William J Kraemer

The Ohio State University | OSU · Department of Human Sciences

The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation was to examine the effects of a Korean Ginseng (GINST15) on measures of perception and physical performance following an acute bout of resistance exercise. Ten women (age: 38.7 ± 7.8 years; height: 1.64 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 76.0 ± 11.6 kg) and nine men (age: 41.2. ± 9.7 years; heigh...

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to evaluate neuroendocrine and physical performance responses in sailors and Marines undergoing U.S. Navy Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training. Methods: Participants were 20 men (Age: 25.3 ± 3.6 yr; Height: 178.1 ± 6.1 cm; Weight: 83.7 ± 12.6 kg). Men were further split into hig...

The history of resistance training research began with anecdotal ideas and a slow growth of research from the late 1890s through the 1970s. The mid-1970s were a nexus point when resistance training studies evolved from just strength assessments to importance in physiological systems, physical health, and physical performance capabilities for indivi...

Chronic increases in testosterone levels can significantly increase hypertrophy and strength, as has been demonstrated by pharmacological intervention. However, decreases in basal testosterone levels can have the opposite result, as has been seen in hypogonadal populations. Because of these profound effects on hypertrophy and strength, testosterone...

Compression and cold therapy used separately have shown to reduce negative effects of tissue damage. The combining compression and cold therapy (cryocompression) as a single recovery modality has yet to be fully examined. To examine the effects of cryocompression on recovery following a bout of heavy resistance exercise, recreationally resistance t...

Objective: Two stable subpopulations of somatotrophs reside in the rat pituitary gland. We tested the hypothesis that one produced growth hormone (GH) with greater activity when tested in the tibial line bioassay (BGH) than the other, while differences in the activities between the two groups would be less dramatic when measured by immunoassay (IG...

Purpose: High volumes of aerobic exercise have been associated with reduced testosterone (T), known as the exercise-hypogonadal male condition (EHMC). Although the presence of low T has been identified, few studies have assessed the presence of androgen-deficient symptoms. The purpose of this investigation is to assess men exhibiting EHMC and eval...

This chapter describes a paradigm for designing a resistance training program for volleyball that can be adapted to meet the specific demands of athletes, optimizing those characteristics which are essential to effective programming at every level. The primary goals of a strength and conditioning program are to prevent injury and to improve perform...

The magnetic resonance (MRI) environment imposes substantial constraints on the execution of behaviorally-relevant movements, especially when the lower limb(s) are involved. Using first person action-imagery, we developed a novel attention switching test (AST) to examine functional activity in leg-specific motor representations of healthy college-a...

Due to the important interactions of proenkephalin fragments (e.g., proenkephalin [107–140] Peptide F) to enhance activation of immune cells and potentially combat pain associated with exercise-induced muscle tissue damage, we examined the differential plasma responses of Peptide F to different exercise training programs. Participants were tested p...

Purpose: Athletes and military service members are known to undergo strenuous exercise and sometimes have to take long haul flights soon afterwards; however, its combined effect on many physiological functions is relatively unknown. Therefore, we examined the combined effects of a full-body muscle-damaging workout and transcontinental flight on co...

The complexity of the endocrine pathways during recovery related to anabolic function belie an over simplistic approach to its study. This review is to examines the role of resistance exercise (RE) on the recovery responses of three major anabolic hormones testosterone, growth hormone(s) and insulin-like growth factor-I. Each hormone has a complexi...

Background: Aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure (BP) on average 5-7 mmHg among those with hypertension; limited evidence suggests similar or even greater BP benefits may result from isometric handgrip (IHG) resistance exercise. Method: We conducted a randomized controlled trial investigating the antihypertensive effects of an acute bout of a...

Background Aerobic exercise (AE) is recommended as first‐line antihypertensive lifestyle therapy based on strong evidence showing that it lowers blood pressure (BP) 5 to 7 mm Hg among adults with hypertension. Because of weaker evidence showing that dynamic resistance training (RT) reduces BP 2 to 3 mm Hg among adults with hypertension, it is recom...

Data S1. Full search strategy for each of the five electronic databases queried: PubMed, Scopus (including EMBASE), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). Data S2. Augmented version of the Downs and Black Checklist. Table S1. Antihypertensive Effects of Dynamic Resistance Training Compa...

This study investigated the effects of 24 weeks of morning versus evening same-session combined strength (S) and endurance (E) training on physical performance, muscle hypertrophy, and resting serum testosterone and cortisol diurnal concentrations. Forty-two young men were matched and assigned to a morning (m) or evening (e) E + S or S + E group (m...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic, lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during resistance exercise (RE). Methods: Twelve healthy men performed a control RE protocol (6 × 10 repetitions of squats) and were randomly assigned (using a doub...

