No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
... There is evidence in the literature that maximal strength training improves the double-poling performance by improved work economy in cross-country skiers (15). Moreover, some authors believe that regimens of concurrent strength and endurance exercise in previously untrained individuals can be advantageous in terms of aerobic power (7,8,18). Rosier et al. (28) concluded that endurance training "contributed" to the development of strength. ...
... In contrast, Kraemer et al. (21) concluded that concurrent strength and endurance training might produce smaller muscle strength and power increases than strength training alone. Moreover, evidence in the literature supports the idea of interference effects during concurrent strength and endurance training (16,25), whereas other authors reported an interference effect of endurance training on strength development (7,11,12,18). The findings of this study, suggest upper-and lower-body strength gains, including vertical jump. ...
... The training status of the trainees plays an important role. The lower the activity level, the more substantial the effect in endurance and strength development and vice versa (1,7,12,13,18). ...
To compare regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training, 26 male basketball players were matched for stature, body composition, and physical activity level. Subjects completed different training programs for 7 weeks, 4 days per week. Groups were as follows: (a) the strength group (S; n = 7) did strength training; (b) the endurance group (E; n = 7) did endurance training; (c) the strength and endurance group (S + E; n = 7) combined strength and endurance training; and (d) the control group (C; n = 5) had no training. The S + E group showed greater gains in Vo(2)max than the E group did (12.9% vs. 6.8%), whereas the S group showed a decline (8.8%). Gains were noted in strength and vertical jump performance for the S + E and S groups. The S + E group had better posttraining anaerobic power than the S group did (6.2% vs. 2.9%). No strength, power, or anaerobic power gains were present for the E and C groups. We conclude that concurrent endurance and strength training is more effective in terms of improving athletic performance than are endurance and strength training apart.
... In high performance sports, it has been suggested that improving in the quality of training is more effective in enhancing performance than just increasing the quantity of training. Several studies have suggested that testing ( Mygind et al., 1991;Bilodeau et al., 1995;Helgerud et al., 2001;Stöggl et al., 2006) as well as training (Dudley and Djamil, 1985;Hakkinen and Komi, 1986;Hoff et al., 1999) should be sport specific. In specific training, the "principle of kinematic, kinetic, and neuromuscular correspondence" should be taken into consideration. ...
Introduction: To establish an alpine ski racing (ASR) specific dryland high intensity training protocol (HIT), we set out to analyze cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of three ASR specific HIT modes using a ski ergometer compared with a running HIT.
Methods: Ten healthy international FIS level subjects (18 ± 1 years) performed an incremental running VO2max test, three different ASR specific HIT modes [slalom (SL), giant slalom (GS), and SL/GS mix] and a running HIT with measurements of VO2, heart rate (HR), blood lactate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The HIT protocols included 15 × 1-min intervals with >90% HRmax and 30 s active rest. Furthermore, one elite alpine skier performed an 8-week, 17 session HIT block using the SL/GS mixed mode.
Results: Running HIT resulted in greater VO2peak and whole-body RPE compared with the three ASR-specific HIT modes. During all four exercise modes participants were able to reach exercise intensities high enough to be classified as HIT (>90% HRmax and >89% VO2max). Legs RPE was similar between the four HIT modes, while arms RPE was higher for the ski-specific HIT. For all studied parameters, similar results for the three skiing specific HIT modes were observed. The 8-week HIT block was feasible for the athlete and resulted in an 11% increase in VO2max at unchanged peak power output.
Conclusion: Across all HIT protocols high cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were achieved. Therefore, the ASR specific HIT was shown to be feasible, thus could offer new possibilities for endurance training in elite alpine skiers. It is suggested to use the SL/GS mixed mode in terms of movement variety. The reduced VO2 in the ski-specific modifications can be attributed to the concentric and eccentric muscle activity resulting in mechanical hindrance for O2 extraction. The long-term effectiveness of ASR specific HIT in elite alpine skiers needs to be proven in a future study.
... However, studies have shown that concurrent training can induce suboptimal strength and (or) endurance adaptations (Gergley 2009; Glowacki et al. 2004). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the interference of strength development, including alterations of neural recruitment (Dudley and Djamil 1985), fibre-type transformation (Dudley and Fleck 1987), and disturbance of protein synthesis (Rennie and Tipton 2000). However, factors associated with suboptimal endurance adaptation as a result of concurrent training have received little attention. ...
