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4D construction sequence planning - New process and data model
Abstract
Model based working is only just getting introduced in the construction sector to support design and pro-ject management. In particular, construction sequence planning as one of the key processes in a construction project can benefit from model based working. Since the time schedule defines sequences of activities and allocates resources such as material and labour, it plays an important role in optimizing and managing a construction project. In this respect, model based working can offer more to construction sequence planning than just a visualisation of the construction sequences, in which the term '4D simulation' is today commonly understood. Still, available 4D simulation software packages do not engage in the scheduling work but require major additional effort after the time schedule has been finished. The links between the objects of the 3D CAD model and the activities of the time schedule have to be established manually, i.e. the user has to select certain objects and assign them to a related activity in the time schedule. Furthermore, a 4D simulation merely adds limited value due to a restriction to visualisa-tion of construction sequences only. This additional effort for creating the 4D simulation and limited benefit of having a visualisation of construction se-quences only, seem to be the main drawbacks as a result of which 4D simulation still has not crossed the threshold to daily practice. To significantly improve the efficiency of creating a 4D simulation this article presents a solution for creating time schedules and 4D simulations based on data stored in a building model. KEYWORDS: 4D simulation, scheduling, construction planning, model based planning, building information model.
... Some technical challenges associated with the software currently available on the market can also slow down the adoption of 4D simulation, by reducing the effectiveness or efficiency of its use. These include, by name, the limited functionality of activity sequencing [14,15], the limited visualization capacities offered [13,16], the lack of interoperability between the existing software and the difficult automation of the link between objects in 3D models and activities in the schedule [17], in particular caused by certain modeling techniques and the absence of shared standards. However, there is no study that deals with the importance of the challenges associated with 4D simulation within the construction industry in Quebec, so as to allow effective actions to be taken for a better dissemination. ...
... The limitations of the existing tools are also documented in the literature as an important challenge. First, the software currently available on the market contributes little or no to the development of the construction schedule, which means that users must make additional efforts after the creation of the schedule to perform 4D simulations [15]. Most of the software available assumes the existence of a schedule and a model, both completed. ...
... Most of the software available assumes the existence of a schedule and a model, both completed. An important limitation of this approach would be the absence of a known method for preparing the 4D simulation in parallel with the creation of the construction schedule [15]. It has also been concluded in a recent study, that the benefits of 4D simulation come from improving understanding and communication between stakeholders, more than technical support for project schedule creation and control [22]. ...
This research explores the points of view of practitioners regarding the challenges associated with 4D BIM in Quebec. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected, through an online survey and interviews with various professionals, to understand the current challenges associated with the use of 4D simulation in the construction industry. The importance of certain challenges, from the perspectives of different professionals, are determined, particularly in terms of organization and contracts, IT infrastructures and software, and staff training. The results proposed a new perspective based on the opinions of professionals in the construction industry in Quebec regarding the issues surrounding 4D simulation.
... disappearing according to a predefined time interval with manually created CPM schedule and links between tasks and elements as the essential input. However, creating and updating even a simple 4D BIM is not an easy task (Tulke and Hanff, 2007;Altun and Akcamete, 2019). For the same reason, creating 4D BIMs with details equivalent to level 5 schedules is often unrealistic. ...
... However, the process of creating a 4D BIM still requires prohibitive manual effort. The process of developing a 4D BIM -creating, reviewing, and revising a 4D BIM -operates in a continuous loop of repetitive revisions requiring intensive manual effort (Tulke and Hanff, 2007;Altun and Akcamete, 2019). ...
... To bridge the gap between construction methods and building elements without construction-specific information, Fischer and Aalami (1996) proposed a construction method that involves the application of templates to building elements to generate construction processes. Tulke and Hanff (2007) presented the rule-based automation of linking between 3D building objects and construction activities. Likewise, Park and Cai (2015) presented the integration of element and work breakdown structures to automate the links among building elements and activities. ...
For effective pre-construction process, engineers create a 4D building information model (BIM). However, the rich information associated with the creation of the 4D BIM leads to manual effort. Past studies explored methods that automatically generate construction schedules using 3D building models. However, no method properly utilized relationships between building elements to robustly generate 4D BIMs that are structural stable during installation. This research presents an approach to the automated generation of structurally stable construction sequences using a 3D BIM. Focusing on steel erection, we create a framework integrating a 3D BIM and algorithms to create a 4D BIM with detailed steel erection sequences of individual elements. This research explores an approach to a variation of static indeterminacy for each installation process of steel elements. The principle of this approach is based on the relationships among the nodes and the connections among steel elements, information about which is available to those involved in the project. For validation, we test a prototype software program using a BIM for a real-world construction project. The results indicate that the prototype utilizing the static indeterminacy variation could generate a large number of random sequences and successfully transforms them into stable sequences. This study establishes the foundational step of generating constructible sequences using structural information in BIM which is found to be more robust than previous approaches, and results of this study can lead to follow up studies for full automation such as automated analysis and optimization of the sequences.
... Another limitation mentioned in the literature is that the currently available software offers little or no support for developing the 4D construction schedule. Consequently, this means that the user must put in more effort after creating the schedule to produce the 4D simulations through linking with the schedule (Campagna-Wilson and Boton, 2020;Tulke and Hanff, 2007). Furthermore, the software and 4D processes assume that the schedule and the models are completed at a similar detail level. ...
... This social creativity is achieved by drawing on the collaborative possibilities enabled by the VPP-system and BIMXplorer. Thus, this mitigates the problems of additional effort for 4D identified argument presented by Tulke & Hanff (2007) and Campagna-Wilson & Boton (2020). In this context, the 4D modelling process could become an active and collaborative process, where worker and subcontractor engage and update the schedule, work sequencing and 4D during the construction. ...
During the last decades, the introduction of Building Information Models (BIM) has opened new possibilities to ensure better communication and a shared understanding between stakeholders in construction projects. Similar benefits have been found in 4D simulations of the schedule. While BIM and 4D use has seen a steady increase, the potential benefits have not fully been realised, primarily due to tools not supporting and enabling the full potential of collaborative stakeholder involvement in scheduling. The benefits of 4D simulations come from improving communication between stakeholders. While traditional 4D modelling connects an existing BIM model with an existing schedule, a move from this type of passive 4D visualisation toward social co-creation enables all stakeholders to be involved in the scheduling process. This connection is further enhanced with the use of Virtual Reality (VR). Recent research has shown VR to enhance understanding and perception of the space and details and, thus, a better understanding of the project. This paper maps collaborative planning and scheduling method and traditional 4D scheduling using process modelling. This mapping is followed by implementing the 4D collaborative planning and scheduling method in the virtual project planning system with support for a multi-user interactive VR environment. The system enables social co-creation both during the planning and scheduling and during 4D modelling; it improves understanding of the project and the planning and scheduling.
