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Anti-inflammatory properties of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark:: Inhibition of lipopolysaccaride-induced septic shock and vascular permeability
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark was further evaluated in models which are mediated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The effect of the extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock was evaluated by measuring the number of deaths and the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases following intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 microg/kg) into D-galactosamine-primed mice. LPS-induced vascular permeability on the back skin of mice was measured by the local accumulation of Evan's blue after subcutaneous injection of LPS. Pre-treatment with Bridelia ferruginea extract (10-80 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the septic shock syndrome in mice, with 80 mg/kg of the extract exhibiting comparable activity as pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg). LPS-induced dye leakage in the skin of mice was also suppressed by the extract (10-80 mg/kg). Our study suggests that one of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of Bridelia ferruginea possibly involve the suppression of TNFalpha up-regulation.
... In Togo, the root bark is a remedy for intestinal and skin disorders (Bruyne et al., 1997). Additional activities of the bark extract reported are trypanocidal (Ekanem et al., 2008), antimicrobial (Owoseni et al., 2010) and anti-inflammatory (Olajide et al., 2003). ...
... Animals pretreated with B. ferruginea or pentoxifylline caused statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction in serum enzyme activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases. In the skin of mice, there was suppression of LPSinduced dye leakage at doses 10-80 mg/kg of B. ferruginea extract (Olajide et al., 2003). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Bridelia ferruginea belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae identified as an important commonly growing shrub, is used in traditional medicine for managing arthritis, dysentery, constipation, chronic diabetes, skin diseases, bladder and intestinal disorders, oral infections, thrush, bites and as an arrow poison antidote. This review aims at providing information on the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry and toxicity studies of Bridelia ferruginea to bridge the gap between traditional medicinal uses and preclinical studies on B. ferruginea and subsequently lead to the development of valued added medicines from B. ferruginea.
Materials and methods
Data in this review were compiled using databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer link, Elsevier and Taylor and Francis, articles from peer reviewed journals and other grey literature (short notes, book chapters, short communications) to access all the relevant information available on B. ferruginea.
Results
B. ferruginea contains different phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid and some derivatives of 3-methoxyflavone, such as quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin 3-,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin 3′,4′,5′-trimethyl ether, myricetin 3,3′,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin and quercetin3-O-glucoside specific flavonoids and biflavonoids like apigenin, kaempferol and glycosides of both have been isolated and further characterized from B. ferruginea. B. ferruginea has several pharmacologically beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-infective, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic and natriuretic activities.
Conclusion
The wide distribution, traditional medicinal uses and wealth of phytochemicals present in B. ferruginea suggests that the plant can be useful in lead compound discovery. Although B. ferruginea has been widely studied, further studies on the mechanism of action, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and side effects in humans need to be investigated.
... Endothelial dysfunction is the primary causal factor in almost all the vascular disorders. Attempts are being made to improve endothelial function using natural products and pharmacological agents [1][2][3][4][5] . According to the World Health Organization, approximately 80% of the African population use traditional medicine for their primary health care. ...
... In another set of experiments, aortic rings were pre-incubated with NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) at a concentration of 300 µM for 30 min, followed by obtaining cumulative responses of Bf1, Bf2 and Bf-HA after PE (1 µM) pre-contraction. PE pre-contracted isolated aortic rings were also exposed to soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor (1H- [1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3,-a] quinoxalin-1-one [ODQ]) at a concentration of 3 µM for 45 min and COX inhibitor (indomethacin, 10 µM) followed by the cumulative responses of Bf1, Bf2 and Bf-HA. ...
Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Fam. 'Euphorbiaceae) is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we investigated its vasomodulatory effect, as anti-inflammatory therapy that beneficially impact the cardiovascular system. Extracts (Bf1, Bf-HA) and fraction (Bf2) of B. ferruginea (Bf), were prepared from the bark of Bf to study their vasomodulatory effect using rat aortic rings. The vasorelaxant effect of Bf1 and Bf2 was mediated by the activation of nitric oxide synthase/endothelial isoform (NOS3) as confirmed by EA.hy926 endothelial cells, real-time PCR and Western blotting. Mass spectral analysis of these extracts and fraction was performed to understand the profile of compounds present in them. Mass spectral analysis showed the presence of similar ions in both Bf1 and Bf2 while Bf-HA showed different patterns. Vasorelaxant effect of Bf1 and Bf2 in phenylephrine (PE) pre-contracted endothelium intact aortic rings was blocked significantly in the presence of both N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one [ODQ]). However, cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (indomethacin) did not exert any change. In contrast, Bf-HA significantly inhibited ACh-induced vasorelaxation, but had no effect on sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-mediated relaxation, thereby suggesting NOS inhibitory activity in the extract. Studies with Bf1 and Bf2 on EA.hy926 cells demonstrated NOS3 mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation. Purified fractions of Bf, thus possess vasorelaxant compounds, which remain to be identified. © 2018, National Institute of Science Communication. All rights reserved.
