Article

The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion

June 2002
Sleep Medicine 3(3):271-3

June 2002
3(3):271-3

DOI:10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00015-1

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Lotan Shilo

Meir Medical Center

Show all 8 authorsHide

In this study we examined the effects of caffeine on sleep quality and melatonin secretion. Melatonin is the principal hormone responsible for synchronization of sleep. Melatonin secretion is controlled by neurotransmitters that can be affected by caffeine. In the first part of the study, six volunteers drank either decaffeinated or regular coffee in a double-blind fashion on one day, and the alternate beverage 7 days later. Sleep parameters were assessed by actigraphy. In the second part of the study, the subjects again drank either decaffeinated or regular coffee, and they then collected urine every 3h for quantitation of 6-sulphoxymelatonin (6-SMT), the main metabolite of melatonin in the urine. We found that drinking regular caffeinated coffee, compared to decaffeinated coffee, caused a decrease in the total amount of sleep and quality of sleep, and an increase in the length of time of sleep induction. Caffeinated coffee caused a decrease in 6-SMT excretion throughout the following night. The results of our study confirm the widely held belief that coffee consumption interferes with sleep quantity and quality. In addition, we found that the consumption of caffeine decreases 6-SMT excretion. Individuals who suffer from sleep abnormalities should avoid caffeinated coffee during the evening hours.

Gum Arabica and Coffee Consumption Effects on Serum Melatonin Levels

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

Aiman Shoiab

Caffeine intake reduces sleep quality and melatonin secretion, the hormone responsible for regulating sleep. Chewing gum increases alertness and improves concentration. This study aims to investigate the impact of coffee consumption and gum chewing on serum melatonin levels in a study population of 40 Jordanian subjects (mean age, 21.15±3.21 years), including 23 males and 17 females. A total of 40 participants volunteered and met the inclusion criteria and were divided into four groups; a control group did not consume espresso coffee and chewed gum during the study period, a second group consumed two cups of espresso coffee (240 ml), and the third group chewed Gum constantly throughout the procedure; finally, the fourth group consumed two cups of espresso coffee and chewed Gum constantly throughout the process. Melatonin serum levels were measured one hour before and one hour after the completion of the study; the duration was five hours. The findings revealed that the coffee plus chewing gum participants had the lowest serum levels of melatonin (13.1± 2.0). Among the intervention groups, the coffee group and the last group regarding melatonin levels were the chewing gum group, 15.3± 1.2 and 19.2± 2.2, respectively. In conclusion, Significant differences existed between the interventions and control groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between coffee plus chewing gum and the coffee group and the chewing gum group (P < 0.002, P < 0.02, P < 0.004, respectively).

Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review on Nutrition, Stimulants, and Physical Activity as Important Factors

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May 2022

Sleep is a cyclically occurring, transient, and functional state that is controlled primarily by neurobiological processes. Sleep disorders and insomnia are increasingly being diagnosed at all ages. These are risk factors for depression, mental disorders, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and/or high blood pressure. A number of factors can negatively affect sleep quality, including the use of stimulants, stress, anxiety, and the use of electronic devices before sleep. A growing body of evidence suggests that nutrition, physical activity, and sleep hygiene can significantly affect the quality of sleep. The aim of this review was to discuss the factors that can affect sleep quality, such as nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity.

A Comparison of Physical Activity Levels, Sleep Disrupting Behavior, and Stress/Affective Distress as Predictors of Sleep as Indexed by Actigraphy

Article

Jun 2021

Background: Several behaviors have been reported to interfere with sleep in otherwise healthy adults, including low physical activity (PA) levels. However, few studies have compared low PA with the other behavioral risk factors of objective sleep impairment, despite the behavior tending to cooccur in highly stressed and affectively distressed individuals. Thus, the authors compared objective and subjective measures of PA and other potential sleep disrupting behaviors as predictors of objective sleep (sleep onset latency, actual sleep time, total sleep duration, awake time, and sleep efficacy) at baseline (T1) and 3 months later (T2). Methods: A community-derived sample of 161 people aged 18-65 years were asked about PA, other behavior (ie, night eating, electronic device use, watching television, caffeine and alcohol use), stress, affective distress (ie, anxiety, depression), and demographics including shift work and parenting young children in an online questionnaire at T1 and T2. PA and sleep were also monitored for 24 hours each at T1 and T2 using actigraphy. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep at T1 was associated with PA (ie, total number of steps, metabolic equivalents/time, time spent travelling) after controlling mean ambient temperature and relevant demographics. At T2, longer sleep onset latency was predicted by parenting young children and night time television viewing; shorter sleep duration was predicted by female gender; and awake time and sleep efficacy were predicted by alcohol intake after controlling T1 sleep measures, demographics, and mean ambient temperature. Conclusion: The risk factors for objective sleep impairment included parenting young children and watching television at night, whereas better sleep outcomes were associated with greater engagement with PA.

Coffee Consumption Behavior in Young Adults: Exploring Motivations, Frequencies, and Reporting Adverse Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023

Background Coffee consumption by young people has increased dramatically over the last decades as there are substantial evidence of the physiological, cognitive, and emotional effects of coffee consumption. To reduce the risk of consuming related harm, it is necessary to understand the consumer’s motivation for its use. Objective This study aimed to investigate coffee consumption behavior in young adults, assess the type of coffee consumption, explore motivation, document adverse effects and withdrawal symptoms of coffee intake. Methods A sample of 923 young adults were recruited voluntarily to complete a set of measures examining motivations, adverse effects, and withdrawal symptoms of coffee intake. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between coffee consumption and all independent variables. A p-value of 0.005 was considered as statistically significant. Results The results indicate that more than half of the participants consumed coffee. Coffee consumers were more like to be male, young adults, unmarried, poor sleep pattern (3–5 hours), and smokers. Main motivations of coffee intake were those related to reinforcing effects. The prevalence of dripper coffee consumption (85.59%) was observed to be highest with 20.1% participants consuming coffee in 2–3 times per day. Participants experienced restlessness, shaky, excited, difficulty in falling sleep, and fast heart beat as adverse effects of coffee consumption. Withdrawal symptoms such as headache, mood change, and tiredness were also noticed after consuming a high amount of coffee. Gender (p < 0.005), age (p < 0.003), family income (p < 0.004), BMI (p < 0.002) and sleeping pattern (p < 0.005) were found important variables associated with coffee intake. Conclusion The association reported in this study may allow for the implementation of appropriate strategies to address behaviors towards excessive coffee consumption and its link to an increased risk of poor health.

