Abir Ben Bacha

University of Sfax | US · Department of Life Sciences

A novel protease inhibitor isolated from date palm Phoenix dactylifera(L.) flowers (PIDF) was purified and characterized. A heat and acidic treatment step followed by ethanol precipitation and reverse-phase high-performance chromatography was applied to purify this natural protease inhibitor to homogeneity with a single band of about 19 kDa. The st...

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal that results in many toxic issues. Urtica pilulifera showed potential pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the possible ameliorative mechanism of Urtica pilulifera leaves extract (UPLE) against hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in mice. Methods: In vitro phytochemi...

The study of amino acid interactions in the active site of scorpion venom phospholipases A2 could help to gain insights into the structure–function relationship and the biological activities of the enzyme. In the secreted phospholipase A2 of Scorpio maurus venom glands, Glutamate 63 and Tyrosine 122 amino acids play critical roles in the catalytic...

A novel thermoactive phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLCBs) was identified from Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from a soil sample from an olive oil mill. Enhanced PLCBs production was observed after 10 h of incubation at 55 °C in a culture medium containing 1 mM of Zn2+ with an 8% inoculum size and 6 g/L glucose and 4/L yeast...

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most common pollutants in natural foods and agricultural crops. It can cause chronic and severe health issues in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transgenerational effects of FB1 exposure on the structure and function of the kidneys in o...

Oxidative stress, COX-2, LDHA and hyperglycemia are interlinked contributing pathways in the etiology, progression and metastasis of colon cancer. Additionally, dysregulated apoptosis in cells with genetic alternations leads to their progression in malignant transformation. Therefore, quinazolinones 3a–3h and 5a–5h were synthesized and evaluated as...

Secreted phospholipases A2 are snake-venom proteins with many biological activities, notably anti-tumor activity. Phospholipases from the same snake type but different geographical locations have shown similar biochemical and biological activities with minor differences in protein sequences. Thus, the discovery of a new phospholipase A2 with unique...

This work describes the enzymatic transesterification of the oil extracted from SCGs for synthesis of biodiesel as a promising alternative to diesel fuels based on petroleum. Biocatalysts from various sources were tested for biodiesel synthesis using coffee oil among which CaCO3- immobilized Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus stearothermophilus sho...

Background Males are more likely to develop autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder than females are, although the mechanisms underlying male vulnerability are not fully understood. Therefore, studying the role of autism etiologies considering sex differences in the propionic acid (PPA) rodent model of autism would build greater understanding of ho...

Rodent models may help investigations on the possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gut microbiota since autistic patients frequently manifested gastrointestinal troubles as co-morbidities. Thirty young male rats were divided into five groups: Group 1 serves as control; Group 2, bee pollen and probiotic-treated; and Group 3, propi...

oil fungi are a wide range of microorganisms that play an essential role in enhancing the available nutrients in the soil for plants. In the current study, to study the fungal association with newly reclaimed land in Egypt, 22 composite soil samples were screened and characterized from citrus and olive orchard soil in contrast to a control soil tha...

The link between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a neurodevelopmental condition, which is clinically presented as significant delays or deviations in interaction and communication, has provided a fresh point of view and signals that nutrition may play a role in the etiology of ASD, as well as playing an effective role in treatment b...

Biodiesel is one of the important biofuels as an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuels. In the current study, enzymatic transesterification reaction was carried out for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and experimental conditions were optimized, in order to reach maximum biodiesel yield. Bacillus stearothermophilus and...

Traditional wastewater treatments involve expensive mechanical and physiochemical methods, so researchers have been developing cost-effective, sustainable technologies that use enzymes to produce higher quality effluents and recover more energy and nutrients from wastewater. A thermostable, alkaline, and solvent-tolerant lipase was partially purifi...

This study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic potency of bee pollen and probiotic mixture on brain intoxication caused by propionic acid (PPA) in juvenile rats. Five groups of six animals each, were used: the control group only receiving phosphate-buffered saline; the bee pollen and probiotic-treated group receiving a combination of a...

In this study, we will present an efficient and selective adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The silica-based adsorbent is functionalized by 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (SiN-imd-py) and the characterization was carried out by applying various techniques including FT-IR, SEM, TGA and elemental analysi...

