Kim D. Reynolds's research while affiliated with Claremont Graduate University and other places

Background The merits and drawbacks of moral relevance models of addiction have predominantly been discussed theoretically, without empirical evidence of these potential effects. This study develops and evaluates a novel survey measure for assessing moral evaluations of patient substance misuse (ME-PSM). Methods This measure was tested on 524 health professionals (i.e., physicians, nurses, and other health professionals) in California ( n = 173), urban France ( n = 102), and urban China ( n = 249). Demographic factors associated with ME-PSM were investigated using analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and t -tests, with results suggesting that ME-PSM is higher among younger health professionals, nurses (when compared with physicians and other health professionals), and Chinese health professionals (when compared with French and American health professionals). Results Results provide preliminary support for the psychometric quality of the survey measure introduced in this study, including the existence of a single latent structure and partial invariance of collected data across countries. Conclusion The survey measure for ME-PSM which was developed and tested in the current study appears to hold potential utility for use as a measure of moral views of patient substance misuse. With development, this measure may be used to examine moral evaluations, both as factors of stigma and of other clinical factors associated with the treatment of patients with substance use disorders.

Introduction: Emotional eating is a mental health concern, common in adolescents, that develops as a result of their tendency to use high-energy food to regulate their fluctuating emotions. Due to their highly fluctuating emotional life, adolescents tend to have unique within-person profiles of emotional experiences that change across moments and days, often lost in global assessments of emotions. Hence, it is imperative to examine individual differences in dynamics of emotions, as experienced in daily life, in relation to emotional eating in adolescents. Methods: In an Ecological Momentary Assessment study, we examined individual differences in three within-person dynamic characteristics (baseline levels, intraindividual variability, and emodiversity) of emotions in 158 dominantly Hispanic adolescents in the United States, aged 14-17 years old, predicting trait-level emotional eating. Results: Results indicated that higher negative emodiversity, baselines, and variability in stress were predictive of emotional eating in adolescents. When all considered together, negative emodiversity (i.e., variety of the types of negative emotions experienced in one's daily life) remained the only significant predictor of emotional eating. Conclusions: This study affirms the importance of diversity in emotional experiences in relation to emotional eating, particularly in daily contexts of adolescents' lives. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between diversity (i.e., variety in types) in positive versus negative emotional experiences with regard to emotional eating. By taking into account the ecological validity of adolescents' daily lives and individual differences in dynamical changes in emotions, we are taking a step forward by shedding light on how the dynamics of negative emotions-in terms of within-person baselines, variability, and diversity-might be related to general levels of emotional eating in adolescents.

The objective of this study was to explore the mediating effects of emotional eating, restrained eating, and external eating on the relationship between acculturation and binge eating among Latino adolescents. Adolescents who self-identified as Latino (N = 285) at public high schools in Southern California were recruited and completed a self-report survey. Acculturation was assessed using the 8-item Acculturation, Habits, Interests for Multicultural Adolescents (AHIMSA) scale for adolescents, mediators were assessed using Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and binge eating was assessed using a 13-item Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale. A bootstrapped multiple mediation model was used to test mediation pathways. Findings suggest that individually each eating style—emotional, restrained and external eating pathway did not reach significance singly, but that jointly, their combined effect was significant with a total indirect effect (B = 0.15, CI 0.01-0.30) indicating an additive effect of the three eating styles. Future research should examine additional mediators of the relationship between acculturation and binge eating.

Background: Positive associations have been observed between acculturation and body mass index (BMI), but the mediators of this relationship are not well established. Acculturation researchers have called for investigating the influence of socio-contextual variables as mediators. The objective of this study was to test the mediating effects of salty snacks, sweet snacks, physical activity, and sedentary behavior on the relationship between acculturation and BMI among Latino adolescents. Methods: Adolescents who self-identified as Latino (n = 431) at public high schools in Southern California were recruited and completed a self-report survey. A bootstrapped multiple mediation model was used to test mediation pathways. Results: Acculturation was positively associated with physical activity (B = 0.09, p < .05). The indirect effects of salty snacks, sweet snacks, physical activity, and sedentary behavior were not associated with BMI, suggesting no mediation. Conclusions: Future research should examine additional mediating variables on the relationship between acculturation and BMI.

Purpose The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with weight gain in both children and adults. In addition to environmental factors, such as food availability, psychological variables, including mood states, also impact intake. In the current study, we focus on momentary associations between feelings of loneliness and craving for SSBs among adolescents and explore the moderating role of family functioning. Loneliness has been associated with a wide range of health outcomes, but to date, few studies have examined its association with cravings for SSBs. Methods Using an ecological-momentary assessment design, data were collected on 158 (males = 68, mean age = 15.13 ± 2.27 years) participants. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to examine the relations between the main and interactive effects of loneliness and family functioning on cravings for SSBs, independent of other negative emotions. Results Results suggest that loneliness in adolescents was associated with a small increase in craving for SSBs. Importantly, the relationship held after controlling for negative emotions, suggesting the unique role of loneliness. However, positive family functioning did not mitigate the relations between loneliness and craving for SSBs. Conclusions Loneliness uniquely contributes to cravings for SSBs. At the same time, family functioning did not buffer the influence of loneliness on cravings for SSBs among adolescents.

