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Reinstatement and revision of the genus Marianthus (Pittosporaceae)
Abstract
Cladistic analyses of the family Pittosporaceae in Australia have indicated that the genus Marianthus needs reinstatement from Billardiera. Here, Marianthus is re-circumscribed and monographed. Fourteen species are recognised, excluding the now reinstated Rhytidosporum. In this treatment, two species are reinstated (M. microphyllus, M. tenuis), a new combination is made (M. mollis) and three species are described for the first time (M. dryandra, M. paralius and M. sylvaticus).
... Within Pittosporaceae, Cayzer et al. (1999aCayzer et al. ( , 1999bCayzer et al. ( , 2000aCayzer et al. ( , 2000bCayzer et al. ( , 2004, see also Cayzer 1998, Cayzer andCrisp 2004) have undertaken phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characters, resulting in several taxonomic changes. For example, all species of Sollya are now treated under Billardiera ) and the species of Citriobatus are included within Pittosporum (Cayzer et al. 2000a). ...
Despite the long history of recognising the angiosperm order Apiales as a natural alliance, the circumscription of the order and the relationships among its constituent groups have been troublesome. Recent studies, however, have made great progress in understanding phylogenetic relationships in Apiales. Although much of this recent work has been based on molecular data, the results are congruent with other sources of data, including morphology and geography. A unified picture of relationships has now emerged regarding the delimitation of Apiales, which includes a core group of four families (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae, Pittosporaceae) to which three small families are also added (Griseliniaceae, Torricelliaceae and Pennantiaceae). After a brief review of recent advances in each of the major groups, a revised classification of the order is presented, which includes the recognition of the new suborder Apiineae (comprising the four core families) and two new subfamilies within Apiaceae (Azorelloideae and Mackinlayoideae).
... Pistil development in Marianthus differs markedly from that in Billardiera (#21, #77, #78, #80, #81 and #83), reflecting differing reproductive strategies, and the fruit are dehiscent capsules (#85) with the seeds intermeshing into one row in each loculus (#90, also in Cheiranthera, Bursaria, Bentleya, Rhytidosporum). A full taxonomic treatment of Marianthus is being published separately (Cayzer and Crisp 2004). It includes Billardiera mollis (Bennett 1983), which the present analysis unambiguously placed in Marianthus (Fig. 1). ...
Cladistic analyses of morphological data were used to clarify the definition of Billardiera in the context of other genera of the family Pittosporaceae. These analyses indicate that Billardiera s.str. is monophyletic including the small genera Sollya and Pronaya, but excluding Marianthus and Rhytidospermum, which have been previously included in a broader concept of Billardiera. The re-circumscribed Billardiera is revised, incorporating these changes. Five taxa are reinstated at species level (B. fusiformis, B. mutabilis, B. macrantha, B. speciosa and B. venusta). Three new combinations (B. fraseri, B. heterophylla, B. drummondii replacing Solys drummondii) and three new taxa are described for the first time: B. nesophila, B. rubens and B. viridiflora.
This comprehensive treatment of the flowering plant family Pittosporaceae (9 genera, ca. 250 spp.) provides relevant information on its morphology, anatomy, phytochemistry, ecology, biogeography and phylogeny. It also provides an identification key to and concise descriptions of the accepted genera. Important synonyms are listed and references to revisions and to the literature on the family are provided.
Wege, J.A. & Gibson, N. A new, rare Marianthus (Pittosporaceae) from the Bremer Range in Western Australia. Nuytsia 19(2): 295-302 (2009). Marianthus aquilonaris N.Gibson & Wege, a new species allied to M. mollis (E.M.Benn.) L.Cayzer & Crisp, is described. Morphometric analysis shows that it is most readily differentiated from M. mollis by its higher leaf L:W ratio, higher petal L:W ratio and longer petioles. Other distinguishing features include a more erect habit, smooth and more or less glabrous leaves with attenuate rather than rounded bases, fewer pilose hairs on the stems, peduncles and fruit, and paler petals. Descriptions of both taxa are provided and include the first record of glandular trichomes for the genus. Marianthus aquilonaris is endemic to the Bremer Range and potentially threatened by mining-related activities. It is gazetted as Declared Rare Flora in Western Australia under the name M. sp. Bremer (N. Gibson & M. Lyons 1776).
As part of a continuing revision of the family Pittosporaceae in Australia, we present here a monograph of the genus Cheiranthera. This treatment recognises 10 species, of which one is reinstated ( C. parvi. ora Benth.), two are raised in rank ( C. borealis, C. simplicifolia) and one is described for the first time ( C. telfordii).
