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Body-Image Aberration in Schizophrenia
Abstract
A 28-item true-false scale was constructed to measure schizophrenic body-image aberration. The scale was standardized on both college students and a nonstudent normal control group. Male schizophrenics reported more body-image aberration than nonstudent normal control subjects, but only a portion of the schizophrenics were deviant. Nonpsychotic clinic clients did not have heightened scores. Correlational findings indicated that schizophrenic body-image aberration is an aspect of a broader perceptual aberration. Scores on body-image aberration was negatively correlated with time since first hospitalization. The Body-Image-Aberration Scale had essentially no correlation with the Physical Anhedonia Scale of Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin for schizophrenics. For nonschizophrenics, however, high scores on the two scales accompanied one another significantly less often than expected by chance. The authors suggest that the two scales may identify alternative manifestations of proneness toward the same schizophrenia.
... In line with early models of SZ, anomalous bodily experiences, and self-disturbances were also regarded as central to schizotypy by early investigators. 21,27,28 In fact, one of the earliest measures of schizotypy focuses on bodily aberrations. 27 The link between childhood trauma and schizotypy in nonclinical populations is also well documented. ...
... 21,27,28 In fact, one of the earliest measures of schizotypy focuses on bodily aberrations. 27 The link between childhood trauma and schizotypy in nonclinical populations is also well documented. 29 Recent studies further showed that self-disturbances mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and psychoticlike experiences (PLEs) in the general population. ...
... It has been shown to have good to excellent reliability. 27 Childhood Trauma. Exposure to childhood trauma was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Short-Form (CTQ-SF 43 ). ...
Background and Hypothesis
Exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to the development of psychosis and bodily self-disturbances, 2 hallmarks of schizophrenia (SZ). Prior work demonstrated that bodily disturbances serve as a bridge between childhood trauma and SZ symptomatology, but the diagnostic specificity of these connections remains unknown. This study uses network analysis to bridge this gap by comparing the interplays between childhood trauma, bodily self-disturbances, and schizotypy in clinical and general populations.
Study Design
Networks were constructed to examine the relationships between schizotypy (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire; SPQ), bodily self-disturbances (Perceptual Aberration Scale; PAS), and childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) in 152 people with SZ and 162 healthy comparison participants (HC). The Fused Graphical Lasso was used to jointly estimate the networks in the 2 groups and the structure and strength of the networks were compared. Node centrality and shortest paths between CTQ, PAS, and schizotypy were examined.
Study Results
When comparing SZ and HC, the network of bodily self-disturbances, childhood trauma, and schizotypy were similarly structured, but the network was significantly stronger in SZ than HC. In both groups, bodily self-disturbances were on one of the shortest paths between childhood trauma to schizotypal experiences.
Conclusions
Our findings revealed reliable associations between childhood trauma, bodily self-disturbance, and schizotypy, with bodily disturbances acting as a bridge from childhood trauma to schizotypy. The elevated strength of the SZ network indicates a more highly interconnected, and therefore reactive network in which exposure to childhood trauma can more easily activate bodily disturbances and schizotypy.
... Raulin, Mahler, O'Gorman, Furash, and Lowrie (1987) outlined an inclusive list of the schizotypy scales that have been developed to date. Chief among these are the Perceptual Aberration (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978) and Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983) scales, which ostensibly possess the best construct validity of the available schizotypy scales. Clinical interviews and laboratory studies of subjects scoring high on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales have shown them to have the characteristics expected in a high-risk population. ...
... Subjects were selected from a larger sample of 338 male undergraduates recruited from the introductory psychology subject pool at Ohio University, who completed an initial screening battery containing the Per-Mag Scale and an infrequency scale modeled after Jackson's (1974) infrequency scale. As advocated by Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin (1978), these scales were administered conjointly with the items interspersed. The infrequency scale has been used conventionally in research of this type and is designed to eliminate respondents whose response style is random or haphazard. ...
... Eleven subjects (3%) whose infrequency scale score exceeded 2 were eliminated from consideration for further participation. This rate of exclusion is consistent with that reported by others (e.g., Chapman, et al., 1978;Eckblad & Chapman, 1983;Raulin, 1984). ...
Interpersonal deviance is central to the theory of and research on schizotypal psychopathology. The present study investigated interpersonal deviance and its corresponding impact among hypothetically schizotypic, or schizophrenia-prone, men, defined by high scores on the Perceptual Aberration–Magical Ideation (Per-Mag) Scale. In a videotaped interview, high-scoring Ss relative to control Ss were rated as more odd (p < .001) and more avoidant (p < .05) in their interview behavior and made the interviewers feel more anxious (p < .05), more angry (p < .05), and less interested (p < .05). Other analyses revealed that oddness was the strongest discriminating variable and that this behavior could not be accounted for by social anxiety or lack of interest. These results provide further construct validation for the Per-Mag scale and suggest that interpersonal factors may influence the eventual adjustment of high-scoring individuals.
... Random ascertainment ensures a representative sampling, and reliance on large samples increases the likelihood of detecting an infrequent taxon. We examined the latent structure of a prominent psychometric measure of schizotypy, the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS; Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978) by using such an approach. We applied Meehl's MAXCOV-HITMAX taxometric analytic method (Meehl, 1973;Meehl & Golden, 1982) in the study of PAS scores in a large university population. ...
... We chose the PAS as a measure of schizotypy for this study because of the prominence and the theoretical importance attached to body image and perceptual distortions in schizotypy, as defined by both Rado (1960) and Meehl (1964; see also Chapman et al., 1978). Rado (1960) unambiguously described the body-image distortions and perceptual anomalies that are thought to characterize the psychological experience of the schizotype. ...
... 19). In addition to the work of Rado and of Meehl, descriptions of perceptual and body-image distortions as phenomenologic manifestations of a liability for (or expression of) schizophrenia (and other psychoses) have a long history in the field of psychopathology, and this history was reviewed extensively by Chapman et al. (1978). Therefore, as a measure of body image distortions and perceptual aberrations, we are suggesting that the PAS is an indicator of schizophrenia liability (schizotypy), as distinguished from a measure of Meehl's polygenic potentiators (e.g., social introversion, hypohedonia). ...
Meehl's (1962, 1990) model of schizotypy and the development of schizophrenia implies that the structure of liability for schizophrenia is dichotomous and that a “schizogene” determines membership in a latent class, or taxon (Meehl & Golden, 1982). The authors sought to determine the latent structure and base rate of schizotypy. They applied Meehl's (1973; Meehl & Golden, 1982) MAXCOV-HITMAX taxometric analytic procedures to a subset of items from the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS; Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), a prominent psychometric index of schizotypy, derived from a randomly ascertained nonclinical university sample (N = 1,093). The results, in accordance with Meehl's conjectures, strongly suggest that schizotypy, as assessed by the PAS, is taxonic at the latent level with a general population taxon base rate of approximately. 10.
... Psychosis proneness scales. The PABS (Chapman et al, 1978), PAS (Chapman et al, 1976), and SAS (Chapman et al, 1976) were administered to the subjects. The PAS assesses a deficiency in deriving pleasure from physical experiences (e.g, "There just are not many things that I have ever really enjoyed doing," keyed true). ...
... Coefficient alphas, for female and male subjects respectively, are .90 and .88 for PABS (Chapman et al, 1978), .66 and .74 for PAS (Chapman et al, 1976), and .82 ...
... Unlike for patients with mood disorder, two separate principal component factors emerged for patients with schizophrenia, one for the PAS and SAS and one for the PABS and affective disturbance scale. This is consistent with past research (Chapman et al., 1978) showing that for patients with schizophrenia, perceptual aberration and anhedonia are not correlated with one another and may tap distinct dimensions of psychopathology. Thus, the fact that the three psychosis proneness instruments loaded on the same factor in the mood disorder group suggests that a third variable, possibly psychotic disturbance and dysphoria, may be an underlying factor relating the Chapman scales in this group of subjects. ...
We examined the association between scales measuring physical anhedonia, social anhedonia, and perceptual aberration and premorbid functioning, clinical state, and current level of adjustment in 91 psychotic subjects. The patients were examined at the onset of their first psychotic episode and again 18 months later. For patients with schizophrenia, anhedonia was significantly related to premorbid functioning. No association was found between the scales and clinical state or level of adjustment at intake or follow-up. In affective disorder patients, no correlation was found between premorbid functioning (a stable characteristic) and scale scores, but moderately large correlations emerged between the scales and clinical state and level of adjustment at both assessment times. These results suggest that schizophrenic and affective disorder patients endorse items on these scales for different reasons. We hypothesize that for patients with schizophrenia, the scales assess enduring personality characteristics, whereas for the affective disorder patients, they assess clinical condition at the time of testing.
... The well-known Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS; Chapman et al., 1978) served as our measure of schizotypy. The PAS is a 35-item truefalse, measure that assesses perceptual distortions of one's body and environment. ...
... The PAS is a 35-item truefalse, measure that assesses perceptual distortions of one's body and environment. Items assess a range of bodily disturbances (e.g., internal decay, distortion of limbs, questioning physical existence) and perceptual abnormalities (e.g., bright colors, heightened sounds, tilting world) that reflect nonpsychotic reality distortions that conceptually align with positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Chapman et al., 1978;Lenzenweger, 2021). The PAS is a well-established measure of schizotypy with robust literature supporting its criterion and construct validity (see Lenzenweger, 2010 for review). ...
... Scores on the PAS (Chapman et al., 1978) served as our measure of positive schizotypic features. The BDI (Beck et al., 1961) was used to examine depression and suicidal ideation in the past two weeks. ...