Colorectal cancer oncogenesis is linked to dysbiosis, oxidative stress and overexpression of CDK2. The 4H-pyran scaffold is considered an antitumoral, antibacterial and antioxidant lead as well as a CDK2 inhibitor. Herein, certain 4H-pyran derivatives were evaluated as antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents against HCT-116 cells. Derivativ...

The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial potential and insecticide effects against C. maculates insect larvae were also studied. The α-amylase inhibitor was extracted in methanol (with an inhibitory ac...

Secretory group V phospholipase A2 (PLA2-V) is known to be involved in inflammatory processes in cellular studies, nevertheless, the biochemical and the enzymatic characteristics of this important enzyme have been unclear yet. We reported, as a first step towards understanding the biochemical properties, catalytic characteristics, antimicrobial and...

Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex process, which is linked to dysregulation of human secretory phospholipases A2 (hsPLA2-G-IIA, hsPLA2-G-V, and hsPLA2-G-X), proteases (cathepsin-B, collagenase, thrombin, elastase, and trypsin), carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and free radical generating enzyme (xanthine oxidored...

1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) hold a top-notch position in the pharmaceutical world due to a broader spectrum of applications, whereas the carboxylic moiety has been an integral part of the physiological world, effective food preservatives, and antimicrobial agents. Seeking the enormous potential and applications of these two classes, we worked t...

Annona squamosa L. is an important medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Different parts of A. squamosa L. have various therapeutic effects; however, the anticancer activity of the leaves has not yet been identified. In vitro, MTT, nuclear staining, and LDH assays were used to evaluate cell survival and...

The current work involves the synthesis of 2,2′-(6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(hydrazin-2-yl-1-ylidene))bis(methanylylidene))diphenol 4, characterization, and the DFT studies of the reported compound. The crystal unit cell parameters of 4 are a = 8.1139(2) Å, b = 11.2637(2) Å, c = 45.7836(8) Å. The unit cell volume is 4184.28(15) Å...

Initiation of colorectal carcinogenesis may be induced by chromosomal instability caused by oxidative stress or indirectly by bacterial infections. Moreover, proliferating tumor cells are characterized by reprogrammed glucose metabolism, which is associated with upregulation of PDK1 and LDHA enzymes. In the present study, some 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroben...

Brain inflammation and apoptosis play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Probiotics have been shown to confer protection against many stresses, including apoptosis and inflammation, by modulating the gut function. The short-chain fatty acid, propionic acid (PPA), plays an important intermediate of cellular me...

The present study investigated the combined effects of mixed probiotic and bee pollen on brain intoxication induced by propionic acid (PPA) in rat pups. Thirty western albino rats were divided into five groups, six animals each: (1) Control group receiving phosphate‐buffered saline; (2) Probiotic and bee pollen‐treated group being administered at t...

The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is a multifactorial process. Dysbiosis and the overexpression of COX‑2 and LDHA are important effectors in the initiation and development of the disease through chromosomal instability, PGE2 biosynthesis, and induction of the Warburg effect, respectively. Herein, we report the in vitro testing of some new quino...

This study was conducted to identify a new alkaline and thermophilic protease (Ba.St.Pr) produced from Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from olive oil mill sols and to evaluate its culture conditions, including temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources, and incubation time. The optimum culture conditions for cell growth (10 g/L) and protease...

In this study, the chemical compositions of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Origanum syriacum and Salvia lanigera were identified based on GC-MS spectrometric analyses. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of the different extracts was evaluated by determining the membrane stabilization of human red blood cells and the perce...

We aimed in the current study, the identification of a marine bacterial amylase produced by Bacillus pacificus, which was associated with Turbinaria ornata. Cultural conditions were optimized for the highest amylase production on Tryptic soy broth media supplemented with starch 1% at initial pH 9, 55 °C for 24 h. The newly purified amylase was char...

Many venomous species, especially snakes, contain a variety of secreted phospholipases A2 that contribute to venom toxicity and prey digestion. We characterized a novel highly toxic phospholipase A2 of group II, WaPLA2-II, from the snake venom of Saudi Walterinnesia aegyptia (W. aegyptia). The enzyme was purified using a reverse phase C18 column. I...

The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and biochemical characterization of a protein protease inhibitor from Conyzadioscoridis. Antimicrobial potential and cytotoxic effects were also examined. The protease inhibitor was extracted in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6–7). Then, the protease inhibitor, named PDInhibitor,...