The purpose was to examine a round trip trans-American jet travel on performance, hormonal alterations, and recovery. Ten matched pairs of recreationally trained men were randomized to either a compression group (COMP) (n= 10, age: 23.1 ± 2.4 years, height: 174.8 ± 5.3cm, body mass: 84.96 ± 10.16 kg, body fat: 15.3 ± 6.0%) or control group (CONT) (...

The warm-up routine preceding a training or athletic event can affect the performance during that event. Whole-body vibration (WBV) can increase muscle performance, thus the inclusion of WBV to the warm-up routine might provide additional performance improvements. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effect of a WBV warm-up us...

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its splice variants Insulin-like growth factor-I isoform Ea (IGF-IEa) and mechano growth factor (MGF) may play an important role in muscular adaptations to resistance training (RT) that may be modulated by ageing. It has been suggested that IGF-I induces cellular responses via AKT8 virus oncogene cellular ho...

Background: Surprisingly little is known about the physiological and perceptual differences of women who consume different volumes of water each day. The purposes of this investigation were to (a) analyze blood osmolality, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone; (b) assess the responses of physiological, thirst, and hydration indices; and (c)...

The survival of the human body is dependent on having effective and efficient internal communication systems. These communication systems maintain a homeostatic balance and the ability to respond to any stress that disrupts homeostasis. This chapter provides an overview of how one of these systems, the endocrine, responds to the homeostatic challen...

Objective: Nitrate-rich (NR) supplements can enhance exercise performance by improving neuromuscular function and the aerobic cost of exercise. However, little is known about the effects of nitrate on dynamic, multijoint resistance exercise. Methods: Fourteen resistance-trained men (age, 21.1 ± 0.9 years; height, 173.2 ± 2.9 cm: body mass, 77.6...

There has recently been a growing interest in long-term athletic development for youth. Due to their unique physical, psychological and social differences, children and adolescents should engage in appropriately prescribed exercise programs that promote physical development to prevent injury and enhance fitness behaviours that can be retained later...

This article summarizes presentations from a 2014 United States Department of Defense (DoD) Health Affairs Women in Combat symposium addressing physiological, musculoskeletal injury, and optimized physical training considerations from the operational physical performance section. The symposium was held to provide a state-of-the-science meeting on t...

Stress-inducible Hsp72 is a potential biomarker to track risk of exertional heat illness during exercise/environmental stress. Characterization of extracellular (eHsp72) vs cellular Hsp72 (iHsp72) responses is required to define the appropriate use of Hsp72 as a reliable biomarker. In each of four repeat visits, participants (n = 6 men, 4 trials; t...

NONLINEAR PERIODIZATION, DESPITE BEING A RELATIVELY NEW METHOD OF PERIODIZATION, IS BEING USED BY A GROWING NUMBER OF COACHES IN VARIOUS SPORTS, INCLUDING AMERICAN FOOTBALL. IT ALLOWS FOR FURTHER VARIATION IN WORKOUT PROGRESSIONS BUT CAN ALSO BE INTEGRATED OVER A YEARLY TRAINING CYCLE AT DIFFERENT TIMES WITH THE SO-CALLED LINEAR PERIODIZATION PROGR...

In spite of the Système International d'Unitès (SI) that was published in 1960, there continues to be widespread misuse of the terms and nomenclature of mechanics in descriptions of exercise performance. Misuse applies principally to failure to distinguish between mass and weight, velocity and speed, and especially the terms "work" and "power." The...

Background: Many successful ultra-endurance athletes have switched from a high-carbohydrate to a low-carbohydrate diet, but they have not previously been studied to determine the extent of metabolic adaptations. Methods: Twenty elite ultra-marathoners and ironman distance triathletes performed a maximal graded exercise test and a 180 min submaxi...

Nindl, BC, Alvar, BA, Dudley, JR, Favre, MW, Martin, GJ, Sharp, MA, Warr, BJ, Stephenson, MD, and Kraemer, WJ. Executive summary from the National Strength and Conditioning Association's second Blue Ribbon Panel on military physical readiness: Military physical performance testing. J Strength Cond Res 29(11S): S216-S220, 2015-The National Strength...

Physical fitness training of military recruits is an enduring focus of armies. This is important for safe and effective performance of general tasks that anyone may have to perform in a military setting as well as preparation for more specialized training in specific job specialties. Decades of studies on occupationally specific physical requiremen...

