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From Asia to Europe: The first record of the blue tiger Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) in the European continent
Abstract
The introduction of species by human action is one of the main causes of rarefaction and extinctions of species. This fact is especially relevant in insular ecosystems. Here, we reported for the first time the arrival of Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) from the Asian to European continent. A single specimen was recorded in the Balearic Islands, which a large list of introductions around their history. Some reasons could explain the occurrence of this species into the islands, but the most likely are the cargo and nursery trade as well as the release of specimens for weddings and other social events as well as escaped from a private butterfly’s garden. This record highlights the importance of implementing early detection of introduced species in insular ecosystems.
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The introduction of species is a major threat to biodiversity conservation. Island biodiversity is especially sensitive to the arrival of new species, and species introductions are one of the major concerns of conservation management policies. Here, we report for the first time the arrival of Callinctes sapidus, a new potentially invasive crab species from the East coast of America to the Balearic Islands (Spain). It appeared simultaneously in both Mallorca and Menorca islands. Nine different records of 20 individuals were documented in six different localities, suggesting an initial colonization process of the territory.
Dispersal of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) over southern Spain from its breeding grounds. From
2000–2016, monarch butterflies were detected at 127 locations away from their usual coastal breeding areas
in the south of the Iberian peninsula. These findings were recorded in the summer–autumn period, coinciding
with the highest abundance of individuals and the highest proportion of patches occupied in their reproduction
areas near the Strait of Gibraltar. These dispersing individuals have no chance of successfully establishing new
colonies at these sites because the food plants for egg laying do not grow in the localities where they were
detected. However, these dispersive movements could be the source of their successful colonisation on food
plants growing in other areas of the Iberian peninsula and in other Mediterranean countries.
Key words: Danaus plexippus, Monarchs, Dispersal, Southern Spain
Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00-13:00 and 15:00-18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00-12:00 and 16:00-17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d.
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.
The establishment of the lycaenid butterfly Cacyreus marshalli on the island of Majorca (Spain), originating from southern Africa, has already been reported (Eitschberger & Stamer, 1990; Sarto i Monteys & Masó, 1991). The latter warned of the likelihood of this species being introduced to neighbouring areas, particularly the northeastern coast of Spain (the Communities of Valencia and Catalonia) and the other islands of the balearic archipelago. The present work reports the finding of this species on the islands of Menorca and Ibiza and its apparent absence, for now, from the island of Formentera. Its present status in the archipelago is discussed with the likelihood of invading the Iberian Peninsula and the European continent.
La llegada del hombre a las Islas Baleares supuso la introducción, en suce-sivos momentos de la historia, de diferentes especies que fueron ocupando de-terminados nichos ecológicos, lo que en algunos casos provocó la extinción, por competencia directa, de algunas especies nativas. En la actualidad, todas las especies de mamíferos carnívoros que encontra-mos en la isla de Mallorca han sido introducidas por el hombre. Desde tiem-pos históricos se ha citado la presencia de poblaciones totalmente naturalizadas de ginetas, Genetta genetta (Linnaeus, 1758), martas, Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) y comadrejas, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766, así como gatos asilvestrados procedentes de los núcleos urbanos. Más recientemente se ha citado la presencia del coatí, Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) (Álvarez y Mayol 2007) que ya presenta una población naturalizada y que es objeto de seguimiento y control por parte del Gobierno Balear. El mapache Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) es un prociónido originario de Norteamérica, del que existen poblaciones naturalizadas en algunas zonas de Eu-ropa Central (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999, Kays 2009). En España la especie está presente en la provincia de Madrid, dónde se lleva a cabo un control exhaustivo de la población (García et al. 2007) y habita tanto en zonas periurbanas como en espacios naturales protegidos (Barona y García-Román 2007). En las Islas Balea-res no está documentada su presencia en tiempos históricos (Alcover 1979, Pa-lomo et al. 2007) pero en los últimos años se han registrado observaciones pun-tuales de mapaches en el año 2006 y 2007, en los municipios de Puigpunyent (CUTM: 31SDD58) y Lloret de Vistalegre (CUTM: 31SDD99), observándose en Puigpunyent pelos y huellas de dos ejemplares y en Lloret de Vistalegre un ejemplar, que fue fotografiado (Figura 1) (Gobierno Balear, datos inéditos).
Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) is a Neotropical species of Castniidae recently introduced into Europe (from Argentina), where it has become a serious pest of palm trees. Since it was first reported in Catalonia (Spain) in March 2001, it has also been found in the Comunidad Valenciana and the Balearic Islands (Spain), several Departments in southeastern France, Italy (Sicily, Campania, Lazio, Marche) and even in Sussex (U.K.). Its life history and life cycle were not known in detail previously and are presented here, comparing them with those of other castniid pests, mainly Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), Castniomera atymnius (Dalman, 1824) and Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776). The egg of P. archon (usually 4.4–5.2 mm long) is fusiform, resembling a rice grain, bearing six to eight raised longitudinal ridges which have associated aeropyles along their length, with the micropyle at one end of the long axis; hatching occurs after 12–21 d, according to temperature. Larvae are endophagous; cannibalistic (even affecting prepupal larvae within their fully formed cocoons), mostly as a result of territoriality; undergo unusual lethargic periods and make "false cocoons", most likely to confuse predators/parasitoids; generally go through nine instars (occasionally seven or eight), increasing dramatically in size (from ca. 0.7 cm to 9 cm), and in so doing have considerable destructive power. The total larval stage is quite long, ca. 10.5 months in larvae having a one-year cycle and ca. 18.5 months in larvae having an almost two-year cycle. Larvae can be found tunnelling in different parts of the palms, which largely depends on the larval size, although always on/near the top (crown) of the palm; they will normally not abandon their palm host until the adult stage is reached. The prepupal larval stage is long and complex, made up of two periods. The first occurs before making the cocoon and its length is very variable. The second occurs after the cocoon has been built and includes the time spent by the larva inside the cocoon before converting into pupa; this time is around 17 d in early spring although it can be shortened to only 9 d in early summer. The cocoons (av. length 5.8 cm) are stout with inner walls smoothly coated by a layer of silk and mucus and outer walls loosely covered by fragments of palm fibres which makes them very cryptic. Pupae formed in the second half of March took an average of 66 d to complete their metamorphosis to adults; those formed in the first half of April took 52 d; those formed in the first half of July took 43 d. The adult moths are day-flying insects. ♂♂ (which occur slightly less abun-dant than ♀♀, in the ratio of 1:1.19) are very territorial and fly in hot, sunny weather. Their flight is very powerful, rapid and darting (an estimation would be 20 m/s), being able to hover for a few seconds; the flight path is generally straight although right/left shifts are frequent and the moth can be seen balancing its body accordingly. They fly over and over rather small areas, returning to the same perching places. Their orientation skills are extraordinary; being capable of flying hundreds of meters, disappearing from human sight for several minutes and coming back exactly to the same palm leaf they had taken off from. In the lab, ♀♀ lived an average of 14.1 d whereas ♂♂ lived 23.8 d, and both sexes do not appear to feed at all in this stage. Preliminary research indicates that sex recognition seems to be visual at first. ♀♀ simply move around within the appropriate habitat until they are spotted by a patrolling ♂, in much the same way as butterflies do. The fact that electroantennograms carried out using ♀ ovipositor (hexane) extracts, triggered a positive and significant response in ♂ antennae, seems to indicate that P. archon has at least a ♀-released short-range pheromone for conspecific sex recognition, while ♀-released long-range pheromone, i.e. that used by other heterocerans to attract conspecific ♂♂ at longer distances, might be absent in P. archon and replaced by visual attraction. Mating in the wild has been observed and described for the first time. ♀♀ lay eggs singly (through their long extensible ovipositor) in a very quick and inconspicuous manner; most eggs are found within the fibre webs closest to or within the palm crowns; they are not glued to the fibres, remaining loose within their thick layers (1–2 cm inside). Dissected virgin ♀♀, known to have laid no eggs, were found to have about 140 eggs. As for the life cycle, adults appear in the wild in mid-May and disappear in late September, with a peak during June and July; sightings of adults in May, August and September are much rarer. Live eggs are expected to be found from late May to mid-October. The larval stage is the longest and most complex of all P. archon stages. It is the only one that overwinters; during winter time, nearly all instars can be found within the palms in the wild, including prepupal ninth instar larvae. Most larvae will undergo a one-year cycle, although a second group will experience an almost two-year one. Live cocoons can be found from mid-March to mid-September. In summary, the P. archon life cycle in Catalonia comprises, from egg to egg, an average of 389 days (i.e. 12.8 months) in specimens undergoing a one-year cycle and an average of 673 days (i.e. 22.1 months) in specimens undergoing a two-year cycle. P. archon larvae seem to be specialized feeders on Arecaceae (palm trees) as all reported hostplants fall within this monocotyledonous family; however, within it, the larvae are unspecified feeders, given the variety of genera they attack. As to natural enemies, in Europe as well as in the Neotropics, there are no factual data as yet; however some empty eggs have been found in the wild in Catalonia strongly suggesting the attack by a hymenopterous egg parasitoid or an egg-predacious hemipteran. Very cold winter temperatures lasting for several consecutive days might increase mortality in the overwintering archon larval population sheltered in palm trees; notwithstanding that, this pest has proven to be well adapted to the Mediterranean climate. Symptoms of infestation by P. archon on palms are (1) presence of sawdust on the palm crown and/or palm trunk; (2) presence of perforated or nibbled leaves (non specific); (3) presence of gallery holes (axial and transversal) within the palm trunk (observable when the palm trunk is cut in slices); (4) abnormal development of axillary leaf buds; (5) deformation and abnormal twisting of palm trunks; (6) abnormal drying up of the palms, especially the core leaves. As for possible measures of control, so far, only those using chemical insecticides have been tested (apart from pulling-up and burning the infested palms); good results were obtained by wetting the palm crown and trunk with contact and/or systemic organophosphorus insecticides (Chlorpyrifos, Acephate and Dimethoate); best results were obtained by using Chlorpyrifos 48%, dose 200 ml/Hl or Acephate 75%, dose 150 g/Hl.