This study examined the acute effect of strength and endurance training sequence on running economy (RE) at 70% and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) and on running time to exhaustion (TTE) at 110% VT the following day. Fourteen trained and moderately trained male runners performed strength training prior to running sessions (SR) and running prior to strength training sessions (RS) with each mode of training session separated by 6 h. RE tests were conducted at baseline (Base-RE) and the day following each sequence to examine cost of running (CR), TTE, and lower extremity kinematics. Maximal isometric knee extensor torque was measured prior to and following each training session and the RE tests. Results showed that CR at 70% and 90% VT for SR-RE (0.76 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) was significantly greater than Base-RE (0.72 ± 0.10 and 0.70 ± 0.11 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) and RS-RE (0.73 ± 0.09 and 0.72 ± 0.09 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) (P < 0.05). TTE was significantly less for SR-RE (237.8 ± 67.4 s) and RS-RE (275.3 ± 68.0 s) compared with Base-RE (335.4 ± 92.1 s) (P < 0.01). The torque during the SR sequence was significantly reduced for every time point following the strength training session (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in torque following the running session (P > 0.05), although it was significantly reduced following the strength training session (P < 0.05) during the RS sequence. These findings show that running performance is impaired to a greater degree the day following the SR sequence compared with the RS sequence.
... On a note of caution, the overdevelopment of aerobic endurance can have a negative effect on the body's ability to produce ATP anaerobically since concentrations of specific anaerobic enzymes are suppressed. 10,43 Aerobic Power According to Bangso 44,45 the development of VO 2 max is important in the recovery between high-intensity bouts. Research suggests that this is best achieved by interval training [46][47][48] as more work can be performed at higher intensities with the same or less fatigue compared to continuous training. ...
Dance performance has been classified as high-intensity intermittent exercise that utilizes the aerobic and glycolytic energy production systems. Dance class and rehearsal have been shown to inadequately stress these energy systems and supplemental training is one method of preparing the body to meet these demands. The use of interval exercise training to elicit the required training effect has been suggested and the recommended exercise-to-rest ratios are examined in relation to the underlying physiology. The training environment and frequency is also examined with regard to movement specificity and the need for peripheral adaptations to occur in appropriate muscle fibers. Finally, the levels of dancers (professional, vocational student, and recreational) are discussed in relation to the importance of supplemental training to their goals.
... The most effective mode, duration and intensity of exercise for successful body weight control are continually debated (Dudley and Djamil, 1985; Walberg, 1989; Nelson et al, 1990; McCarthy et al, 1995; Hunter et al, 1998; Hills and Byrne, 1998; Bell et al, 2000; Jakicic and Gallagher, 2003; Donnelly et al, 2003; Donnelly et al, 2004). It has been suggested that exercise produces modest reductions in body weight (Garrow and Summerbell, 1995; Miller et al, 1997), and is a fruitless method of weight loss for women (Gleim, 1993). ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of exercise prescribed with the amount completed between two different modes of training intervention and between the sexes. Thirty-two men (mean age = 39.1 years, body mass index = 32.9 kg x m(-2)) and women (mean age = 39.6 years, body mass index = 32.1 kg x m(-2)) were prescribed traditional resistance training or light-resistance circuit training for 16 weeks. Lean mass and fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 1 and 16. A completion index was calculated to provide a measure of the extent to which participants completed exercise training relative to the amount of exercise prescribed. The absolute amount of exercise completed by the circuit training group was significantly greater than the amount prescribed (P < 0.0001). The resistance training group consistently under-completed relative to the amount prescribed, but the difference was not significant. The completion index for the circuit training group (26 +/- 21.7%) was significantly different from that of the resistance training group (-7.4 +/- 3.0%). The completion index was not significantly different between men and women in either group. These data suggest that overweight and obese individuals participating in light-resistance circuit training complete more exercise than is prescribed. Men and women do not differ in the extent to which they over- or under-complete prescribed exercise.
... It was thought that the energy-system demands of practice and games may partly be responsible for reduced strength levels listed in the studies above. Conflicting neural patterns, fiber recruitment, and hormonal outputs that arise from high-volume energy-system training may also be detrimental to strength and power development (8,11,(13)(14)(15)(16). ...