Pittosporaceae are a small family of flowering plants largely restricted to Australia, and entirely limited to the paleotropics. Two independent molecular datasets have been constructed with a representative sample from all nine genera of Pittosporaceae to test phylogenetic relationships suggested by recent morphological studies and to examine current morphological delimitations of genera. DNA sequence data derived from the ITS region of nuclear rDNA and from the trnL–trnF region of the chloroplast genome agree in uniting all species sampled from Pittosporum within a single clade, together with all species sampled from the previously segregated genus Citriobatus. Molecular data also confirm that members of the recently established genus Auranticarpa must be excluded from Pittosporum, and that another segregate genus, Sollya, should be placed within Billardiera. Hymenosporum remains a distinct, single-taxon lineage and Rhytidosporum is also confirmed as distinct. In most respects, our results are in agreement with recent taxonomic revisions based on morphology, and support an Australian origin of Pittosporaceae. Multiple dispersal events of Pittosporum from Australia to the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, including New Zealand, are suggested, as well as island hopping throughout the Pacific.
As a consequence of there being several ways in which observed patterns of variation in nature can be conveyed in a generic classification, long recognised genera have changed in size over time. The generic rank has its origins in folk taxonomy, where genera were homogenous units of relatively few kinds. In the era of Bentham there was a widespread preference for large genera, many of which were split during the 20th century. In a survey of contemporary (1998-2007) generic delimitation practice we found a significant dichotomy between studies that incorporate molecular data and those that rely exclusively on morphological data. The former lead to delimitation of larger genera whereas the latter in general do not. This finding spurred a broader investigation into what drives changes in overall generic sizes, new data sources or new concepts? Two new data types have been introduced during the course of history: detailed morphology (anatomy, cytology) and chemical data (amino acid and DNA sequence data). Conceptual development has seen several turns: from language and communication, through memory and stability, to evolution and monophyly. We argue that conceptual change has a greater impact than changes in data do, since new data must be interpreted and translated into a classification and since conceptual changes may spur a search for new kinds of data. We conclude that the current trend toward recognising larger genera is a result of a return to study on a broad scale, rather than of incorporation of molecular data.
As part of a revision of the family Pittosporaceae in Australia, a cladistic
analysis was undertaken to resolve the phylogeny of
Rhytidosporum and thereby clarify the taxonomic status
of this small genus. Rhytidosporum is confirmed as a
separate genus, and five species are now recognised:
R. alpinum, R. diosmoides,
R. inconspicuum, R. procumbens and
R. prostratum.
Rhytidosporum inconspicuum, found in subalpine areas
mainly in Victoria and Tasmania, is described for the first time.
Rhytidosporum diosmoides, which ranges from central New
South Wales to southern Queensland, is reinstated at species level.
Cladistic analyses of morphological data were used to clarify the definition of Billardiera in the context of other genera of the family Pittosporaceae. These analyses indicate that Billardiera s.str. is monophyletic including the small genera Sollya and Pronaya, but excluding Marianthus and Rhytidospermum, which have been previously included in a broader concept of Billardiera. The re-circumscribed Billardiera is revised, incorporating these changes. Five taxa are reinstated at species level (B. fusiformis, B. mutabilis, B. macrantha, B. speciosa and B. venusta). Three new combinations (B. fraseri, B. heterophylla, B. drummondii replacing Solys drummondii) and three new taxa are described for the first time: B. nesophila, B. rubens and B. viridiflora.
eds) [as Billardiera drummondiana], Fl. Perth: 200, fig
- J Wheeler
J.Wheeler, in N.G.Marchant et al. (eds) [as Billardiera drummondiana], Fl. Perth: 200, fig. 56 (1987);
(2) M. bicolor 8: Leaves clustering, stem clasping, sessile, yellow-green (6) M. dryandra 7: Petals white, becoming pink with age, without maroon or purple striations; pollen blue
- Grey-Green Leaves
Leaves alternate, petiolate, blue-grey-green, margins entire.............................................. (2) M. bicolor 8: Leaves clustering, stem clasping, sessile, yellow-green, apically trilobed.................................. (6) M. dryandra 7: Petals white, becoming pink with age, without maroon or purple striations; pollen blue......................... (1) M. candidus 1: Slender twiners, new shoots usually villous; seedling and intermediate stage leaves with persisting dentate and lobed margins
The revision of the genus Billardiera (Pittosporaceae)
- Cayzer Lw
- Crisp Md
- Telford
- Ir
Cayzer LW, Crisp MD, Telford IR (2004) The revision of the genus Billardiera (Pittosporaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 17, 83–125.