Association between Caffeinated Beverages Consumption and Sleep Quality of Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study

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Full-text available

Jul 2022

Introduction: Caffeine is one of the most common brain stimulants used by people nowadays to stay awake. This is especially seen in youngsters including medical students around the world. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between caffeine intake and sleep quality of undergraduate medical students. Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study. Methodology: This study was conducted from January to February 2022 among undergraduate medical students (MBBS) in a private medical university in Malaysia. The respondents were recruited by purposive sampling and a self-administered validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analysed using Epi Info software (version 7.2.5.0). The descriptive statistics was calculated as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and range. The Chi-square test was used in inferential statistics. Results: There were 111 students who agreed to participate in this study. After the data analysis and processing, 89.19% of the students reported of having low caffeine intake while 10.81% having high caffeine intake. The results showed that 53.15% of the students had good sleep quality while Original Research Article Yi et al.; AJMPCP, 5(4): 119-127, 2022; Article no.AJMPCP.88140 120 the remaining 46.85% had poor sleep quality. There was no significant association between age, gender, ethnicity, caffeine intake, and sleep quality. However, there was a significant association between the semester that the student was currently taking and sleep quality. Conclusion: Although there was no significant association between the caffeine intake and sleep quality, 46.85% of the respondents reported poor sleep quality. Therefore, it would be beneficial if sleep hygiene education sessions are included in university education programme.

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Apr 2024

The Association between Caffeine Consumption from Coffee and Tea and Sleep Health in Male and Female Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Dec 2023

Poor sleep health is common in older adults and is associated with negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep health at an older age is poorly understood. This study investigated the association between caffeine consumption and sleep health in community-dwelling older males and females in The Netherlands. Cross-sectional analyses were performed using data from 1256 participants aged 61–101 years from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam. Self-reported questions assessed sleep disturbances (including sleep latency, continuity, and early awakening), sleep duration, and perceived sleep quality. Caffeine consumption was determined with questions about frequency, quantity, and type of coffee and tea consumption. Logistic and linear regression models were used, controlling for potential confounders, and interaction by sex and age was tested. Caffeine consumption showed significant interactions with sex (p < 0.005) in association with sleep health outcomes. Older females who abstained from caffeine consumption reported more sleep disturbances (β = 0.64 [95%CI 0.13; 1.15]) and had greater odds of short sleep duration (<7 h/day) (OR = 2.26 [95% CI 1.22; 4.20]) compared to those who consumed caffeine. No associations were observed for long sleep duration (>8 h/day) and perceived sleep quality. No associations were observed in older males. Caffeine abstinence was associated with more sleep disturbances and short sleep duration in older females, but not in males. The observed association in older females may reflect reverse causation, suggesting that females may have different motivations for discontinuing caffeine consumption than males.

Perceived effect of caffeine-containing products consumption on nocturnal sleep and daytime functioning among students of a private tertiary institution in southern Nigeria

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Context: University students who deprive themselves of enough nocturnal sleep due to academic activities are at risk of the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation that usually follow. To reverse these effects, they tend to consume substances such as caffeine to counteract fatigue and possibly give them the feeling of alertness they need to perform their daily activities given that there is a popular concern that the academic demands of University training can cause significant stress and the need to gain insight into the effects of caffeine on students.Objective: This study set out to assess the self-reported effects of the consumption of caffeine-containing products on nocturnal sleep and daytime functioning among students of Novena University, Ogume Delta State, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design conducted among 400 students comprising 217 males and 183 females selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a 27-item questionnaire containing four sections; socio-demographic characteristics, caffeine consumption pattern, sleeping habits, and daytime functioning. The data was analysed using SPSS version 23 and presented in descriptive and inferential statistics at P <0.05 level of significance.Results: More than one-third of the respondents (68.50%) affirmed consuming caffeine-containing products such as caffeinated drinks and beverages. Only 21.50% affirmed practicing sleep deprivation and 40.10% agreed that their consumption of caffeine-containing products increases during times of academic stress. There was a significant relationship between the hours of sleep of the respondents and their consumption of caffeine. More than half of the respondents (71.90%) affirmed experiencing daytime sleepiness while about 40% affirmed experiencing caffeine-induced daytime dysfunction.Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the level of caffeine consumption and students’ sleep quality. Caffeine-induced sleep deprivation and caffeine-induced daytime dysfunction are widespread among undergraduate students in the study population.

Genetic association between coffee/caffeine consumption and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in the European population: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
EUR J NUTR

Background The association between coffee/caffeine consumption and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk remains unclear. Purpose To determine the relationship between coffee/caffeine consumption and the risk of OSA, using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method in the European population. Methods Two sets of coffee consumption-associated genetic variants were, respectively, extracted from the recent genome-wide meta-analysis (GWMA) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) of coffee consumption. Taking other caffeine sources into account, genetic variants associated with caffeine consumption from tea and plasma caffeine (reflecting total caffeine intake) were also obtained. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) technique was utilized as the primary analysis, supplemented by the MR-Egger, weighted-median, and MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (PRESSO) techniques. Leave-one-out (LOO) analysis was performed to assess whether the overall casual estimates were driven by a single SNP. Additional sensitivity analyses were performed using similar methods, while the genetic variants associated with confounders, e.g., body mass index and hypertension, were excluded. Results The IVW method demonstrated that coffee consumption GWMA (OR: 1.065, 95% CI 0.927–1.224, p = 0.376), coffee consumption GWAS (OR: 1.665, 95% CI 0.932–2.977, p = 0.086), caffeine from tea (OR: 1.198, 95% CI 0.936–1.534, p = 0.151), and blood caffeine levels (OR: 1.054, 95% CI 0.902–1.231, p = 0.508) were unlikely to be associated with the risk of OSA. The other three methods presented similar results, where no significant associations were found. No single genetic variant was driving the overall estimates by the LOO analysis. These findings were also supported by the sensitivity analyses with no confounding genetic variants. Conclusion Our study found no association between coffee/caffeine consumption and the risk of OSA.

Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness among college students: testing an explanatory model

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Aug 2023

Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness among college students: testing an explanatory model Qualidade de sono e sonolência diurna em estudantes universitários: testando um modelo explicativo Calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna en estudiantes universitarios: probando un modelo explicativo Erlândio Andrade de Sousa 1 , ORCID 0000-0002-7126-5036 Leogildo Alves Freires 2 , Abstract The current study aimed to test, through structural equation modeling, an explanatory model of the sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness among Brazilian college students (N = 407). They answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), 12-item General Health Questionnaire, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), Academic Stress Scale (ASS), Drug Use Time Questionnaire (DUTQ), and demographic information. The bivariate correlations and multiple regressions provided subsidies for the building of an explanatory model that included psychological discomfort, academic stress and the use of caffeine as explanatory variables for predicting sleep quality, and in turn the latter together with fatigue explaining daytime sleepiness. This model showed acceptable fit. The study concludes that higher levels of academic stress, psychological distress, fatigue and caffeine use are associated with lower sleep quality rates among university students. These findings shed light on the importance of considering both individual and contextual variables to understand the sleep-wake cycle in an academic context. These variables should be considered in further studies that aim to apply and evaluate possible future intervention actions.

Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review

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Full-text available

Jul 2023

Caffeine is a metabolite derived from purine nucleotides, typically accounting for 2-5% of the dry weight of tea and 1-2% of the dry weight of coffee. In the tea and coffee plants, the main synthesis pathway of caffeine is a four-step sequence consisting of three methylation reactions and one nucleosidase reaction using xanthine as a precursor. In bacteria, caffeine degradation occurs mainly through the pathways of N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. However, a study fully and systematically summarizing the metabolism and application of caffeine in microorganisms has not been established elsewhere. In the present study, we provide a review of the biosynthesis, microbial degradation, gene expression, and application of caffeine microbial degradation. The present review aims to further elaborate the mechanism of caffeine metabolism by microorganisms and explore the development prospects in this field.

Which socio-demographic characteristics impact on the fatigue conditions in nurses: an Italian investigatory study

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Jun 2023

Background and aim: Fatigue describes a wholeness feeling of tiredness or lack of energy. To assess which sampling nurses relating characteristics could influence the fatigue condition among nurses. Methods: From May 2020 to September 2021 a cross sectional, multicenter study was conducted among Italian nursing professional orders. An on-line ad hoc questionnaire was spread including sampling characteristics both on socio-demographic and nursing-relating work characteristics. Results: Significant associations were reported between item no.1 and gender (p<0.001) and BMI conditions (p=0.013), as most of the female participants (47%) affirmed to often feel themselves tired when they wake up, despite most of participants were at normal weight (32%). Item no.2 was significantly associated with gender (p=0.009), job role (p=0.039) and shift (p=0.030), as most of females never (31%) or often (31%) were not concentrated in their working tasks and, most of them were registered nurses (never: 41% and often: 35%), despite they were employed also during the night shift (never: 28%; often: 22%). Most of females (p=<0.001) were never slow in their reactions (42%), and they were young nurses (p=0.023). 44% of females declared to make an effort to express clearly themselves (p=0.031). Females reported significant high frequencies (p=0.016) in constant excitant substance assumption, such as caffeine (30%) and high significant percentage of females (p=0.047; 41%) reported the need to sleep during the day. Conclusions: The fatigue will have a strong impact on the quality of life of nursing professionals, compromising their functional abilities, social relationships and their work and family roles.

THE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND LIFESTYLE ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH HOSPITAL.

Article

May 2023

In this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological aspects of physical activity, dietary habits, nutritional diversity, personality disorders, smoking habits, and sleep issues among psychiatric patients at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A questionnaire was utilized to collect data from 140 psychiatric patients, consisting of 57 males and 83 females. The questionnaire included demographic information on age, gender, religion, educational background, family income level, husband/wife occupation, smoking habits, physical activity patterns, and socioeconomic status. The study found that 34% of the respondents had the highest intake of carbohydrates, while 21.4% consumed more protein and 38.6% of respondents consumed the highest amount of green vegetables as vitamins daily. Additionally, it was observed that about 45% of the participants engaged in physical activity, with walking being the primary form of activity. Of these respondents, 33.4% engaged in physical activity for less than 30 minutes, while 48.3% and 18.3% engaged in activity for 30-60 minutes and 1-3 hours, respectively. The study also revealed that 86 respondents had sleeping difficulties, while 54 respondents did not. Furthermore, 54% of the respondents attempted suicide, with the majority being students. The findings suggest that adequate sleep is not only beneficial for physical fitness but also mental health. The study also revealed that most respondents had insufficient knowledge about nutrition, particularly those who were illiterate. Overall in this study provides insight into the lifestyle factors affecting mental health among psychiatric patients in Bangladesh. The results suggest that physical activity, dietary habits, and sleep issues are linked to mental health outcomes and should be considered in the development of interventions and programs aimed at improving mental health outcomes in this population.

Nutrients Associated with Sleep Bruxism

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Mar 2023

Background: The purpose of the present research was to identify nutrients related to sleep bruxism and to establish a hypothesis regarding the relationship between sleep bruxism and nutrients. Methods: We recruited 143 Japanese university students in 2021 and assigned them to sleep bruxism (n = 58) and non-sleep bruxism groups (n = 85), using an identical single-channel wearable electromyography device. To investigate nutrient intakes, participants answered a food frequency questionnaire based on food groups. We assessed differences in nutrient intakes between the sleep bruxism and non-sleep bruxism groups. Results: Logistic regression modeling showed that sleep bruxism tended to be associated with dietary fiber (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.00; p = 0.059). In addition, a subgroup analysis selecting students in the top and bottom quartiles of dietary fiber intake showed that students with sleep bruxism had a significantly lower dietary fiber intake (10.4 ± 4.6 g) than those without sleep bruxism (13.4 ± 6.1 g; p = 0.022). Conclusion: The present research showed that dietary fiber intake may be related to sleep bruxism. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary fiber would improve sleep bruxism in young adults.

Nutritional Elements in Sleep

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Full-text available

Dec 2022

Sleep comprises one-third of our day and plays an integral role in human health and well-being. Many factors influence sleep, with nutrition being a key element that impacts various sleep parameters. Meal-timing through strategies like chrono-nutrition leads to positive sleep outcomes. In addition, consuming a high-protein diet with essential amino acids, low-glycemic-index foods, and certain fruits rich in antioxidants can all contribute to better sleep quality. Other facets of nutrition that can affect sleep outcomes include weight loss and limiting certain nutritional elements such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. In this article, we will shed some light on how some of these factors can play a vital role in sleep quality.

Functional identification of purine permeases reveals their roles in caffeine transport in tea plants (Camellia sinensis)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Caffeine is a characteristic secondary metabolite in tea plants. It confers tea beverage with unique flavor and excitation effect on human body. The pathway of caffeine biosynthesis has been generally established, but the mechanism of caffeine transport remains unclear. Here, eight members of purine permeases (PUPs) were identified in tea plants. They had diverse expression patterns in different tissues, suggesting their broad roles in caffeine metabolism. In this study, F1 strains of "Longjing43" ♂ × "Baihaozao" ♀ and different tea cultivars were used as materials to explore the correlation between caffeine content and gene expression. The heterologous expression systems of yeast and Arabidopsis were applied to explore the function of CsPUPs. Correlation analysis showed that the expressions of CsPUP1, CsPUP3.1, and CsPUP10.1 were significantly negatively correlated with caffeine content in tea leaves of eight strains and six cultivars. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that the three CsPUPs were not only located in plasma membrane but also widely distributed as circular organelles in cells. Functional complementation assays in yeast showed that the three CsPUPs could partly or completely rescue the defective function of fcy2 mutant in caffeine transport. Among them, transgenic yeast of CsPUP10.1 exhibited the strongest transport capacity for caffeine. Consistent phenotypes and functions were further identified in the CsPUP10.1-over-expression Arabidopsis lines. Taken together, it suggested that CsPUPs were involved in caffeine transport in tea plants. Potential roles of CsPUPs in the intracellular transport of caffeine among different subcellular organelles were proposed. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the PUP genes and new insights for caffeine metabolism in tea plants.