Individuals with schizophrenia are at increased risk for suicide. However, much less is known about suicide risk among individuals with schizotypic features. To address this gap in the literature, the current report examines the relationship between positive schizotypy and suicide risk using five distinct samples. Each of these five studies addresses unique, but complementary, questions regarding the relationship between positive schizotypy and suicide risk. Studies 1 and 2 investigate the cross-sectional relationship between perceptual aberrations and suicidal ideation. Study 3 examines the relationship between suicidal ideation and multiple positive schizotypic features (perceptual aberrations, magical thinking, paranoia, and referential thinking). Study 4 investigates the long-term relationship between perceptual aberrations and suicide risk through a 17-year follow-up. Finally, Study 5 examines the specificity of our findings using a psychiatric control group. Results across all five studies support a relationship between suicide risk and positive schizotypy. Specifically, perceptual aberrations were associated with suicide risk both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Results also suggest that individuals with positive schizotypic features have rates of suicidal ideation that are comparable to those with high negative affect and are significantly greater than healthy controls. Taken together, these findings establish an empirical connection between positive schizotypy and suicide risk, thus expanding the purview of the suicide risk construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Currently, numerous self-report measures of schizotypy exist for use in research contexts. The four Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS; Chapman et al., 1976Chapman et al., , 1978Eckblad & Chapman, 1983;Eckblad et al., 1982), the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE; Mason et al., 1995), and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ; Raine 1991) are the three most used selfreport measures of schizotypy in research . These measures have achieved wide-spread use, but more recently they have been criticized for lacking a clear conceptual foundation, using biased and outdated language, and not incorporating contemporary measurement theory . ...
... Given that schizotypy encompasses a continuum of manifestations of psychopathology ranging from mild traits to clinically significant disorders, we would expect individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders to have the highest scores of any group on these measures. Previous research examining the specificity of schizotypy measures has shown that individuals with schizophrenia tend to score significantly higher on such measures than healthy controls and individuals with other psychiatric disorders (Chan et al., 2019;Chapman et al., 1978;Dembińska-Krajewska & Rybakowski, 2016;Miettunen et al., 2011;Moritz et al., 2019). At the same time, some studies have indicated that individuals with other psychiatric disorders tend to score just as high or higher than individuals with schizophrenia (Catts et al., 2000;Dembińska-Krajewska & Rybakowski, 2016;Moritz et al., 2019). ...
... Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, Short Form (WSS-SF) -The WSS-SF are a set of four scales that measure separate dimensions of schizotypy: magical ideation, physical anhedonia, social anhedonia, and perceptual aberrations (Winterstein et al., 2011). They are revised versions of the four scales developed by the Chapmans in the 1970 and 1980 s (Chapman et al., 1976(Chapman et al., , 1978Eckblad & Chapman, 1983;Eckblad et al., 1982). These were among the first self-report measures of schizotypy to be developed and to achieve persistent widespread use (Mason et al., 1997;Winterstein et al., 2011) developed short forms of each of the four scales after item response theory and differential item functioning analyses revealed some weaknesses in the scales. ...
Self-report measures of schizotypy are an important tool for identifying individuals who may be considered at higher risk for developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Previous research into the specificity of such measures has led to mixed results, such that it is unclear whether individuals who are not at higher risk of psychosis are being incorrectly identified as at-risk based on these measures. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), the current study aimed to analyze what overlap may exist in the response patterns of individuals with schizophrenia symptoms, non-schizophrenia-spectrum disorder symptoms, and non-symptomatic individuals using four common self-report measures of schizotypy. The sample (N = 676) was divided into five groups based on participants’ endorsement of symptoms of the following disorders: schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Another subset of respondents endorsed no symptoms of clinical severity. The optimal LPA model included four latent profiles: high schizotypy, high negative schizotypy, moderate schizotypy, and low schizotypy. In the high schizotypy profile, there was significant overlap among individuals from the schizophrenia symptom group and the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom group. This suggests that individuals who are not at risk for developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder respond to these measures in a similar way to individuals who already exhibit symptoms of such disorders. Another possible explanation for the results is that schizotypy is more of a transdiagnostic construct than previously believed. Continued research is needed to understand the limitations of the individual measures of schizotypy included in this study and determine which explanation is most appropriate.
... Although it is claimed to be one of the most valid measures of positive schizotypy, the MIS still may be more of a distal proxy than would be ideal (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983). Much of the past research on positive schizotypy has used the Perceptual Aberration Scale to measure the construct (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). We did not include this measure as it would not have been appropriate or sufficiently relevant for the investigations of this paper; for example, the majority of the items assess variables related to the perception of one's own body (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). ...
... Much of the past research on positive schizotypy has used the Perceptual Aberration Scale to measure the construct (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). We did not include this measure as it would not have been appropriate or sufficiently relevant for the investigations of this paper; for example, the majority of the items assess variables related to the perception of one's own body (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). In addition, of all the items on the measure, only seven of them are not specific to body perception (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). ...
... We did not include this measure as it would not have been appropriate or sufficiently relevant for the investigations of this paper; for example, the majority of the items assess variables related to the perception of one's own body (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). In addition, of all the items on the measure, only seven of them are not specific to body perception (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). Thus, this measurement approach was too univariate and unrelated to the goals of this investigation. ...
... Subjects for the present study were drawn from a random sample of first-year undergraduates at a large university in the northeastern United States who voluntarily completed a 250-item psychological inventory titled "Attitudes, Feelings, and Experiences Questionnaire," which included the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS; L. J. Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978). A total of 2,000 individuals were initially selected at random from a university roster of all first-year students who entered during a fall semester (approximately 3,000 students per year). ...
... The PAS is a 35-item true-false self-report measure of disturbances and distortions in perceptions of body image as well as of other objects (L. J. Chapman et al., 1978) and its construction was inspired, in part, from Meehl's (1964) compendium of schizo ypic signs. Multiple converging lines of criterial evidence show that the PAS is a valid, though imperfect, psychometric indicator of one aspect of sch:zocypy; extensive literature reviews bearing on the reliability and validity of the PAS as a schizotypy measure can be found elsewhere (J. ...
Prior research has demonstrated a reliable deficit in performance accuracy (e.g., d′) on sustained-attention tasks in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy and clinically diagnosed schizotypal psychopathology. The present study sought to expand the understanding of sustained-attention performance in relation to psychometric schizotypy through a study of reaction time (RT) performance. In this study, the author examined performance accuracy and RT on a high-load, sustained-attention task, the Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) version, in 31 high Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) and 26 normal control (control PAS) subjects from a large university population. High PAS (psychometric schizotypy) subjects displayed significantly longer RT performance on the CPT-IP relative to controls. The RT slowing was not explained by mental state or general intellectual ability factors. Contrary to expectation, a difference in performance accuracy (e.g., d′) was not observed between the groups; however, power and other considerations cloud the interpretation of this finding. The meaning of the observed RT slowing is examined and its relation to current models of the development of schizophrenia is discussed.
... It has been reported that more schizophrenic individuals than normal subjects exhibit nonrighthandedness. A group of 7,457 college students were administered a measure of handedness as well as three psychosis-proneness scales, namely, the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978;Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale , and the Physical Anhedonia Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976). The number of subjects scoring high on the Perceptual Abberation-Magical Ideation Scale or the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale (or both) exceeded the number of control subjects on the incidence of ambilateral (mixed) handedness. ...
... Hypothetically psychosis-prone subjects were identified by their deviantly high scores on scales that were developed to measure symptoms that are often reported to characterize preschizophrenic individuals. These scales included the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale , a revised version of Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin's (1976) Physical Anhedonia Scale, and the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978;Eckblad & Chapman, 1983). On the first two scales, subjects are identified as deviant if they score more than 1.96 standard deviations above the mean. ...
It has been reported that more schizophrenic individuals than normal subjects exhibit nonright-handedness. A group of 7,457 college students were administered a measure of handedness as well as three psychosis-proneness scales, namely, the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978; Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale (Chapman et al., 1984), and the Physical Anhedonia Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976). The number of subjects scoring high on the Perceptual Abberation-Magical Ideation Scale or the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale (or both) exceeded the number of control subjects on the incidence of ambilateral (mixed) handedness.
... UHR is most commonly assessed with extensive clinical interviews such as comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states (CAARMS; Yung et al., 2005) and structured interview for prodromal syndromes (SIPS; Fusar-Poli et al., 2016), particularly assessing attenuated psychotic symptoms. Perceptual aberration taps into a more distinct domain comprising distortions of the perception of one's own body (Chapman et al., 1978), and is also considered an indicator of psychosis proneness (Arzy et al., 2011). Patients with psychotic illness and in UHR exhibit higher perceptual aberration than healthy controls (HC; Brosey & Woodward, 2014). ...
... The PAS is a self-report questionnaire comprising 35 items covering psychotic-like bodily distortions and perceptual experiences; unclear body boundaries; unreality, change in body parts or appearance (Chapman et al., 1978). Out of the sample of 184 patients one had two, and six patients had one missing items. ...
Background:
Ultra-high risk (UHR) is considered a forerunner of psychosis, but most UHR individuals do not later convert, yet remain symptomatic, disabled and help-seeking. Thus, there is an increased recognition of the UHR phenotype as a syndrome in itself, rather than merely a risk syndrome. It is therefore essential to investigate outcomes other than transition to psychosis. For this purpose, perceptual aberration appears to be a distinct, as well as a stable and less state-specific vulnerability indicator. We aimed to investigate perceptual aberration and associations with functional, neuro and social cognitive risk factors in an UHR sample.
Method:
One hundred and twenty UHR and 64 healthy controls were compared on levels of perceptual aberration using the perceptual aberration scale. We further investigated cross-sectional associations between perceptual aberration and CAARMS (as a measure of subthreshold psychotic symptoms) and functional, neuro and social cognitive risk factors within the UHR using Spearmans ρ.
Results:
Perceptual aberration was significantly higher in UHR than in healthy controls and was associated with social functioning, executive functioning, and emotion recognition.
Conclusion:
Our findings are consistent with a view of perceptual aberration as a stable vulnerability indicator that varies little with clinical state.
... ASI's score is highly correlated to quantitative measures of schizotypy, such as the Perceptual Aberration Scale (Chapman, Chapman & Raulin, 1978) and the Magical Ideation Scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), as shown in recent literature (Cicero et al., 2010). Because schizotypy is the prelude to overt psychosis in many instances (Fonseca-Pedrero et al., 2021), the value of this scale as a screening tool for psychosis proneness might prove to be coherent. ...