... time) to a 3D-model could be useful for project and construction management. Subsequent work has employed a range of terminology, including: 4D CAD (Heesom and Mahdjoubi, 2004;Koo and Fischer, 2000); 4D-Modeling (Buchmann-Slorup and Andersson, 2010); 4D Planning and Scheduling (Allen and Smallwood, 2007;Rischmoller and Alarcón, 2002); 4D Simulation (Heesom and Mahdjoubi, 2002;Tulke and Hanff, 2007); 4D site management model or 4DSMM, (Chau, Anson and De Saram, 2005;Chau, Anson and Zhang, 2005) and 4D Technology (Hu et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2004). Amidst this terminological variety, it is clear that 4D planning involves linking a time schedule to a 3D-model to improve construction planning techniques through: ...
... Researchers (Chau et al., 2003;Koo and Fischer, 2000;Mahalingam et al., 2010) have identified the requirements for a 4D model as: (i) a 3D geometric model with building components; (ii) a construction programme (with activity data, durations, logical relationships); and (iii) a 4D simulation tool that allows the linking of elements of the 3D model with those of the programme. Tulke and Hanff (2007) provide a detailed description of the process (and the challenges) of importing and linking the separate 3D model and programme data before defining the visual parameters of how and when objects appear in a 4D simulation. ...
More than half of construction projects exceed their agreed time schedules. Attempts to remedy this have been monitored over a number of years in the UK using standard industry KPI measurement data. The aim of this research was to investigate how contracting organisations have adapted their existing construction planning practices by using 4D BIM to improve project delivery and time predictability. In the light of the current lack of robust case-based evidence in support of this premise, a survey of 136 construction practitioners was conducted to measure the extent and use of 4D BIM in the UK and the perceptions of its value. Results indicated a high level of general BIM awareness, and some experience of 4D BIM for work winning, methods planning, and the visualisation and validation of construction processes. The study revealed the perceived value of 4D BIM, the extent of its use, and those elements of planning which were its principal targets. It also provided a view of the drivers and barriers for 4D BIM adoption. Several associations were found between the characteristics of user organisations and the extent and use of 4D BIM (and BIM more generally). The study uncovers the areas in which 4D BIM is believed by practitioners to be more effective than traditional means of construction planning. The conclusion is that the benefits of 4D BIM are considered to be less concerned with creating, validating and controlling project timescales (all of which still require the skills of experienced practitioners) but are more related to handling and communicating information. Given that these aspects are, using traditional 2D methods, considered to be a primary cause of 'poor predictability', the study supports the value of 4D BIM in improving project delivery.
... A reason for this is that this process remains insufficiently supported by software applications [14]. Since it is difficult to interact between scheduling software and BIM, many benefits of the benefits of BIM technology proposed in research papers remain unexploited [15]. Being able to exploit information stored in BIM to assist in generating schedules could help achieve significant time reductions in scheduling compared to traditional manual methods of scheduling. ...
... Several more recent efforts have attempted to use information stored in either 3D CAD models or BIM for processes related to automated schedule generation. Tulke and Hanff [15] demonstrated the viability of using element quantities stored in BIM to generate durations for scheduling tasks using production rates. Their primary objective in this work was not on schedule creation, but rather on using this technique for expediting the 4D simulation process. ...
The architecture, engineering, and construction industries have had rapid technological advancements over the last decade, particularly in the area of building information modeling (BIM). BIM stores all the information of a building and can be leveraged for many new and exciting applications including the generation of quantity takeoffs, 4D scheduling, and building simulations. The main objective in this study is to establish a framework for automating the generation of construction schedules by using data (e.g. spatial, geometric, quantity, relationship and material layer set information) stored in BIM. Using the extracted information, the proposed system in this research creates construction tasks, computes activity durations using available activity production rates, applies sequencing rules, and finally outputs a schedule. To demonstrate the functionality of this framework, a prototype system has been developed to import BIM representations with basic building elements such as slabs, walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors, and ceilings in two story buildings.
... 5. The 4D, which added time, can be merged to demonstrate how quickly a project can be put together. 6. Site work eminences among the ultimate eminence and existing conditions could be determined. ...
... Although, information about geometry is utilized just for visualizing thru the simulation of four dimensional (4D) when it is in addition linked to the system separate from the schedule of construction, which demonstrates that conventional techniques cannot be avoided. In the meanwhile, J. Tulke et al. [6] performed a simulation system of 4D which spontaneously linked to the information of geometry based on data stashed at a building model with period schedules for planning a construction sequence. Although, the system could not be able to fracture of the existing frame, which is solely an easy linking between information and schedule of geometry. ...
Due to numerous steps of construction industry and its complicated and extensive structure, errors and reworks often might happen in this section. As such, BIM (Building Information Modeling) is regarded as a beneficial tool in minimizing the waste and improving the efficiency of building construction. This paper reviews and summarizes a substantial amount of requisite information relating to BIM from the literature reviews between 2005 and 2012. It has discussed the concept, explained the history, planning and implementation process and the benefits of using BIM in construction industry. Furthermore, the application of BIM in construction process of two specific projects has been explained. Additionally, the importance of BIM for architects, engineers and construction industry has been taken into consideration. In other words ,BIM can be used by engineers ,architects, project managers ,etc. in order to achieve these goals :To decrease design errors, To reduce clash detection, To boost the integration of cost and time, To improve the integration of design and construction phase, To increase the collaboration between different construction sections and finally to improve recycling. Domain-specific tools are utilized to analyze and evaluate the design in a building project development. There are several examples that all needs specified data for their implementation, such as, evacuation simulation, lighting tools, scheduling, design of mechanical system, design of control systems, analysis of structural, energy use and analysis of cost. In an old-fashioned design, where the two dimensional (2D) drawings were produced by hand, every domain proficient had analyzed with his or her own tools at the project as well as this expert generated datasets manually from suggested design to assess the design of the consultant's view. As the design initiated, these consultants provided the trade-off between data analysis for maintaining its stability and the design. The expert advisers were not able to answer to the design decision-making timeframe because this manual procedure was time-consuming. Evaluations in the process of design were spontaneously created by experience. Moreover, the majority of computational analyses had been applied adjacent of the termination of the design to certify formerly made decisions [1].
... time) to a 3D-model could be useful for project and construction management. Subsequent work has employed a range of terminology, including: 4D CAD (Koo and Fischer 2000;Heesom and Mahdjoubi 2004); 4D-Modeling (Buchmann-Slorup and Andersson 2010); 4D Planning and Scheduling (Rischmoller and Alarcón 2002); 4D Simulation (Heesom and Mahdjoubi 2002;Tulke and Hanff 2007); 4D site management model or 4DSMM, (Chau et al. 2005a;Chau et al. 2005b) and 4D Technology (Wang et al. 2004;Hu et al. 2008). Amidst this terminological variety it is clear that 4D planning involves linking a time schedule to a 3D-model to improve construction planning techniques through: ...
