S A Birk's research while affiliated with University of Illinois at Chicago and other places
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Publications (101)
Twenty-nine menstrual age women who had a hysterectomy and oophorectomy were treated cyclically with 80 micrograms of mestranol per day for 2 yr. Their carbohydrate metabolism was evaluated prospectively by doing a 3 hr oral glucose tolerance test after a 100 g glucose load and measuring both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. The tests were...
Fifteen women with prior twin pregnancies and 20 women with prior singleton pregnancies were investigated in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycles. Measurements were made of their basal LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels as well as their LH and FSH responses to serial graded (0.5 microgram, 5.0 microg...
A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was done in 12 normal women over 1 year's time while they were using the low-estrogen type of oral contraceptive Brevicon, which contains 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.5 mg of norethindrone. The women had a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test before starting the drug and then in 12 months, both bl...
Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in 18 women before and after 3 months' use of a low-estrogen oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg of ethinylestradiol and 0.5 mg of norethindrone. There was no significant change in either of these two metabolic parameters. In addition, the blood pressures...
Three-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were done before and after one year of use of a low-estrogen-type oral contraceptive (OC) in 14 women. The drug contained 0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.4 mg norethindrone. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. During the year there were no significant changes in the subjects' weights, wherea...
Metabolic studies were done on 41 women who were using an inert plastic intrauterine device (IUD). They each had a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test done after the IUD was inserted and then again one year later. The fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were also measured. The fasting blood glucose value was slightly elevated afte...
Studies of carbohydrate metabolism were conducted before and after 18 months of daily use of a 0.075-mg norgestrel preparation by 50 "normal" women. Each study involved a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test. There was a significant increase in the weights of the women over the time of study. In addition, all of the plasma insulin values and all of t...
Prospective studies of carbohydrate metabolism were performed by means of an oral glucose tolerance test in 29 women. The studies were performed before and after 3 months of treatment with an oral contraceptive that contained 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.4 mg of norethindrone. The 24 women with a "normal" control test had no significant alte...
Carbohydrate metabolism was evaluated in 24 women with a twin pregnancy and 24 women with a singleton pregnancy. The groups were of similar age, parity, weight, and gestational age. In each woman an intravenous glucose tolerance test was done using a 25-g glucose load in the last half of gestation. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were...
Fetal movements were directly visualized with a real-time ultrasound unit, and they were recorded after the random intravenous administration of either glucose or saline solution to the mother. A significant increase in fetal activity was seen 1 hour after the administration of glucose.
The lymphocyte HLA types were determined for 13 women, who were then separated into a subgroup of those having a "high" risk for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (B8, B15, AW30) and a "low-risk" subgroup (B7, BW35). A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted on each woman before starting on oral contraceptives (OC) and then 6 months afte...
PIP
47 volunteer women were investigated to assess hypothalamic-pititary-ovarian functions under different types of contraception. 20 women were on mechanical contraception; 17 were on SOC (standard oral contraception) with 50 mg of estrogen; 10 were on LEOC (low-estrogen oral contraceptive) with 35 mg of ethnyl estradiol. Measurement of basal bloo...
Sequential intravenous injections of 0.5, 5.0 and 50 μgm of gonadotropin releasing factor (GNRF) were made in eight women before and after six months of use of low-estrogen type oral contraceptive (OC) containing 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 0.4 mgm of Norethindrone. Measurements of basal gonadal steroid showed no difference in the levels...
Three perinatal health indicators (serum human placental lactogen [hPL] levels, serum free estriol [E3] levels, and OCT) were simultaneously completed in 149 high-risk women who were more than 34 weeks pregnant. There was a significant correlation between the hPL and E3 results (r = 0.28, p less than 0.01). There was a 15.4% positive OCT result rat...
A prospective study of pituitary gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) was made in women before and after 3 months of use of a low-estrogen type oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg of ethinylestradiol and 0.4 mg of norethindrone. A series of three intravenous GnRF injections (0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 micrograms) was given in ea...
Twenty-seven men attending an infertility clinic received detailed studies of their ejaculate and carbohydrate metabolism. The latter was done using a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a 100-gm glucose load and measuring both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. There was no significant difference in either the blood glucose or the plasma...
A questionnaire was sent to all chairpersons in obstetrics and gynecology departments in United States Medical Schools in the fall of 1977 seeking information on the school's support of that department for the year 1977 in terms of space and dollar commitments. A total of 113 schools were contacted; 106 responded (93.8%) and the data were tabulated...