Cayzer 221 (CANB, PERTH); Ravensthorpe area, Jerdacuttup North Rd between its junction with Lee Rd and Ravensthorpe–Hopetoun Rd
- Hopetoun Rd
- °42′s
- L W 128°05′e
8 km S of Ravensthorpe on Hopetoun Rd, 33°42′S, 128°05′E, L.W. Cayzer 221 (CANB, PERTH); Ravensthorpe area, Jerdacuttup North Rd between its junction with Lee Rd and Ravensthorpe–Hopetoun Rd., 33°43′S, 120°14′E, M.G. Corrick 8782 (HO, MEL);
); syntypes: 'W.Australia, Drummond, 5th Coll. n. 242; also Herb. Mueller'; lectotype here
- Blackall
- Grieve
Blackall & Grieve, Western Austral. Wildfl. 181 (1974); syntypes: 'W.Australia, Drummond, 5th Coll. n. 242; also Herb. Mueller'; lectotype here designated: J.
The genus Billardiera
- Bennett
- Em
Bennett EM (1990) The genus Billardiera. Australian Plants 15, 270–281.
Flowers and plants of Victoria Sollinger: Vienna)Enumeratio Plantarum Huegel 8.' (Fr. Beck: Vienna)International code of botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis Code).' (Koeltz Scientific Books: Germany) Link JHF, Otto CF (1840) 'Icones Plantarum Rariorum
- Cochrane Gr
- Rotherham Ba Er Fuhrer
- Willis
- S Endlicher
- S Fenzl
- G Bentham
- Schott
- W Greuter
- Barrie J Fr Mcneill
- H-M Burdet
- Demoulin V Filgueiras Ts
- Nicolson
- Dh
- Pc Silva
- Skog Je
- P Trehane
- Turland
- Nj
Cochrane GR, Fuhrer BA, Rotherham ER, Willis JH (eds) (1968) 'Flowers and plants of Victoria.' (Reed Books: Sydney) Endlicher S, Fenzl S (1839) 'Novarum Stirpium Decades.' (J.P. Sollinger: Vienna) Endlicher S, Fenzl S, Bentham G, Schott H (1837) 'Enumeratio Plantarum Huegel 8.' (Fr. Beck: Vienna) Greuter W, McNeill J, Barrie FR, Burdet H-M, Demoulin V Filgueiras TS, Nicolson DH, Silva PC, Skog JE, Trehane P, Turland NJ, Hawkesworth DL (eds) (2000) 'International code of botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis Code).' (Koeltz Scientific Books: Germany) Link JHF, Otto CF (1840) 'Icones Plantarum Rariorum.' (Erster Band: Berlin) McGillivray DJ (1975) Billardiera Sm. and Rhytidosporum F. Muell. (Pittosporaceae) in New South Wales. Telopea 1, 55–57.
CANB, E); entrance to Lake Cave, between
- Gooseberry Hill
- A Darling Ranges
- Morrison
- Karridale
- E M Burnside
- Canning
- Wa
Gooseberry Hill, Darling Ranges, A. Morrison, 17 Nov. 1902 (CANB, E); entrance to Lake Cave, between Karridale and Burnside, E.M. Canning WA/68 6574 (CANB); Cape Leeuwin, J.W. Wrigley 16 Oct. 1968 (CANB);
The plants indigenous to the colony of Victoria.' (Government Printer: Melbourne) Putterlick A (1839) 'Synopsis Pittosporearum.' (Fr. Beck: Vienna) Wheeler JR (1987) Family 51. PittosporaceaeWestern Australian Herbarium: Perth) Willis JH (1973) 'Plants in Victoria II
- Mueller Feds Ng Marchant
- Jr
- Wheeler
- Bl Rye
- Em Bennett
- Ns
- Lander
- Td
- Macfarlane
Mueller F (1862) 'The plants indigenous to the colony of Victoria.' (Government Printer: Melbourne) Putterlick A (1839) 'Synopsis Pittosporearum.' (Fr. Beck: Vienna) Wheeler JR (1987) Family 51. Pittosporaceae. In 'Flora of the Perth Region'. (Eds NG Marchant, JR Wheeler, BL Rye, EM Bennett, NS Lander, TD MacFarlane) (Western Australian Herbarium: Perth) Willis JH (1973) 'Plants in Victoria II.' (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne) Manuscript received 9 October 2003, accepted 16 January 2004
Irwin district: 6 miles from Three Springs, M.E. Phillips (CANB); Coolgardie district: 106 km SW of Southern Cross
- Western Australia
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Irwin district: 6 miles from Three Springs, M.E. Phillips (CANB); Coolgardie district: 106 km SW of Southern Cross, R.J. Cranfield 607 (CANB, PERTH);