... a central processor in the form of a 4D simulation tool that allows the linking of the 3D model and the programme data. Tulke and Hanff (2007) provide a detailed description of the process (and the challenges) of importing and linking the separate 3D model and programme data before defining the visual parameters of how and when objects appear in a 4D simulation. ...
The 2013 UK Government construction strategy, presented at its 'Construction Summit' set targets for 50% faster project delivery and reductions in the overall delivery time for new build and refurbished assets. Despite the best efforts of constructors, who have considerable in house experience, skills and knowledge in project delivery, more than half of all UK construction projects exceed their agreed time schedules; with current data revealing the worst performance for 12 years. The concurrent drive for all centrally procured public construction projects to be working at BIM Level 2 by 2016 is seen as an important step in improving the quality of project information, which, in turn, should result in improvements in project predictability, including predictability of both time and cost. The current research investigates how contracting organisations have adapted their existing practices to utilize BIM and improve project delivery. As part of the work a quantitative survey was undertaken that focused upon the current use of virtual construction. Results show a high level of BIM awareness and a more limited degree of experience of using virtual construction practices to improve construction planning. There was, however, a generally high level of recognition of the potential value of 4D planning. With additional data, the study will investigate whether potential benefits of 4D planning are being actualised, as well as exploring associations between the extent and nature of its use and characteristics of the user organisations.
... Other construction planning approaches include 4D visualization and animation concepts. Thereby 3D CAD components such as single building elements or whole element groups are linked with scheduled activities allowing the animation of the progression of construction in a 3D environment (Tulke and Hanff, 2007 ). Thus, 4D models enable the exploration and improvement of project execution strategies, facilitate improvements in constructability with corresponding gains in on-site productivity, and make possible the rapid identification as well as the resolution of time-space conflicts (Akinci et al., 2002; Fischer and Kunz, 2004; Tulke and Hanff, 2007; Mallasi, 2004 ). ...
... Thereby 3D CAD components such as single building elements or whole element groups are linked with scheduled activities allowing the animation of the progression of construction in a 3D environment (Tulke and Hanff, 2007 ). Thus, 4D models enable the exploration and improvement of project execution strategies, facilitate improvements in constructability with corresponding gains in on-site productivity, and make possible the rapid identification as well as the resolution of time-space conflicts (Akinci et al., 2002; Fischer and Kunz, 2004; Tulke and Hanff, 2007; Mallasi, 2004 ). However , 4D applications only allow time information from predefined schedules to be imported into static 3D models. ...
In building engineering different strategies can be used to schedule the execution processes of building projects. Currently, these strategies have not yet been sufficiently formalized, and considered for construction scheduling. This paper presents a concept for modelling and simulating execution strategies by using Soft Constraint representations. In particular, the GRASP heuristic is applied within a constraint-based simulation approach to improve construction schedules by observing well-established execution strategies. The benefits of this concept are shown for the strategies Avoid Soiling and Human Strain Factor.
... Because the project scheduler selects construction methods and sequences and assigns equipment as well as resources the scheduling process later can give input to processes like 4D simulation, detailed cost estimation, procurement and logistic planning. Especially the relationship between CAD objects, quantities and tasks in the schedule can be used to automate the preparation of 4D simulations [8]. ...
... Adopting this approach should help mapping CAD elements to their corresponding tasks in the schedule and to provide the project scheduler with related items in the bill of quantities. Compared to the manually linking approach which is the standard method in today's 4D simulation software packages the rule based mechanism speeds up the linking process dramatically and eases updates if changes occur in the underlying domain models [8]. In addition to object grouping the linking mechanism also allows the splitting of BIM objects and thus supports the project scheduler to break down the building model as needed by the tasks in the schedule. ...
Construction scheduling is one of the key processes during the development of construction projects. As Building Information Models (BIM) gain more and more in importance for the design process, the scheduling process also has to be integrated into the collaborative model based working environment. For this purpose a Business Process Re-engineering approach (BPR) was applied to identify potential areas of improvement within the current scheduling and 4D simulation practice. This paper highlights the main findings and describes a novel solution approach consisting of a dynamic collaboration framework tailored for construction scheduling. Several tools were implemented to prove the new concept. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) are deployed to ensure open communication within the project team. Further research is ongoing within the European R&D project InPro [1].
... The arrival of BIM has transformed planning and project management practices. By moving from a traditional 2D representation, today's construction schedules can be completed as 4D BIM models [10]. A 4D BIM model is produced by linking the elements of a threedimensional model to the activities of a construction schedule. ...
4D simulation based on immersive Virtual Reality-based collaboration can be a great help in constructability studies and in detecting spatiotemporal interference. Recent publications propose some methods and frameworks to support collaboration centered on 4D BIM models in Virtual Reality (VR) environments. However, the existing VR systems and platforms remains poorly suited to the task of integrating the data libraries generally conveyed by 4D models. In the context of the multiplication of platforms and the increased need for interoperability, it will be essential to develop interoperable solutions, based on OpenBIM formats. However, to date, there is no framework based on open interoperable formats to guide experts and users through the steps necessary for effective VR-based 4D simulation. This work proposes a new method to improve the integration of 4D simulations in virtual reality environments. The method is centered on the use of OpenBIM standards, uses a normalized and structured workflow on three main phases that correspond to different work environments, and considers a two-way data exchange mechanism. In order to evaluate and validate the proposed method, a prototype was developed, adopting the same workflow and using a suitable software ecosystem.
... e entire information is stored in these elements. During scheduling process, the duration of activities is calculated based on the basis of quantities derived from these parameters [35]. Market research from National Institute of Building Sciences [4] shows that future building design and construction will increasingly rely on BIM. ...
The construction projects in Pakistan have inherent problems of erroneous planning and schedule development. This dilemma has led to the failure of the majority of construction projects in Pakistan. Earlier researches have tried to curtail the increasing spectrum of inaccurate planning and schedule development. But not many research studies have shed light on the major factor of 2D CAD drawings interpretation problems, which are playing a key role in defective planning and scheduling. Moreover, the role of BIM, i.e., Building Information Modeling with respect to efficient planning, has not been also discussed in detail. This study has concluded a positive impact of BIM on effective planning and scheduling in the construction industry of Pakistan. About 210 responses were obtained from experienced construction professionals of Pakistan and tested via regression analysis in order to validate this argument. It has been analyzed that 2D CAD drawings are now getting primitive and 3D technology BIM is taking its place. BIM is an efficient tool for planning and scheduling. With the start of CPEC and Multi-Billion Dollar investment on infrastructure, construction industry of Pakistan needs to uplift its existing standard in order to meet with international requirements. For this purpose, BIM has been recommended. It will not only assist in attaining flawless planning but will also increase the success rate of CPEC projects in Pakistan.