... Other questionnaires investigating similar psychological phenomena can be employed in the evaluation of patients with psychosis or UHR, most prominently the Perceptual Aberration Scale (Chapman et al., 1978;Fornasari et al., 2015) and the Referential Thinking Scale (Lenzenweger, Bennett & Lilenfeld, 1997); however, as the ASI's main scope is nominally Aberrant Salience, it is arguably the most indicated and up-to-date questionnaire to evaluate this construct. In fact, both the Perceptual Aberration Scale and the Referential Thinking Scale refer to a related but different construct, namely schizotypy (Coleman, Levy, Lenzenweger & Holzman, 1996;Lenzenweger et al., 1997). ...
Introduction:
The Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) is a useful tool to measure salience abnormalities among the general population. There is strong clinical and scientific evidence that salience alteration is linked to psychosis. To the present day, no meta-analysis evaluating ASI's psychometric properties and screening potential has been published.
Materials and methods:
PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase were searched using terms including "psychosis," "schizophrenia," and "Aberrant Salience Inventory." Observational and experimental studies employing ASI on populations of non-psychotic controls and patients with psychosis were included. ASI scores and other demographic measures (age, gender, ethnicity) were extracted as outcomes. Individual patients' data (IPD) were collected. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the IPD.
Results:
Eight articles were finally included in the meta-analysis. ASI scores differ significantly between psychotic and non-psychotic populations; a novel three-factor model is proposed regarding subscales structure. Theoretical positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were calculated and presented together with different cutoff points depending on preselected specific populations of interest.
Discussion:
PPV and NPV values reached levels adequate for ASI to be considered a viable screening tool for psychosis. The factor analysis highlights the presence of a novel subscale that was named "Unveiling experiences." Implications regarding the meaning of the new factor structure are discussed, as well as ASI's potential as a screening tool.
... A rational item-level analysis was conducted to assign items from these subscales into item pools based on their correspondence with distinct symptom subdimensions recognized in schizophrenia. 2,44,74,76 The item pools and more details on the selection of the schizotypy scales, item selection, and assignment are provided in (Supplementary tables S2-S10). ...
... 39 Thus, we advocate for a "splitting" approach that dissects schizotypy into more specific phenotypes mirroring the symptom subdimensions of clinical schizophrenia. Decades of schizotypy research have already been conducted using a range of different measures, including the WSS, 63,70,71,73,74 the SPQ, 97,98 O-LIFE, 99 PDI, 100 and more recently the CAPE. 101 Our approach may be extended to incorporate existing datasets by using IRT scale linking, which enables items from different scales to be calibrated to the same metric. ...
Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that captures a continuum of risk for developing schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. Existing 3-factor models of schizotypy, consisting of positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions have yielded mixed evidence of genetic continuity with schizophrenia using polygenic risk scores. Here, we propose an approach that involves splitting positive and negative schizotypy into more specific subdimensions that are phenotypically continuous with distinct positive symptoms and negative symptoms recognized in clinical schizophrenia. We used item response theory to derive high-precision estimates of psychometric schizotypy using 251 self-report items obtained from a non-clinical sample of 727 (424 females) adults. These subdimensions were organized hierarchically using structural equation modeling into 3 empirically independent higher-order dimensions enabling associations with polygenic risk for schizophrenia to be examined at different levels of phenotypic generality and specificity. Results revealed that polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with variance specific to delusional experiences (γ = 0.093, P = .001) and reduced social interest and engagement (γ = 0.076, P = .020), and these effects were not mediated via the higher-order general, positive, or negative schizotypy factors. We further fractionated general intellectual functioning into fluid and crystallized intelligence in 446 (246 females) participants that underwent onsite cognitive assessment. Polygenic risk scores explained 3.6% of the variance in crystallized intelligence. Our precision phenotyping approach could be used to enhance the etiologic signal in future genetic association studies and improve the detection and prevention of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology.
... It is a familial trait with an estimated heritability of 50% (Linney et al., 2003), and patients with schizophrenia (Chapman, Chapman and Raulin, 1978;Brosey and Woodward, 2015) and their relatives (Kendler and Gardner, 1997;Yaralian et al., 2000;Calkins et al., 2004;Moreno-Izco et al., 2015) present higher levels of schizotypy than in the general population. Moreover, it has also been revealed that schizotypy co-occurs with schizophrenia in the same families (Kendler, Thacker and Walsh, 1996;Mata et al., 2000;Appels et al., 2004). ...
... Therefore, this model assumes that schizotypal symptoms in the healthy population are similar but quantitatively milder than those observed in schizophrenia patients. In this regard, schizotypy has been found to be elevated among SSD patients (Brosey and Woodward, 2015;Chapman et al., 1978) and their relatives (Calkins et al., 2004;Kendler and Gardner, 1997;Moreno-Izco et al., 2015;Yaralian et al., 2000). Moreover, it has been reported that both schizotypy and schizophrenia co-occur in the same families (Kendler et al., 1996;Mata et al., 2000) and that healthy parents of patients with schizophrenia that had a family history of SSD displayed more schizotypal traits than parents without familial antecedents (Appels et al., 2004). ...
According to this, a better understanding of the genetic and environmental influences underlying these disorders may provide a way to dissect the biology of psychosis and, ultimately, allow developing novel therapies. However, the study of the aetiological basis of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, though, has a serious limitation in the high biological heterogeneity underlying these pathologies. The heterogeneity of clinical profiles and the high phenotypic variability, in turn, causes uncertainty on the genetic results related to these disorders. Thus, the reduction of phenotypic complexity has become an essential step to contribute to the genetic dissection of brain complex phenotypes.
The present dissertation aimed to contribute disentangling the heterogeneity of
psychotic disorders by means of different approaches: the use of family-based
studies, the use of psychosis-associated intermediate phenotypes and the use of
gene-environment interaction studies. Three specific hypotheses related to these
approaches have been tested, giving rise to six manuscripts submitted to international peer reviewed journals.
The results of the present thesis reveal that the combined use of family-based designs and intermediate phenotypes related to psychosis may facilitate the identification of more homogeneous forms of psychotic disorders in terms of genetic aetiology. Thus, by means of this strategy, two different subclinical phenotypes such as schizotypy (a set of personality traits) and the cognitive dimension of attention and working memory have been identified as familial vulnerability markers for psychosis in samples of families affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. The study of the familial aggregation pattern of these phenotypes have lead to the identification of subgroups of families with similar phenotypic –and, therefore also genotypic– profiles.
Moreover, by using family-based association designs, different genes involved in the
modulation of synaptic plasticity (DAOA, ZNF804A, AKT1) have been associated with
the risk for psychosis, as measured with the expression of intermediate phenotypes,
including schizotypy and cognitive performance.
Also, results from this thesis provide evidence of the role genetic variability on
cognitive performance and also as a modulator of the effect of cannabis use on the
variance of other intermediate phenotypes. Particularly, it has been revealed the effect of AKT1 gene on attentional processes and, also, the effect of ZNF804A gene on the expression of schizotypy conditional to the cannabis use.
Despite the last advances in the comprehension of the aetiology of psychosis, the
identification of the involved genetic factors has still a long way to go. Thus, it is
necessary to continue making efforts towards understanding the aetiopathogenic
basis of psychotic disorders, taking into account both genetic and environmental
factors. The present dissertation has intended to provide our grain of sand to the
collective construction of knowledge on the aetiology of psychosis by means of using different strategies that have proven to contribute to elucidating the heterogeneity underlying these disorders, which in turn might lead to an improvement of the identification of the underlying causal genetic variants.
http://hdl.handle.net/10803/674023
... Test-retest reliability has also been found to be acceptable for the Spanish version (Jaén-Moreno, Moreno-Díaz, Luque-Luque, & Bell, 2014). ;Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976, 1978Eckblad & Chapman, 1983). The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS; Eckblad & Chapman, 1983) has 30 true/false items that assess erroneous beliefs based on magical thinking (e.g., "I have occasionally had the silly feeling that a TV or radio broadcaster knew I was listening to him"). ...
... The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS; Eckblad & Chapman, 1983) has 30 true/false items that assess erroneous beliefs based on magical thinking (e.g., "I have occasionally had the silly feeling that a TV or radio broadcaster knew I was listening to him"). The 35-item (true/false) Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS; Chapman et al., 1978) assesses psychotic-like experiences such as bodily discontinuities and unusual scenery experiences (e.g., "I have felt that something outside my body was a part of my body"). The MIS (with α = .79), ...
The specific aim of the present study was to find psychological differences between psychic and non-psychics. Specifically, we hypothesized that the self-claimed psychics score higher than non-psychics on the following four dimensions: (1) Individual Differences (i.e., neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism, cognitive and emotional empathy, and defense style); (2) Psychopathology (i.e., healthy and negative schizotypy, dissociation, hallucinations and abnormal perceptions, magical ideation and perceptual aberration); (3) Boundaries (i.e., transliminality and boundary 'thinness'); and (4) Perception (i.e., perceptual cognition and imagery, and sensation-seeking). The database used in this paper was originally collected as part of a project that investigated the so-called token-object effect (Parra & Argibay, 2013a, 2013b). Two categorization procedures were performed in order to split the sample into (1) Psychic/high-psi-scorers (n = 48) and (2) Non-psychic/low-psi-scorers (n = 44). Psychic/high-psi-scorers scored higher than non-psychic/low-psi-scorers on Extroversion, and they scored lower on Neuroticism and Psychoticism, which confirm previous findings. Other results showed that psychic/high-psi-scorers tended to have 'thinner' boundaries, and they reported more unusual/psychic experiences, than non-psychic/low-psi-scorers. The two groups, however, did not differ on schizotypy or dissociation. Generally speaking, the typical psychic in our study (similar to the one described by Eysenck) is 'sanguine', tends to be lively, sociable, carefree, talkative, pleasure-seeking, optimistic, and leadership-oriented.
... The schizotypy questionnaire was administered 1-30 days after the behavioral task. Three scales were included based on a previous study on the relationship between schizotypy scores and implicit sense of agency 41 : Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI) 42 , the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS) 43 , and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) 44 . The PDI contains 21 items, measuring delusional ideation by asking people to rate their experiences and thoughts, such as "Do you ever feel as if people are reading your mind?" 42 . ...