Plants of the Euphorbia genus present a wide range of therapeutic applications. This study is aimed at investigating new antidigestive enzyme agents from Euphorbia cyparissias through inhibition of lipid and carbohydrate absorption, to evaluate their potential applications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Lipase, phospholipase, protease, α-...

Background Lipid homeostasis and gut flora can be related to many metabolic diseases, especially autism. Lipid metabolism in the brain can control neuronal structure and function and can also take part in signal transduction pathways to control metabolism in peripheral tissues, especially in the liver. Impaired phospholipid metabolism promotes oxid...

: Annona squamosa L. is an important medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Different parts of A. squamosa L. have various therapeutic effects; however, the anticancer activity of the leaves has not yet been identified. In vitro, MTT, nuclear staining, and LDH assays were used to evaluate cell survival a...

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders the prevalence of which has been in the rise in the past decade. In an attempt to better target the basic causes of ASD for diagnosis and treatment, efforts to identify reliable biomarkers related to the body’s metabolism are increasing. Despi...

The current study evaluated the protective and therapeutic potency of bee pollen in ameliorating the toxic effects of methylmercury (MeHg), by measuring certain biochemical parameters related to neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and glutamate excitotoxicity in the male neonate brain. Healthy, pregnant female rats (N = 40) were random...

Some new 3H-quinazolin-4-one derivatives were synthesised and screened for anticancer, antiphospholipases, antiproteases, and antimetabolic syndrome activities. Compound 15d was more potent in reducing the cell viabilities of HT-29 and SW620 cells lines to 38%, 36.7%, compared to 5-FU which demonstrated cell viabilities of 65.9 and 42.7% respective...

The molecular structure aspects of 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene) -6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one 3 and 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)- 8-methoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[h]quinazoline-2-thione 5 were investigated using spectroscopic analyses and DFT calculations. The calculated geometric parameters of the most stable isomer of 3...

The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of probiotics on brain intoxication induced by clindamycin and propionic acid (PPA) in hamsters. Fifty golden Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into five experimental groups of ten animals each: (A) control group receiving phosphate buffered saline; (B) oral buffered PPA-treated group being...

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The family name of the fourth author listed in the title was incorrect, and the correct name is Nadine Moubayed, as noted in the addresses. Her name is now corrected in the author group of this article.

Many enzymes are involved in numerous pathologies which are related to metabolic reactions and inflammatory diseases such as pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase and secreted phospholipases A2 (Group IIA, V and X), respectively. Therefore, inhibiting these enzymes offer the potential to block production of more inflammat...

This study describes the biochemical properties of Staphylococcus aureus lipase immobilized by physical adsorption to assess its role in the biodegradation of oils in the Wadi Hanifah River. After optimization of the immobilization conditions, the recovered enzyme activity was 95% with appreciable increase in stability. The immobilized and free lip...

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the central nervous system (CNS), and alterations of the gut microbiota composition due to environmental factors can contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal modeling may help to identify drugs that can normalize the altered gut microbiota and thereby ameliorate abno...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-behavioral syndrome with a broad spectrum of different mechanisms and etiologies that are caused by abnormal brain development. To date, no highly reliable and effective diagnostic biomarker to assess ASD is available so far. The present study investigated the predictivity potential of some suggested marker...

MeHg is a widely distributed environmental toxicant with harmful effects on the developing and adult nervous system. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and protective efficacy of pollen grain in improving the toxic effects of MeHg, through the measurement of selected biochemical parameters linked to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, an...

A novel non-toxic phospholipase A2 was purified to homogeneity in a single chromatography step from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia, a monotypic elapid snake caught in Saudi Arabia, and its antimicrobial and hemolytic properties were evaluated as well. This enzyme, namely WaPLA2, is a homodimer with an estimated molecular mass of 30 kDa, and it...

The gut and the liver are closely linked to each other, as changes in the gut microbiota can play a significant role in the development of many liver diseases. Gut bacteria respond rapidly to changes in diet and thus can affect the liver through their metabolites. The impact of a high lipid diet on the liver in the presence of an altered gut flora...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is behaviorally defined by social and communication impairments and restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. There is currently no biomarkers that can help in the diagnosis. Several studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly involved in ASD pathophysiology, b...

Elevated blood glucose and increased activities of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are strongly linked to coronary heart disease. In this report, our goal was to develop small heterocyclic compound that inhibit sPLA2. The title compounds were also tested against a-glucosidase and a-amylase. This array of enzymes was selected due to their implicat...

