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The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial potential and insecticide effects against C. maculates insect larvae were also studied. The α-amylase inhibitor was extracted in methanol (with an inhibitory ac...
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... root extracts processed 33%, followed by the fruit, flower, and seed aqueous extract, with 23%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The resulting soluble crude extracts prepared in methanol showed the maximum α-amylase inhibitor activity (65.6% ± 4.93), which was followed by that prepared in hexane (52.3% ± 2.5) (Figure 1). Much less amylase inhibitor activity was found with extracts prepared in distilled water, ethylene acetate, and ethanol, with inhibition rates of 43.3% ± 2.3, 36% ± 2.6, and 33% ± 2.6, respectively. ...
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... resulting soluble crude extracts prepared in methanol showed the maximum α-amylase inhibitor activity (65.6% ± 4.93), which was followed by that prepared in hexane (52.3% ± 2.5) (Figure 1). Much less amylase inhibitor activity was found with extracts prepared in distilled water, ethylene acetate, and ethanol, with inhibition rates of 43.3% ± 2.3, 36% ± 2.6, and 33% ± 2.6, respectively. ...
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... purification flow sheet is summarized in Table 2. Figure 2A represents the elution profile of gel filtration through a Sephadex G-50 column (2.5 × 100 cm) equilibrated with a 0.1 Μ Tris-HCL buffer, pH 8, containing 0.2 Μ α-Amylase inhibitory activity (%) Figure 1. α-Amylase inhibitor activity extracted from Moringa oleifera using different solvents. ...
Citations
... According to their sources and structures, researchers have divided them into seven types: the knottin-like type, the cereal type, the γ-thionin-like type, the thaumatin-like type, the Kunitz type, and the lectin-like type [24]. Amazingly, proteinaceous inhibitors from plants are extensively present in cereals, such as barley and wheat, but also in leguminosae, such as cowpea and pigeon pea [25][26][27]. Vegetative insecticidal protein (VIP) is now being applied for transgenic expression in several crops, conferring resistance against lepidopteron pests [28]. Vegetative insecticidal protein (VIP) is a group of insecticidal proteins created by some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative phase of their growth, and it has been proved that expression of VIP within the cells in the shape of inclusion bodies would improve the development of an appropriate formulation for the utilization of this type of insecticidal proteins in the field [29,30]. ...
In addition to the economic losses because of insect pests, a significant part of insect pests can instantly lead to the deterioration and mildew of agricultural products, which all have great hidden hazards to human health. In view of insect pests, the principle means of control and prevention in China is spraying chemical agents. Nevertheless, spraying a large number of chemical factors to control insect pests for a long time will not only have a consequential impact on the ecological environment , but also make insect pests boost resistance, and because a large number of chemical residues on the surface of crops will also have an unfavourable impact on the human body. The detection and application of insecticidal proteins are of great significance for the progress of modern insecti-cidal science. This article studies the research progress of insecticidal proteins and considering their target pests, lists their common insecticidal utilization scenarios, and anticipates the development direction of insecticidal proteins in the future.
... Moreover, since insects have diverse food habits, they have a plethora of digestive enzymes that some pesticides as potent inhibitors could target. For instance, inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme in stored product pests that mainly feed on grains could be suitable to combat these pests and prevent their damage [22]. Owing to hazardous complications for producers, consumers, and the environmental health of chemical insecticides (such as chlorpyrifos, methyl, malathion, phosphine, and bromide), active metabolites of EOs are considered more environmental-friendly and safer insecticidal [18]. ...