... The MIS contains 30 items, assessing beliefs that are inconsistent with the cultural standard by asking people to provide true/false responses to statements such as: "Some people can make me aware of them just by thinking about me" 43 . The PAS contains 35 items, assessing distortions in the perceptual experience of one's body and surrounding spaces by asking people to provide true/false responses to items such as: "I have felt that something outside my body was a part of my body" 44 . These three scales were translated into Japanese by a native Japanese speaker, and both Japanese and English expressions were presented to the participants. ...
Self-related stimuli are important cues for people to recognize themselves in the external world and hold a special status in our perceptual system. Self-voice plays an important role in daily social communication and is also a frequent input for self-identification. Although many studies have been conducted on the acoustic features of self-voice, no research has ever examined the spatial aspect, although the spatial perception of voice is important for humans. This study proposes a novel perspective for studying self-voice. We investigated people’s distance perception of their own voice when the voice was heard from an external position. Participants heard their own voice from one of four speakers located either 90 or 180 cm from their sitting position, either immediately after uttering a short vowel (i.e., active session) or hearing the replay of their own pronunciation (i.e., replay session). They were then asked to indicate which speaker they heard the voice from. Their voices were either pitch-shifted by ± 4 semitones (i.e., other-voice condition) or unaltered (i.e., self-voice condition). The results of spatial judgment showed that self-voice from the closer speakers was misattributed to that from the speakers further away at a significantly higher proportion than other-voice. This phenomenon was also observed when the participants remained silent and heard prerecorded voices. Additional structural equation modeling using participants’ schizotypal scores showed that the effect of self-voice on distance perception was significantly associated with the score of delusional thoughts (Peters Delusion Inventory) and distorted body image (Perceptual Aberration Scale) in the active speaking session but not in the replay session. The findings of this study provide important insights for understanding how people process self-related stimuli when there is a small distortion and how this may be linked to the risk of psychosis.
... Persons with a schizophrenia diagnosis struggle with sensing disturbances which include strange, inexplicable sensations coming from within the body, known as cenestopathy [14], as well as alternating states of excessive and dulled sensitivity to environmental stimuli [11]. They are also characterised by difficulty in interpreting and regulating both emotions and bodily needs and by experiencing serious disturbances in bodily identity, including a distorted sense of separateness from their surroundings, a sense of alienation from the body, a sense of inner emptiness and death, and the disintegration of the body [11,[15][16][17]. ...
ABSTRACT
Objectives:
The purpose of the study was to examine whether individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia differ in personal hygiene (PH) from controls and to assess the importance of gender, clinical characteristics, and body self (body experience and body image) for PH.
Methods:
Eighty-two subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in stable mental state and 82 control subjects were studied. All subjects completed the Personal Hygiene Scale (PHS), the Body Self Questionnaire, and answered the questions in Cenestopathy Interview. To confirm the validity of patients’ replies, PHS was also completed by medical staff.
Results:
Subjective assessment of PH correlated with ratings made by medical personnel. The patient group subjects rated their PH worse than controls. Men rated their PH worse than women. In the case of male patients, hygienic deficits were associated with numerous disturbances in body experience (cenestopathy, disturbances in interpreting and regulating body states, and disturbances in body identity) while in the case of women with schizophrenia they were related only to difficulties in interpreting and regulating body states and negative symptoms.
Conclusions:
Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a stable mental state manifest deficits in personal hygiene that are related not so much to negative body image as to a disturbed body experience. The determinants of hygiene deficits in schizophrenia are gender-dependent. The study did not include individuals with severe illness, which helps to understand the lack of correlation between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and PH in the male study group.
... Participants also completed a 298-item, truefalse questionnaire designed to measure psychosis proneness entitled "Survey of Attitudes and Experiences" that consisted of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ; Raine, 1991), Chapman Psychosis Proneness Scalesnamely, Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, revised Physical Anhedonia (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976, 1978Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), and revised Social Anhedonia (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982)-the Chapman Infrequency Scale , and the L and K scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Pope, Butcher, & Seelen, 2000 Note. Age is reported in years. ...
The authors articulate an expanded dimensional model of personality pathology to better account for symptoms of DSM-defined Cluster A personality disorders. Two hundred forty participants (98 first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 92 community control participants, and 50 first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar disorder) completed a dimensional personality pathology questionnaire, a measure of schizotypal characteristics, and Chapman measures of psychosis proneness. Scales from all questionnaires were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation. A 5-factor structure of personality pathology emerged from the analyses, with Peculiarity forming an additional factor to the common 4-factor structure of personality pathology (consisting of Introversion, Emotional Dysregulation, Antagonism, and Compulsivity). These results support a 5-factor dimensional model of personality pathology that better accounts for phenomena encompassed by the Cluster A personality disorders in DSM–IV–TR (4th ed., text revised; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This study has implications for the consideration of a dimensional model of personality disorder in DSM–V by offering a more comprehensive structural model that builds on previous work in this area.
... In addition, participants completed a 400-item Attitudes, Feelings, and Experiences Survey (see Lenzenweger, 1999) that includes four schizotypy and schizophrenia-related measures: the Perceptual Aberration scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), the Magical Ideation scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), the Referential Thinking scale (Lenzenweger, Bennett, & Lilenfeld, 1997), and the Paranoid Schizophrenia scale (Rosen, 1952, 1962, cited in Lenzenweger, 1999, a scale derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The Perceptual Aberration scale measures body image and perceptual aberrations (e.g., feeling that parts of your body are disconnected or changing shape), the Magical Ideation scale measures belief in unconventional forms of causation (e.g., belief in reincarnation or that certain numbers have special powers), the Referential Thinking scale measures ideas of reference (e.g., feeling that strangers are talking about you or that songs on the radio were written for you), and the Paranoid Schizophrenia scale measures overt manifestations of schizophrenia liability (e.g., hearing voices or feeling that someone has control over your mind). ...
False memory creation was examined in people who reported having recovered memories of traumatic events that are unlikely to have occurred: abduction by space aliens. A variant of the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm (J. Deese, 1959; H. L. Roediger III & K. B. McDermott, 1995) was used to examine false recall and false recognition in 3 groups: people reporting recovered memories of alien abduction, people who believe they were abducted by aliens but have no memories, and people who deny having been abducted by aliens. Those reporting recovered and repressed memories of alien abduction were more prone than control participants to exhibit false recall and recognition. The groups did not differ in correct recall or recognition. Hypnotic suggestibility, depressive symptoms, and schizotypic features were significant predictors of false recall and false recognition.
... psychosis-proneness scales-the Perceptual Aberration Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), the Magical Ideation Scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), and the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982)-as well as the Chapman Infrequency Scale. ...
Semantic and affective processing were examined in people at risk for psychosis. The participants were 3 groups of college students: 41 people with elevated Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation (PerMag) scores, 18 people with elevated Social Anhedonia (SocAnh) scores, and 100 control participants. Participants completed a single-word, continuous presentation pronunciation task that included semantically related words, affectively valenced words, and semantically unrelated and affectively neutral words. PerMag participants exhibited increased semantic priming and increased sensitivity to affectively valenced primes. SocAnh participants had increased sensitivity to affectively valenced targets.
... Psychological health. Subjects were administered the following 10 scales to assess various aspects of psychological health and psychopathology: (a) Rosenberg's (1979) Self-Esteem Scale (range, 0 to 40); (b) the Schizophrenia subscale from the MMPI (range, 0 to 69); (c) the Magical Ideation Scale (range, 0 to 30; Eckblad & Chapman, 1983); (d) the Perceptual Aberration Scale (range, 0 to 35; Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978); and (e) the Social Potency (range, 0 to 26), Aggression (range, 0 to 20), Stress (range, 0 to 26), Unfriendly World (range, 0 to 20), and Weil-Being (range, 0 to 24) subscales from Tellegen's (1976) Differential Personality Questionnaire (DPQ). ...
Ss who reported UFO experiences were divided into those whose experiences were nonintense (e.g., seeing lights and shapes in the sky) and those whose experiences were intense (e.g., seeing and communicating with aliens or missing time). On a battery of objective tests Ss in these 2 groups did not score as more psychopathological, less intelligent, or more fantasy prone and hypnotizable than a community comparison group or a student comparison group. However, Ss in the UFO groups believed more strongly in space alien visitation than did comparison Ss. The UFO experiences of Ss in the intense group were more frequently sleep-related than the experiences of Ss in the nonintense group. Among the combined UFO Ss, intensity of UFO experiences correlated significantly with inventories that assessed proneness toward fantasy and unusual sensory experiences. Implications are discussed.
... The 35-item Perceptual Aberration Scale (PerAb), described in Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin (1978), consists of 28 items designed to tap grossly schizophreniclike distortions in the perception of one's own body and 7 items for other perceptual distortions. The 30-item Magical Ideation Scale (Magicld), described by Eckblad and Chapman (1983), measures belief in forms of causation that, by conventional standards of the dominant culture, are regarded as invalid and magical. ...
The predictive validities of several indicators of psychosis proneness were evaluated in a 10-year longitudinal study (N = 508). As hypothesized, high scores on the Perceptual Aberration Scale, Magical Ideation Scale, or both (n = 182), especially those who initially reported psychoticlike experiences of at least moderate deviance, exceeded control subjects (n = 153) on psychoses (revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), psychotic relatives, schizotypal symptoms, and psychoticlike experiences at follow up. Ss who initially scored high on the Magical Ideation Scale and above the mean on the Social Anhedonia Scale were especially deviant. The Physical Anhedonia Scale and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale were not effective predictors of psychosis proneness.
... These scales include the Perceptual Aberration Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), measuring distortions of perception, especially in the experience of one's body, and the Magical Ideation Scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), measuring the tendency to believe that occult forces operate in everyday events. The Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales are combined as the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation (Per-Mag) Scale because the two are highly correlated and appear to identify the same kind of deviance. ...