Fourteen professional (NRL) and 15 college-aged (SRL) rugby league players were observed during a lengthy in-season period to monitor the possible interfering effects of concurrent resistance and energy-system conditioning on maximum strength and power levels. All subjects performed concurrent training aimed at increasing strength, power, speed, and energy-system fitness, as well as skill and team practice sessions, before and during the in-season period. The SRL group significantly improved 1 repetition maximum bench press (1RM BP) strength, but not bench throw (BT Pmax) or jump squat maximum power (JS Pmax) over their 19-week in-season. The results for the NRL group remained unchanged in all tests across their 29-week in-season. The fact that no reductions in any tests for either group occurred may be due to the prioritization, sequencing, and timing of training sessions, as well as the overall periodization of the total training volume. Having athletes better conditioned to perform concurrent training may also aid in reducing the possible interfering effects of concurrent training. Correlations between changes in 1RM BP and BT Pmax suggest differences in the mechanisms to increase power between stronger, more experienced and less strong and experienced athletes.
Race walking can be considered as a long-distance performance and it can be described as the technical and athletic expression
of fast walking. The physiological determinants of these performances have been well documented; moreover, several recent
studies demonstrated that concurrent strength and endurance training can improve performance in endurance athletes. Thus,
the purpose of this report was to monitor the adaptations of a combined strength, performed by circuit resistance training
(CRT), and endurance programme in two top level female race walkers. The subjects were examined before and after 12 weeks
of CRT and endurance training and performed an incremental field test to determine maximum oxygen uptake (.VO2max), running economy (RE) and lactate threshold (LT). The results showed that 12 weeks of combined CRT and endurance programme
did not correspond to an alteration in.VO2max and RE, while improvements in LT and 5-km performance were seen.
The force-velocity characteristics of skeletal muscle are such that maximal force is inversely related to the velocity of shortening. This relationship has been observed using isolated muscle preparations and intact muscle groups (e.g. knee extensors). Isokinetic dynamometry has revealed some specific physiological adaptations to different velocities of training: an increase in torque and power that are greater at or near the velocity of training; a transfer of torque gains to slower and faster angular velocities after intermediate velocity resistance training; increases in maximal oxygen consumption and cardiac output in response to circuit training; increases in anaerobic power output; changes in skeletal muscle size and changes in myofibrillar ATPase activity; and new applications for rehabilitation of muscular and ligamentous injuries, and post-coronary patients.
Skeletal muscle adapts to the stress of endurance and sprint exercise and training. There are 2 main types of skeletal muscle fibre — slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FTa, FTb, FTc). Exercise may produce transitions between FT and ST fibres. Sprint training has decreased the proportion of ST fibres and significantly increased the proportion of FTa fibres, while endurance training may convert FTb to FTa fibres, and increase the proportion of ST fibres (i.e. FTb → FTa → FTc → ST). However, the high proportion of ST fibres documented for elite endurance athletes may be simply the result of natural selection.
ST fibres function predominantly during submaximal exercise, whereas FT fibres are recruited as exercise intensity approaches V̇O2max and/or glycogen stores are depleted. Long distance runners have greater ST and FT fibre areas than untrained controls. However, doubt remains as to whether the ST or FT fibre area is greatest in endurance athletes. Increases in FT fibre area seem to occur during the first 2 months of training, whereas ST fibre areas appear to increase after 2 to 6 months of training. Sprint training leads to the preferential use of FT fibres and male, but not female sprinters have larger FT fibres than untrained controls.
Mitochondrial proteins and oxidative enzymes, as opposed to V̇O2maxare important determinants of the duration of endurance exercise.
Endurance training increases intramuscular glycogen stores in both FT and ST fibres and produces a ‘glycogen-sparing’ effect which is characterised by an increased free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. The activity of glycogen synthase is also increased by endurance training. Sprint training increases glycogen concentrations similarly in all fibre types, reduces the rate of glycogen utilisation at submaximal workloads and allows supramaximal workloads to be maintained for longer periods of time. During endurance exercise the pattern of glycogen depletion varies between muscle fibre types and between muscle groups. Glycogen stores in ST fibres are utilised initially, followed by stores in FTa then FTb fibres. Sprint activities are associated with a much greater rate of glycogen depletion. However, it is unlikely that glycogen depletion causes fatigue during sprinting. Sprint work is associated with a preferential depletion of glycogen from FTb then FTa and ST fibres.
Endurance training appears to increase triglyceride stores adjacent to mitochondria and ST fibres have greater triglyceride stores than FT fibres. Endurance exercise is associated with a preferential use of triglycerides from ST fibres and endogenous triglycerides may account for over 50% of the total lipid oxidised during exercise. The oxidation of fat is unlikely to be a significant factor in sprinting tasks.