... Fruit ash is applied against leprosy (Neuwinger, 2000). -The stem bark is used to treat epilepsy, oedemas, irritability of the infant, gastralgias, anaemia, dysenteria and rheumatisms ( Adjanohoun et al., 1989) and as anti inflamatory ( Fujii et al., 2000; Wada et al., 2000 ;Olajide et al., 2003 ;Olumayokun et al., 2003). -The poultice of the leaves are applied to wounds, open cuts, and sores (Adetutu et al., 2011) -The leaves are also used as nematicide (Fabiyi et al., 2012), and as antibacterial ( . ...
... Fruit ash is applied against leprosy (Neuwinger, 2000). -The stem bark is used to treat epilepsy, oedemas, irritability of the infant, gastralgias, anaemia, dysenteria and rheumatisms ( Adjanohoun et al., 1989) and as anti inflamatory ( Fujii et al., 2000; Wada et al., 2000 ;Olajide et al., 2003 ;Olumayokun et al., 2003). -The poultice of the leaves are applied to wounds, open cuts, and sores (Adetutu et al., 2011) -The leaves are also used as nematicide (Fabiyi et al., 2012), and as antibacterial ( . ...
To face the common ailments of Somba cattle in it natural area, some breeders use endogenous methods based herbal. The present study is a monography of the most used plants in order to appropriate all the literature that exists on these plants before eventually begin experimental studies for scientific validation of their therapeutic effects. For each plant species, the study examined the following data: the botanical description, geographical and ecological distribution, chemical composition, pharmacological uses, and other uses. It basically shows that the study of medicinal uses mentioned by the Somba cattle plants are widely reported by many other authors in various African, Asian and Latin American countries, but much more in human medicine than in veterinary medicine. The predominance of compounds pharmacological properties reported in the chemical compositions by different studies also confirmed the therapeutic capabilities of these plants. By cons, very few of the pharmacological and therapeutic properties have been described scientifically proven. Keywords: monography-plants-diseases-somba cattle
... Topical anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antipyretic, and analgesic properties of the plant were also reported by us [6]. We also showed that a stem bark extract of B. ferruginea protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced septic shock and inhibited LPS-induced vascular permeability [7]. Recently, Akuodor et al. [8] reported that a stem bark extract of B. ferruginea exhibited potential analgesic and antipyretic properties in mice and rats. ...
... The highest concentration of BFE used in this experiments (200 μg/mL) reduced PGE 2 , nitrite, TNFα, and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia by 51.6, 45, 32.2, and 44.7%, respectively, demonstrating that BFE strongly inhibits these factors in LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Although B. ferruginea has been widely reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in vivo [5][6][7], the exact mechanism(s) involved were unknown. ...
... Topical anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antipyretic, and analgesic properties of the plant were also reported by us [6]. We also showed that a stem bark extract of B. ferruginea protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced septic shock and inhibited LPS-induced vascular permeability [7]. Recently, Akuodor et al. [8] reported that a stem bark extract of B. ferruginea exhibited potential analgesic and antipyretic properties in mice and rats. ...
... The highest concentration of BFE used in this experiments (200 μg/mL) reduced PGE 2 , nitrite, TNFα, and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia by 51.6, 45, 32.2, and 44.7%, respectively, demonstrating that BFE strongly inhibits these factors in LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Although B. ferruginea has been widely reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in vivo [5][6][7], the exact mechanism(s) involved were unknown. Our current results show that inhibition of PGE 2 , nitric oxide, and the proinflammatory cytokines plays significant roles in the earlier observed in vivo actions of B. ferruginea. ...
Bridelia ferruginea is commonly used in traditional African medicine (TAM) for treating various inflammatory conditions. Extracts from the plant have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory property in a number of in vivo models. In this study the influence of B. ferruginea (BFE) on the production of PGE(2), nitrite, and proinflammatory cytokines from LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia was investigated. The effects of BFE on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expressions were evaluated in LPS-activated rat primary microglia. The roles of NF-κB and MAPK signalling in the actions of BFE were also investigated. BFE (25-200 μg) inhibited the production of PGE(2), nitrite, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as COX-2 and iNOS protein expressions in LPS-activated microglial cells. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of BFE revealed interference with nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 through mechanisms involving inhibition of IκB degradation. BFE prevented phosphorylation of p38, but not p42/44 or JNK MAPK. It is suggested that Bridelia ferruginea produces anti-inflammatory action through mechanisms involving p38 MAPK and NF-κB signalling.