Twenty-nine women with premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) drug group. The 2 groups were of similar age, parity, weight, gestational age, and cervical change at the onset of treatment. They were treated sequentially with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral drugs and monitored carefully during therapy....
Twenty-four women were prospectively evaluated for their carbohydrate metabolic status before and after six months of using an oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.4 mg of norethindrone. At each testing, a 100-gm oral glucose load was administered and blood glucose and plasma insulin values were measured over a three-hour...
Seventy-eight amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis and were analyzed for their L/S ratio and optical density at 400 and 650 nm. The L/S ratio was considered to be mature if the values were greater than 2.0. The optical density of the fluids decreased with prolonged refrigeration. With freshly centrifuged samples, the...
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was evaluated in 31 women before and after 1 year's use of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine device. The studies involved measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test and also measuring fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was no change in the chole...
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was evaluated in 31 women before and after 1 year's use of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine device. The studies involved measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test and also measuring fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was no change in the chole...
Forty-four women were prospectively evaluated with a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test while they used a new weekly oral contraceptive drug, R2323. The blood tests were carried out before the drug was administered and again 3 months after its use. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. In the 40 women with a "normal" control g...
Seventy-one women with menstrual irregularities were investigated by measurement of basal plasma estradiol, prolactin, and gonadotropin levels. They were each given an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured for two hours....
Serum human placental lactogen (hPL) levels were measured in duplicate with a radioimmunoassay in 206 serum samples at 30 and 36 weeks' gestation from women with normal singleton pregnancies (75) or pregnancies with twins (37). One triplet pregnancy was also studied. The results show a significant elevation of hPL in the women with twin pregnancies...
PIP
The recent development of steroids such as R2323 which are administered once a week potentially improves patient usage since daily motivation is not required. However, other steroid contraceptives have been associated with alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, the effects of R2323 on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were moni...
Twenty-nine women in premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) treatment group. Thirteen serial blood samples were drawn during the first 12 hours of therapy by intravenous drug infusion and they were analyzed for a variety of metabolic substances. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose level...
A prospective, detailed study of both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was carried out in 35 women who used a progesterone-T type intrauterine device (IUD). A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed in each woman before the IUD was inserted and again after 6 months of use. There was no change in the patients' weight or in the fasting gluc...
A prospective study of the effects of a conjugated estrogen (Premarin, 1.25 mg.) was performed in 36 women over a 1 year period. Each subject received a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test before starting the medication and another after 1 year of use. The blood glucose levels were similar at five times during the two tests except for a significant...
A survey of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology in United States medical schools was completed for 1975, and a statistical evaluation of their resources was made. The mean data showed that the student core clerkship had a duration of 6.9 weeks and an enrollment of 17.8 students. The departments had 11.3 full-time faculty members, 69.5 obst...
The effects of an acute blood glucose increase on the capacity of the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins (luteinzing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) were studied in 21 women. Each woman received two intravenous challenges of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Between these injections the blood glucose...
Fetal head biparietal (BP) measurements by ultrasonic techniques and amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were simultaneously determined (within 2 days) on 84 occasions in 72 women. Using the criteria for maturity of an L/S ratio of 2.0 or more or a BP measurement of 9.0 cm or more, there was agreement between these test results in 66...
Representatives of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology completed a written questionnaire in 1976 designed to assess the changes that had occurred in the teaching resources of the departments for the years 1965, 1970, and 1975. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of students per clerkship during that decade. In addi...
Twenty-eight women were tested with a standard three-hour oral glucose tolerance test before and after three years of using a combination-type oral contraceptive containing mestranol and ethynodiol diacetate (Ovulen). At the three-year test time there was a significant elevation of the patients' weights and their 1-, 2-, and 3-hour blood glucose an...
A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was carried out on seven women by using an oral glucose tolerance stimulation test and measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin values over a 3-hour time period. The test was performed before and after 6 months of treatment with a "low-estrogen" oral contraceptive containing 0.4 mg of norethindrone a...
Sixteen women volunteers with menstrual irregularities were studied with an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Serial blood samples were obtained for 2 hours after the injection and assayed for their concentration of glucose, insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The...