Does Acute Caffeine Intake before Evening Training Sessions Impact Sleep Quality and Recovery-Stress State? Preliminary Re-Sults from a Study on Highly Trained Judo Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik

No previous study has analyzed the impact of a low caffeine dose ingested before an evening training session on sleep and recovery-stress state. Nine highly trained judo athletes underwent a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover experiment in which each athlete acted as their own control. Each athlete performed two identical trials after the ingestion of (i) a placebo and (ii) 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass, administered 60 min before an evening randori training session. Sleep was assessed using actigraphy and a Karolinska Sleep Diary (KSD), while the recovery-stress state was assessed using a short recovery and stress scale the morning following the trial. No significant differences were observed in any actigraphy sleep measures between conditions, or in the recovery-stress state (p > 0.05 for all). However, sleep quality assessed using the KSD was worse following caffeine ingestion compared with the placebo (3.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.9 ± 0.6, respectively; p = 0.03, ES: 1.09). The ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine before an evening training session has no impact on actigraphy-derived sleep measures or recovery-stress state. However, it leads to a substantial decrease in self-reported sleep quality.

Mechanism and behavior of caffeine sorption: affecting factors

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Full-text available

Sep 2022

Caffeine is one of the emerging pollutants with a diverse chemical composition. It is mixed with the hydrobiota as a result of its high consumption, and when certain dose intervals are exceeded, it re-enters the human body through indirect routes such as plants, animals, soil, water, and the food chain, causing health problems that are difficult or impossible to treat, and irreversible environmental problems. This situation raises concerns about the presence of pollutants emerging in water resources, igniting interest in water treatment processes and the development of alternative methods. Although there are several methods for removing caffeine from aqueous media, adsorption is the most popular because it is less expensive than other methods and has the highest removal efficiency. Furthermore, it has the benefit of selectively attaching the molecules in solution. In this article, studies on the caffeine adsorption process have been examined, and the caffeine adsorption efficiency of various adsorbents has been summarized by compiling information such as pH, contact time, temperature, and concentration of adsorbent and adsorbate, which are considered as optimum processing conditions. The binding mechanism was investigated, and it was clearly stated how caffeine adheres to the adsorbent surface. Among the equilibrium adsorption isotherms, the isotherm model with the best agreement with the experimental data was attempted to be determined. Many studies clearly show that the process of developing environmentally friendly and high-capacity adsorbents in sustainable processes and in harmony with the circular economy is increasing day by day.

Energy Drinks and Sleep among Adolescents

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Many adolescents worldwide have the problem of meeting recommended nightly sleep hours. The causes of sleep disturbance are multifactorial, but interest in food’s effect on sleep has dramatically increased lately. In this study, we investigated the association between regular energy drink (ED) intake (weekly or more frequent) and sufficient sleep (SS) (≥8 h) in adolescents. Additional objectives were to examine the relationship between health-related behaviors and SS, stratified by gender. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted during the 2019/2020 school year from 12 schools in Belgrade. There were 1287 students aged 15 to 19 who participated (37.4% male). We used a modified version of the food frequency questionnaire adapted for Serbian adolescents. Logistic regression revealed that regular ED consumption was an independent risk factor negatively related to SS in both sexes. Additionally, daily vegetable and water intake (≥2 L) showed a positive correlation with SS in boys, while in girls, the odds of realizing SS decreased with statements of sedative use. In conclusion, we show that ED intake is negatively associated with SS in both sexes; daily vegetable and water intake (≥2 L) may raise the odds of SS in boys, while sedative use may decrease the chances of SS in girls.

Caffeine Intake among Undergraduate Students: Sex Differences, Sources, Motivations, and Associations with Smoking Status and Self-Reported Sleep Quality

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Due to its stimulatory effects, caffeine is one of the most frequently consumed mood and behavior altering drugs. University students report using caffeine-containing products to enhance mood and performance or for a desire of alertness. The current study investigated caffeine consumption in university undergraduate students, and associations with smoking status, alcohol and cannabis consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sleep quality. Motivations for caffeine intake were also ascertained. A total of 886 undergraduates aged 18–25 years from the University of the Balearic Islands participated in a cross-sectional survey. Caffeine was consumed by 91.1% of participants. Caffeine consumers were more likely to be female, smokers, and alcohol and cannabis consumers. Coffee was found to be the main source of caffeine intake in both men and women (48.9% of total caffeine intake). Higher percentages of women consumed coffee (56.4 vs. 42.1%, p = 0.01) and tea (40.3 vs. 19.8%, p < 0.001), whereas a higher percentage of men consumed energy drinks (18.0 vs. 7.4%, p < 0.001). Main motivations for caffeine intake were those related to cognitive enhancement. Caffeine intake was associated with poorer subjective sleep quality (p < 0.001). In conclusion, undergraduate students that were female and smokers reported higher caffeine intakes. Coffee was found as the main caffeine contributor, with higher contributions of tea in women and energy drinks in men. Universities should consider the implementation of health campaigns and educational programs to educate students of the risks of high caffeine consumption together with associated behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and poor sleep quality to physical health and academic performance.

The Relationship Between Dietary Intake and Sleep Quality in Endurance Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Many endurance athletes have poor sleep quality which may affect performance and health. It is unclear how dietary intake affects sleep quality among athletes. We examined if sleep quality in endurance athletes is associated with consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, dairy milk, and caffeinated beverages. Two hundred thirty-four endurance athletes (39.5 ± 14.1 year) participated in a survey. Participants provided information on demographics, anthropometry, sleep behavior and quality, and dietary intake via questionnaires. Sleep quality was assessed using the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) with a global score (ASSQ-global) and subscales including sleep difficulty (ASSQ-SD), chronotype (ASSQ-C), and disordered breathing while sleeping (ASSQ-SDB). A general linear model (GLM), adjusted for age, body mass index, sleep discomfort, sleep behavior, gender, race, and ethnicity, showed that higher caffeinated beverage intake was related to poorer global sleep quality ( p = 0.01) and increased risk for disordered breathing while sleeping ( p = 0.03). Higher whole grain intake was associated with a morning chronotype and lower risk for sleep issues ( p = 0.01). The GLM did not reveal a relationship between sleep quality and dairy milk, fruit, and vegetable intake. In conclusion, caffeinated beverages and whole grain intake may influence sleep quality. This relationship needs to be confirmed by further research.