... The ability to visualize, coordinate, and optimize BIM technology was demonstrated by the general services administration (GSA) through the application of BIM in projects [2] . Based on BIM4D technology, reasonable arrangement of construction sequence and construction resources was realized by Jan Tulke [3] . Tamera et al. [4] applied BIM4D and BIM5D technology respectively in the project, found that BIM5D technology had better application effect, and put forward suggestions on improving BIM5D technology. ...
Glodon BIM5D technology was used in the project of gucun world foreign language school, which connected the BIM 3d model of the project with the construction progress and project cost. The results showed that the project team uses the same model for engineering calculation and valuation. The automatic calculation of the imported model not only improved the accuracy of compiling budget estimates and budgets, but also shortened the time of compiling budget estimates and budgets by 30% and saved the construction period. Glodon BIM 5D was used to get through the model, cost and schedule information to help optimize the construction organization and strengthen the control of the construction process.
... The determination of task duration is connected to the construction process. That is due to the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) extraction and the real-time information-synchronization between stakeholders [7]. ...
Risks are present in every construction project and can be of technical, commercial or other nature. Often, risks lead to late project delivery, commercial losses or even project failure. Nonetheless, diligent and efficient project planning and scheduling can assist to decrease such risks and their effects on project delivery, i.e. managing these risks. Further, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be a capable process of keeping stakeholders updated with the latest information, thus enhancing project communication and information flow. Combining the capabilities of BIM and the right scheduling technique would improve the deliverability and constructability of projects. A questionnaire has been distributed to measure the effects of 4D BIM on the construction industry. The survey analysis stated that 51% of the candidates use the Critical Path Method (CPM) technique over the others and BIM is positively affecting the project coordination, clash detection, and design validation. It, also, concludes the high efficiency and benefits obtained from utilizing 4D BIM. Ultimately, the results, also, stated clearly that the project planning and scheduling including sequence assessment is much easier in 4D BIM environment than the traditional 2D planning.
... In addition, 4D simulation allows for the study of different scenarios [12]. Even though the first commercial tools appeared in the 1980s [13], the arrival of BIM has made this discipline considerably easier, especially with the capability to reuse BIM to simplify the creation of links between activities and the 3D objects [14]. To perform 4D simulations, specialized commercial software has been developed. ...
Over the past decade, many studies and software have combined the 3D digital models of the BIM (building information modeling) with the traditional Gantt / Precedence scheduling networks to simulate a 4D modeling for construction projects. These simulations demonstrate the sequences of the work implementation with the aim of correcting scheduling errors, resolving execution conflicts and optimizing the work plan. Originally, BIM models were intended for design perspectives. However, when applied to the construction and operation phases, they require significant efforts to revise the schedule and the BIM model, particularly to characterize the spatial nature of the projects. Modeled with a method that demonstrates a bar Chart, better known as Gantt diagram, that uses the Precedence logic, construction projects schedules represent graphically the activities, their constraints, their floats and the critical path. Despite the almost exclusive popularity of this method, its representation of the construction operations remains deficient. This logic ignores the spatial site occupation aspect related to operations and teams' rotation, traffics and intermediate stocks. Space planning schedules methods represent a good solution to these gaps. The Chronographic modeling, a space planning method has the ability to alternate between visual representations approaches using a set of graphical parameters. Each approach can help to model adapted schedules for different project types and specialties, shows valuable information in a clear and comprehensible manner and facilitate solving construction site problems visually. The purpose of this paper is to present a communication strategy between a 3D-BIM model, the Chronographic Modeling, and a 4D simulation tool. The development process consists of four steps. The first is to set the numerical parameters to adapt the model to space construction management perspectives. The second studies the different possibilities of communication between the three models. The third presents the scheduling through the Chronographic Modeling and the last one concerns the 4D simulation.
... Dynamic 4D BIM-based simulation framework can automatically create and simulate construction schedules the cost calculations associated with the relevant scheduling [135]. Tulke & Hanff [136] on the other hand, have developed a similar 4D system that utilises geometric data and time schedules within the BIM model to estimate the construction sequence. Lee & Bae [137] have improved the efficiency analysis of a Set-Based Design (SBD) procedure using Structural Building Information Modelling (S-BIM) in order to obtain solutions that improve constructability, safety and economic effectiveness of buildings. ...
... Further research is required in order to significantly speed up a 4D simulation, thus improving its cost-benefit relationship. Provided there is a logic suitable for extracting data to define processes and durations, an automated linking between the CAD model and the schedule is possible (Tulke and Hanff, 2007). ...
Sequence simulations are a very useful tool to increase the visibility of workflows, to identify potential conflicts in advance, to improve the communication between different trades and to assign tasks accurately. Hence, the entire construction process can be executed in a more efficient manner – saving time and costs. Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables the linking of schedules and 3D CAD models. This is widely understood as 4D-simulation. However, in practice the process of data entry is time-consuming, making the employment of this procedure cost-prohibitive. As consequence, it has not yet been established in practice. 4D-simulation has yet to show any noticeable simplification or improvement to the planning and scheduling process. The goal of this paper is to support the development of a procedure which automates the generation of a construction schedule from the data of a standard BIM model. Firstly, a demarcation of research will be done, as there are already several research approaches in the field of 4D simulation. Secondly, a system analysis of structural work will be executed in order to identify requirements for the procedure. An important criterion is that the construction schedule can be formulated and adapted in all project phases. Building on the results of the systems analysis, a process model can be formed in which the activities of a construction schedule can be constructed as a universal and project-independent template. For each of these activities, attributes are established which exactly describe the associated components of the BIM-model specific to any particular project site. The attributes of the activities from the process model must be tested for consistency with those from the BIM model. A case example is demonstrated to validate the developed procedure.
... In the paper of Jan Tulke and Jochen Han from the Bauhaus University (Tulke and Han, 2007) we can find instances about ...
This paper presents the development of a new construction logistics model with a new point of view: we want to integrate related experiences from the practice of other industries with the specialties of construction logistics processes. It gives a detailed description on the proposed model. Furthermore, the basics of a demonstration physical test system will be described as well. The development introduced in this paper is a part of a Hungarian Government-financed research project (reference no. KTIA-AIK-12-1-2013-0009). The whole budget (c.a. 1.36 Million EUR) of the research is provided by the KTIA fund.