... Tannins, gallocatechin-(4 -O-7) epigallocatechin (1), flavonoids and biflavonoids, caffeoylesters, anticomplement, antioxidant, antiviral, diabetes, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, effects on rat bladder smooth muscle, quercetin (2), quercetin-3-neohesperidoside (3), rutin (4), myricetin-3-glucoside (5), myricetin-3rhamnoside (6), 5 -demethoxy--peltatin-5-O-d-glucopyranoside (7), -peltatin-5-O--d-glucopyranoside (8) Cimanga et al. (1999Cimanga et al. ( , 2001, Tona et al. (1998), Adebayo and Ishola (2009), Abubakar et al. (2007), Pieters and Vlietinck (2005), Talla et al. (2002), Ampofo (1979), Iwu (1980Iwu ( , 1983, Akinpelu et al. Olajide et al. (1999Olajide et al. ( , 2003, Olajide and Makinde Modupe (2000), Rhashid et al. (2000), Neuwinger (2000) and Oliver-Bever (1986) Bridelia glauca f. balansae Leaves Bridelionoside, bridelioside, (7R,8S)-5-methoxydihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O--glucopyranoside glochidioboside Sueyoshi et al. (2006) and Sueyoshi et al. (2007) Bridelia grandis Bark, leaves Oral cavity affection purify breast Antimicrobial activity against oral streptococci, antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity Ngueyem et al. (2008), Atindehou et al. (2004) ...
... The effect of the extract (10-80 mg/kg) was evaluated in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS-induced septic shock and LPS-induced microvascular permeability) after subcutaneous injection of LPS (1 g/kg). Results showed in this study provided an evidence for a possible role for TNF␣ in the anti-inflammatory effects of the stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Olajide et al., 2003). The obtained results may support the uses of this plant in the Nigerian traditional medicine. ...
Approximately 60 species of Bridelia, (Phyllanthaceae) are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly in Africa and Asia. Several Bridelia species are used in popular medicines as antiamebic, antianemic, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-diabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antihelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antinociceptive, antiviral, hypoglycemic and for abdominal pain, cardiovascular, gynecological and sexual diseases. The present paper reviews the traditional usage, the biological activities and the correlated chemical compounds of Bridelia species with emphasis on the validation of the ethnopharmacological uses. The findings in some Bridelia species of, for example, gallocatechin-(4'-O-7)-epigallocatechin (1), quercetin (2), myricetin glycosides (5-6), bridelone (11), bridelonine (12), isoflavone may justify the uses of these species against pains in African and Asian traditional medicines.
... The presence of steroids also justifies its use as an anti-inflammatory agent. (Makinde et al., 2003). ...
This research investigated and ascertained the antimicrobial activity of the leaf methanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea on some bacterial and fungal microorganisms. The objectives include: to investigate the antimicrobial properties; to investigate the phytoconstituents responsible for their therapeutic activity; to compare the antimicrobial strength to the standard antimicrobial agents (Gentamycin and Clotrimazole); to microscopically examine the leaves of Bridelia ferruginea and ascertain the features present. The leaves of Bridelia ferruginea were collected from Obukpa community in Nsukka, Enugu state and extracted by maceration using methanol as solvent. The preliminary phytochemical analysis to detect the secondary metabolites present in the extract, and microscopic evaluation of the powdered leaves of the plant were carried out. The antimicrobial analysis of the leaf methanolic extract was performed with the following organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, using the Agar cup diffusion method. The plant’s antimicrobial activity was compared with standard antimicrobial agents (Gentamycin and Clotrimazole). The leaves were also standardized by evaluating the moisture content, total ash value, acid insoluble ash and sulphated ash, to determine the purity, safety and quality of the plant. The preliminary phytochemical analysis carried out on the leaf methanolic extract of B. ferruginea revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, resins, and the absence of fats and oil, terpenoids and starch, and neutral to acidic compounds. The microscopic features of the powdered leaf was analysed, which revealed the presence of annular xylem vessels, both clothing unicellular and multicellular trichomes, circular palisade cells, bundle of fibres, prism calcium oxalate, large phloem fibres, lower epidermis showing anomocytic type of stomata. Both bacteria and fungi, but not gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to the leaf methanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea. The sensitive ones are Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis with inhibition zone diameters(IZDs) of 9.5mm, 9.0mm and 7.0mm respectively. Other organisms are not sensitive to the leaf methanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea. The moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash and sulphated ash values were obtained as 1.05%, 5.00%, 2.50% and 2.00% respectively. Therefore, the leaf methanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea has both antibacterial and antifungal properties, hence, can be safely applied as an antimicrobial agent in diseases caused by sensitive organisms.
... "BF001"is one of the most frequently used medicinal plants by local inhabitants to treat infectious diseases in 2,3 Guinea and Ivory Coast. It is also used in the formulation of traditional gargle "Ogun efu" and in the treatment of diarrhoea, colic, dysentery, rheumatic pains, sexually transmitted diseases, gastro-intestinal [4][5][6] and gynaecological disorders. It has anti-HIV, 7,8 antispasmodic, anti-microbial activity, anti- 9,10 inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic properties and [11][12][13] anti-diabetic activity. ...