Sleep disorders and night-shift work in nursing students: a cross-sectional study

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022
MED LAV

Background: University students are known to have higher sleep disorders prevalence than the general population. Among them, nursing students are even more susceptible to sleep disorders. This study evaluates sleep disorders' risk factors among nursing students and their potential association with symptoms and assesses whether night shifts affect sleep quality by increasing the prevalence of sleep disorders. Methods: A total of 202 nursing students were included; a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic and academic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, height, weight, and year of nursing program) and risk factors for sleep disorders (e.g., smoking, lack of physical activity, and coffee intake late in the evening). The survey included the General Health Questionnaire to assess perceived stress, the Sleep and Daytime Habits Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale to assess sleep disorders symptoms. Results: A high level of perceived stress is associated with sleep disorders symptoms and with poor sleep quality. Daytime symptoms are also associated with smoking. Students who drink coffee late in the evening report fewer nighttime symptoms. Night shifts and their increasing number are not associated with sleep disorders symptoms. The perception of an unsatisfying academic performance is associated with daytime symptoms and poor sleep quality. Conclusions: Although night shifts seem to not affect sleep quality among nursing students, sleep disorders represent a critical issue in this population since sleep disorders symptoms may result in errors, accidents, or low academic performance.

How Psychoactive Drugs and the Circadian Clock Are Enlightening One Another

Chapter

Nov 2021
ADV EXP MED BIOL

Olivia Engmann

Psychoactive drugs are a popular way to induce pleasant feelings, but also to modify wakefulness and sleep. In turn, insomnia and circadian often impact on drug-taking behavior. This book chapter explores the interplay between drugs and the circadian system. The reader will be introduced to the main classes of psychoactive drugs and the role they play in circadian pathways and behaviors. The importance of circadian interventions on drug-taking and implications for our society are discussed.

Arousal-Inducing Effect of Garcinia cambogia Peel Extract in Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Test and Electroencephalographic Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Caffeine, a natural stimulant, is known to be effective for weight loss. On this basis, we screened the arousal-inducing effect of five dietary supplements with a weight loss effect (Garcinia cambogia, Coleus forskohlii, Camellia sinensis L., Irvingia gabonensis, and Malus pumila M.), of which the G. cambogia peel extract (GC) showed a significant arousal-inducing effect in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice. This characteristic of GC was further evaluated by analysis of electroencephalogram and electromyogram in C57L/6N mice, and it was compared to that of the positive control, caffeine. Administration of GC (1500 mg/kg) significantly increased wakefulness and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep, similar to that of caffeine (25 mg/kg), with GC and caffeine showing a significant increase in wakefulness at 2 and 6 h, respectively. Compared to that of caffeine, the shorter duration of efficacy of GC could be advantageous because of the lower possibility of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the arousal-inducing effects of GC (1500 mg/kg) and caffeine (25 mg/kg) persisted throughout the chronic (3 weeks) administration study. This study, for the first time, revealed the arousal-inducing effect of GC. Our findings suggest that GC might be a promising natural stimulant with no side effects. In addition, it is preferential to take GC as a dietary supplement for weight loss during the daytime to avoid sleep disturbances owing to its arousal-inducing effect.

Perceived effect of caffeine-containing products consumption on nocturnal sleep and daytime functioning among students of a private tertiary institution in southern Nigeria

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Fast and efficient removal of caffeine from water using dielectric barrier discharge

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Full-text available

Jun 2021

Caffeine is a well-known central nervous system stimulant, which can cause anxiety, insomnia and nervousness. Domestic wastes of caffeinated drinks, beverages and chocolates are the major sources for entry of caffeine in the environmental system. Caffeine has been widely detected in natural water resources. The current study describes a method for efficient removal of caffeine from aqueous solution by a laboratory scale dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in open air. Caffeine concentrations in various sample solutions were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the degradation products were identified by directly injecting the sample to mass spectrometer. The consequences of varied parameters such as input power, initial concentration and initial pH of the solution on the degradation of caffeine were investigated. Removal efficiency of caffeine from aqueous solution was 72.6% and 96.6% for the initial concentrations of 100 and 1 µg/mL, respectively, at initial pH 7 after 4 min treatment in DBD plasma system with 60 W input powers. Caffeine removal efficiency was less in acidic solutions (initial pH 4), and insignificant degradation was observed in alkaline solutions (initial pH 10). Furthermore, the degradation of caffeine was also enhanced by increasing the input power in DBD system. The DBD system used in this study has been considered to be fast, effective and economical. It was operated at atmospheric condition in open air without using catalyst, expensive gases or organic solvents, and significant degradation of caffeine was achieved in a short (4 min) treatment time.

Do sleep quality and caffeine consumption mediate the relationship between late chronotype and body mass index?

Article

May 2021

Aim: To determine the role of sleep quality and caffeinated beverage consumption in the effect of late chronotype on body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods: The study consisted of a total of 661 healthy university students with a mean age of 21.4 ± 1.38 years. Within the scope of the study, The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotypes of individuals, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to determine sleep quality, and a 24 h physical activity record was taken to determine physical activity levels. The caffeine intake of the individuals was determined using a food frequency questionnaire for the intake of caffeinated food and beverages. The role of mediators in the effect of late chronotype on BMI was evaluated via multiple mediation analysis. Results: In this study, evening-type individuals had higher daily caffeine intake, worse sleep quality (P < 0.001), and higher BMI (P < 0.05). When the effect of mediators was taken into account, the negative relationship between the chronotype score and BMI was maintained (β = -0.109, 95% CI (-0.194, -0.021), P < 0.05). Decreased sleep quality had a mediated effect in this relationship [β = -0.208, 95% CI (-0.275, -0.119)], and caffeinated beverage consumption was found to have no mediator function (β = 0.040 95% CI (-0.050, 0.108), P > 0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, eveningness chronotype had an effect on higher levels of caffeinated beverage consumption, lower sleep quality, and increased BMI. Chronotype, sleep quality, and caffeinated beverage consumption should be taken into account in studies examining the relationship between circadian rhythm and obesity.

The effects of caffeinated products on sleep and functioning in the military population: A focused review

Article

May 2021
PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE

Military personnel rely on caffeinated products such as coffee or energy drinks (ED) to maintain a maximal level of vigilance and performance under sleep-deprived and combat situations. While chronic caffeine intake is associated with decreased sleep duration and non-restful sleep in the general population, these relationships are understudied in the military. We conducted a focused review of the effects of caffeinated products on sleep and the functioning of military personnel. We used a pre-specified search algorithm and identified 28 peer-reviewed articles published between January 1967 and July 2019 involving military personnel. We classified the findings from these studies into three categories. These categories included descriptive studies of caffeine use, studies evaluating the association between caffeinated products and sleep or functioning measures, and clinical trials assessing the effects of caffeinated products on functioning in sleep-deprived conditions. Most of the studies showed that military personnel used at least one caffeine-containing product per day during active duty and coffee was their primary source of caffeine. Their mean caffeine consumption varied from 212-285 mg/day, depending on the type of personnel and their deployment status. Those who were younger than 30 years of age preferred ED use. Caffeine use in increasing amounts was associated with decreased sleep duration and increased psychiatric symptoms. The consumption of caffeinated products during sleep deprivation improved their cognitive and behavioral outcomes and physical performance. Caffeine and energy drink consumption may maintain some aspects of performance stemming from insufficient sleep in deployed personnel, but excessive use may have adverse consequences.