... Moringa oleifera (moringa) has been used as a traditional indigenous medicine in Asian countries against various ailments including diabetes, inflammatory and infectious diseases, cancer, asthma, infertility, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, flu, heartburn, syphilis, malaria, diarrhea, scurvy, and skin diseases (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016;Morimitsu et al., 2000;Segwatibe et al., 2023;Sreelatha & Padma, 2009). The extracts from M. oleifera have been reported for their abilities to scavenge free radicals (Santos et al., 2012;Xu, Y. B. et al., 2019), inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities (Karray et al., 2022;Magaji et al., 2020;Ogundipe et al., 2022), decrease blood glucose concentration (Tang et al., 2017), ameliorate diabetes (Sissoko et al., 2020), reduce blood pressure and cholesterol (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016) as well as prevent neurodegenerative disorders and infections (Mundkar et al., 2022;Xiao et al., 2020). ...
Extracts from powders of geminated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.), Moringa oleifera, and Cordyceps militaris were combined in various ratios and their health-beneficial properties were investigated. All combined extracts exerted the synergistic effects on antioxidant activity as well as inhibitions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Extract formulas T4 (70% germinated brown jasmine rice, 20% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) and T2 (80% germinated brown jasmine rice, 10% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) elicited the significantly highest antioxidant activity and the significantly highest inhibition against α-glucosidase, respectively. Both formulas exhibited the significantly highest inhibition against α-amylase. As compared to each other, extract formulas T4 and T2 possessed the higher glucose consumption-promoting and antiinflammatory activities, respectively. Both formulas were not toxic to normal RAW-264.7 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells. Bioactive compounds with health-supporting properties were identified using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These combined extracts can be promising therapeutic food.
... Two important genes related to resistance to herbivore insects were AAI (alphaamylase inhibitor) and TI (trypsin inhibitor) genes. Alpha-amylase inhibitors and trypsin inhibitors are inhibitory compounds that hinder the activity of amylase and proteinase enzymes in the digestive tract of insects; thus, they can inhibit the breakdown of starch into simpler carbohydrate molecules and proteins to be used in the insect metabolic system as an energy source (Siregar et al. 2021;Karray et al. 2022). In the case of resistance against gall rust disease, Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 13 plays a role in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway (Jeong et al. 2017). ...
... WRKY transcription factor 11 and WRKY transcription factor 40 respond positively to plant defense against pathogens (Jiang et al. 2016;Lee et al. 2018). NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Kant et al. 2019) and Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase have been reported to increase plant susceptibility to pathogens. Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase regulates auxin, stimulating excessive cell division and causing tumor swelling (Li et al. 2022). ...
... When plant cells detect pathogen invasion, they often undergo programmed cell death to limit pathogen spread. Disruptions to the function of the ETC pathway can interfere with this process and impair the plant's ability to limit pathogen infection (Kant et al. 2019) effectively. ...
Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) plantations in Indonesia are threatened by attacks from Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease. Controlling pests and diseases is difficult; therefore, planting resistant trees obtained from tree selection programs is necessary. Currently, genomic breeding often incorporates GWAS, which uses thousands of SNP markers to identify markers with significant associations with the traits studied. This study aimed to bypass such expensive studies by identifying and developing SNP markers from sequences of putative resistance genes to Boktor stem borer and gall rust disease, identified from sengon transcriptomic data analysis. A total of 496,194 putative SNP sites were identified from transcriptomic sequences using the SAMtools and BFCtools programs, of which 119 SNP sites were associated with resistance genes. Of the 101 non-synonymous SNPs selected, only 12 were located in the conserved domain of each gene and were used for primer design. Of the 13 primers designed, only 10 were successfully amplified. Validation of 10 developed SNP markers on 100 sengon accessions using the HRM method confirmed a significant association between SNP markers and resistance traits, with a -log 10 (P-value) between 10.49 and 16.63. A few SNPs markers developed from putative resistance gene sequences are associated with resistance traits in sengon. Therefore, the SNP markers could be applied in selection programs for sengon trees resistant to Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease.