A self-report inventory, the Hypomanic Personality Scale, was constructed to identify persons with hypomanic personality, an overactive, gregarious style in which episodes of hypomanic euphoria are likely to occur. Hypomanic personality is expected in some persons at risk for bipolar disorder. Of 1,519 undergraduates tested, 40 experimental subjects with scores at least 1.67 SD above the mean for their sex were compared to 40 control subjects, using modified versions of Spitzer and Endicott's Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version (SADS-L) and Weissman and Paykel's Social Adjustment Scale. Experimental subjects exceeded control subjects on measures of hypomanic personality characteristics, depressive symptoms, alcohol and drug use, and schizotypal and psychoticlike symptoms. Thirty-one experimental subjects but no control subjects experienced SADS-L hypomanic episodes. These results appear to justify the follow-up of such persons to evaluate risk for bipolar disorder.
... This cutoff point has identified especially deviant subgroups of individuals in previous investigations using other measures (Martin & Chapman, 1982;Miller & Chapman, 1983). Lastly the cutoff point on the Perceptual Aberration Scale was 25, the mean of the perceptual aberration subjects and 2.85 standard deviations above the mean of the normative sample (Chapman et al., 1978). ...
Correlates of psychotic and psychoticlike symptoms were examined in 60 college students who scored deviantly high on the Perceptual Aberration Scale. High scorers on this scale who also scored high on both the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale and the Depression subscale of the General Behavior Inventory (GBI) showed the most deviant psychotic and psychoticlike symptoms. Moreover, performance on a task of referential communication, the Password Task, was significantly related to such symptoms. The Perceptual Aberration Scale, the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale, and the GBI Depression subscale are recommended for concurrent use in mass screening to select individuals likely to exhibit psychotic or psychoticlike symptoms.
... Positive Schizotypy. Positive schizotypy was assessed using two of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS; Eckblad & Chapman, 1983;Chapman et al. 1978)-the Perceptual Aberration scale and Magical Ideation scale-and the Referential Thinking subscale of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (Raine, 1991). Subjects saw each item on-screen individually and responded via mouseclick if the item was true for them (scored as 1) or false (scored as 0). ...
The ability to sustain attention consistency is frequently assessed using either objective behavioral measures, such as reaction time (RT) variability, or subjective self-report measures, such as rates of task-unrelated thought (TUT). The current studies examined whether the individual-difference covariation in these measures provides a more construct valid assessment of attention consistency than does either alone. We argue that performance and self-report measures mutually validate each other; each measurement approach has its own sources of error, so their shared variance should best reflect the attention consistency construct. We reanalyzed two latent-variable studies where RT variability and TUTs were measured in multiple tasks (Kane et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 145:1017–1048, 2016; Unsworth et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 150:1303–1331, 2021), along with several nomological network constructs to test the convergent and discriminant validity of a general attention consistency factor. Confirmatory factor analyses assessing bifactor (preregistered) and hierarchical (non-preregistered) models suggested that attention consistency can be modeled as the shared variance among objective and subjective measures. This attention consistency factor was related to working memory capacity, attention (interference) control, processing speed, state motivation and alertness, and self-reported cognitive failures and positive schizotypy. Although bifactor models of general attention consistency provide the most compelling construct validity evidence for a specific ability to sustain attention, multiverse analyses of outlier decisions suggested they are less robust than hierarchical models. The results provide evidence for the general ability to sustain attention consistency and suggestions for improving its measurement.
... Schizotypy was assessed with the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS), which include the Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, Revised Social Anhedonia and Physical Anhedonia scales [44][45][46][47]. Subjects from the technical training schools completed the short version of the self-report scales [48]. ...
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex disorder with a highly polygenic inheritance. It can be conceived as the extreme expression of a continuum of traits that are present in the general population often broadly referred to as schizotypy. However, it is still poorly understood how these traits overlap genetically with the disorder. We investigated whether polygenic risk for SZ is associated with these disorder-related phenotypes (schizotypy, psychotic-like experiences, and subclinical psychopathology) in a sample of 253 non-clinically identified participants. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were constructed based on the latest SZ genome-wide association study using the PRS-CS method. Their association with self-report and interview measures of SZ-related traits was tested. No association with either schizotypy or psychotic-like experiences was found. However, we identified a significant association with the Motor Change subscale of the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) interview. Our results indicate that the genetic overlap of SZ with schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences is less robust than previously hypothesized. The relationship between high PRS for SZ and motor abnormalities could reflect neurodevelopmental processes associated with psychosis proneness and SZ.
... The clinical and demographic characteristics of both groups are listed in Table 1. Feelings and Experiences Short Form (sO-LIFE; [41]) consisting of subscales for unusual experiences, cognitive disorganization, introvertive anhedonia, and impulsive nonconformity, the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS) comprised of subscales for magical ideation, physical anhedonia, social anhedonia and perceptual aberration [42], and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experience (CAPE; [43]), including subscales for positive, negative and depressive symptoms. We selected a wide range of schizotypy measures to avoid reliance on specific theoretical conceptualization of the construct. ...
Both psychotic illness and subclinical psychosis-like experiences (PLEs) have been associated with cortico-striatal dysfunction. This work has largely relied on a discrete parcellation of the striatum into distinct functional areas, but recent evidence suggests that the striatum comprises multiple overlapping and smoothly varying gradients (i.e., modes) of functional organization. Here, we investigated two of these functional connectivity modes, previously associated with variations in the topographic patterning of cortico-striatal connectivity (first-order gradient), and dopaminergic innervation of the striatum (second-order gradient), and assessed continuities in striatal function from subclinical to clinical domains. We applied connectopic mapping to resting-state fMRI data to obtain the first-order and second-order striatal connectivity modes in two distinct samples: (1) 56 antipsychotic-free patients (26 females) with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 27 healthy controls (17 females); and (2) a community-based cohort of 377 healthy individuals (213 females) comprehensively assessed for subclinical PLEs and schizotypy. The first-order “cortico-striatal” and second-order “dopaminergic” connectivity gradients were significantly different in FEP patients compared to controls bilaterally. In the independent sample of healthy individuals, variations in the left first-order “cortico-striatal” connectivity gradient were associated with inter-individual differences in a factor capturing general schizotypy and PLE severity. The presumed cortico-striatal connectivity gradient was implicated in both subclinical and clinical cohorts, suggesting that variations in its organization may represent a neurobiological trait marker across the psychosis continuum. Disruption of the presumed dopaminergic gradient was only noticeable in patients, suggesting that neurotransmitter dysfunction may be more apparent to clinical illness.
... Psychological scales: the following 5 rating scales were administered twice during the present study: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (Overall & Gorham, 1962), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) (Andreasen, 1984), Magical Ideation Scale (MIS) (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), Revised Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale (LSHS-R) (Waters et al., 2003), and Perceptual Aberrations Scale (PAS) (Chapman et al., 1978). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data, with delay, distance and drug condition as within-subjects factors and drug order as a between-subjects factor. ...
Objectives:
Our team previously showed that like the experience of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in people with schizophrenia and their offspring¸ dexamphetamine administration to healthy volunteers increases the stimulus binding windows (BWs) in RHI. It is not clear if similar expansions of BWs are present for unimodal illusions. Studies have also shown that subjective or objective effects of amphetamine would be linked to between-person variations in personality measures. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of dexamphetamine (DEX), a dopamine-releasing stimulant, on illusory perception using unimodal sensory stimuli (Tactile Funneling Illusion [TFI]) across both temporal and spatial variables. We further examined the relationship between changes in psychometric scores and changes in illusion perception induced by dexamphetamine.
Methods:
Healthy subjects (N = 20) participated in a randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. The effects of dexamphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO, q.d.) on funneling and error of spatial localization (EL) were examined using TFI. Psychotomimetic effects were assessed using a battery of psychological measures.
Results:
Dexamphetamine did not significantly increased the funneling illusion (p = 0.88) or EL (p = 0.5), relative to placebo. However, the degree of change in psychometric scores following dexamphetamine positively correlated with changes in funneling (ρ = 0.48, p = 0.03, n = 20), mainly at 0 ms delay condition (ρ = 0.6, p = 0.004, n = 20).
Conclusion:
Unlike multimodal illusions, alteration of BWs does not occur for unimodal illusions after administration of a dopamine-releasing agent. However, our findings indicate that moderate release of dopamine, through its psychotomimetic effect, indirectly influences unimodal illusion.
... Questionnaires providing scores on the proneness to develop psychosis in the general population, including the Magical Ideation Scale [12], the Perceptual Aberration Scale [13], and the Referential Thinking Scale [14], are available. Starting from these scales, Cicero et al. created the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) as a valid and reliable measure of aberrant salience in both the clinical and general population [9]. ...
Background
Aberrant salience is the incorrect assignment of salience, significance, or value to different innocuous stimuli that might precede the onset of psychotic symptoms. The present study study aimed to perform a preliminary evaluation of potentially different correlations between the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) score and dimensional or categorical diagnostic approaches.
Methods
168 adult outpatients with a current psychiatric diagnosis were consecutively enrolled. Patients were evaluated using different psychometric scales. ASI was used to evaluate aberrant salience, and to evaluate the association between ASI scores and First Rank Symptoms (FRS), and/or with a psychiatric diagnosis. Principal dichotomic clusters of ASI were identified using the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) method.
Results
Current (16.76 ± 6.02 vs 13.37 ± 5.76; p = 0.001), lifetime (15.74 ± 6.08 vs 13.16 ± 5.74; p = 0.005) and past (15.75 ± 6.01 vs 13.33 ± 5.80; p = 0.009) FRS were the main clusters dichotomizing ASI. The average ASI score did not significantly differ among patients with different diagnoses.
Conclusions
ASI could be used as a tool to identify psychopathological dimensions, rather the categorical diagnoses, in the schizophrenic spectrum.
... Crego and Widiger (2017) examined the association of the PID-5 with a variety of measures, including the Five-Factor Schizotypal Inventory (Edmundson et al., 2011) and the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, which include the Perceptual Aberration (L. J. Chapman et al., 1978), Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), Physical Anhedonia (L. J. Chapman et al., 1976), and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales (Eckblad et al., 1982). ...
The underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is expressed across a continuum of clinical and subclinical symptoms referred to as schizotypy. Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct with positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions. The present study examined associations of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy with pathological personality traits and facets assessed by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in 1,342 young adults. As hypothesized, positive schizotypy was associated with the PID-5 psychoticism domain and facets, negative schizotypy was associated with the detachment domain and facets and the restricted affectivity facet, and disorganized schizotypy's strongest associations were with the distractibility and eccentricity facets and the negative affect domain. The PID-5 facets accounted for upwards of two thirds of the variance in each schizotypy dimension. The authors conclude by providing regression-based algorithms for computing positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy scores based on the PID-5 facets.
... This definition assumed that there were individuals (i.e., schizotypes) who displayed transient signs of schizophrenia-like cognitive and behavioral symptoms as well as social impairment and interpersonal vulnerability (e.g., subtle thought disorder or excessive interpersonal fear). Consistent with this theory, early measures of schizotypy, such as Chapmans's "proneness to psychosis" scales (Chapman et al., 1978;Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), assessed schizotypy as one of the indicators of liability for schizophrenia, in addition to laboratory measures, psychometric indexes, and family history of schizophrenia (Lenzenweger, 2010). ...
Differing perspectives on the operationalization of schizotypal personality pathology (STPP) have led
to numerous multidimensional assessment measures. The current study applied the interpersonal
construct validation approach to self-report data from 856 undergraduate students to formally examine
the interpersonal content, similarities, and differences of the subscales of four measures of STPP
within and across two interpersonal circumplex surfaces using a bootstrapping methodology for
computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters. Results
suggested that negative-like expressions of STPP are prototypically and distinctively interpersonal
constructs associated with cold and socially avoidant interpersonal problems and hypersensitivity to
others’ warmth and affection. Positive-like expressions of STPP as assessed by two out of four
measures were prototypically and distinctively interpersonal constructs associated with vindictiveness.
Across four measures, there was notable overlap in interpersonal correlates among related subscales,
suggesting convergent validity. However, subscales containing social anxiety content were associated
with more submissive (i.e., socially avoidant) interpersonal problems than subscales without social
anxiety content.
... The model revealed that much of the relation between negative schizotypy (physical and social anhedonia as assessed by the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales; Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin, 1976;Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, et al. 1982) and negative symptoms as assessed with the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS;McGlashan, Walsh, and Woods, 2010) was mainly mediated by the additional symptom load of criteria-relevant cognitive BS described in Box 2.1. The relation between positive schizotypy (magical ideation and perceptual aberrations; Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin, 1978;Eckblad and Chapman, 1983) and attenuated positive symptoms was also mediated by cognitive BS, though the direct path between both measures was stronger than the mediated path ). ...
Negative symptoms are considered to be the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia. This book provides up-to-date, practical information on the management of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by describing the concepts, definitions, long-term course, evaluation (including rating scales), and treatment of such symptoms. Along with symptoms based on clinical interview and observed behaviour, the subjective experience of people with negative symptoms of schizophrenia is also described. The book helps the reader understand the link between the latest research in this field and offers an expert insight into the various approaches that are adopted by some of the most prestigious schools of psychopathology. The first chapter guides the reader through the complex and sometimes contradictory interpretations of negative symptoms. It also describes the most commonly used negative symptom rating scales. Some of the scales or parts of them are included in the Appendix. The chapter on the basic symptoms of schizophrenia and their relationship to negative symptoms can lend support both for early intervention programmes and for the long-term follow-up of patients. It describes the evaluation of basic symptoms and provides information on currently used rating instruments developed for the standardized evaluation of such symptoms. The delineation of the long-term relationship between primary negative and positive symptoms and between primary and secondary negative symptoms in the Chapter 3 can be instrumental in the diagnostic process and personalized treatment of schizophrenia, which is characterized by complex and varying psychopathology and comorbidities (e.g. depression, extrapyramidal symptoms). Chapter 4 on the subjective experiences of patients with negative symptoms contributes to a better understanding of patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It also includes a description of a number a rating instruments focusing on the subjective experiences of the patients. Chapters 5 and 6, on treatments, including the pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for negative symptoms in schizophrenia, provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
... Consistent with its operationalization as a measure of schizotypic features, the SAS is associated with widely used measures of schizotypy. Mann et al. (2008) reported that the SAS correlated 0.50 with the Perceptual Aberration Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), 0.47 with the Magical Ideation Scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), 0.45 with the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982), and 0.18 with the Physical Anhedonia Scale (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976) in a sample of 1,798 young adults. MacAulay, Brown, Minor, and Cohen (2014) reported that SAS scores correlated 0.33 with the cognitive-perceptual, 0.27 with the interpersonal, and 0.24 with the disorganized factors of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (Raine, 1991) in 1,379 young adults. ...
Ambivalence has a longstanding history in schizophrenia-spectrum and borderline personality psychopathology, although it has been largely overlooked in current psychopathology research. The Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale (SAS) provides a brief, psychometrically sound questionnaire for assessing ambivalence characteristic of the schizotypy spectrum. We conducted three interview studies examining associations of the SAS with impairment, schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, borderline personality disorder, and mood disorders in independent samples of young adults (n’s=57, 151, 162). Despite being conducted in different regions with differing designs, results showed good convergence across the three studies. SAS scores were robustly associated with impairment, schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology and personality traits, and borderline personality traits (typically medium effects). Furthermore, significant associations of the SAS with the interview-outcome measures remained after partialling variance associated with neuroticism. The results support the construct validity of schizotypal ambivalence and the SAS. Recommendations for future study are provided.
... The perceptual aberration (PA; Chapman et al., 1978) and magical ideation (MI; Eckblad and Chapman, 1983) subscales were employed. PA comprises 35 items that gauge anomalous perceptions, such as bodily discontinuities or other unusual corporeal experiences (e.g. ...
Negative body image may be associated with heightened feelings of paranoia. The current study aimed to conduct multidimensional assessments of body image and psychosis facets in the general population. Respondents were 407 individuals, who provided basic sociodemographic information, and completed online questionnaires evaluating dysmorphic concerns, body consciousness, paranoia, persecutory and magical ideation and perceptual aberration. Correlation analysis and a series of regressions onto various body image facets (i.e. dysmorphic concerns, private body consciousness, public body consciousness and body competence) were conducted. Distinct patterns of significant associations were uncovered across the range of body image and psychosis facets examined. Paranoia significantly contributed to the severity of dysmorphic concerns, and magical ideation significantly contributed to private and public body consciousness, though effect sizes were modest. Our findings corroborate the relationship between paranoia and dysmorphic concerns, and tentatively suggest that challenging paranoid beliefs could be a useful strategy for managing negative body image.
... The following 5 rating scales (either interview-based or self-report) were conducted twice each day approximately at 60 and 240 min post-drug administration of the first dose: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, 88 Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, 89 Revised Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale, 90 Magical Ideation Scale, 91 and Perceptual Aberrations Scale. 92 Twenty-five participants completed the psychological rating scales. ...
Background: Memory impairments and psychosis-like experiences can be adverse effects of cannabis use. However, reports on the cognitive impact of cannabis use are not consistent. There are also limited studies on the psychotomimetic effects of cannabinoid compounds to reveal the association between cannabis and psychosis. Therefore, we investigated the effect of acute cannabinoid intoxication on verbal working memory (VWM) and spatial working memory (SWM) following oral doses of the synthetic cannabinoid agonist, nabilone (1-2 mg, oral). We further investigated the effect of nabilone on psychosis-like experiences (schizotypy scores) and associations of schizotypy with VWM and SWM. Methods: Healthy participants (n=28) completed spatial and digit span tasks across different delay conditions (0, 6, 12, and 18 sec) after receiving nabilone (1-2 mg, PO) or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover manner. A subset of participants completed a short battery of schizotypy measures (n=25). Results: Nabilone impaired VWM (p=0.03, weak effect size η2=0.02) and SWM (p=0.00016, η2=0.08). Nabilone did not significantly change overall schizotypy scores. Schizotypy scores were negatively correlated with working memory (WM) averaged across all delays and both modalities, under placebo (ρ=-0.41, p=0.04). In addition, there were significant negative correlations between occasions of cannabis use and overall WM averaged scores across drug treatments (ρ=-0.49, p=0.007) and under placebo (ρ=-0.45, p=0.004). The results showed that the drug effect in the less frequent cannabis users was more pronounced on the SWM (p<0.01) and VWM (p<0.01), whereas there appeared to be little drug effect in the frequent cannabis users. Conclusion: Low doses of synthetic cannabinoid impaired SWM and VWM, indicating that exogenous activation of the cannabinoid system influences cognitive performance. Further, the results replicated previous findings that schizotypy is correlated with deficits in WM. Clinical Trial Registry Name: Nabilone and caffeine effects on the perceptions of visually, auditory, tactile and multimodal illusions in healthy volunteers. Clinical Trial Registration Number: CT-2018-CTN-02561 (Therapeutic Goods Administration Clinical Trial Registry) and ACTRN12618001292268 (The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry).
... The findings on SCZ indicate that difficulties in maintaining engagement to the central location are severe, and not limited to the most difficult gap condition eliciting a release of visual attention and saccadic neurons, or to trials with distractors in parafoveal vision from the central target, expected to interfere more dramatically with sustained attention. Overall, they recall for a generalised performance deficit, proposed already over forty years ago (Chapman & Chapman, 1978), according to which patients with schizophrenia perform less well than healthy controls on any task that requires a voluntary response. ...