... Presence of tannins, gallocatechin-(4′-O-7) epigallocatechin, flavonoids and biflavonoids ( Ngueyem et al., 2009) Can contribute to treat rheumatism pains, intestine disorders, dysentery, diabetes, thrush, epilepsy, infectious diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases and eruption, skin cancer, cystitis, roundworm (anthelmintic) (Cimanga et al., 2001). It's also antidote for arrow poison, (Ngueyen et al., 2009) and use as inflammatory (Olajide et al., 2003) and antitumor (Rhashid et al., 2000). Use as forage for sheep and cattle (Alade et al., 2010) ...
There’s a great opportunity of studying some underutilized forage in the natural pasture which had therapeutic properties. When comparing the pasture’s species list with African medicinal plants list, we had five forage, which have strong therapeutic properties. The leafy stems and leaves of Boerhavia diffusa are cut as a fodder for sheep and also used as medicinal plant in Asia and in Africa. Bridelia ferruginea is well known for its pharmacological properties. It’s also used as forage for sheep. In many parts of Africa and Asia the medicinal properties of Chamaecrista absus are used. In the Sahel and in Nigeria it is well liked by livestock, used to make silage and favor growth. In veterinary medicine Detarium microcarpum’s leaves and roots are used to treat diarrhea in cattle in southern Mali, and in Benin to treat constipation and fever in Niger. Khaya senegalensis is used in veterinary medicine. Its leaves were also used as fodder with low nutritional value. This article have choose to present those five forages, their use and their properties in the goal to offer a strategy to completely solve the problem of poor feeding and health management of ruminant livestock.
... En 1999, Alexandre-Moreira et al., evaluaron la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto en una mezcla hidroalcohólica de la corteza de la planta Curatella americana L. a través de los modelos del edema plantar inducido por carragenina, y el edema auricular inducido por TPA (acetato de o-tetradecanoil forbol), utilizando el fármaco indometacina como referencia, los resultados de este estudio demostraron que el extracto administrado por vía intraperitoneal posee una potente actividad antiinflamatoria. Olajide et al., 2003, evaluaron la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto en agua de la corteza del tallo de la planta Bridelia ferruginea Benth, empleando el modelo del edema plantar inducido por carragenina y el granuloma inducido por discos de algodón, utilizando como fármaco de referencia la indometacina, los resultados de esta evaluación manifestaron que los extractos en agua de la planta anteriormente mencionada poseen una efectiva actividad antiinflamatoria. Janaki et al., 1999, estudiaron los extractos en etanol de las hojas y los frutos de la planta Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq, y los triterpenos roxburghiadiol A y B, aislados de la planta mencionada, para evaluar su actividad antiinflamatoria por el modelo del edema plantar inducido por carragenina, utilizando ibuprofeno como fármaco de referencia. ...
Some natural products have been reported effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and TNF-a), enzyme mediators (MMP-3, MMP-13, iNOS and COX-2) and their catabolites (NO and PGE 2). These activities have been associated with inactivation of NF-kB by preventing IkBa phosphorylation and degradation, or regulation of AP-1 transcription factors, which may be the mechanistic basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of some compounds. This article tries to review the behavior of various medicinal plants or isolated compounds, whose antiinflammatory action is known by previous trials carried in a number of in vivo and in vitro experimental inflammatory models. © 2011 Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas.
... En 1999, Alexandre-Moreira et al., evaluaron la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto en una mezcla hidroalcohólica de la corteza de la planta Curatella americana L. a través de los modelos del edema plantar inducido por carragenina, y el edema auricular inducido por TPA (acetato de o-tetradecanoil forbol), utilizando el fármaco indometacina como referencia, los resultados de este estudio demostraron que el extracto administrado por vía intraperitoneal posee una potente actividad antiinflamatoria. Olajide et al., 2003, evaluaron la actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto en agua de la corteza del tallo de la planta Bridelia ferruginea Benth, empleando el modelo del edema plantar inducido por carragenina y el granuloma inducido por discos de algodón, utilizando como fármaco de referencia la indometacina, los resultados de esta evaluación manifestaron que los extractos en agua de la planta anteriormente mencionada poseen una efectiva actividad antiinflamatoria. Janaki et al., 1999, estudiaron los extractos en etanol de las hojas y los frutos de la planta Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq, y los triterpenos roxburghiadiol A y B, aislados de la planta mencionada, para evaluar su actividad antiinflamatoria por el modelo del edema plantar inducido por carragenina, utilizando ibuprofeno como fármaco de referencia. ...
Se ha reportado que algunos productos naturales presentan efectos sobre la expresión de: citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and TNF- ), enzimas mediadoras (MMP-3, MMP-13, iNOS y COX-2) y catabolitos (NO y PGE2). Esta actividad ha sido asociada con: la inactivación del NF- B, por la
prevención de la fosforilación- degradación de IkB o la regulación ciertos factores de trascripción, entre otros, lo cual constituye el mecanismo de acción de tales compuestos. En este trabajo se da una visión general de la química y los diferentes modelos in vivo e in vitro de evaluación del proceso inflamatorio de
compuestos de origen natural.