... Subsequently, Lu et al.[20]proposed a methodology for integrating 4D CAD with 3D animation of operation simulation in order to visualize construction operations involving dynamic interaction of various construction resources. Incorporating a scheduling feature can further enhance 4D visualization; the current technology requires additional effort to link the external schedule with the 3D objects for the purpose of visualization[26]. It should be noted that " scheduling feature " here refers to the direct generation of schedules, including the schedule logic and activity times from BIM or 3D models. ...
... This shows that traditional techniques are not avoidable. For the meantime, Tulke et al. [40] presented a simulation system of 4D that was linked instinctively to the geometry information based on data that was stashed at a building model with schedules for a construction sequence planning. However, the system was not capable of fracturing the existing frame, which was merely an easy linking between schedule and information of geometry. ...
Over the past few years, construction industry has encountered numerous problems such as rework, design errors,
accidents and building failure, time and economic losses, poor work efficiency, and low standard level of
cooperation amongst team members of different sectors. As such, information communication technology (ICT) has
been evolved to minimize all the aforementioned setbacks in the construction industry. In doing so, building
information modeling (BIM) has been proposed to all construction members such as engineers, architects,
contractors, and owners to take benefit from. Since BIM was emerged into the construction industry, it has received
the attention of many researchers and practitioners. While there have been roughly numerous studies conducted on
the benefits involved in the use of BIM, it is a unresolved point why there has not been a greater take up of
exploiting BIM throughout the whole lifecycle of construction projects. Therefore, this paper is mainly aimed to
examine the effectiveness of exploiting BIM throughout the three different phases of building’s lifecycle, including
preconstruction, construction, and post construction in great details regarding the previous studies conducted in this
field. The authors have concluded that utilization of BIM has several benefits in different stages of construction
projects, including minimizing design error, reducing rework, increasing work efficiency and cooperation amongst
team members, facilitating the process of delivery and procurement, and reusing the wastages of materials.
... This shows that traditional techniques are not avoidable. For the meantime, Tulke et al. [40] presented a simulation system of 4D that was linked instinctively to the geometry information based on data that was stashed at a building model with schedules for a construction sequence planning. However, the system was not capable of fracturing the existing frame, which was merely an easy linking between schedule and information of geometry. ...
Over the past few years, construction industry has encountered numerous problems such as rework, design errors, accidents and building failure, time and economic losses, poor work efficiency, and low standard level of cooperation amongst team members of different sectors. As such, information communication technology (ICT) has been evolved to minimize all the aforementioned setbacks in the construction industry. In doing so, building information modeling (BIM) has been proposed to all construction members such as engineers, architects, contractors, and owners to take benefit from. Since BIM was emerged into the construction industry, it has received the attention of many researchers and practitioners. While there have been roughly numerous studies conducted on the benefits involved in the use of BIM, it is a unresolved point why there has not been a greater take up of exploiting BIM throughout the whole lifecycle of construction projects. Therefore, this paper is mainly aimed to examine the effectiveness of exploiting BIM throughout the three different phases of building’s lifecycle, including preconstruction, construction, and post construction in great details regarding the previous studies conducted in this field. The authors have concluded that utilization of BIM has several benefits in different stages of construction projects, including minimizing design error, reducing rework, increasing work efficiency and cooperation amongst team members, facilitating the process of delivery and procurement, and reusing the wastages of materials.
... Visually interface checking with MEP integration reduce conflicts [16][17][18] Designand Constructability Reviews Analyze design for practicality and identification of errors and omissions [17] 4D Scheduling and Sequencing Activities sequencing with visualization. Simulation for update time and resource schedule [19,20] 5D Cost Estimation Material quantities are extracted automatically and changed when any changes are entered in model. Micro and Macro Costing Models. ...
Lack of Information technology applications on construction projects lead to complex flow of data during project life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained attention in the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, envisage the use of virtual n-dimensional (n-D) models to identify potential conflicts in design, construction or operational of any facility. A questionnaire has been designed to investigate perceptions regarding BIM advantages. Around 102 valid responses received from diversified stakeholders. Results showed very low BIM adoption with low level of ‘Buzz’. BIM is a faster and more effective method for designing and construction management, it improves quality of the design and construction and reduces rework during construction; which came out as the top thee advantages according to the perception of AEC professionals of Pakistan.BIM has least impact on reduction of cost, time and human resources. This research is a bench mark study to understand adoption and advantageous of BIM in Pakistan Construction Industry.
... Some of the research presents solutions for creating time schedules and 4D simulations based on data stored in the BIM model (Staub-French et al. 2008;Tulke and Hanff 2007). However, the literature suggests, the key to success is to change business workflow, rather than simply applying the technology (Smith 2007;Hartmann and Fischer 2009). ...
... Visual simulation can be used to deliver the necessary data for such an analysis. Visual Simulation is an appropriate application to support execution planning in building engineering (e.g., Hanff 2007, Bargstädt and Blickling 2006, Mallasi and Dawood 2004). The simulation and visualization of projected execution solutions offer the opportunity to detect manpower bottlenecks as well as inefficient equipment or worker utilization. ...
This paper focuses on a simulation concept to visualize and to analyze outfitting processes in building engineering. A constraint-based simulation model is used to specify dependencies between outfitting tasks, availability of resources and required work spaces. Further, the model is used to specify conditions of transport processes, delivery dates as well as time and cost restrictions. By using a constraint-based simulation model practicable schedules can be generated and visualized simultaneously. For example, execution conflicts such as restricted work spaces are highlighted. Afterwards, the simulated and visualized results can be evaluated in terms of work and material flow organization, utilization of space and worker's efficiency. This constraint-based simulation approach guarantees a high flexibility. Thus, if additions or new prerequisites, for example, during project meetings are suggested, they could be easily implemented by defining or removing certain constraints such as requirements or production strategies. In the same manner, the current project status could be entered. Adjustable simulation components for transport control, spatial management, material management and assembling control as well as for visualization and animation are developed.
... For illustrating building construction processes, BIM and 4D (3D space and time) visualization have been studied. For example, an approach is presented in [33] for the preparation of 4D construction process simulations by using both 3D models and BIM database accessed through Standard Query Language (SQL). Reduced time and effort to prepare a 4D simulation are reported in the study. ...
This paper presents our findings of current applications of computer games in design visualization and education, and our solution to address interoperability between games and building models to enhance architectural visualization and education. We demonstrate our BIM-Game prototype that integrates Building Information Modelling (BIM) and gaming into architectural visualization. Our system supports an innovative Design-Play process that allows designers to play in their own designed environments with the capability for simulations of physical dynamics and user activities. The implementation of this BIM-Game provides a variety of connections among several fields including architecture, engineering, computer science, visualization, and game development. These connections bridge diverse areas such as building modelling, equipment simulation and visualization, character modelling and animation, collision detection, navigation, path planning, materials and lighting, and interaction through game controllers and user interfaces. The paper presents a framework for integrating BIM and games, and a sample experiment of real-time, interactive, and photorealistic walkthrough with a virtual user model to demonstrate the use and the potentials of the framework. We expect this research to extend the study and adaptability of computer games in design education.