Neuronale Entwicklungstörungen wie Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung
(ADHS), Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) und Schizophrenie haben verschiedene
Gemeinsamkeiten trotz phänotypischer Unterschiede. Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf
ein Kontinuum hin, auf dem Neuronale Entwicklungsstörungen einschließlich
Schizophrenie nach ätiologischen, psychopathologischen und klinischen Aspekten
anzusiedeln sind. Das Modell legt einen simultanen Vergleich der Störungen nahe. Da
kognitive Beeinträchtigungen den pathophysiologischen Kern dieser bilden, liefern wir zum
ersten Mal einen differenzierten Vergleich in mehreren kognitiven Funktionen mit drei
Schwerpunkten: wie unterscheidet sich jede der klinischen Gruppen von der
Kontrollgruppe in verschiedenen kognitiven Prozessen? Wie unterscheiden sich die
klinischen Gruppen untereinander? Wie ähnlich (oder unterschiedlich) äußern sich die
Abweichungsprofile der klinischen Gruppen von der Kontrollgruppe? Wir verglichen
Teilnehmergruppen (19,8±1,6 Jahre) mit Schizophrenie (N=20), ADHS (N=28) und ASS
(N=26) untereinander, sowie mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (N=29) in zwei
Aufgabenkategorien: standardmäßigen augenmotorischen und manuellen
Reaktionszeitaufgaben und einer visuellen Suchaufgabe. Hohe Korrelationen in der
Abweichung von der Kontrollgruppe bei den standardmäßigen Aufgaben resultierten aus
einem inhibitorischen Kontrolldefizit aller drei Gruppen und erhöhter intra-individueller
Variabilität (IIV) in der Sakkadenmetrik bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie und ASS. Eine
generell erhöhte IIV trat bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie, geringfügig auch mit ADHS auf.
Insgesamt erwiesen sich die Patienten mit Schizophrenie als die am stärksten
beeinträchtigte Gruppe, gefolgt von ASS und ADHS. Ähnlich hohe Korrelationen aus der
visuellen Suche hielten trotz der Unterschiede zwischen den klinischen Gruppen stand, da
Patienten mit ASS während der Suche besser abschnitten als die Kontrollgruppe und
Patienten mit Schizophrenie eine generelle psychomotorische Verlangsamung und
erhöhte IIV bewiesen. Insgesamt wurden Patienten mit Schizophrenie als Gruppe mit dem
größten Leistungsdefizit bestätigt, gefolgt von ADHS und ASS. Während die Korrelationen
der Vektoren auf ein gemeinsames Kontinuum in der Entwicklungseinschränkung
hinweisen, deuten die Vektorebenen darauf hin, dass die Störungen in Bezug auf ein
solches Kontinuum einander quantitativ, basierend auf der Stärke der Einschränkung,
entgegengesetzt werden können. Folgerungen daraus legen unter anderem die
Notwendigkeit eines dimensionalen Ansatzes in der Erforschung der Psychopathologie,
über die traditionelle Kategorisierung psychiatrischer Störungen hinaus, nahe.
... ; (b) Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences [CAPE; 45]; (c) Schizotypal personality scale [STA; 46]; (d) Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences [O-LIFE; 47]; (e) Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes [SIPS; 48]; (f) Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS; including Perceptual Aberration[49]; Magical Ide-Most scales assess the positive, negative and disorganised domains of schizotypy that parallel the major symptom clusters of schizophrenia. The LSHS-R and PDI test for the single schizotypal traits of hallucination and delusional ideation respectively; STA that assesses positive schizotypy only; and WSS that does not assess disorganised traits. ...
The association of early life adversities and psychosis symptoms is well documented in clinical populations; however, whether this relationship also extends into subclinical psychosis remains unclear. In particular, are early life adversities associated with increased levels of schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical samples? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between early life adversities and psychometrically defined schizotypal traits in non-clinical samples. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. The search using PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO databases identified 1,609 articles in total. Twenty-five studies (N = 15,253 participants) met eligibility criteria for the review. An assessment of study quality showed that fewer than half of all studies were rated as methodologically robust. Meta-analyses showed that all forms of childhood abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) and neglect (emotional and physical) were significantly associated with psychometric schizotypy. The association of schizotypy traits with childhood emotional abuse (r = .33: 95%CI .30 to .37) was significantly larger than for all other form of abuse or neglect. Meta-regression analyses showed that the physical abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in samples with more women participants; and the sexual abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in younger samples. The current review identifies a dose-response relationship between all forms of abuse/neglect and schizotypy scores in non-clinical samples; however, a stronger association emerged for emotional abuse. More research is required to address the relationship of trauma types and specific symptom types. Future research should also address the under-representation of men.
... Because previous researchers (Rado, 1960;Meehl, 1964) described a key component of schizotypic phenotypes as an aberrant awareness of one's body, a well-known psychometric tool, the Perceptual Aberration Scale [PAS; ref. 69 ] has been used to index schizophrenia liability. The PAS contains 35 items to assess psychotic-like perceptual experiences, which includes bodily discontinuities and unusual scenery experiences (e.g., "I have felt that something outside my body was a part of my body"). ...
The interplay between schizophrenia liability and environmental influences has been considered to be responsible for the development of schizophrenia. Recent neuroimaging studies have linked aberrant functional connectivity (FC) between the default-mode network (DMN) and the frontoparietal network (FPN) in the resting-state to the underlying neural mechanism of schizophrenia. By using schizotypy as the proxy for genetic-based liability to schizophrenia and methylation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to represent environmental exposure, this study investigated the impact of the interaction between vulnerability and the environment on the neurobiological substrates of schizophrenia. Participants in this study included 101 healthy adults (HC) and 46 individuals with ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR). All participants were tested at resting-state by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and group-independent component analysis was used to identify the DMN and the FPN. The Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) was used to evaluate the schizotypy level. The methylation status of BDNF was measured by pyrosequencing. For moderation analysis, the final sample consisted of 83 HC and 32 UHR individuals. UHR individuals showed reduced DMN-FPN network FC compared to healthy controls. PAS scores significantly moderated the relationship between the percentage of BDNF methylation and DMN-FPN network FC. The strength of the positive relationship between BDNF methylation and the network FC was reduced when the schizotypy level increased. These findings support the moderating role of schizotypy on the neurobiological mechanism of schizophrenia in conjunction with epigenetic changes.
... In Study 3, we applied a finer temporal resolution and stricter control of external contexts by investigating momentto-moment affective experiences in response to a standardized emotional film clip. All three studies separately examined subthreshold positive and negative symptoms of the psychosis spectrum as measured, respectively, by perceptual aberration and magical ideation (Chapman et al., 1978;Eckblad & Chapman, 1983) and social anhedonia (Eckblad et al., 1982). These psychosis-related personality traits have been shown to predict future psychosis-spectrum development in nonclinical samples (Chapman et al., 1994;Kwapil, 1998;Lenzenweger, 2021), which were used in current studies to elucidate risk for more severe spectrum pathology. ...
There is a critical need for identifying time-sensitive and cost-effective markers of psychosis risk early in the illness course. One solution may lie in affect dynamics, or the fluctuations of affect across time, which have been demonstrated to predict transitions in psychopathology. Across three studies, the current research is the first to comprehensively investigate affect dynamics in relation to subthreshold positive symptoms (perceptual aberration and magical ideation) and negative symptoms (social anhedonia) of the psychosis spectrum. Across multiple time scales and contexts, we modeled affect dynamics from inexpensive laboratory paradigms and social-media text. Findings provided strong evidence for positive symptoms linked to heightened magnitude and frequency of affective fluctuations in response to emotional materials. Alternatively, negative symptoms showed modest association with heightened persistence of baseline states. These affect-dynamic signatures of psychosis risk provide insight on the distinct developmental pathways to psychosis and could facilitate current risk-detection approaches.
... Crego and Widiger (2017) examined the association of the PID-5 with a variety of measures, including the Five-Factor Schizotypal Inventory (Edmundson et al., 2011) and the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, which include the Perceptual Aberration (L. J. Chapman et al., 1978), Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), Physical Anhedonia (L. J. Chapman et al., 1976), and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales (Eckblad et al., 1982). ...
The underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is expressed across a continuum of clinical and subclinical symptoms and impairment referred to as schizotypy. Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct with positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions. Models of pathological personality provide useful frameworks for assessing the multidimensional structure of schizotypy. The present study examined the association of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy with pathological personality traits and facets assessed by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in 1,342 young adults. As hypothesized, positive schizotypy was largely associated with the PID-5 psychoticism domain and facets, negative schizotypy was primarily associated with the detachment domain and facets and the restricted affectivity facet, and disorganized schizotypy’s strongest associations were with the distractibility and eccentricity facets and the negative affect domain. Negative schizotypy was differentiated from the other two schizotypy dimensions in its pattern of correlations with the PID-5 domains and facets. As expected, positive and disorganized schizotypy exhibited a moderate degree of similarity in their associations. Overall, the PID-5 domains accounted for approximately half of the variance in each of the schizotypy dimensions, and the PID-5 facets accounted for upwards of 2/3rds of the variance in each schizotypy dimension. The associations among the schizotypy and PID-5 measures did not appear to reflect highly redundant items across the measures. We conclude by providing regression-based algorithms for computing positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy scores based on the PID-5 facets.
... Furthermore, as in NAPLS-2, in our study, the two groups did not significantly differ on rates of transitioning to psychosis, a result that is supported elsewhere . Although a role for FHR in transitioning to psychosis for CHR has been suggested in the literature, it has typically been in conjunction with other factors such as a deterioration in functioning, unusual thoughts, and substance use , neurocognition (Seidman et al., 2010), or among those scoring high in a psychosis proneness index (Tandon et al., 2012) (i.e., high scores in positive and disorganization from the SOPS and perceptual aberration and magical ideation from the Chapman scales; Chapman et al., 1978). Other groups found that the combination of FHR, recent experience of APS, and a significant decrease in functioning was predictive of psychosis (Yung et al., 2004). ...
Having a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder increases an individual’s risk for developing psychosis to 10% compared to 1% in the general population. The impact of being at family high-risk for psychosis (FHR) has been examined in samples of youth who are at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). The North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2) identified very few clinical differences between CHR individuals with and without FHR. This paper aims to confirm these results in a new CHR sample, NAPLS-3. The NAPLS-3 sample consisted of 703 CHR participants, of whom 82 were at FHR (CHR+FHR), and 621 were not (CHR-FHR). The Family Interview for Genetic Studies was used to determine the presence of a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder. The groups were compared on social and role functioning, positive and negative symptoms, IQ, cannabis use, and trauma. At baseline, the CHR+FHR group reported a statistically significant increased severity of positive and negative symptoms, lower IQ scores, and increased reports of trauma, psychological and physical abuse. There were no differences in transition rates between the two groups. This study supports some of the already reported differences in trauma, physical and psychological abuse between CHR individuals with and without FHR.