Protease inhibitors from plants are well known to be potent inhibitors of the growth of bacteria, fungi, and even certain viruses which make them excellent candidates for use as the lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents for applications in medicine. In this study, Rhamnus frangula was selected as a protease inhibitor sour...

Some novel hydrazone derivatives 6a–o were synthesized from the key intermediate 4-Chloro-N-(2-hydrazinocarbonyl-phenyl)-benzamide 5 and characterized using IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The inhibitory potential against two secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2), three protease enzymes and eleven bacterial strains w...

An extracellular lipase of a newly isolated S. aureus strain ALA1 (SAL4) was purified from the optimized culture medium. The SAL4 specific activity determined at 60 °C and pH 12 by using olive oil emulsion or TC4, reached 7215 U/mg and 2484 U/mg, respectively. The 38 NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme starting with two extra am...

In this study, a new strain, ALA1, was identified as Staphylococcus aureus by biochemical tests, and its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence was isolated from dromedary milk. ALA1 lipase production was optimized in shake flask experiments and measured with varying pH (3-11), temperature (20-55 °C) and substrate concentrations. The maximum lipase production...

Lipases are the enzymes of choice for laundry detergent industries, owing to their triglyceride removing ability from the soiled fabric, which eventually reduces the usage of phosphate-based chemical cleansers in the detergent formulation. In this study, a novel thermo-alkaline lipase-producing strain identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus was i...

Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (group IIA sPLA2) is known to display potent Gram-positive bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo. We have analyzed the bactericidal activity of the full set of native stingray and dromedary groups V, IIA, and IB sPLA2s on several Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The rank order potency among both mari...

Abstract Certain new 3H-quinazolin-4-one Schiff's bases were synthesized and screened for their activities against ulcerative colitis "UC". Their activity against phospholipase A2 and protease enzymes was also investigated. Some compounds possessed remarkable effect with different potentials against acetic acid-induced colitis model in rats. Compou...

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate both prophylactic and curative anti-ulcerative colitis activity and the possible mechanism of action of seven desert plant extracts. Seven desert plants from different families; Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. (Asteraceae), Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorpiaceae), Origanum syriacum L. and Salvia lanige...

In the present study, we have purified the group V phospholipase from the heart of cartilaginous fish stingray Dasyatis pastinaca and compared its biochemical properties with group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) and IB (sPLA2-IB) phospholipases previously purified from pancreas and intestine, respectively. Group V phospholipase (sPLA2-V) was purified to homogenei...

Nanotechnology involves the creation and manipulation of materials at nanoscale levels (1-100 nm) to create products that exhibit novel properties. While this motivation has driven nanoscience and technology in physics and engineering, it is not the main reason that nanoparticles are useful for systemic applications in the human body. The applicati...

A phospholipase A2 belonging to IIA group secretory PLA2 was isolated and purified to homogeneity from the intestine of common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) using acidic treatment (pH 1.5) and ammonium sulphate precipitation methods combined with single-column ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to be a glycosylated monomeric...

We purified a protein from the dromedary small intestine that displayed potent bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, and identified it as group-IIA phospholipase A2 (DrPLA2-IIA) by NH2-terminal sequencing and enzymatic measurements. In fact, our findings revealed that the purified PLA2-IIA was a monomeric protein with a molecular ma...

The best known physiologic function of secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) group IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) is defense against bacterial infection through hydrolytic degradation of bacterial membrane phospholipids. In fact, sPLA(2)-IIA effectively kills Gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent Gram-negative bacteria and is considered a major componen...

Stingray phospholipase A(2) group IIA (SPLA(2)-IIA) was recently isolated and purified to homogeneity from the intestine of the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in systemic bactericidal defense. The present study showed that SPLA(2)-IIA was highly bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria wit...

Recent clinical observations suggest that certain gut and dietary factors may transiently worsen symptoms in autism. Propionic acid (PA) is a short chain fatty acid and an important intermediate of cellular metabolism. Although PA has several beneficial biological effects, its accumulation is neurotoxic. Two groups of young Western albino male rats...

Bacillus subtilis strain 14B was used to produce a novel antimicrobial peptide (bacteriocin) called Bac 14B. Pure bacteriocin was obtained after heat and acidic treatments (80°C and pH 4), precipitation by ammonium sulfate, and chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and Mono Q Sepharose columns. Based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, purified Bac...