Alford 1161 (PERTH); Mt Roe, approx. 70 km SE of Manjimup
- Game Reserve
- Stockyard Rd
- J J Cranbrook
'Game Reserve', end of Stockyard Rd, W of Cranbrook, J.J. Alford 1161 (PERTH); Mt Roe, approx. 70 km SE of Manjimup, 34°4′57′′S,116°47′39′′E, A.R. Annels 5544, R.W. Hearn (CANB, K, MJP, PERTH);
Austral. 1: 117 (1863) [citing ?Oncosporum villosum Turcz. in error = M. microphyllus (Turcz.) Benth
- Marianthus Benth
Marianthus villosus Benth., Fl. Austral. 1: 117 (1863) [citing ?Oncosporum villosum Turcz. in error = M. microphyllus (Turcz.) Benth.]. T: 'W. Australia, Drummond, Coll. 1843, n.176'. Marianthus gracilis Ostenf., Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Meddel. 312: 67, t. IX (1921);
119 (1863) [Nom. nov. for Billardiera parviflora DC
- Marianthus Benth
Marianthus tenuis Benth., Fl. Austral. 1: 119 (1863) [Nom. nov. for Billardiera parviflora DC., Prod 1:346 (1824), non Marianthus parviflorus F.Muell., Frag. 2: 144 (1861) = M. granulatus (Turcz.) Benth.]. Possible syntypes: 'Geographer Bay, Leschenault;
Ostenfeld 1018 (C, photo PERTH!) Fig. 18. References Bennett EM (1972) New taxa and new combinations in Western Australian Pittosporaceae
- Yallingup Australia
- Cave
T: Western Australia, Yallingup Cave, Ostenfeld 1018 (C, photo PERTH!) Fig. 18. References Bennett EM (1972) New taxa and new combinations in Western Australian Pittosporaceae. Nuytsia 1, 266–269.
L.Cayzer & Crisp, comb. nov
- ( E M Benn
Marianthus mollis (E.M.Benn.) L.Cayzer & Crisp, comb. nov. Billardiera mollis E.M.Benn., Nuytsia 4 (3): 275 (1983).
Oncosporum bicolor Putt
- J E M Wheeler
- Benn
J.Wheeler, in N.G.Marchant et al. (eds), Fl. Perth: 199 (1987) [as Billardiera bicolor]; E.M.Benn., Austral. Pl. 15, (122): 272 (1990) Oncosporum bicolor Putt., in Endl. & Fenzl, Nov. Stirp. Dec. 2: 9 (May, 1839); Billardiera bicolor (Putt.) E.M.Benn., Nuytsia 1: 267 (1972).
Oncosporum drummondianum Putt
- E M Benn
E.M.Benn., Austral. Pl. 15 (122): 274 (1990) Oncosporum drummondianum Putt., in J.G.C. Lehmann, Pl. Preiss.
Cape Naturaliste, Oldfield'; lectotype here designated: Geographer Bay, Leschenault (Mf SYD!)
- Flinders Bay
- Collie
Flinders Bay, Collie; Cape Naturaliste, Oldfield'; lectotype here designated: Geographer Bay, Leschenault (Mf SYD!). Billardiera parviflora DC., Prod 1:346 (1824).
How to know Western Australian wildflowers
- Bentham
- Hooker G Bentham
- Jdlovell
- Co
Bentham G (1863) 'Flora Australiensis. Vol. 1.' (Lovell Reeve & Co: London) Bentham G, Hooker JD (1862) 'Genera Plantarum. Vol. 1.' (Lovell Reeve & Co: London) Black JM (1948) 'Flora of South Australia (2nd edn).' (Government Printer: Adelaide) Blackall BM, Grieve BJ (1974) 'How to know Western Australian wildflowers.' (University of Western Australia Press: Perth) Cayzer LW, Crisp MD, Telford IRH (1999) Revision of Rhytidosporum (Pittosporaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 12, 689–708.
Purdie 5417 (CANB); immediately N of Stirling Range
- Km
- Mayanup
- Road
- Cranbrook
- °14′s
- R W 116°46′e
4 km from Mayanup along road to Cranbrook, 34°14′S, 116°46′E, R.W. Purdie 5417 (CANB); immediately N of Stirling Range, Salt River Rd, A.M. Ashby 2396 (ADEL);
Oncosporum granulatum Turcz
- E M Benn
E.M.Benn., Austral. Pl. 15, (122): 272 (1990) Oncosporum granulatum Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27 (2): 366 (1854) [1855]; Billardiera granulata (Turcz.) E.M.Benn., Nuytsia 2: 187 (1978).