The unhealthy impact of sleep deprivation on metabolism, cognition, and work

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Sleep deprivation can cause metabolic and cognitive changes, negatively affecting the individual, whether at work, at school or simply in their daily lives. The literature has shown more and more people who choose to exchange a good night’s sleep, either for studies, work or simply for lifestyle. The objective of the present study was, through a narrative review of the literature from articles selected in the PUBMED, SCIELO and BVS databases, using the keywords mentioned below, to identify the effects caused by sleep deprivation on the cognitive and metabolic aspects of the individual and the impact caused at work. Given the above, it was possible to observe that sleep plays a fundamental role in the well-being and functioning of the body in general. Its deprivation can generate metabolic and cognitive damages, negatively influencing the daily tasks. Creating conditions to get a good night’s sleep is essential for the individual’s health and productivity. Further studies on the topic are needed to raise people’s awareness of the importance of sleep.

The effect of nocturnal “meat” versus “vegetarian” dinners on sleep quality and daily functioning

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021
SLEEP BREATH

IntroductionSleep and nutrition are central to an organism’s continued physiological existence. Moreover, both of these functions include significant social-behavioral, educational, and cultural elements. This study examined the effects of two types of nocturnal dinners (“vegetarian” versus “meat”) on the quality and quantity of sleep, as well as on subjective sleepiness and attention levels the following morning.Materials and methods20 healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women) participated in a lab polysomnography study for two non-consecutive nights at the Sleep Institute at Tel-Hai College. They completed questionnaires (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and Brief Symptom Inventory Questionnaire (BSI)), as well as a computerized attention and concentration test (Conner’s Continuous Performance Test-III (CPT-III)), on the mornings after each night of polysomnography. On the first night, subjects consumed a vegetarian meal made up of non-animal ingredients (vegetables and vegetable proteins). On the second night, they were given a meat meal composed of carbohydrates, fats, and animal proteins.ResultsNo significant differences were measured in the various sleep parameters: efficacy, structure, and quality of sleep. There were also no significant differences found in the behavioral measures examined: subjective sleepiness (KSS), mood (BSI), and attention and concentration abilities (CPT-III).Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that, contrary to popular belief, consuming a meat dinner may not affect a person’s quality of sleep, or their ability to function the morning after, differently than a vegetarian dinner. Future studies should further examine the relationship between sleep and nutrition.Trial registrationThe clinical trial is registered under the number 0010-18ASMC.

Association Between Coffee, Tobacco and Alcohol Daily Consumption and Sleep/Wake Cycle: an Actigraphy Study in Euthymic Patients With Bipolar Disorders

Poster

Jul 2020

Introduction: Daily uses of coffee, tobacco and alcohol are common among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). Even with moderate amounts, these uses may have deleterious effects on sleep and destabilize sleep/wake rhythms. The objective of this actigraphy study is to investigate the associations between the self‐reported daily use of tobacco, alcohol and coffee, and the objective parameters of sleep and activity in individuals with BD. Method: We included 147 adult remitted outpatients with BD in two university‐affiliated psychiatric department in France. Patients recorded their coffee, tobacco and alcohol daily consumption in an agenda and completed actigraphy monitoring for 3 weeks. We classified individuals as coffee+/coffee−, tobacco+/tobacco− and alcohol+/alcohol−, according to their self‐reported daily use of substances. Actigraphic measures (sleep quantity and daytime activity) were compared between groups. We examined potential correlations between actigraphy parameters and mean daily amount of substances use. Results: We found associations between alcohol use and M10 onset (P = .003) and with relative amplitude (P < .001). There was a trend for an association between coffee use and sleep duration (P < .08). The average amount of alcohol used per day was associated with a lower relative amplitude (P = .005), and the average amount of coffee drank per day with a lower sleep duration (P = .047) and a lower relative amplitude (P = .003). Conclusion: This study suggested a bidirectional relationship between the daily use of these substances and the sleep/wake cycle in euthymic individuals with BD. These preliminary results should be replicated in future studies since they may guide the development of psychoeducation strategies.

The Effects of Dietary Nutrition on Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020
MEDIAT INFLAMM

Sleep disorder significantly affects the life quality of a large number of people but is still an underrecognized disease. Dietary nutrition is believed to play a significant impact on sleeping wellness. Many nutritional supplements have been used trying to benefit sleep wellness. However, the relationship between nutritional components and sleep is complicated. Nutritional factors vary dramatically with different diet patterns and depend significantly on the digestive and metabiotic functions of each individual. Moreover, nutrition can profoundly affect the hormones and inflammation status which directly or indirectly contribute to insomnia. In this review, we summarized the role of major nutritional factors, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and vitamins on sleep and sleep disorders and discussed the potential mechanisms.

Estimated doses of melatonin for treating deadly virus infections: focus on COVID-19

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Increased evidence implies that melatonin may be a promising molecule for combating COVID-19 due to its potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory capacities. A frequently asked question concerns the suitable dosage of melatonin for deadly virus infections including COVID-19 patients. The golden standards for a suitable dosage of medicine are safety and effectiveness. By reviewing the pharmacokinetics as well as animal studies and clinical trials of melatonin in the deadly viral infections and sepsis, we estimate that a dose of 8 mg/kg/day of melatonin is suitable for COVID-19 patients, especially for the severe cases. To maintain an elevated melatonin serum level lasting longer and smoother, this daily dose can be divided into 5 sub-doses with the initial dose of doubling over the other sub-doses. The recommended dose is in the ranges used to treat septic patients clinically and is devoid of any adverse effect; thus, it is safe. This dose is calculated from an effective dose which significantly reduces the mortality of virus-infected mice and is, therefore, assumed to be effective for COVID-19 severe patients. In our opinion, a dose or a medicine which can only improve the symptoms of mild or moderately severe patients of COVID-19 lack biological significance since virus infection is a self-limited disease and most of the patients with mild or moderate symptoms will recover by themselves whether treated or not. A meaningful treatment is to target the severe patients and significantly reduce the resulting mortality. The suggested melatonin dose is, thus, mainly recommended for the severe COVID-19 patients. The possibility of using suppositories for the delivery of highly dosed melatonin is also addressed, since long-term experience with this treatment is available for another disease.