... Des études pharmacologiques des extraits aqueux, éthanolique et méthanolique ont montré que cette plante aurait des propriétés anti-inflammatoire, antimicrobienne et anti-thrombique Olajide et al., 2000;Olajide et al., 2003). D 'après Néné bi et al. (2008), l'extrait aqueux de l'écorce de tige de cette plante aurait un effet hypotenseur. ...
Tel : (225) 05 068 986 RESUME L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer l'effet d'un extrait aqueux de l'écorce de tige de Bridelia ferruginea (SEA) sur le système nerveux central chez le rat. L'extrait aqueux de cette plante est administré aux animaux par la voie intrapéritonéale 30 minutes avant l'évaluation. L'actographe a permis de quantifier l'activité spontanée alors que l'activité locomotrice a été évaluée grâce à la roue d'activité et la traction. SEA, à la dose de 10 mg/kg de poids corporel réduit de manière significative l'activité spontanée de 63,26% (P<0,001) et de 81,52% (P<0,01) chez les rats pour les intervalles de temps respectifs de 5 et 10 minutes. L'activité locomotrice chez ces animaux est réduite de 78,08% (P< 0,0001) 15 minutes après l'enregistrement de cette activité. Cette dose augmente la latence du réflexe de rétablissement chez le rat. Ces résultats suggèrent que SEA possède un effet sédatif. Cet effet serait lié à la présence d'alcaloïde.
... The plant is also claimed to have cardiovascular and diuretic properties. Over the past twenty years, R019 has been evaluated for its antiviral (Ferrea et al., 2004;Pengsuparp et al., 1995;Cohen, et al., 1996;Ferrea, et al., 1993b;Ferrea, et al., 1993a), antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory (Olajide, et al., 2003) and diuretic properties. ...
This study aims to evaluate the in vivo antiviral, immunologic, clinical effects and safety of a supposedly anti-HIV phytotherapy, code-named R019 used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This is an open observational study, which involved 32 HIV-1 infected patients, who were followed over a 3-month period. The efficacy evaluation was based on CD4 count, determination of viral load and clinical status. The safety evaluation was based on renal and liver function tests, fasting lipid and glycaemia levels as well as the frequency of other adverse events. The CD4 values increased significantly (mean±SD, 99.03±22.87 cells/&mgr;L; P<0.001), as well as Weight and Karnofsky score (2.94±0.67 kg, p<0.001; 4.9, p=0.005 respectively). The viral load decreased significantly (0.91±0.12 log viral load, P<0.0001). R019 did not impair renal or liver functions. Improvement of creatinine clearance was observed (p=0.02). Hemoglobin levels increased (0.38±0.16 gr/dL) whereas cholesterol and glucose levels decreased under R019 treatment (p=0.031, p=0.018 respectively). Main adverse effects were recorded: polyuria (40.5%), drowsiness (21.4%), orexis (19.1%). Immunological, anti-viral and clinical status improved under R019 treatment and a good safety profile was observed for this compound. Further studies would be required to optimize its efficacy and to define its appropriateness for the treatment of HIV disease.
... Elle est réputée comme purgatif, diurétique , aphrodisiaque et antiblennoragiques [4,5]. Des études pharmacologiques des extraits aqueux, éthanolique et méthanolique ont montré que cette plante aurait des propriétés anti-inflammatoire, antimicrobienne et anti- thrombique181920. L'écorce de tige de Bridelia ferruginea serait utilisée comme sédatif, tranquillisant, calmant et agirait comme un somnifère [17]. ...
Bridelia ferruginea est une plante de la pharmacopée traditionnelle africaine intervenant dans le traitement de plusieurs pathologies. Elle est utilisée comme purgatif et possède des propriétés diurétiques. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer l’effet sur la fonction rénale d’un extrait aqueux de l’écorce de tige de cette plante chez le rat mâle de souche Wistar. L’extrait aqueux de Bridelia ferruginea (SEA), 24 heures après son administration au rat, provoque une augmentation de l’excrétion de la créatinine par voie urinaire de 88,10 % (p < 0,01). SEA entraîne une augmentation significative (p < 0,05) de la clairance de la créatinine. Elle ne modifie pas significativement la teneur et la clairance de l’urée. L’extrait aqueux de Bridelia ferruginea semble ne pas avoir d’effet néfaste sur la fonction rénale et sur le poids chez le rat après un traitement de 24 heures.
... Presence of tannins, gallocatechin- (4′-O-7) epigallocatechin, flavonoids and biflavonoids ( Ngueyem et al., 2009) Can contribute to treat rheumatism pains, intestine disorders, dysentery, diabetes, thrush, epilepsy, infectious diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases and eruption, skin cancer, cystitis, roundworm (anthelmintic) (Cimanga et al., 2001). It's also antidote for arrow poison, (Ngueyen et al., 2009) and use as inflammatory (Olajide et al., 2003) and antitumor (Rhashid et al., 2000). Use as forage for sheep and cattle (Alade et al., 2010) ...