The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., is native to India, China, Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East. Its larvae are a serious pest of different species of Buxus. Recently, C. perspectalis was introduced into Europe and first recorded from Germany in 2006. This species has been placed in various spilomeline genera including Palpita Hübner, 1808, Diaphania Hübner, 1818, Glyphodes Guenée, 1854 and the monotypic Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008. In order to solve this nomenclatural confusion and to find a reasonable and verifiable generic placement for the box tree moth, the morphology of the above mentioned and some additional spilomeline taxa was investigated and their phylogeny analysed. The results show that C. perspectalis belongs to a monophylum that includes three of the genera in which it was previously placed: Glyphodes, Diaphania and Palpita. Within this monophylum, it is closely related to the Asian Cydalima Lederer, 1863. As a result of this analysis, Sisyrophora Lederer, 1863 syn. rev. and Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008 syn. n. are synonymised with Cydalima Lederer, 1863, and five species are transferred to this genus: Cydalima capriniodes (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima decipiens (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima joiceyi (Janse, 1924) (Margaronia) comb. n., Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Phakellura) comb. n. and Cydalima pfeifferae (Lederer, 1863) (Sisyrophora) comb. rev.
The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax is an Invasive Alien Species introduced into Europe in 2004, and is currently present in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Belgium. It was also recently introduced in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Here we present the first detection of V. velutina in the westernmost Mediterranean islands (Majorca, Balearic archipelago). In October 2015, a specimen of hornet, which was later identified as V. velutina, was sent to the laboratory of Zoology at the University of the Balearic Islands by a beekeeper from the locality of Sóller (northwest of Majorca). After the identification, and in coordination with the local authorities, an intensive survey was implemented in the area of first detection using sticky traps baited with protein and nest detection by directly observing the flight route of adult hornets from two or three feeding points. The first nest was detected on 30th October 2015 and was entirely removed. The next year, nine other nests
This book had its origin when, about five years ago, an ecologist (MacArthur) and a taxonomist and zoogeographer (Wilson) began a dialogue about common interests in biogeography. The ideas and the language of the two specialties seemed initially so different as to cast doubt on the usefulness of the endeavor. But we had faith in the ultimate unity of population biology, and this book is the result. Now we both call ourselves biogeographers and are unable to see any real distinction between biogeography and ecology.
Amb aquesta nota es documenten diverses observacions (i una recollida de mostres) de la papallona monarca Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus 1758) a l'illa de Mallorca. Una hipòtesi probable és que la presència d'aquesta papallona a l'illa sia per l'arribada d'exemplars en dispersió procedents del nucli reproductor d'Andalusia, així com també es valora la possibilitat de que la part nord de Mallorca pugui ser una àrea d'hàbitat favorable per a la reproducció d'aquesta espècie. Paraules clau: primera cita, Danaus plexippus, papallona monarca, Mallorca. FIRST RECORD OF MONARCH BUTTERFLY, Danaus plexippus (LINNAEUS, 1758), FROM THE BALEARIC ISLANDS. This note documents a number of sightings (and one specimen collected) of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus 1758) on the island of Mallorca. A probable hypothesis is that the presence of this butterfly on the island is due to the arrival of individuals dispersing from the the breeding population established in Andalusia. It raises the possibility that the north of Mallorca could present a favourable breeding habitat for this species.
Protecting national borders against biological invasions is becoming increasingly difficult because those whose actions result in invasions seldom bear legal responsibility for those actions. Invasion costs are often an externality (an unintended side effect) of international trade. Externalities are best dealt with by internalizing them; that is, by getting those who harm society to meet the cost. This is the 'polluter pays principle', which, under current trade rules, is difficult to implement. Tariffs could, however, be used to confront exporters with the costs of their actions, and the right to do this should be embedded in trade agreements. At the same time, international aid could be used to protect donor societies against the inability of some other countries to take appropriate biosecurity measures. The impact of invasions can thus be reduced by tackling their economic externalities.
Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, eine neue Tagfalterart für sie europäische Fauna? (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
- Eitschberger
Eitschberger, U., Stamer, P., 1990. Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, eine neue Tagfalterart
für sie europäische Fauna? (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Atalanta 21 (1/2), 101-108.
Tirumala limniace in GBIF Backbone Taxonomy
GBIF, 2017. Tirumala limniace in GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://
doi.org/10.15468/39omei (accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-08-05).
First detection of Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean): a challenging study case
- M Leza
- M Mirada
- V Colomar
Leza, M., Mirada, M., Colomar, V., 2018. First detection of Vespa velutina nigrithorax
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean): a challenging study case. Biol. Invasions 20 (7), 1643-1649.
Cacyreus marshalli Butler – om artens status i Europa og i Danmark
- Skule
Skule, B., Skou, P., 2011. Cacyreus marshalli Butler -om artens status i Europa og i
Danmark. Lepidoptera 10 (2), 57-68.