The objective of this study was to examine the mediating effects of family support for dietary habits and family meal frequency on the relationship between acculturation and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among Latinx adolescents (N = 131). Acculturation was positively associated with SSB consumption (B = 0.07, P < .01). Results suggest that family support for dietary habits and family meal frequency did not mediate the relationship between acculturation and SSB consumption. However, acculturation was negatively associated with family support for dietary habits (B = -0.10, P < .01) and family meal frequency (B = -0.11, P < .05). Future research should examine other family influences as mediators of the relationship between acculturation and SSB consumption.

Background: Urban trails are a useful resource to promote physical activity. This study identified features of urban trails that correlated with trail use. Methods: Multiuse urban trails were selected in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. An audit of each trail was completed using the Systematic Pedestrian and Cyclist Environmental Scan for Trails instrument, identifying built environmental features. A self-report of trail use was obtained from trailside residents (N = 331) living within 1 mile of each trail. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions controlled for trail time from home and motivation for physical activity. Results: Positive associations with the past month's hours on the trail were observed for the presence of distance signs, vegetation height, vegetation maintenance, and trail crowding, and a negative association was observed for the presence of crossings on the trail. Positive associations with dichotomous trail use were observed for the presence of distance signs, vegetation height, and vegetation maintenance, and a negative association was observed for the presence of crossings on the trail. Conclusions: These correlates should be confirmed in other studies and, if supported, should be considered in the promotion and design of urban trails.

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure is the primary risk factor for skin cancer and children receive about one-quarter of lifetime UV exposure before age 18. Thus, skin cancer prevention is essential for children. The objective of this study was to test an intervention to facilitate implementation of district sun safety policies. Elementary schools (N = 118) from 40 California public school districts with a school board-approved policy for sun safety were recruited along with one principal and teacher from each school. Elementary schools were randomly assigned to receive the 20-month Sun Safe Schools intervention (N = 58) or to a minimal informational control condition (N = 60). Principals were 47.8 and teachers 44.3 years of age and were predominately female (principals 72.7%; teachers 86.7%) and White (principals 72.0%; teachers 68.2%). The 20-month Sun Safe Schools intervention was delivered to principals and included a coaching session, telephone and email contacts, provision of resources for practice implementation, and a small grant program. The principal (N = 118) and a teacher (N = 113) at each school reported on school sun protection practices 20-months post-baseline. The schools were diverse in student characteristics (M = 64.1% free/reduced price meals; M = 54.5% Hispanic). Intervention principals reported implementing more sun safety practices overall (control M = 2.7, intervention M = 4.2, p < .005) and more practices not present in the district's policy (control M = 0.4, intervention M = 0.9, p = .005). Principals and teachers combined replicated these findings and also reported implementing more practices present in the district policy (control M = 0.9, intervention M = 1.3, p = .005). In sum, the intervention increased sun safety practices in public elementary schools. Trial Registration. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, with the identification number of NCT03243929.

Objective : Schools are an important setting for skin cancer prevention. An intervention for implementation of school sun safety policy, Sun Safety Schools (SSS), was evaluated. Methods : Primary schools (n=118) in California school districts that had already adopted a sun safety policy were enrolled in a study with a randomised controlled design. Half of the schools were randomised to SSS intervention (N=58). Parents completed an online post‐test. Results : More parents in intervention schools received information about sun safety (mean=26.3%, sd=3.1%, p=0.017) and children more frequently wore sun‐protective clothing when not at school (mean=2.93, sd=0.03, p=0.033) than in control schools (mean=18.0%, sd=2.5%; mean=2.83, sd=0.03, respectively). In schools where principals reported implementing sun safety practices, parents reported that children spent less time outdoors at midday (mean=14.78 hours, sd=0.25, p=0.033) and fewer were sunburned (mean=12.7%, sd=1.1%, p=0.009) than in non‐implementing schools (M=16.3 hours, sd=0.67; mean=21.2%, sd=3.8%, respectively). Parents who received sun safety information (mean=3.08, sd=0.04, p=0.008) reported more child sun protection than parents not receiving information (mean=2.96, sd=0.02). Conclusions : A school district sun protection policy and support for implementation increased dissemination of sun safety information to parents and student sun safety. Implications for public health : Technical assistance for sun safety policies may increase sun protection of children.

Background: This study examined implementation of district sun safety policy in schools and tested correlates of implementation in California public school districts. Methods: Principals (N = 118) and teachers (N = 113) in California public elementary schools (N = 118) were recruited and completed a survey on sun protection policies and practices. The sample contained schools whose districts subscribed to the California School Boards Association and adopted Board Policy 5141.7 for sun safety. Principals and teachers reported on implementation of 10 school practices related to BP 5141.7 indicating which practices were implemented in the school. Results: Years in public education (Exponentiated Score (ES) = 0.51, p < .001), years worked in the current district (ES = 0.49, p < .001), perception that parents should take action to protect children from the sun (ES = 0.43, p < .01), and personal skin phenotype (Low Risk ES = 0.55; High Risk ES = 0.09, p < .05) were associated with number of practices implemented in the school using multiple Poisson regression. Conclusions: Policy implementation is more likely among schools with experienced faculty, when parents are seen as important partners in student skin cancer prevention, and when school principals and teachers have a lower personal risk phenotype.