Association between coffee, tobacco, and alcohol daily consumption and sleep/wake cycle: an actigraphy study in euthymic patients with bipolar disorders

Article

Feb 2020

Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have higher than average rates of coffee, tobacco and alcohol use. These substances may have deleterious effects on sleep quality and quantity, which may destabilize sleep/wake cycles and negatively impact the clinical course and prognosis of BD. The use of these substances may also be perceived as a self-medication attempt, for example, to induce sleep or to increase vigilance during the day. The objective of the current study was to investigate associations between the self-reported daily use of coffee, tobacco, and alcohol, and objective measures of sleep and activity patterns in adult individuals with BD. A sample of 147 euthymic individuals with BD were assessed for daily coffee, tobacco and alcohol consumption and 21 days of actigraphy monitoring. Actigraphic measures of sleep quantity and daytime activity were compared between groups classified as coffee+/coffee-, tobacco+/tobacco- and alcohol+/alcohol-, defined according to their current daily use. Then, we examined potential correlations between sleep/wake cycle parameters and the amount of daily consumption of each substance. Multivariable analyses identified associations between the use of coffee, tobacco, and alcohol and several sleep and activity parameters, such as between coffee, alcohol, and the relative amplitude of activity (respectively, p = .003 and p = .005), between alcohol and M10 onset (onset time of the 10 most active hours during the 24-h cycle) (p = .003), and between coffee and sleep duration (p = .047). This study supports the hypothesis that there is a relationship, whose direction would be bidirectional, between the daily use of these substances and the sleep/wake cycle in euthymic individuals with BD. These preliminary results require replications in other retrospective and prospective samples. They may have a clinical impact on psycho-education strategies to be proposed to individuals with BD.

Sleep hygiene – What do we mean? A bibliographic review

Article

Apr 2024
SLEEP MED REV

Consumo de bebidas energizantes e insomnio en estudiantes de posgrados en salud no médicoquirúrgicos, Medellín, Colombia

Article

Dec 2023

El sueño es un requerimiento para la salud física y mental. Y quienes no duermen, por tanto, desmejoran su calidad de vida cuando no logran conciliarlo. Las bebidas energizantes son capaces de elevar el nivel de energía y rendimiento mental debido a sus ingredientes como cafeína y otros componentes; sin embargo, podrían generar efectos indeseables como el insomnio. Los estudiantes de posgrado en salud tienen un alto riesgo de insomnio, debido a exigencias académicas, laborales y familiares, por lo que son más propensos al consumo de bebidas energizantes para mantenerse alerta y cumplir con sus obligaciones. Este artículo presenta un estudio analítico de corte transversal, con el fin de evaluar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas energizan- tes e insomnio, en el que se incluyeron 157 estudiantes de posgrado en salud no médico-quirúrgicos de una universidad de Medellín, Colombia, escogidos con un muestreo aleatorio estratificado según programa académico durante marzo y mayo de 2019. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, académicas, laborales y hábitos de sueño, así como de consumo y tipo de bebidas energizantes. Se halló insomnio en el 43,9 % de los estudiantes, ic 95 % (36 %-52,1 %), con asociación estadística al consumo de bebida energizante rp 1,68 IC 95 % (1,01-2,83). El consumo de bebidas energizantes y la frecuencia de consumo se asocian a la presencia de insomnio en estudiantes de posgrado en salud no médico-quirúrgicos.

Sirkadiyen Ritim, Egzersiz ve Fizyolojik Yanıtlar

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Cihan Gürbüz

Association of sleep quality with nutritional status and body mass index in adults

Article

Jun 2023

Purpose: Identifying the factors that affect sleep quality will help minimize potential health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the association of sleep quality with dietary habits, nutritional status and body mass index (BMI) in adults. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 576 healthy individuals, 293 males and 283 females, aged between 18-65 years. The study did not include individuals with chronic diseases, pregnant and lactating women. The participants' descriptive information, dietary habits, and some anthropometric measurements were questioned. Additionally, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was applied to the participants and 24-hour dietary recalls were recorded. Results: In both male and total participants, the rate of good sleep quality of those with a BMI between 18.50-24.99 kg/m2 was lower than those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2. The number of cigarette smoked in a day and the total PSQI score of the male and total participants were positively correlated. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of saturated fatty acids in the diet and the total PSQI scores in female and total participants, while a negative relationship was found between dietary niacin (mg) and copper (mg) intakes and total PSQI scores in female. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between sleep quality and nutritional status, and BMI. It can be concluded that some lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation/reduction and the acquisition of healthy eating habits can be used to improve sleep quality.

Impact of vegetarian versus non-vegetarian diet on health outcomes in male individuals: A comparative study

Article

Feb 2023

Sağlık Çalışanlarında Huzursuz Bacak Sendromu Sıklığı ve Uyku Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi-Prevalence of Restless Leg Syndrome and Sleep Quality in Healthcare Workers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Aim: Inconsistency of sleeping and being awake circle is frequently seen in night work and related with physical and psychiatric problems. In our study our aim was to evaluate sleep quality and prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome and its relationship with sociodemographic features in healthcare workers. Methods: The study was performed at Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital in 1 July-1 November 2015. Totally 198 healthcare workers were included in the study. To all cases, minimal diagnosis criteria of Restless Legs Syndrome, Restless Legs Syndrome-Severity Evaluating Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were applied. Results: One hundred and ten doctors (55.8%), 66 nurses (33.5%) and 21 auxiliary health personnel (10.7%) attended in our study. Totally 57 of them (28.9%) had Restless Legs Syndrome. It was found that Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index points were higher in participants who had restless legs syndrome. There was a negative correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and age. Sleep quality score was higher in cases on shift-workers. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between Restless Legs Syndrome and sleep quality disorders. Healthcare workers, who has a sleep disorder, must be asked for Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms. Working with shift system is a major cause of circadian sleep disorder. In this aspect, the working hours of medical staff must be organized and the duration of the shift times must be shortened.

Review of Applications of VR Tools, New Opportunities, and Limitations

Chapter

Oct 2022

Alina Stelick

Augmented and Virtual Reality tools are emerging technologies that allow the Consumer Explorers to simulate user experiences. Through her research experiences, the author reviews available technologies and provides detailed guidelines and watch‐outs for creating a compelling immersive VR test environment. The author also covers the influence of contexts on consumer responses toward augmented and virtual reality tools, how to simulate environment to achieve ecological validity in the testing, and how to build your own DIY multisensory media environment for the tools.