The application of BIM technology in building construction provides the possibility to realize design accuracy, to visualize the construction details, to optimize construction schemes, and to enhance cooperation among various professionals. The Yancheng Nanyang Airport terminal 2 project, with its large span of steel roof structure, complex installation in mechanical and electrical pipeline (MEP) engineering, and difficulty in construction organization, is taken as the engineering background. The whole process application of BIM technology in the construction process is introduced. In structural engineering construction, the application of BIM technology can provide guidance for plane layout of the construction site, and can also assist in deepening the designs of irregular steel components. In steel construction, the application of BIM technology gives a commendable visual demonstration of the construction process of the metal roof system and the single-layer reticulated shell. In MEP engineering, the application of BIM technology provides a great approach to establish a synthesis of pipeline drawings to further form pipeline section diagrams and operation drawings. By integrating the dimension of time, precision control, and deviation rectification, a recursive construction drawing can be built. With respect to synergistic management, the quality and safety management in the construction site can be implemented on the basis of BIM terminal equipment as well. This paper will give a great reference on the application of BIM technology in the airport terminal construction.
Creating consistency among project schedule data, BIM, and payment applications requires activities in a construction schedule to be mapped with the most relevant ASTM Uniformat classifications. To do so, we introduce UniformatBridge, a new transformer-based natural language processing model, that automatically labels activities in a project schedule with Uniformat classification. Our model introduces construction sequencing tokens that capture logistically-constrained predecessor and successor activities into BERT architecture. We also introduce a dataset of real-world construction project schedules with their ground-truth Uniformat classifications for validation. Experimental results using this dataset achieve F1-scores of 0.93 and 0.87 when matching unstructured schedule data to Uniformat Level 2 and 3 classifications, respectively. We share how our method unlocks development of new techniques to (1) automatically create 4D BIM, and (2) computer-vision progress monitoring to tie semantic segmentation of reality capture data based on Uniformat classes against schedule or payment application data structures, with/without BIM.
In an ever-changing world, the construction industry must adapt to the emergence of new digital technologies. One of the most important characteristics of this industry is its fragmentation and the fact that the different actors involved in construction projects come from different organizations and have to work together on a temporary basis to achieve a common goal. Therefore, to improve productivity and collaboration, the use of information technology is inevitable and has long been seen as a potential solution to the issue. In this context, numerous research studies have addressed the potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to improve collaboration and productivity in the industry. BIM has many benefits such as increased constructability, reduced conflicts, and reduced cost estimation times, as well as many other opportunities. However, there are many challenges associated with adopting this approach within the construction industry, and the adoption rates appear to be lower than expected. Not all BIM users have all the knowledge needed to take full advantage of the potential of this approach, whether it be for communication between project teams, the use and visualization of the model, or the dissemination of information between different trades. There is also a lack of client commitment to BIM in the industry, but also a targeted deployment of BIM in a few uses by a limited number of construction industry stakeholders. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to propose more integrative BIM solutions, with ease of understanding and capable of accommodating different profiles and backgrounds. In this context, to facilitate the deployment and application of BIM, easily accessible technologies such as immersive systems and interfaces could be a promising alternative. Thus, Virtual Reality (VR) is emerging as a promising asset to the BIM approach. However, very few research works have been dedicated to the interoperability between BIM and VR environments. This research project aims to propose a VR-based intuitive visualization and interaction environment, allowing involving the project owners and the public in the choice of project options. The paper first presents the different steps and methods that allowed the design of a virtual tour model using Unreal Engine. The final result allows navigating realistically in an environment where a user can intuitively interact with objects and project options.
With the popularization and wide application of BIM technology at home and abroad in recent years, the concept of BIM 5D has gradually entered into people’s eyes. Based on the 3D model, plusing progress information and cost information, that is to form the 5D building information model. BIM5D platform and VR system are very important visualization mediums n the field of building project construction. Through the analysis and investigation, it is found that the advantage of BIM5D platform lies in the integration of data, and the advantage of VR lies in the immersive experience. But the visual expression of BIM5D is insufficient. VR is mostly used in the expression of final effect and can not display the data and information of building well. Based on the spatial information model of data support, this study proposed that the BIM5D platform and VR system should be integrated into the construction management field. Firstly, it need to develop two software which are BIM5D and Fuzor, define software 5D information transformation based on the P-BIM platform database and develop BIM5D and the VR integrated application platform. Secondly, by means of the VR engine easy docking VR equipment, we integrate human experience into project construction management itself. It will greatly enhance the application ability of BIM5D information model in the optimization selection, virtual Disclosure and construction quality management of construction scheme. Under the background of the digital information era, the integration will visualize the construction process and results in a maximal way. Through the construction of virtual scenes and virtual space roaming, the experiencer will fully perceive the physical space of the project construction site, and the construction manager will excavate the value of the integrated application technology on the construction project management. Furthermore, the integration will inevitably have a huge impact on the field of construction management.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a long-term investment that could allow time reduction and a cost enhancement by means of optimised design and construction processes. The paper focuses on the first official Italian Public Pilot Project, dealing with the implementation of BIM-based validation and construction optimisation in a construction process. The case study concerns a residential building located in a dense urban district, causing a confined construction site affected by space shortage and coordination issues. The research aims to implement an interoperable IFC-based process in order to support the design and construction phases, performing advanced Model and Code Checking and analysing the construction phase through 4D BIM. Architectural, structural, and MEP models have been enriched with alphanumeric attributes as required by semi-automatic validation processes. An auto-matching between BIM objects and construction activities was also achieved. The early results showed the possibility of a BIM-based semi-automatic validation of design choices and an improved coordination between design disciplines. Moreover, the construction site simulation allowed the comparison of different layout options and baseline schedules. The research also tested the joint use of Model Checking and 4D BIM tools in order to analyse construction progresses by exporting an IFC-based construction site configuration directly from the 4D BIM tool. The tested process created an open, interoperable, and multi-disciplinary approach. The main findings concerning the domestic special constraints are described and analysed.