... Questionnaires providing scores on the proneness to develop psychosis in the general population, including the Magical Ideation Scale [12], the Perceptual Aberration Scale [13], and the Referential Thinking Scale [14], are available. Starting from these scales, Cicero et al. created the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) as a valid and reliable measure of aberrant salience in both the clinical and general population [9]. ...
Background
Aberrant salience is the incorrect assignment of salience, significance, or value to different innocuous stimuli that might precede the onset of psychotic symptoms. The present study aimed to perform a preliminary evaluation of potentially different correlations between the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) score and dimensional or categorical diagnostic approaches.
Methods
168 adult outpatients with a current psychiatric diagnosis were consecutively enrolled. Patients were evaluated using different psychometric scales. ASI was used to evaluate aberrant salience, and to evaluate the association between ASI scores and first rank symptoms (FRS), and/or with a psychiatric diagnosis. Principal dichotomic clusters of ASI were identified using the Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) method.
Results
Current (16.76 ± 6.02 vs 13.37 ± 5.76; p = 0.001), lifetime (15.74 ± 6.08 vs 13.16 ± 5.74; p = 0.005) and past (15.75 ± 6.01 vs 13.33 ± 5.80; p = 0.009) FRS were the main clusters dichotomizing ASI. The average ASI score did not significantly differ among patients with different diagnoses.
Conclusions
ASI could be used as a tool to identify psychopathological dimensions, rather than the categorical diagnoses, in the schizophrenic spectrum.
P. E. Meehl (1962) originally conjectured that hedonic capacity was an indicator of the latent class or taxon of schizotypy. However, P. E. Meehl (1989, 1990) subsequently diminished the role of hedonic capacity in his theory, indicating that hypohedonia is one of a dozen normal-range (nontaxonic) individual-differences factors that may potentiate the expression of schizophrenia. This dimensional-only view of hedonic capacity was tested by applying taxometric procedures to the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS; M. L. Eckblad, L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & M. Mishlove, 1982) in a sample of college students (N = 1,526). Analyses indicated that the construct measured by the RSAS is taxonic in nature with a base rate approximating .10. These data are interpreted in the context of other findings suggesting that social anhedonia is an indicator of schizotypy.
Previous event-related brain potential (ERP) research has found that dysthymic subjects differ from control subjects during later stages of information processing. An important issue that emerges from this literature is whether differences found in these ERP components, typically associated with cognitive processing, can be attributed to earlier differences in basic perceptual processing. This study was undertaken to determine whether early processing deficits are apparent in dysthymic persons. Responses of dysthymics (n = 23) were compared with those of anhedonic (n = 15) and normal control (n = 17) subjects. ERPs were recorded while subjects heard tones at 55, 65, 75, 85, and 95 dB. Overall, N1-P1 and N1-P2 components of the ERP increased in a strong linear fashion as stimulus intensity increased. Dysthymics did exhibit a smaller N1-P2 response than normal subjects, which suggests the presence of difficulties in initial perceptual processing.
We present a mixed-methods study, from an anthropological perspective, of 22 healthy voice-hearers i.e., people who report hearing voices but have no need for clinical care. They were interviewed using the Varieties Of Individual Voice-Experiences Scale (VOICES), a new scale assessing phenomenology, beliefs and relationships with voices, and their emotional and behavioral impact. Despite in many cases hearing voices daily, they report remarkably little distress, with almost all mentioning a positive impact on their life. Most interpreted their voices as spirits, and spoke of learning to understand, to manage, and even to train their experience of communicating with spirits productively. There was, however, considerable diversity in their voice experiences. Some described experiences they seemed to have discovered after starting a practice. Others described reaching for a practice to make sense of unusual experiences. This raises the possibility that cultural ideas about spirit communication may have two effects. On the one hand, they may help those who begin to hear voices involuntarily to interpret and manage their experience in a non-threatening way, through a meaning-framework imposed on experiences. On the other hand, it also suggests that cultural ideas about spirit communication may lead some people to identify some thoughts as voices, and to come to feel that those thoughts are generated outside of themselves, through a meaning-framework shaping experiences. This should remind us that the culture-mind relationship is complex. There may be different kinds of phenomena described by individuals as “voices”, with practice and interpretation changing how these phenomena are experienced.
The filtering out of apparently extraneous and redundant stimuli is critical for the effective processing of novel and relevant sensory information. But brain mechanisms that evolved to perform this function are necessarily less than perfect, in some cases failing to filter out irrelevant stimuli and in others filtering out important information. We report here on a stimulus from everyday life—the sound made by an arriving elevator, which contains information indicating the car’s direction of movement—that not one of over 1,100 study participants was aware of, despite encountering this information repeatedly throughout their lives. Evidence of implicit knowledge of this information was also absent, suggesting that this valuable information is filtered out at an early stage of sensory processing.
Unlabelled:
Studies that examined the effect of amphetamine or caffeine on spatial working memory (SWM) and verbal working memory (VWM) have used various tasks. However, there are no studies that have used spatial span tasks (SSTs) to assess the SWM effect of amphetamine and caffeine, although some studies have used digit span tasks (DST) to assess VWM. Previous reports also showed that increasing dopamine increases psychosis-like experiences (PLE, or schizotypy) scores which are in turn negatively associated with WM performance in people with high schizotypy and people with schizophrenia. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the influence of d-amphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO), a dopamine releasing stimulant, on SST, DST, and on PLE in healthy volunteers. In a separate study, we examined the effect of caffeine, a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist with stimulant properties, on similar tasks.
Methods:
Healthy participants (N = 40) took part in two randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced placebo-controlled cross-over pilot studies: The first group (N = 20) with d-amphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO) and the second group (N = 20) with caffeine (200 mg, PO). Spatial span and digit span were examined under four delay conditions (0, 2, 4, 8 s). PLE were assessed using several scales measuring various aspects of psychosis and schizotypy.
Results:
We failed to find an effect of d-amphetamine or caffeine on SWM or VWM, relative to placebo. However, d-amphetamine increased a composite score of psychosis-like experiences (p = 0.0005), specifically: Scores on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Perceptual Aberrations Scale, and Magical Ideation Scale were increased following d-amphetamine. The degree of change in PLE following d-amphetamine negatively and significantly correlated with changes in SWM, mainly at the longest delay condition of 8 s (r = -0.58, p = 0.006).
Conclusion:
The present results showed that moderate-high dose of d-amphetamine and moderate dose of caffeine do not directly affect performances on DST or SST. However, the results indicate that d-amphetamine indirectly influences SWM, through its effect on psychosis-like experiences.
Clinical trial registration number:
CT-2018-CTN-02561 (Therapeutic Goods Administration Clinical Trial Registry) and ACTRN12618001292268 (The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry) for caffeine study, and ACTRN12608000610336 for d-amphetamine study.
Suicide capability is theorised to facilitate the movement from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt. Three types of contributors are posited to comprise suicide capability: acquired, dispositional, and practical. Despite suicide capability being critical in the movement from ideation-to-attempt, there has been no systematic synthesis of empirical evidence relating to suicide capability that would enable further development and refinement of the concept. This study sought to address this synthesis gap. A scoping review was conducted on suicide capability studies published January 2005 to January 2022. Eleven electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched returning 5,212 potential studies. After exclusion criteria application, 90 studies were included for final analysis. Results synthesis followed a textual narrative approach allocating studies based on contributors of suicide capability. Most studies focused on investigating only one factor within contributors. Painful and provocative events appear to contribute to acquired capability more so than fearlessness about death. Whilst emerging evidence for dispositional and practical contributors is promising, the small number of studies prevents further conclusions from being drawn. An unexpected additional cognitive contributor was identified. The focus of a single factor from most studies and the limited number of studies on contributors other than acquired capability limits the theoretical development and practical application of suicide capability knowledge. Given that suicide is a complex and multifaceted behaviour, future research that incorporates a combination of contributors is more likely to advance our understandings of suicide capability.
Objective: Previous research has shown a relationship between schizotypal personality traits and dissociative tendencies. The Inference-Based Approach (IBA) can explain this relationship to some extent. Purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of inferential confusion in relation to dissociative experiences and schizotypal personality traits.
Method: A total of 341 students from Shahed University participated in this cross-sectional study. Sampling was conducted randomly by the cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire (ICQ-EV), Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II). Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software based on statistical methods including Pearson correlation, Baron and Kenny hierarchical regression and the Sobel test.
Results: There were significant positive relationships between dissociative experiences, schizotypal personality traits, and inferential confusion (P < 0.01). Findings showed that inferential confusion mediates the relationship between dissociative experiences and schizotypal personality traits (β = 0.29; P < 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the present study, considering role of inferential confusion, succeeded in explaining the relationship between dissociative experiences and schizotypal personality traits to some extent.
Introduction: The different scales for assessing Schizotypal traits were developed from different perspectives. These scales confined themselves only to certain aspects of the Schizotypal personality. In contrast, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire is more comprehensive scale based on nine clinical features of Schizotypal personality disorder described by the DSM-IV-TR. The aim of this study was validation and factor analysis of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ).
Method: The current study was conducted in descriptive research context. A group of 609 normal participants (187 male & 422 female) from Tabriz Payame Nour and Azad University and Sarab Payame Nour University students took part in this research.
Results: Two and three factor solutions were investigated using Principal Component Analysis with Promax rotation, but two factor solutions showed better logical and symptomological fitnesses. There are no sex differences in Schizotypy among groups. To calculate the convergent validity of SPQ and its negative & positive factors, concurrent application of Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire A form was used and was found to have 0.80, 0.75, 0.82 correlations. The SPQ and its negative & positive factors were found to have 0.74, 0.77, 0.83 internal reliability, 0.80, 0.72, 0.70 test-retest reliability.
Conclusion: Based on these results, it was concluded that SPQ contain good validity and reliability in Iranian population and it can be used, as valid measure, in Psychological and Psychiatric researches.
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