There’s a great opportunity of studying some underutilized forage in the natural pasture which had therapeutic properties. When comparing the pasture’s species list with African medicinal plants list, we had five forage, which have strong therapeutic properties. The leafy stems and leaves of Boerhavia diffusa are cut as a fodder for sheep and also used as medicinal plant in Asia and in Africa. Bridelia ferruginea is well known for its pharmacological properties. It’s also used as forage for sheep. In many parts of Africa and Asia the medicinal properties of Chamaecrista absus are used. In the Sahel and in Nigeria it is well liked by livestock, used to make silage and favor growth. In veterinary medicine Detarium microcarpum’s leaves and roots are used to treat diarrhea in cattle in southern Mali, and in Benin to treat constipation and fever in Niger. Khaya senegalensis is used in veterinary medicine. Its leaves were also used as fodder with low nutritional value. This article have choose to present those five forages, their use and their properties in the goal to offer a strategy to completely solve the problem of poor feeding and health management of ruminant livestock
... Bridelia grandis is a tree, which can be found in West Tropical Africa, in the thick-high forest spreading from Sierra Leone to Nigeria and on to Gabon and Zaïre (Oliver, 1868;Sousa and Gomes, 1967;Burkill, 1985;ZipCodeZoo: http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/B/Bridelia_grandis). In the African traditional medicine, the genus Bridelia is widely used to treat a large number of diseases (Sousa and Gomes, 1967;Adjanohoun and Akè, 1970;Pousset, 1989;Ozerov et al., 1994;Omolo et al., 1997;Lin et al., 2002;Jayasinghe et al., 2003;Olajide-Olumayokun et al., 2003;Sokeng et al., 2005;Theophile et al., 2006). The Pygmies Baka of Cameroon use decoctions obtained from the bark as a mouth wash to treat oral thrush (Betti, 2004). ...
The aim of the work is to investigate the effects of Bridelia grandis (Pierre ex Hutch) stem bark water extract on human HeLa cancer cells and normal monocytes treated in vitro, evaluating the morphological modifications with light and electron microscopy. The phytocomplex obtained from B. grandis caused a significant decrease in the mitotic index of both HeLa cancer cells and normal monocytes. In addition, a reduction of the typical aneuploid-polyploid pattern has been observed in HeLa cells after treatment. Various alterations at fine structural level, both in neoplastic (HeLa cells) and normal (monocytes) cells have been observed. In particular, electron-dense cells containing condensed mitochondria, autophagic vacuoles and dense spherical cytoplasmic inclusions have been observed. The results show that B. grandis water extracts have an antiproliferative effect on human cells, with a different effect on neoplastic and normal cells. The antiproliferative effect is accompanied by the appearance of various subcellular alterations. The morphological alterations observed are likely to represent the condition of 'dark cell' as a possible preliminary phase towards the autophagic and/or apoptotic cell death. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... In addition, Orafidiya et al. (45) have demonstrated that a B. ferruginea gargle formulation, Ogun-efu, traditionally employed in the treatment of oral infections in western Nigeria, is highly astringent and coagulates milk proteins in vitro, likely as a result of astringency conferred by tannins (46). The B. ferruginea extract also has radicalscavenging activity, inhibits xanthine oxidase and shows antiinflammatory activity, potentially through interference with TNF-α induction (44,47). ...
In Africa, chewing sticks are the most common means of maintaining oral hygiene, and roots, stems and twigs of numerous plants are employed for this purpose. Chewing sticks are recommended for oral hygiene by the World Health Organization, and some of them, or their extracts, are also used in the ethnomedical treatment of oral infections. Primary screens have demonstrated that extracts from many chewing sticks have antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including those commonly implicated in orofacial infections. Some chewing stick extracts have additional biological activities. Preparation, extraction and antimicrobial screening methodologies are largely unstandardized and bioactivity-guided fractionation has only been conducted on a few chewing stick extracts. It is therefore highly likely that many chewing sticks contain secondary metabolites with as yet unreported antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial principles that have been identified include novel flavenoid compounds and alkaloids. Chewing sticks offer considerable and underexploited potential as sources of new antimicrobial backbones.
... ferruginea. The activities of various products from B. ferruginea from the literature include anti-inflammatory (Olajide et al., 2003 ), Trypanocidal (Ekanem et al., 2008) antidiabetic (Iwu, 1983; Onukwo et al., 1996), antibacterial and antifungal (Irobi et al., 1994; Muanza et al., 1994; Jose and Kayode, 2009; Talla et al., 2002) to mention a few, while the form of extraction also varied widely. B. ferruginea has also diverse uses such as antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, antimalarial, antinoceptic , antiviral and several others as reported in the review of its phytochemical and ethnopharmacology by Ngueyem et al. (2009). ...
The prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistance has prompted efforts to explore for more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The extract obtained by boiling the bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. is used traditionally for treating oral thrush called 'Efu'. For this reason the in-vitro effectiveness and range of activities of crude extract obtained by boiling, ripe-stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea have been carried out. The extract was tested against various microorganisms collected from clinical specimens. Bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and other Candida species were tested for susceptibility using 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards of pure isolates on Mueller Hinton agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Ditches of 6 mm diameter were made on the media and 0.1 mls (9 drops) of the extract was added to each. For bacterial isolates, 3 or 4 standard antibiotic discs were added for comparison. The zone of inhibition around the extract ranged between 10 -24 mm in diameter for bacterial and 14 -25 mm for Candida (fungus). These results led to validate the activity both for fungal and bacterial agents of the crude extract obtained by boiling of the ripe stem bark of B. ferruginea as used traditionally.
... C'est le cas de Bridelia ferruginea L. Benth (BF, Euphorbiaceae), un arbuste des forêts tropicales d'Afrique de l'ouest du Sahara. Les écorces du tronc de cette plante sont utilisées pour le traitement de l'inflammation [11], des infections microbiennes [12,13], du mal des dents et de l'insomnie [14]. La médecine traditionnelle camerounaise indique que le macérât des écorces du tronc de BF dans du vin de raphia ou de palme est utilisé pour traiter les hommes souffrant d'impuissance sexuelle. ...
Bridelia ferruginea (BF, Euphorbiaceae) est un arbre dont les écorces du tronc et les feuilles sont utilisées en médecine traditionnelle pour
remédier à plusieurs problèmes et en particulier l’impuissance masculine. La présente étude vise à identifier les effets prosexuels
(fréquences d’érection, de monte, d’intromission et d’éjaculation) des extraits aqueux (100 mg/kg) et éthanolique (100 mg/kg)
des écorces du tronc de BF administrés par voie orale à des rats Wistar adultes mâles (intacts ou castrés) sexuellement inexpérimentés
pendant zéro, un et sept jours. Le comportement sexuel des rats normaux recevant une administration unique de l’extrait aqueux
de BF (100 mg/kg) a été aussi évalué après prétraitement par le L-omega-nitro-arginine methyl ester (Lω-NAME, 10 mg/kg), l’halopéridol
(10 mg/kg) ou l’atropine (10 mg/kg). Les animaux témoins ont reçu per os de l’eau distillée (10 ml/kg) pour le témoin neutre
et une injection sous-cutanée de testostérone propionate (20 mg/kg par jour pendant trois jours avant le début du test) pour
le témoin positif. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que la durée du traitement a un impact significatif (p < 0,05) sur les fréquences d’érection pénienne, de monte et d’intromission aussi bien chez les rats normaux que chez les
animaux castrés. Une tendance à l’augmentation des paramètres de performance sexuelle a été aussi observée. La fréquence d’intromission
des rats intacts était plus élevée (p < 0,05–0,01) à J1 et particulièrement chez les rats recevant l’extrait aqueux de BF. Chez les rats castrés, par contre, seuls
les animaux traités par la testostérone ont présenté une augmentation statistique (p < 0,01–0,001) des paramètres copulatoires. Les effets prosexuels de l’extrait aqueux de BF étaient abolis par l’atropine
et l’halopéridol, tandis qu’une préadministration de Lω-NAME était sans effet sur l’activité copulatoire des animaux. Ces
effets stimulants sexuels de BF pourraient être attribués à la présence des flavonoïdes et des stérols, substances bioactives
qui agiraient par voie dopaminergique et/ou cholinergique, et soutiennent l’intérêt de l’emploi de BF en médecine traditionnelle
comme stimulant sexuel.
The stem barks and the leaves from Bridelia ferruginea (BF, Euphorbiaceae), a medicinal plant, are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments including
male impotency. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of the dried stem bark of BF on the sexual behaviour
of normal and castrated sexually inexperienced male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered with 100 mg/kg of either
the aqueous or the ethanol extracts of BF whilst the neutral control group received in the same way 10 ml/kg of distilled
water. The positive control group was treated with a subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (20 mg/kg/day/3days)
prior to the experiment. The sexual behaviour of all rats was monitored on days 0, 1 and 7 by measuring frequencies of penile
erection, mount, intromission and ejaculation. In a separate group of normal sexually inexperienced rats, the pro-sexual effects
induced by a single dose of the aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) were measured after pre-treatment with either haloperidol (10
mg/kg), atropine (10 mg/kg) or L-omega-nitro-arginine methyl ester (Lω-NAME, 10 mg/kg). Results obtained showed a significant
influence of the duration of treatment on the frequencies of penile erection, mount and intromission of both normal and castrated
rats. An increase in all sexual performance parameters was observed when compared to respective controls. The intromission
frequency of normal animals was significantly increased (P < 0.05–0.01) on day 1 of treatment and the effect was more expressed in rats receiving the aqueous extract. In castrated
animals, a statistical increase was noticed on day 7 for rats treated with testosterone. The sexual effects induced by the
aqueous extract of BF were completely abolished after pre-treatment of rats with atropine or haloperidol while pre-administration
of Lω-NAME did not produce any significant effects. Flavonoids and sterols revealed in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts
from the barks of BF may account for the enhancement of sexual activity in naive rats which could be expressed through dopaminergic
and/or cholinergic receptor(s). Results of this work also give value to the traditional use of the plant for the improvement
of male sexual behaviour.