We examined whether plasma concentrations of amyloid beta (Aβ) as protein derivatives play a central role in the etiology of autistic features. Concentrations of human Aβ (1-42), Aβ (1-40), and Aβ (40/42) in the plasma of 52 autistic children (aged 3-16 years) and 36 age-matched control subjects were determined by using the ELISA technique and were...

We purified to homogeneity and characterized a heat stable thioredoxin which catalyzes thiol/disulfide exchange reaction, for the first time from dromedary pancreas. The purification involved heat and acidic treatment (90 °C; pH 2.5), precipitation by ammonium sulphate and ethanol, respectively followed by sequential column chromatography reverse H...

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by social and emotional deficits, language impairments and stereotyped behaviors that manifest in early postnatal life. This study aims to clarify the relationship amongst absolute and relative concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and/or proinflammatory and proapoptotic biomarkers. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg...

This study aims to clarify the relationship between blood Pb(2+) concentration as a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and plasma neurotransmitters as biochemical parameters that reflect brain function in Saudi autistic patients. RBC's lead content together with plasma concentration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (D...

Mammalian GIB-PLA2 are well characterized. In contrast, much less is known about aquatic ones. The aquatic world contains a wide variety of living species and, hence represents a great potential for discovering new lipolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to check some biochemical and structural properties of a marine stingray phospholipase A2...

Pancreatic colipase is a required co-factor for pancreatic lipase, being necessary for its activity during hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in the presence of bile salts. In the intestine, colipase is cleaved from a precursor molecule, procolipase, through the action of trypsin. This cleavage yields a peptide called enterostatin knoswn, being pr...

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by social and emotional deficits, language impairments and stereotyped behaviors that manifest in early postnatal life. This study aims to compare the relative concentrations of essential fatty acids (Linoleic and α- linolenic), their long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids in plasma...

Autism is a family of developmental disorders of unknown origin. The disorder is characterized by behavioral, developmental, neuropathological and sensory abnormalities, and is usually diagnosed between the ages of 2 and 10 with peak prevalence rates observed in children aged 5-8 years. Recently, there has been heightened interest in the role of pl...

We purified a novel, thermoactive pectate lyase (Pel), designated Pel1, from the hyperpectinolytic mutant (CT1) of Penicillium occitanis using single-step, anion-exchange chromatography. The purified Pel1 had a pI of 6.5 and a molecular mass of approximately 39 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The activity of Pel1 was assayed in the presence of severa...

Mammalian sPLA2-IB are well characterized. In contrast, much less is known about aquatic ones. The aquatic world contains a wide variety of living species and, hence represents a great potential for discovering new lipolytic enzymes. A marine stingray phospholipase A2 (SPLA2) was purified from delipidated pancreas. Purified SPLA2, which is not glyc...

Lipid and myoglobin oxidation are major causes of meat quality deterioration during storage of fresh chicken meat. Our objective is to determine the effects of dietary -tocopherol supplementation on lipid and colour stability of fresh chicken thigh meat exposed in a supermarket shopwindow or stored in a refrigerator. Chickens were fed with diets co...

Lipases share an overall alpha/beta hydrolase fold structure characteristic of serine hydrolases. Nevertheless, each lipases group possesses its characteristic 3-D structure and catalytic properties. The purified N-terminal truncated forms of a pancreatic (from ostrich) and a fungal (from Rhizopus oryzae, ROL32) (sayari et al., 2005) lipases displa...

A marine snail digestive phospholipase A2 (mSDPL) was purified from delipidated hepatopancreas. Unlike known digestive phospholipases A2, which are 14 kDa proteins, the purified mSDPL has a molecular mass of about 30 kDa. It has a specific activity of about 180 U/mg measured at 50 degrees C and pH 8.5 using phosphatidylcholine liposomes as a substr...

Crab digestive phospholipase (CDPL) was purified from the hepatopancreas of Carcinus mediterraneus crabs. Homogeneous enzyme was obtained after two chromatography steps: anion exchange and size exclusion HPLC column. Homogeneous CDPL has a molecular mass of 14 kDa as determined by SDS/PAGE analysis. Unlike known digestive phospholipases like porcin...

Chicken pancreatic phospholipase A(2) (ChPLA(2)) was purified from delipidated pancreases using ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitation, followed by sequential column chromatography steps on MonoQ Sepharose and size exclusion HPLC columns. ChPLA(2) was found to be a nonglycosylated monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 14 kDa and a specific...