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Bekämpfung von resistenten Krankenhauskeimen: Inhibition von Biofilmen

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Abstract

Bacterial biofilms attached on surfaces of implants cause nosocomial infections. The polysaccharide poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) forms the backbone of Staphylococcus biofilms. A target for drugs to treat these infections is the inhibition of biofilm synthesis and stabilization of PNAG. A promising source of inhibitors are macroalgae, because they have many interactions with bacterial biofilm systems. Isolation and characterization of those inhibitors are our research topic.
215
BIOspektrum |02.17 |23. Jahrgang
FRAUKE SYMANOWSKI, VERONIKA HELLWIG, CHRISTIAN GRÜNEWALD,
UWE ENGLISCH
CENTRUM INDUSTRIELLE BIOTECHNOLOGIE, FACHHOCHSCHULE LÜBECK
Bacterial biofilms attached on surfaces of implants cause nosocomial
infections. The polysaccharide poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)
forms the backbone of
Staphylococcus
biofilms. A target for drugs to
treat these infections is the inhibition of biofilm synthesis and stabiliza-
tion of PNAG. A promising source of inhibitors are macroalgae, because
they have many interactions with bacterial biofilm systems. Isolation and
characterization of those inhibitors are our research topic.
DOI: 10.1007/s12268-017-0785-5
© Springer-Verlag 2017
óMikroorganismen organisieren sich oft als
Gemeinschaften in einer Matrix aus extra-
zellulären polymeren Substanzen (EPS). Die-
se stabilen „Mikrohabitate“ sind in Lebens-
räumen mit fluktuierenden Umweltbedin-
gungen für das Überleben der Bakterien
essenziell.
Diese Biofilme spielen auch bei bakteriel-
len Infektionen im Klinikalltag eine große
Rolle. Sie sind z.B. eine Hauptursache von
Fremdkörper-assoziierten Infektionen auf
Implantaten und Kathetern [1]. Biofilme sind
für das humane Immunsystem kaum angreif-
bar, Therapien mit Antibiotika sind meistens
ineffektiv, Keime sind oft Antibiotika-resis-
tent. Für Patienten können solche Infektio-
nen über eine Sepsis lebensgefährlich wer-
den. Alternativen zur Therapie von Antibio-
tika-resistenten Keimen sind dringend not-
wendig.
Eine Strategie beruht darauf, dass Bakte-
rien ohne intakten Biofilm vom humanen
Immunsystem angegriffen werden. Eine For-
schungsrichtung zielt deshalb auf die Inhi-
bierung der Biofilmbildung und die Destabi-
lisierung der Biofilme ab. Die Erforschung
der Chemie der Komponenten, ihrer Struktur
und ihrer Stabilität sind Grundlage, um ihre
Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Zellen zu
untersuchen und damit Targets für Hemm-
stoffe zu identifizieren [2].
Biofilme: Chemie, Struktur und
Funktion
Die EPS-Matrix in Biofilmen erlaubt einer-
seits Transport, Kommunikation und Aus-
tausch und wirkt andererseits als Barriere
zur Umwelt. Die EPS bestehen chemisch größ-
tenteils aus Polysacchariden, Proteinen,
Nukleinsäuren und Lipiden. Die Polysaccha-
ride ermöglichen es aufgrund ihrer Chemie
und ihrer flexiblen Strukturen, die hydro -
kolloidalen Eigenschaften des Biofilms von
dünnflüssigen Polymeren zu festeren Formen
wie Gelen oder Kapseln schnell zu ändern.
Polysaccharide binden und neutralisieren
Toxine und dienen als Reaktionsräume für
die Hydrolyse von Substanzen. Biofilme sind
bei Gram-negativen Bakterien durch die
Ladungen der Polysaccharide meist neutral
oder polyanionisch, bei Gram-positiven Bak-
terien polykationisch [3]. Die chemische und
strukturelle Vielfalt der EPS erschwert die
Aufreinigung und Analytik der Biofilme. Ein
Beispiel sind die variablen Modifizierungen
der Polysaccharide. Sie beeinflussen die
Flexibilität der Biofilme und somit die adhä -
siven und kohäsiven Eigenschaften sowie die
Biofilmarchitektur [4].
Biofilme klinisch relevanter
Mikroorganismen
Die am häufigsten isolierten bakteriellen Spe-
zies bei nosokomialen Infektionen gehören
zu den Koagulase-negativen Staphylokokken,
die neben der Fähigkeit zur Biofilmbildung
keine weiteren Virulenzfaktoren aufweisen
und deshalb typischerweise zu chronischen
Infektionen führen.
Hauptkomponente der stabilen Biofilme
von Krankenhauskeimen wie Staphylococcus
Biofilme
Bekämpfung von resistenten Kranken haus -
keimen: Inhibition von Biofilmen
˚ Abb. 1: Struktur von Poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglukosamin (PNAG). PNAG ist die Hauptkomponente
bei stabilen Biofilmen von Keimen in Krankenhäusern.
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