Transabdominal amniocenteses were performed on both sacs of 14 sets of twins. In each instance one sac was marked with methylene blue to correctly identify the fluids. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was determined on each fluid, and the correlation coefficient between the two sets of fluids was 0.86. There was no significant difference in the flu...
Thirty-five women with menstrual abnormalities were given 100 microng of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) by bolus intravenous injection in an attempt to simplify and quantitate the usefulness of this test in clinical management. Peak and total gonadotropin responses are highly correlated. Peak and total LH are significantly related to...
Thirteen women with late pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus were tested with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. Each woman was then treated with 100 mg. of vitamin B6 per day for 2 weeks and the intravenous glucose tolerance test was then repeated. There was a statistically sig...
Serial serum samples (162) were drawn weekly from normal pregnant women (53) during the last month of gestation and measurements were made of the human placental lactogen (HPL) content. The women were interviewed as to their smoking habits and divided into nonsmokers (32) and smokers of from one to two packages of cigarettes per day (21). The infan...
Thirteen women with late pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus were tested with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. Each woman was then treated with 100 mg. of vitamin B6 per day for 2 weeks and the intravenous glucose tolerance test was then repeated. There was a statistically sig...
A prospective study of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was done in 43 “normal” women treated for three months with a Progesterone-T intrauterine device (IUD). A three-hour oral glucose tolerance test was done before the IUD insertion and then again three months after IUD use. There was no significant change in the blood glucose levels and the pla...
A detailed study was made of 150 women delivered of their infants within 72 hours of an amniocentesis where the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was 2.0 or greater. There were nine neonates with respiratory distress (6.0 per cent). There were two neonatal deaths, both due to severe congenital heart disease. A mature amniotic fluid L/S ratio predi...
A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted in "normal" women before and after 12 months of contraceptive treatment with daily 0.25-mg ethynodiol diacetate tablets. There was no significant change in the subjects' weight between the two tests. All but the 3-hour individual group glucose values were significantly elevated at the 1-year test,...
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied with the use of a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test in 71 women before and after one year of daily oral norgestrel, 0.075 mg., treatment. There was no significant change in weight or fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. There was a significant elevation of both the blood glucose and...
A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted in "normal" women before and after 12 months of contraceptive treatment with daily 0.25-mg ethynodiol diacetate tablets. There was no significant change in the subjects' weight between the two tests. All but the 3-hour individual group glucose values were significantly elevated at the 1-year test,...
Serum human placental lactogen levels were measured after 36 weeks' gestation in 264 serum samples from 109 women with normal pregnancies and in 137 serum samples from 70 women with pregnancies complicated by fetal intrauterine growth retardation (IGR). The fetal and placental weights were significantly lower in the IGR groups while the maternal ag...
A prospective study of lipid and carbohydrate metabolic parameters was made in 22 women who had taken a daily oral dose of 0.5 mg of megestrol acetate for contraception for 1 year. Studies of the fasting blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels demonstrated no significant change. A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and after...
A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects of the oral contraceptive norethindrone. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and 1 year after the daily oral administration of 0.35 mg of norethindrome to 31 women. Measurements were made of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides...
PIP
Pituitary prolactin has been implicated in the etiology of breast tumors. This study examines the effects of MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate) on prolactin secretion by measuring both basal and phenothiazine-stimulated plasma prolactin levels in women using MPA (n=12) and IUD (control group, n=9). The MPA group was slightly older (mean, 33.3 ye...
PIP
The Dalkon Shield (DS) and the Copper-T 200 (CT) devices were randomly inserted in 1015 women (6477 woman-months) at the University of Florida family planning clinic in the 1st year of a study from 1972-1974. None of the event rates between the 2 devices reached significant difference. The pregnancy rates tended to be lower with the CT and the...
Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured in high-risk pregnancies. A retrospective analysis of 101 gestations with a perinatal loss showed that the 71 stillbirths had abnormally low fetal-danger zone (F-D zone) HPL levels (50.7%) before the fetus died (normal smaller than 1%). With severe hypertension, 85.7% of the cases had F-D zo...
In order to evaluate the carbohydrate metabolic effects of certain drug therapies used in treating the toxemia syndrome, 75 term pregnant women were studied with two intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed 1 week apart. During the 2-hour tests, both blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. The women were randomly assigned to three trea...
155 Women who desired to use intrauterine devices (IUD) were randomly assigned to one of two IUD groups; they received either a conventional type device or a copper bearing device. The women were later brought back for an examination after wearing the device for 1 to 18 mth. An endocervical culture was performed for each woman for the detection of...
Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in 7,443 samples obtained from 1,814 pregnant women beyond their twentieth week of gestation. The pattern demonstrated by the 3,014 samples from 804 normal women confirmed the fact that abnormally low HPL values can be defined by the F-D zone (<4 μg per milliliter aft...
The frequencies of positive endocervical Neisseria gonorrheae cultures in women using a conventional or a copper-bearing-type IUD were compared. 155 women who wanted to use IUDs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 IUD groups. These women received either a conventional-type (Dalkon shield) or a copper-bearing device (copper T-200). The women were later...
The metabolic effects of the daily oral administration of 0.075 mg of Norgestrel were studied in 89 women utilizing a prospective research design. Three-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after six months of drug usage and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. In addition, fasting plasma triglyceride c...
The effects of a variety of contraceptive methods on blood pressure were studied in 78 hypertensive women for 1 yr. There was no change in blood pressure with the use of an intrauterine device. A combination type oral contraceptive (Ovulen) and two different progestogen minipills (ethynodiol diacetate and norgestrel) were all associated with a decr...
PIP
The effect of an oral contraceptive containing 1 mg of ethynodiol diacetate and .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol (Demulen) on carbohydrate metabolism was studied. 37 normal women were given glucose tolerance tests before and 6 months after treatment and determinations of blood glucose and plasma insulin were made. Mean age of patients was 22.1 years...
PIP
This paper reports a study of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in 42 women who took megestrol acetate (MA) .5 mg daily for 6 months. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, fasting plasma growth hormone and fasting plasma triglycerides were measured both before and after 6 months of MA treatment. Before each test the women were instructed to eat a high...
Blood glucose, plasma insulin, fasting plasma growth hormone and fasting plasma triglycerides were measured in 42 women during two 3 hour oral glucose tolerance tests. The first test was before they began taking 0.5 mg. megestrol acetate tablets per day and the second test was after 6 months of drug therapy. It was found that a'though the group mea...
Three hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 53 women before and after 6 months of continuous daily oral therapy with 0.35 mg. of norethindrone. Measurements were made of blood glucose and plasma insulin and triglyceride levels. It was found that the women did not change weight during treatment. There was a significant increase in both...
An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed on 110 women during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to determine the status of their carbohydrate metabolism. The neonates from these women were followed closely in the nursery. Their urine was collected and the insulin/creatinine ( I C) level was measured on 332 daily urine samples. In...
283 women were studied before and after 6 and 12 mth of using either: combination type oral contraceptives containing ethynodiol diacetate (ED) and mestranol (M) or ED and ethinyl estradiol (EE); or an intrauterine device (IUD). The fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) and insulin levels were determined. It was found that there was a similar significan...
The Dextrostix/Reflcctance Meter System for measuring blood glucose concentration was studied. The critical step in the procedure was the length of time that the blood remained in contact with the paper-bound enzyme. Hepatinized blood can be used and precision is only slightly increased by using duplicate determinations or by calibrating the instru...
283 women volunteers from the Jackson Memorial Hospital family planning clinic were studied before and after 6-12 months postpartum or poststerilization hysterectomy using either combination type oral contraceptives containing ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol or ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol; an oral progestogen ethynodiol diacetate;...
To study the mechanisms through which uterine myomas develop and grow, plasma estradiol and human growth hormone (HGH) levels were measured during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. These tests were performed before hysterectomy on 47 women with a normal or a myomatous uterus. Uterine pathology and size were compared with estrogen and HGH levels. Estrad...
Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were serially determined by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique. A total of 1,595 samples were obtained on 1,100 women with high-risk pregnancies. The infants were monitored during labor for signs of intrapartum distress. There was no relationship found between the HPL levels and the fetal heart rate...
In order to help clarify which mechanisms are responsible for the adverse effects of oral contraceptive steroids on carbohydrate metabolism, the following experiments were undertaken. Twelve women whose glucose tolerance tests had progressively deteriorated while taking steroid contraceptives were given one month of therapy with vitamin B6 with the...
PIP
To understand the effect of estrogens on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma growth hormone levels, 171 women from Jackson Memorial Hospital, Florida were tested with a 3-hour 100 Gm oral glucose tolerance test and then treated for 6 months with 1.25 mg of Premarin, .08 mg mestranol, or either .05 mg or .5 mg of ethinyl estradiol. A secon...
