Barbara J. Roeber's research while affiliated with University of Wisconsin–Madison and other places

... Meta-analysis of Stith et al. (30) revealed that parental anger/hyperreactivity is a potent risk factor for child physical abuse and neglect. Notably, given that caregivers of abused children experience and express increased anger levels, including elevated trait anger, anger-in reflecting anger suppression, and anger-out referring to outwardly expressed anger (31), research on specific anger characteristics in mothers with ELM may clarify the possible pathways Frontiers in Psychiatry 03 frontiersin.org in the cycle of abuse. Interestingly, DiLillo et al. (32) reported that maternal anger mediated the effects of a maternal childhood history of sexual abuse on abuse potential. ...

... Although no prior work has directly examined associations between early adversity and sexual reward sensitivity, previous work has shown that early adversity augments behavioral reward sensitivity, such that adversity exposed individuals show a tendency to pursue immediate versus delayed rewards 39 , prefer immediate versus delayed rewards 40 and are willing to take greater risk for greater reward 41 . This suggests that early adversity does augment reward sensitivity in a general sense and therefore may do the same to behavior-specific sensitivity. ...

... These include changes in the thickness of brain regions like the cortex and connectivity of regions like the amygdala, gene expression changes that result in altered development and functioning of brain regions, and disruptions of excitatory/inhibitory balance. Second, a legacy of stress during key developmental stages has the potential to alter how future exposures to stress are calibrated and responded to (Klengel et al. 2013;Yehuda et al. 2016;Harms et al. 2017;Ramo-Fernández et al. 2019;Provençal et al. 2020). This occurs in part by altering gene expression of proteins that chaperone the stress response and the consequent stress response being different when a stressor is encountered in the future. ...

... The Stress-Diathesis Model (Mann et al., 1999) demonstrates that the higher severity of childhood maltreatment is linked with lower stress tolerance. These adverse experiences embody the characteristics of uncontrollability and unpredictability within parent-child interactions (Gee, 2021;Hanson et al., 2017), with these accumulated uncertainties culminating in sustained uncertainty stress. The risk situation exposure perspective holds that the harsh conditions of early life somewhat indicate the conditions of later life (Amir et al., 2018), which are filled with more frequent and intense uncertainties. ...

... Alternatively, handwriting development may be subject to sensitive periods, i.e., time-limited developmental phases during which experiences stimulate neuroplasticity and lastingly affect brain circuits and behavior [41][42][43] and therefore have to occur within a specific timeframe to reach their full potential. While sensitive periods have been proposed in visual 44 and auditory development 45 , language acquisition 46 , musical expertise 22,23 , there is debate about their role in aspects of motor control [47][48][49][50][51] . Residual plasticity after completing a sensitive period 41,52,53 may have enabled participants to significantly increase their left-hand writing performance throughout the program. ...

... FMS strongly mediates specific motor skills of children at an early age, and its impact may persist until reaching adolescence or even a lifetime (9). During early childhood, several domains, such as biological factors (sex, age, and bodyweight), socio-economic status, cultural background and caregiving styles, are involved in proper development of FMS (10,11). Among these domains, caregiving style or parenting is one of the important factors that could influence FMS development, and this phenomenon is yet to be disclosed in preschool children. ...

... Specifically, scholars evidenced that adopted students are underachieving academically and that, probably due to their background, have poor concentration skills and weak ability to pay attention, memorise and complete a task independently (Gunnar and Van Dulmen 2007;Juffer and Van Ijzendoorn 2005;Osborne, Norgate, and Traill 2009). The research highlighted, then, that intercountry adoptees can present also poorer comprehension skills (Desmarais et al. 2012) caused by the difficulties related to the learning of a new language (Glenn 2007) and that pre-adoptive adversity affects not only adoptees' educational attainment but also their ability to start and maintain positive peer relationships, both inside and outside the classroom (Tarren-Sweeney 2010). ...

... Supporting these claims, both children raised in orphanages and even those who have experienced less severe forms of deprivation have less exposure to complex language, less supervision by caregivers, and less overall environmental stimulation (Romeo, Leonard et al., 2018;Rosen et al., 2020;Rowe, 2008). Children raised in such environments typically have greater difficulties with language and executive function tasks (e.g., Bos et al., 2009;Lawson et al., 2018;Pollak et al., 2010;Spratt et al., 2012;Tibu et al., 2016), thinner cortexes in the fronto-parietal network (McLaughlin et al., 2014;McLaughlin et al., 2019;Rosen et al., 2018;Sheridan et al., 2017), and atypical patterns of fronto-parietal processing when doing executive functioning tasks (Rosen et al., 2018;Sheridan et al., 2017). ...