Skeletal muscle has an increased capacity to form alanine from pyruvate after endurance training and leucine oxidation may also be enhanced. The largest increase in amino acid metabolism during exercise occurs from intra-rather than extramuscular sources. The pool of free amino acids is used by the glucose-alanine cycle and during BCAA oxidation. However, prolonged physical activity reduces the amino acids available for these metabolic pathways, suggesting that the use of protein as an energy substrate is limited. In contrast, short term exercise is associated with high plasma alanine levels and thus, it is likely that BCAA oxidation increases during sprinting.
Glycolytic and oxidative enzyme responses may be significantly altered by both endurance and sprint training. Endurance training may increase phosphofructokinase (PFK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, whereas sprint training may increase PFK, phosphorylase, lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
Creatine phosphate (CP) activity and ATP levels are higher in FT than ST fibres. Endurance training reduces CP and ATP depletion at submaximal workloads, but also increases CP and ATP concentrations. Superior sprinters are able to utilise phosphagens quickly and more completely than lesser competitors over distances up to 80m, but this may result from genetic predisposition rather than training.
Extreme and prolonged training may produce skeletal muscle fibre type conversion. Additionally, acute and chronic exercise alter skeletal muscle substrate, metabolism and phosphagen profiles thus influencing physical performance and sporting success. Obviously, such skeletal muscle changes are important to coaches and athletes wishing to design training programmes to maximise the performance of a specific motor activity.
To test the efficacy of high-velocity training in healthy older persons.
A 12-week randomized trial, with subjects blocked for gender and residence, comparing high-velocity resistance training with a self-paced walking program.
Retirement community.
Forty-three volunteers over the age of 70 years.
Power group: high-velocity leg exercises 3 times weekly with weekly increases in resistance combined with 45 minutes of moderate, nonresistance exercise weekly. Walking group: moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes daily, 6 days weekly.
Variables measured included leg press peak power and leg extensor strength. Functional performance outcomes included: 6-minute walk distance, Short Physical Performance Battery, Physical Performance Test, and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey.
Peak power improved 22% (p =.004) in the power group (3.7 +/- 1.0 W/kg to 4.5 +/- 1.4 W/kg) but did not change in the walking group (3.99 +/-.76 W/kg to 3.65 +/-.94 W/kg). Leg extensor power at resistance of 50%, 60%, and 70% of body weight increased 50%, 77%, and 141%, respectively, in the power group (p <.0001, repeated-measures analysis of variance). Strength improved 22% in the power-trained individuals and 12% in the walkers (p <.0001). Training did not improve functional task performance in either group. One subject developed a radiculopathy during training.
Resistance training focusing on speed of movement improved leg power and maximal strength substantially, but did not improve functional performance in healthy high-functioning older volunteers.
The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of high intensity endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) alone and in combination on various military tasks. Thirty-five male soldiers were randomly assigned to one of four training groups: total body resistance training plus endurance training (RT + ET), upper body resistance training plus endurance training [UB + ET), RT only, and ET only. Training was performed 4 days per week for 12 weeks. Testing occurred before and after the 12-week training regimen. All groups significantly improved push-up performance, whereas only the RT + ET group did not improve sit-up performance. The groups that included ET significantly decreased 2-mile run time, however, only RT + ET and UB + ET showed improved loaded 2-mile run time. Leg power increased for groups that included lower body strengthening exercises (RT and RT + ET). Army Physical Fitness Test performance, loaded running, and leg power responded positively to training, however, it appears there is a high degree of specificity when concurrent training regimens are implemented.
To investigate the effects of a 21-week concurrent strength and endurance training protocol on physical fitness profile in women with early or longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with healthy subjects.
Twenty-three female patients with RA volunteered for the study. Twelve had early RA and eleven had longstanding RA. Twelve healthy women served as controls. Maximal strength of different muscle groups was measured by dynamometers, walking speed with light cells, and vertical squat jump on the force platform to mirror explosive force. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by gas analyzer. Six training sessions (3 strength training and 3 endurance training) were carried out in a 2-week period for 21 weeks.
The training led to large gains in maximal strength both in women with RA and in healthy women (P < 0.043-0.001). The strength gains were accompanied by increases in walking speed (P < 0.034-0.001) and vertical squat jump (P < 0.034-0.001). Significant improvements also occurred in maximal aerobic capacity in all groups (P < 0.023-0.014).
Both early and longstanding RA patients with stable disease can safely improve all characteristics of their physical fitness profile using a progressive concurrent strength and endurance training protocol.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.