A prospective study to investigate the metabolic effects of the progestogen ethynodiol diacetate (ED) was conducted on 71 women (mean age 23.3 years mean parity 2.0) receiving a daily dose of .25 mg of ED. Blood levels of glucose insulin and growth hormone analyzed by radioimmunoassay techniques were measured during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance...
Serial blood pressure measurements were made on 415 women who were normotensive. They were given intrauterine devices (control), oral contraceptives, estrogens, or progestogens. In the groups tested, the estrogens tended to elevate while the progestogens lowered blood pressure. The incidence of hypertension (blood pressure of 140 90) developing aft...
In order to study the effect oF the contraceptive practice of women upon the occurrence of vaginal yeast, both a cross-sectional and a prospective study were carried out. A total of 475 vaginal cultures were taken from 251 women. The women used either a combination type (COC), or a sequential type (SOC) oral contraceptive, or an intrauterine device...
Serial AP and lateral skull X-rays were obtained from 18 women before treatment and after 12 and 24 months of treatment with either a combination or sequential type oral contraceptive. Dimensions of the sella turcica were determined without knowledge of the patients’ treatment or film dates. No significant changes were found in the size of the sell...
To define factors controlling blood levels of the placental hormone, human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), scrum levels were determined scrum by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure. A weak, but statistically significant association exists between the circulating level of HCS and the mass of placental (weight) and fetal tissue (weight). An i...
Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test performed on 91 women before and after 6 months of taking a sequential oral contraceptive containing mestranol and chlormadinone acetate. Blood samples were drawn at .5 1 2 and 3 hours. The group data showed a significant elevation of both the glucose and in...
Studies of placental human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in maternal serum were done to assess its usefulness as a placental function test. With the use of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, HCS was measured in 1,378 serum samples from 506 pregnant women. The HCS values were similar in the normal, the blood factor Rh-sensitized, and the diabetes m...
Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in sixty-seven women. Each was tested before and after twelve months of using a combination type oral contraceptive containing ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol. The fasting blood glucose values were unchanged. At one year there were significant elevations...
Studies of placental human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in maternal serum were done to assess its usefulness as a placental function test. With the use of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, HCS was measured in 1,378 serum samples from 506 pregnant women. The HCS values were similar in the normal, the blood factor Rh-sensitized, and the diabetes m...
Blood glucose, plasma pituitary growth hormone (HGH), and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 10 normal women. Each subject was tested during midpregnancy (26 weeks) and again during the late (greater than 6 weeks) postpartum period. The tests included fasting and resting blood samples and samples taken during insulin-induced hypoglycem...
Twenty subjects were tested for growth hormone (HGH) release at two different times. All developed hypoglycemia when insulin was given intravenously, and all released HGH in response to this stimulus. When oxytocin was injected intravenously, blood glucose and HGH levels did not change. It is concluded that oxytocin does not stimulate HGH release i...
PIP
To assess the effect of injectable 6 alpha-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone (MP) on carbohydrate metabolism, prospective investigations were performed on 49 women. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before the initial administration of the drug, and after 6 months of usage. Measurements were also made of blood glucose, plasma insulin, and...
Plasma human growth hormone (HGH) was measured by a radioimmunoassay method both in a fasting resting state and during an insulin-induced hypoglycemic episode. There were 35 nonlactating control and 26 lactating nursing women tested in the late postpartum period. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated in either the blood glucose...
To assess the effect of injectable 6 alpha-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone (MP) on carbohydrate metabolism prospective investigations were performed on 49 women. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before the initial administration of the drug and after 6 months of usage. Measurements were also made of blood glucose plasma insulin and plasma...
Blood pressure was prospectively studied in 57 women during pregnancy labor the late postpartum period and after 6 cycles of oral contraceptive (OC) use. The women were randomly given either a combination type (COC) or sequential type (SOC) OC. There were no significant differences between the groups in age parity weight weight gain while using OCs...
Ninety-three normal subjects were tested by means of an intravenous glucose tolerance test before taking a combination-type oral contraceptive and after one year of treatment. The blood glucose values rose slightly (Σ glucose rise 6.6 per cent) where as the plasma insulin levels rose more markedly (Σ insulin rise 35 per cent). The subjects experien...