Enhancing the nutritional value of commonly consumed, cost-effective staple foods, such as bread and biscuits, by fortifying them with Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) and its phenolic-rich extract holds substantial potential for addressing malnutrition. This study evaluated the phenolic extract from MOLP obtained through Soxhlet extraction, focusing on its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. The resulting extract exhibited a total phenolic content (TPC) of 138.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g. The ABTS and DPPH assays presented IC 50 values of 115.2 mg/L and 544.0 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the extract displayed notable α-amylase inhibition and no cytotoxicity towards human fibroblasts. The primary phenolic compounds identified were catechin, epicatechin, and caffeic acid. Subsequently, MOLP and its extract were incorporated into bread and biscuits, replacing 5% of wheat flour, resulting in fortified functional foods. The fortified products exhibited improved TPC and antioxidant activity compared to the non-fortified foods. Furthermore, they displayed the ability to inhibit microbial growth, leading to an extended shelf life. Sensory analysis indicated that the products incorporated with the extract were preferred over those with MOLP. These results have demonstrated the viability of using MOLP and its phenolic-rich extract as an environmentally sustainable strategy for enhancing the quality of cereal-based products.
The rising predominance of type 2 diabetes, combined with the poor medical effects seen with commercially available anti-diabetic medications, has motivated the development of innovative treatment approaches for regulating postprandial glucose levels. Natural carbohydrate digestion enzyme inhibitors might be a viable option for blocking dietary carbohydrate absorption with fewer side effects than manufactured medicines. Alpha-amylase is a metalloenzyme that facilitates digestion by breaking down polysaccharides into smaller molecules such as maltose and maltotriose. It also contributes to elevated blood glucose levels and postprandial hyperglycemia. As a result, scientists are being urged to target α-amylase and create inhibitors that can slow down the release of glucose from carbohydrate chains and prolong its absorption, thereby resulting in lower postprandial plasma glucose levels. Natural α-amylase inhibitors derived from plants have gained popularity as safe and cost-effective alternatives. The bioactive components responsible for the inhibitory actions of various plant extracts have been identified through phytochemical research, paving the way for further development and application. The majority of the findings, however, are based on in vitro investigations. Only a few animal experiments and very few human investigations have confirmed these findings. Despite some promising results, additional investigation is needed to develop feasible anti-diabetic drugs based on plant-derived pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors. This review summarizes the most recent findings from research on plant-derived pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors, including plant extracts and plant-derived bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it offers insights into the structural aspects of the crucial therapeutic target, α-amylases, in addition to their interactions with inhibitors.
Evolutionary dynamics of AP2/ERF and WRKY genes, the major components of defense response were studied extensively in the sesame pan-genome. Massive variation was observed for gene copy numbers, genome location, domain structure, exon-intron structure and protein parameters. In the pan-genome, 63% of AP2/ERF members were devoid of introns whereas >99% of WRKY genes contained multiple introns. AP2 subfamily was found to be micro-exon rich with the adjoining intronic sequences sharing sequence similarity to many stress-responsive and fatty acid metabolism genes. WRKY family included extensive multi-domain gene fusions where the additional domains significantly enhanced gene and exonic sizes as well as gene copy numbers. The fusion genes were found to have roles in acquired immunity, stress response, cell and membrane integrity as well as ROS signaling. The individual genomes shared extensive synteny and collinearity although ecological adaptation was evident among the Chinese and Indian accessions. Significant positive selection effects were noticed for both micro-exon and multi-domain genes. Splice variants with changes in acceptor, donor and branch sites were common and 6-7 splice variants were detected per gene. The study ascertained vital roles of lipid metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesis in the defense response and stress signaling pathways. 60% of the studied genes localized in the nucleus while 20% preferred chloroplast. Unique cis-element distribution was noticed in the upstream promoter region with MYB and STRE in WRKY genes while MYC was present in the AP2/ERF genes. Intron-less genes exhibited great diversity in the promoter sequences wherein the predominance of dosage effect indicated variable gene expression levels. Mimicking the NBS-LRR genes, a chloroplast localized WRKY gene, Swetha_24868, with additional domains of chorismate mutase, cAMP and voltage-dependent potassium channel was found to act as a master regulator of defense signaling, triggering immunity and reducing ROS levels.
