrater reliability for the diagnosis of pediatric delirium by child psychiatrists. Method: Critically ill patients (N = 17), 0-21 years old, including 7 infants, 5 children with developmental delay, and 7 intubated children, were assessed for delirium using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV)...

Depression is estimated to become the leading cause of disease burden globally by 2030. Despite existing efficacious treatments (both medical and psychotherapeutic), a large proportion of patients do not respond to therapy. Recent insights from evolutionary psychology suggest that, in addition to targeting the proximal causes of depression (for exa...

Viewing PTSD as a disorder of emotional learning, this study used a cognitive-enhancer synergistically with virtual reality exposure therapy (VRE) for the treatment of PTSD. The main objective was to determine if a novel pharmacotherapy, D-cycloserine (DCS), enhanced the efficacy of the psychotherapy. Pre-clinical studies suggest that when fear ext...

Patients with ESRD have high rates of depression, which is associated with diminished quality of life and survival. We determined whether individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reduces depression in hemodialysis patients with elevated depressive affect in a randomized crossover trial. Of 65 participants enrolled from two dialysis centers in...

This study examined the prevalence and associates of anxiety symptoms in older home health care recipients (N = 249) who completed structured interviews assessing sociodemographic, cognitive, medical and disability, and psychosocial variables-including anxiety (assessed by the Clinical Anxiety Scale). Mild or moderate anxiety was reported by 3.6% o...

This study examined the associations between a high-K fitness strategy (i.e., a Darwinian reproductive strategy where the individual invests significantly in a small number of offspring) and PTSD on a sample of 1400 disaster workers who had exposure to a singular traumatic event (the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City). The part...

This study examined the long-term mental health outcomes of 2,960 nonrescue disaster workers deployed to the World Trade Center site in New York City following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks. Semistructured interviews and standardized self-report measures were used to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) an...

Recent attention has begun to be focused on the effects of disaster recovery work on nonrescue workers. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related symptoms in a population of utility workers deployed to the World Trade Center (WTC) site in the aftermath of 9/11. Utility wor...

This study investigated rates of subthreshold PTSD and associated impairment in comparison to no PTSD and full PTSD and prospectively followed the course of subthreshold symptoms over 3 years. 3360 workers dispatched to the WTC site following 9/11 completed clinician interviews and self-report measures at three time points each one year apart. At T...