Mots clés
Bridelia ferruginea
-Rat sexuellement naïf-Comportement sexuel
Keywords
Bridelia ferruginea
-Sexually naive rat-Sexual behaviour
... Bridelia ferruginea is widely used in traditional medicine; for example in Ivory Coast, leaves and roots extracts are used against helminthiasis, malaria and trypanosomes (Okpekon et al., 2004;Mamidou et al., 2005). The aqueous extract of stem bark has been found to be active against inflammatorions which are sometimes associated with sexually transmitted diseases (Olumayokun et al., 2003). Extracted tannins showed antibacterial activity (Narayan, 1994). ...
A total of 418 healers have been interviewed in Guinea, a coastal country of West Africa, ranging between 7 degrees 30 and 12 degrees 30 of northern latitude and 8 degrees and 15 degrees of western longitude. Plant species used by the local inhabitants to treat infectious diseases were identified using ethnobotanical, ethnographic and taxonomic methods. During these investigations, 218 plants were registered, of which the following were the most frequently used: Erythrina senegalensis, Bridelia ferruginea, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Ximenia americana, Annona senegalensis, Cochlospermum tinctorium, Cochlospermum planchonii, Lantana camara, Costus afer, Psidium guajava, Terminalia glaucescens, Uapaca somon and Swartzia madagascariensis. Most plants, and especially the leaves, were essentially used as a decoction. In order to assess antibacterial activity, 190 recipes were prepared and biologically tested, among which six showed activity (minimal inhibitory concentration<125 microg/ml) against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, i.e., Entada africana, Chlorophora regia, Erythrina senegalensis, Harrisonia abyssinica, Uvaria tomentosa, and a mixture of six plants consisting of Swartzia madagascariensis, Isoberlinia doka, Annona senegalensis, Gardenia ternifolia, Terminalia glaucescens and Erythrina senegalensis.
The vitcamphor was synthesized from camphor as starting materials via the bromination, followed by esterification, reduction, hydrolisis and oxidation. The structure of the target compound was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and the overall yield was increased from 6% to 12%. The purity of the tide compound was over 96 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of vitcamphor was determined by vascular permeability of mice and rat carrageenin induced edema model. The vitcamphor in used doses exhibited remarkable inhibitory effect on histamine induced increase of vascular permeability and significantly reduced the paw swelling.
Background: "BF001" is a herbal preparation made from the leaves of Bridelia ferruginea. Despite its prolonged use in treating diabetes mellitus, there is no empirical evidence of its safety as a hypoglycaemic agent. Objectives: This study evaluated the acute and chronic toxicity of 'BF001' with the view to determining the LD 50 and toxic effects on specific organs after prolonged administration in male Spraque-Dawley rats. -1 Methods: Acute toxicity was carried out within 14 days; a single high dose of 5000 mg kg body weight was administered orally to a group of 8 rats to determine LD . Chronic toxicity was also carried out over a period of 6 50 -1 -1 months (180 days) at the normal therapeutic dose level (41 mg kg) and ten times the normal dose (410 mg kg). Results: There were no significant differences found in most of the haematological, urine chemistry, serum biochemical parameters and relative organ weight. It, however, caused a significant decrease in pentobarbitone -1 induced sleeping time. The oral LD of 'BF001' is above 5000 mg kg body weight. 50 Conclusion: 'BF001' had no overt organ specific toxicity but may modulate the production and/or the activity of certain microsomal monooxygenases which may lead to drug-drug interactions if the test preparation is taken concurrently with other medicinal preparations.
The current popularity of traditional herbal supplements, coupled with recent findings that add scientific legitimacy to the use of some medicinal herbs, prompts a question about the origins of herbal medicine in animals and ancestral humans. Medicinal herbs are used by animals and humans with the apparent prophylactic effects of reducing the likelihood or severity of illness from pathogens or parasites in the future. Medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and/or analgesic properties are used in a therapeutic way to treat acute infections and inflammatory conditions, particularly in humans, and could have proven lifesaving to individuals living in nature. Was the origin of such types of herbal medicine the result of animals and humans learning that specific plant parts are effective for preventing or treating certain maladies, or was the origin a result of natural selection for a behavioural predisposition to seek out and use plant parts with particular physical or chemosensory markers of efficacy? Examining the predictions and requirements of both the learned and evolutionary explanations points primarily to an evolutionary model for the origin of herbal medicine that was expanded and enhanced by learning and social transmission. The evolutionary explanation accounts for the continued use of ineffective, as well as effective, medicinal herbs and the use of medicinal herbs with toxic effects. In animals one can point to origins of the practice of herbal medicine, as well as other behavioural defences against pathogens and parasites, as analogues of many aspects of modern human medicine and health care.
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