In order to realize the predictive function of BIM technology, the reliability theory and theoretical probability method are utilized to judge the uncertainty which exists in the process of construction. Meanwhile, the complicated relationship between construction schedule and prediction model is analyze, the random prediction model for construction schedule is established as well. Particularly, the influencing condition about a single factor in the process of construction is taken into consideration. Determinate model and random model for construction time as well as reliability analysis method for the construction time prediction which is based on a single influencing factor are studied. At the same time, The integrated management method of reliability prediction about construction schedule which is on basis of BIM management platform is discussed. The case study shows that the proposed method has delivered dramatic results to the control of construction schedule.
Digital visualisation is central capability of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and proponents of BIM claim that BIM will change everything. For example, the International Alliance for Interoperability initiative now known as BuildingSMART defines BIM as, "a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a building." In current BIM research BIM is linked to Lean Construction, Augmented Reality (AR), project and trade scheduling, safety management, progress measurement on sites, design visualisation and even architectural education. As the BIM industry has arisen, numerous and in some ways glamorous, case study images are published and promoted as examples of successful BIM implementation. Representations of BIM as evident in diagrams, flow charts, conceptual drawings, user screenshots and representations of computer drawn BIM 3D and 4D models abound in BIM research. For these reasons these digital images and simulations emerging from BIM research literature deserve being examined - as representations of BIM theory or practice - to see what they suggest about the current methodological developments in BIM research. In order to understand the modes of BIM representation employed in BIM research an analysis is developed which counters current BIM research with broader research methodologies in Construction Management and the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze's concepts of the cinema. In addition a comparative analysis of these representations in the research literature is made with images gained from a real construction site. This approach reveals how concepts of time are inscribed into BIM research and how these differ from reality. It will be concluded that the use of non-linear and topological concepts of time on construction sites is relevant to future BIM research. This is particularly the case when virtual BIM models are seen as simple linear and sequential constructions over time.
4D modeling has been an applied research area for around two decades since the first seminal works in the nineties. In the last years, a number of case studies have been published both for demonstrating the various applications of 4D and for assessing technological propositions. However, in most papers only little place is given to the particular content of 4D models. In parallel, following the growing implementation of Building Information Modeling, 4D modeling process is usually recognized as a “BIM use”. In BIM implementations and protocols, the Level Of Development of datasets is a fundamental issue. This paper describes the application of two distinct “4D uses” conducted on a single pilot project. They aim to assess the levels of graphical and temporal details required for the implemented uses. The authors finally discuss the diversity of 4D uses with 4D models, both planned or ad-hoc, as well as the logical understanding related to 4D LOD.
Abstract The development of large-scale projects has comprehensive effects on economic, social, and environmental sustainability. These effects are closely related to the time of the development. The evaluation of various time-dependent metrics for multiple development scenarios supports stakeholders in making informed decisions for their master plans. However, current practice lacks an integrated methodology that enables automatic evaluation of the metrics and visualization of the evaluation results, making the master planning process arduous. The existing Building Information Model (BIM)-based decision-support methods have been used to create alternatives rapidly, evaluate multiple metrics, and visualize alternative plans prior to actual construction; however, those methods have primarily focused on building design and construction. Therefore, they are limited in their ability to provide an appropriate methodology for master planning of large-scale development projects. This paper introduces the Development Strategy Formulation and Evaluation Methodology (DSFEM), which is tailored for the master plans of large-scale developments. Based on this methodology, we developed the Development Strategy Simulator (DSS), an automated and integrated decision-support system. We applied the DSFEM and DSS to the Qatar Economic Zone (QEZ) project as a case study. The application results demonstrate that the DSFEM and DSS allow for automatic and integrated evaluation and visualization of development scenarios and their metrics, supporting multiple stakeholders in making timely and informed decisions.
BIM-based 4D simulation makes people easily understand complex construction process using 3D graphics model and helps them review and identify the construction schedule in each phase of the construction process. Moreover, 4D simulation can be used as reference data to determine the validity of the process in the design phase and will be utilized as a measure for checking the construction process. Therefore 4D simulation of construction improves efficiency of project management. However, current commercial applications available for 4D simulation do not provide sufficient functions for connection of 3D models and process information. In this paper, we propose an automated generation method through the definition of the process based on a work method template and developed the template based schedule generation system (TSGS).
Construction projects are becoming progressively larger and more complex in terms of physical size and cost. Building information modeling (BIM) is being regarded as a revolutionary change for managing the entire lifecycle of a construction project. However, the information provided by BIM cannot fulfill the requirements of on-site project scheduling and management. This paper presents a BIM-based framework with the function of developing the near-optimum schedule plan according to project objectives and project constraints for project scheduling and management. An automated database management system, a schedule simulation system, and a MD (multi-dimensional) CAD model creator provide a reliable platform for the proposed framework. To verify the concept and test the feasibility of this framework, a computer implementation called NDSM (N-Dimensional project Scheduling and Management system) was developed and implemented in a construction project. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Current construction practice is very fragmented and is built upon a culture of adversarial roles; the different processes are carried out by various stakeholders who are not contractually responsible to each other and who many times are brought into the project after all major decisions have been made. The information exchange between the different parties is very limited. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a tool that can foster project integration on different levels, because it can facilitate information exchange, access to real time information, and information gathering among project members. One specific application that can demonstrate how BIM can be used to integrate the team, the processes and the project phases is the use of BIM for the scheduling process. This paper defines Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facility Management (A/E/C/FM) integration, describes how BIM can enable project integration using the specific example of scheduling throughout the project using a preliminary model that leverages the capabilities of BIM, not only for 4D visualization, but also to generate and manage the schedule.
Emerging collaborative technologies and working methods often require tremendous engineering and organisational efforts for successful implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For some years, the feasibility of implementing wireless solutions to construction sites has been researched. The state-of-the-art in wireless networks and communications in the construction industry revealed that construction companies are not widely deploying wireless networks at remote offices or in the field. For better use of wireless networks in construction projects, these technologies and construction sector have to be examined in some detail to implement the most suitable technology for real-time information access and improved mobile collaboration of distributed teams in construction. However, case studies in construction are very limited in number and scope. This paper discusses and proposes an implementation scenario of wireless networking on a live construction project through the use of 4D (four dimensional) virtual prototyping technologies.
The emerging four-dimensional modeling techniques have been proven to be useful and promising in construction planning. However, the current applications in 4D modeling still lack an efficient modeling approach, an analytical capability, and a dynamic capability. This paper proposed a 4D-CPM-based graphical scheduling system aiming to address the problems. The system synergizes the creating of a conflict-free 4D model into the process of schedule development, generates and adjusts the workspace semi-automatically according to different construction methods and user options, and identifies space time conflict efficiently by analyzing the CPM network topology. It complements the traditional CPM scheduling and 3D modeling method, and could serve as an effective explanative communication tool in construction project management. The proposed system could be enhanced in three aspects: formalize a 4D topological framework, develop a 4D construction database, and enhance the collaborative and interactive capability to cater for large scale projects.