Szivak, TK and Kraemer, WJ. Physiological readiness and resilience: Pillars of military preparedness. J Strength Cond Res 29(11S): S34-S39, 2015-Warfighters require a range of physical capabilities to meet the demands of the military profession, and physical training must address performance along an entire continuum, depending on individual needs...

Background: Little is known concerning the potential ergogenic effects of p-synephrine supplementation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on free-weight resistance exercise performance. Methods: Twelve healthy, college-aged men perfor...

Nucleotide supplementation has been shown to attenuate post-exercise immunosuppression and HPA axis activation in endurance exercise models. These findings indicated that nucleotide supplementation may aid in the recovery from other exercise modalities, such as heavy resistance exercise. Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to investigate the...

This investigation examined peak motor unit activity during sets which differed in resistance (50, 70, or 90% 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM)). Ten resistance trained men (age, 23±3 yr; height, 187±7 cm; body mass, 91.5±6.9 kg; squat 1RM, 141±28 kg) were assessed by electromyography (EMG) on the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles in a randomiz...

THE MODERN BATTLEFIELD IS ONE OF AN ANAEROBIC NATURE WITH ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND TROOP MOVEMENTS. CONDITIONING PROGRAMS MUST ADDRESS FUNDAMENTAL STRENGTH AND POWER CAPABILITIES WITH OPTIMALLY DESIGNED PERIODIZED HEAVY RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAMS. IN ADDITION, RECOVERY MUST BE CAREFULLY MONITORED WHEN PERFORMING ANY DEMANDING WORKOUT. CONCURREN...

The purposes of this study were to use the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES 2011-12) data to determine nationally representative combined-hand grip strength ranges and percentile information by sex and age group, examine trends in strength across age by sex, and to determine the relative proportion of children and adults fall...

A trend (p=0.06) was observed where the mean RER value in p-synephrine was significantly lower than placebo by 3%. indicating a preference of fat utilization for energy metabolism.  These data indicate that both supplements significantly increased post-exercise ventilation during part (15-20 min) of the recovery period but returned to normal respo...

This study examined acute hormone and force responses as well as strength and endurance performance and muscle hypertrophy before and after 24 weeks of same-session combined strength and endurance training in previously untrained women. Subjects were assigned one of two training orders: endurance preceding strength (E+S, n=15) or vice versa (S+E, n...

Previous research has investigated the physiological determinants of heavy load carriage while performing medium to long distance road marching, yet research examining the physiological underpinnings of high-intensity battlefield tasks is limited. This study sought to examine the role of strength and power during high-intensity combat tasks under h...

This study evaluated whether a combination of whey protein (WP), calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrate exert additive effects on recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. Thirteen resistance-trained men (age: 22.6 ± 3.9 years; height: 175.3 ± 12.2 cm; weight: 86.2 ± 9.8 kg) completed a double-blinded, counterbal...

Compression garments have been previously shown to enhance proprioception, however this benefit has not been previously shown to transfer to improved performance in sports skills. The purpose of this study was to assess whether enhanced proprioception and comfort can be manifested in improved sports performance of high level athletes. 11 Division I...

Help your students develop an understanding of exercise physiology concepts and their application athletic performance and well-being with Exercise Physiology, 2e. Using an engaging evidence-based approach that combines research and theory with practical discussions of nutrition and training, the authors help students understand how the human body...

The ability of a fabric to transfer moisture is referred to as 'wicking', and an increase in this property may have benefits in terms of comfort as well thermoregulation. However, this phenomenon has not been studied in the context of sporting type activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess whether comfort, thermal physiological...

Recent meta-analyses have found no association between heart disease and dietary saturated fat; however, higher proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) predict greater risk for developing type-2 diabetes and heart disease. These observations suggest a disconnect between dietary saturated fat and plasma SFA, but few controlled feeding stud...

Background/objectives: Fat-free mass (FFM) is the major predictor of resting metabolic rate (RMR). As protein supplementation during resistance training may augment gains in FFM, we investigated the effects of resistance training combined with protein supplementation on RMR and whether RMR responses could be estimated by a dual-energy X-ray absorp...

To better understand how sex-specific developmental differences impact performance on a broad selection of common physical fitness measures, we examined changes in boys and girls from fourth to fifth grade. Subjects included 273 boys (age: 9.5±0.6 years; height: 139.86±7.52 cm; mass: 38.00±9.55 kg) and 295 girls (age: 9.6±0.5 years; height: 139.30±...