Thirty-two normal subjects were studied before and at the end of six cycles of treatment with a combined type of oral contraceptive. The tests involved measurement of blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. It was found that the mean blood glucose values were not different in the two groups. There was e...
A double antibody radioimmunoassay procedure was set up to measure the human placental lactogen (HPL) in the blood of normal pregnant women. By the use of this technique the dynamics of this protein were studied. It was found that the content of HPL was the same in serum and plasma and that the blood content did not change with time of day, activit...
Citations
... During pregnancy, it has been found that a high level of folate, coupled with low levels of B12 is associated with gestational diabetes [75]. Conversely, B6 effectively lowers blood glucose levels among patients with gestational diabetes [76]. In addition, a study conducted by Kim et al. revealed that vitamin B6 has the potential to lower postprandial blood glucose levels after consuming sucrose and starch [77]. ...
... micrograms/ml and this was observed in the mild stage of gestational hypertension and reduced afterwards in the moderate stage of gestational hypertension. In contrast, Spellacy et al. (1971) observed that mean maternal serum concentration of HPL in mild gestational hypertension was lower than its value in moderate and severe gestational hypertension. ...
... As already mentioned, the data relating to the IGF-I refers to patients relating with EtE2 which, even at low doses, yields a hepatoceHular cffect probably higher than that of the natural estrogens current1y used in meno-pause, i.e., E2 and CEE. Although the latter do not appear to have a relevant influence on GH levels (130)(131)(132), it is possible to hypotbesize that , especially when taken orally, they also tend to have a similar action in reducing IGF-I activity, even though to a lesser degree tban EtE2. Oral CEE do not seern to interfere untavourably on insulin leve1s (133)(134)(135). ...
... It has also been suggested recently that high LH/FSH impaired insulin sensitivity resulting in elevations of blood glucose; this was confirmed in PCOS obese women [38]. In an earlier study, there found a significant increase in blood glucose when women were injected with GnRH [39]. Mild changes were found in total protein, albumin, and globulins. ...
... Both are present in the diabetic pregnancies. However we should remember that beta-adrenergic-receptor agonists elevate mater- nal blood glucose level, promote gluconeogenesis and glycolysis (Caldwell et al. 1987;Spellacy et al. 1978). We cannot exclude that transient maternal hyperglyce- mia after 48 hours of fenoterol tocolysis may have an influence on carbohydrate metabolism and result in abnormal PVIV index in ductus venosus. ...
... Ethanol also inhibits OT and AVP secretion from the posterior pituitary and was also used to treat sPTL in the 1980s, but was discontinued because of unacceptable maternal side effects. In 1982, the US FDA sanctioned the introduction of ritodrine for the treatment of sPTL (15). This more specific β 2 -agonist replaced isoxsuprine, a β 1 -agonist that was initially developed for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. ...
... Studi~ using progcstins only have shown abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism. 2 When low dose formulations are used with estrogens less than 50 mcg, the studies have shown no change in glucose tolerance and in some borderline diabetic patients an improvement was reported. 3 It is suggested that the pill should not be used in diabetic patients since their carbohydrate metabolism would deteriorate and control of their blood sugar levels might be somewhat difficult. ...
Reference: Birth Control: Risks and Benefits
... Consequently, there has been some argument as to whether hPL determinations can predict acute fetal distress in labour, when the latter complication is analysed separately from growth retardation. However, there appears to be an association between abnormal hPL levels and an abnormal result of an oxytocin challenge test (OCT) (Spellacy et al., 1979), and low hPL levels have been shown in association with fetal distress in babies of normal birth weight (Obiekwe and Chard, 1982b). ...
... US studies were performed in order to assess FLM; they focused on fetal biometry (biparietal diameter, fetal epiphyseal ossification centers), (19)(20)(21)(22)(23) placental grading, (24)(25)(26) detection of freefloating particles in AF (27) and tissue characterization of fetal lung. (28) However, all these procedures resulted to be inaccurate for the prediction of FLM; (29) in addiction several US findings are influenced by advanced gestational age (>37 weeks), when FLM has been most likely achieved. ...
... Twin pregnancies are associated with a higher incidence of GDM than singleton pregnancies (10), most likely due to the greater increase in insulin resistance in the presence of higher levels of human placental lactogen and other diabetogenic hormones secondary to greater placental mass (11)(12)(13)(14). These physiological differences could lead to differences in the screening performance of the 50 g-GCT in twin pregnancies from that observed in singleton pregnancies. ...