Currently, some commercial software applications support users to work in an integrated environment. However, this is limited to the suite of models provided by the software vendor and consequently it forces all the parties to use the same software. In contrast, the research described in this paper investigates ways of using standard software applications, which may be specialized for different professional domains. These are linked for effective transfer of information and a binding mechanism is provided to support consistency. The proposed solution was implemented using a CAD application and an independent finite element application in order to verify the theoretical aspects of this work.
Building construction has become increasingly complicated and extensive. Building information modeling (BIM), which is a technology that allows for the consistent management of information, is regarded as a necessary tool for managing the process of building construction from beginning to end. However, the information provided by BIM is rarely applied to on-site construction planning and scheduling. In this paper, we describe a BIM-based structural framework optimization and simulation system for managing construction planning and scheduling. Moreover we conduct a dynamic visualization of the construction process according to the optimized schedules by applying a predefined calculation formula and logic along with 3D geometry data and process data to determine the amount of work required for major construction processes. In addition, if more than two different construction schedules are fed into the system, it is able to compare construction schedules using its comparison simulation function.
The construction industry is labor intensive, project based, and slow to adopt emerging technologies. Combined, these factors make the construction industry not only one of the most dangerous industries worldwide, but also prone to low productivity and cost overruns due to shortages of skilled labor, unexpected site conditions, design changes, communication problems, constructability challenges, and unsuitability of construction means and techniques. Construction automation emerged to overcome these issues, since it has the potential to capitalize on increasing quality expectations from customers, tighter safety regulations, greater attention to computerized project control, and technological breakthroughs led by equipment manufacturers. Today, many construction operations have incorporated automated equipment, means, and methods into their regular practices.
The Introduction to this chapter provides an overview of construction automation, highlighting the contribution from robotics. Several motivations for automating construction operations are discussed in Sect. 61.1, and a historical background is included in Sect. 61.2. A description of automation in horizontal construction is included in Sect. 61.3, followed by an overview of building construction automation in Sect. 61.4. Some techniques and guidelines for construction management automation are discussed in Sect. 61.5, which also presents several emerging trends. Section 61.6 shows some typical application examples in todayʼs construction environment. Finally, Sect. 61.7 briefly draws conclusions and points out challenges for the adoption of construction automation.
Purpose
Virtual prototyping technologies linked to building information models are commonplace within the aeronautical and automotive industries. Their use within the construction industry is now emerging. The purpose of this paper is to show how these technologies have been adopted on the pre‐tender planning for a typical construction project.
Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology taken was an “action research” approach where the researchers and developers were actively involved in the production of the virtual prototypes on behalf of the contractor thereby gaining consistent access to the decisions of the planning staff. The experiences from the case study were considered together with similar research on other construction projects.
Findings
The findings from the case studies identify the role of virtual prototyping in components modelling, site modelling, construction equipment modelling, temporary works modelling, construction method visualization and method verification processes.
Originality/value
The paper presents a state‐of‐the‐art review and discusses the implications for the tendering process as these technologies are adopted. The adoption of the technologies will lead to new protocols and changes in the procurement of buildings and infrastructure.
This article describes the use of process-modelling techniques in civil engineering. Process modelling is regarded as a key competence in different economic sectors. Civil and structural engineers execute complex processes. This article explains why existing modelling techniques are not suitable for the specific class of processes in civil and structural engineering. Modern approaches are presented that were investigated at Technische Universität Berlin to model civil engineering processes more efficiently so that complete, consistent and correct process descriptions can be derived. These approaches have been tested in real projects. Extracts of examples are given to illustrate the use of the modelling techniques. The application of these approaches requires new modes of working, but these approaches are suitable for processes in civil and structural engineering. The article concludes with an outlook where open questions are discussed about how the civil engineering sector and therefore also structural engineers can benefit from suitable process modelling techniques.
Durch eine frühe Zusammenarbeit von Bauherrn, Planern und Bauunternehmen können mit partnerschaftlichen Geschäftsmodellen wesentliche Nachteile von herkömmlichen Geschäftsbeziehungen im Bauwesen aufgelöst werden. Die enge Zusammenarbeit in einer frühen Phase eines Bauvorhabens ermöglicht eine fachübergreifende Optimierung hinsichtlich Planung, Bauausführung und Nutzung einer Immobilie.
Hierbei sind die Methoden des virtuellen Bauens zweckmäßige Hilfsmittel, um die Koordination des Projekts und die Kommunikation zwischen den an einem Bauvorhaben beteiligten Partnern zu verbessern. Deshalb hat sich insbesondere bei partnerschaftlichen Geschäftsmodellen, die eine Preconstruction‐Phase enthalten, die Verwendung von virtuellem Bauen als besonders wirksam erwiesen. Virtuelles Bauen unterstützt die Optimierung eines Bauwerks und hilft bei der anschaulichen Kommunikation von Optimierungsergebnissen durch die Visualisierung mit interaktiven Computermodellen.
Virtual Design and Construction (ViCon) führt das virtuelle Bauen in die tägliche Planungs‐ und Baupraxis ein und ist eine Schlüsseltechnologie des Bauwesens. ViCon wird in der Praxis bei zahlreichen Projekten eingesetzt, die mit dem partnerschaftlichen Geschäftsmodell PreFair durchgeführt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von ViCon an ausgewählten Beispielen dargestellt.
Virtual building structures are a useful tool to improve communication between the persons involved in a construction project. This is particularly true in the early phases of construction projects. Virtual Design and Construction (ViCon) is regarded as a key technology in the construction field. The authors' company has made ViCon an innovation key subject for the next few years and the goals to be achieved are explained in this article. The innovation key subject is dealt with in pilot projects which are limited to a maximum duration of one year. Selected examples illustrate the technologies which are implemented for real construction projects and evaluated in close coordination with the operational units. These technologies are tested for their fitness for practice and are introduced in the day-to-day business. Such advantages are expected both in the early project phases of a construction project and in the field of facility management and operation. Virtual Design and Construction takes into account the entire life cycle of a building structure. Information gathered in the early phases plays a key role in the whole process.
4D CAD has been an active research area for many years. The first generation 4D tools simulated construction schedules and demonstrated the potential benefits in several case studies. Researchers tried to improve the functionality of the first generation 4D tools by adding annotations and highlighting the building elements that have problems. The future generation 4D tools are expected to include more than these. It has been envisioned that 4D models would be part of project databases in order to take decisions related with different project dimensions.This paper presents the development and implementation of a new 4D planning tool which is a part of a product model-based project database. This tool brings the 4D simulation and cost estimation together and aims to contribute to what-if analysis in construction projects. The last part of the paper presents a case study in which the proposed prototype is evaluated.