Montmorency tart cherry supplementation does not impact sleep, body composition, cellular health, or blood pressure in healthy adults

Article

Jul 2022

Background: Sleep disturbances are linked with cardiovascular and metabolic disease as well as poor body composition. Aim: To investigate the use of tart cherry supplements, which are high in antioxidants and may contain melatonin, on parameters of health such as sleep, body composition, cellular health, and blood pressure (BP). Methods: Forty-four participants had completed sleep record data and were included in this analysis. Participants consumed either two 240 ml bottles per day of Montmorency tart cherry (MTC) juice or placebo or two capsules per day of powdered MTC or placebo for 30 days. Participants tracked their sleep daily via questionnaire and completed body composition and BP assessments at baseline, 14 days, and 30 days after supplementation. Results: There were no significant differences in sleep time or quality between groups, though both increased over 30 days. The capsule groups had significantly lower body mass (BM) 14 days versus baseline for placebo group (p = 0.01, mean difference: 0.70 kg) and at 30 days versus 14 days in MTC group (p = 0.02, mean difference: 0.75 kg). No other differences in body composition or cellular health were found. BP was unaffected by MTC supplementation over 30 days. Despite the potential benefits of antioxidants and melatonin, we did not find improvements in sleep time or quality, cellular health or BP in participants consuming MTC for 30 days, though BM decreased in capsule groups. Conclusion: These results conflict with previous data on MTC and sleep and BP, therefore further investigation is warranted.

Does Beverage Consumption Affect Sleep Quality?

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Sleep quality is important since it affects many physiological functions in the body. Recently, it has been considered that an increase in beverage consumption could result in some negative effects on sleep quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of beverage consumption on sleep quality. 254 individuals, consisting of 181 females and 73 males, were included in the study. The survey form including information on demographical features, anthropometrical measurements, questions on physical activity, beverage consumption form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was applied with face to face method. The average Pittsburgh Sleep Quality point of the participants was measured as 5.81±3.36. It has been determined that 55.5% of the participants (n=141) have good sleep quality. Even though the amount of caffein intake from beverages, consumption amount of the caffeinated and stimulant beverages have a negative impact on sleep quality, the level of this impact is low (p<0.05) (r=0.15, 0.15, 0.14). It has been found that the consumption of coffee without cream deteriorates sleep quality 4.8 times, while ayran (drinkable yogurt, buttermilk) deteriorates sleep quality 2.6 times. It is considered that the lessening in the consumption of ayran, coffee without cream, caffeinated beverages and stimulant beverages could improve sleep quality.

Stimulants and Sleep

Chapter

Feb 2022

Psychostimulants are considered as the most widely used psychotropic substances globally. These substances cause excitation, elevated mood, increased alertness, and arousal by their effect on the central nervous system (CNS). Some of the substances are widely and legally available such as nicotine and caffeine, while others are used as recreational drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Plant products such as khat are also used in some parts of the world. Stimulants are also one of the common compositions of newer psychoactive substances and their use is increasing day by day. These substances have been found to have profound effect on sleep architecture, including changes in Nonrapid Eye Movement (NREM) and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep patterns. During acute intoxication, nicotine and other stimulants increase REM latency, sleep onset latency, and NREM-2 sleep. Similarly, chronic abstinence from stimulants is also associated with sleep disorders, including drowsiness or hypersomnia. Subacute withdrawal from cocaine may lead to “occult insomnia.” The use of stimulants may also obscure underlying sleep disorders. These substances when used in pregnancy can have deleterious effects on fetal development. There are few studies on the management of stimulant-dependent sleep disorders.KeywordsStimulantsSleepCaffeineMethamphetamineCocaineNicotineEcstasyMDMA

Biological Connection to the Feeling of Happiness

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

Happiness is a psychological state, resulting from the secretion of certain chemicals by specialist cells in the brain. It is a very tricky multifaceted theory that is challenging to comprehend. Humans desire to be happy and strive for the same throughout their lives. There is nothing else that can give more pleasure than being happy. Without knowing how happiness is achieved, humans tend to slog for worldly things that are perceived to bring joy. But the fact is that the human brain is a master programmer that controls when and how one feels happy. The determinants that offer happiness are numerous like biological, cognitive, behavioural, sociocultural, etc. Amongst these the biological factors are the endogenic constituents that top the table in defining human happiness. Today, happiness is a typical problem that is being examined by several researchers. It is thus, obligatory to comprehend the biological outlook of joy and understand the quality of life. Therefore, this paper intends to reflect on the biological factors that hold happiness. The data acquired from the database search is categorised under the subheadings hormones/ neurotransmitters, genetics, and the anthropometric typology. The neurotransmitters identified to offer happiness are dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, endocannabinoids, endorphins, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and melatonin. These are secreted in humans and have a designated purpose in ascertaining happiness. Although there is no extensive proof available on the genetics of happiness, studies suggest that 35-50% of the joy is hereditary. Genes like Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAOA) and their role in happiness are explored through various research studies. Also, the physical features of an individual have a link to human happiness. Therefore, the existing knowledge points out that the biological factors’ role is vital in determining happiness which is undebatable.

Welche legalen Drogen machen süchtig?

Chapter

Jan 2021

Nevriye Yesil

Bei legalen Drogen handelt es sich um Substanzen, die einfach und rechtmäßig erhältlich sind. Der Konsum und Besitz von diesen Substanzen und der Handel mit ihnen sind straffrei und sie können im Supermarkt, am Kiosk oder in der Tankstelle um die Ecke erworben werden. Doch Vorsicht: Legal bedeutet auf keinen Fall, dass diese Substanzen harmlos sind, denn den Körper interessiert das kleine Wörtchen „legal“ kein bisschen, und nur weil diese Suchtmittel ohne strafrechtliche Folgen zu erwerben sind, rechtfertigt dies die negativen Folgen für Gesundheit und Lebensqualität nicht.

N -Methyltransferases of Caffeine Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants

Article

Nov 2020

Caffeine (Cf) is one of the important components of plant-derived drinks, such as tea, coffee, and cola. It can protect soft tissues from being infected by pathogens and is also medically beneficial for human health. In this review, we first introduced the Cf biosynthesis pathways in plants and the related N-methyltransferases (NMTs), with a focus on the current research status of the substrate specificity, structural basis for substrate recognition, and catalytic mechanism in members of the caffeine synthase gene family. In addition, we addressed the expression characteristics and potential regulatory mechanisms of NMTs and also projected the future research directions. The goal was to summarize the Cf biosynthetic pathway and related NMTs in plants and to provide the molecular basis for regulating the caffeine biosynthesis, so as to effectively guide future tea and coffee breeding.

Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors: Sleep to Remain Well Around the Clock

Chapter

Jun 2020

This chapter aims to provide knowledge about the impact of insufficient and poor-quality sleep on wellness and burnout among resident physicians. This information may additionally be of value to practicing physicians who have already completed their training. Strategies aimed at prioritizing sleep, adopting healthy sleep habits, and recovering from sleep deficits are discussed with a focus on promoting well-being and optimal functioning on the job.

Chronic Pain

Chapter

Mar 2020

Jena Savadsky Griffith

Affecting one in five people, chronic pain is a complex, multifactorial condition that is challenging for both patients and clinicians. Prevailing pain management, which includes NSAIDS and opioids, has not adequately addressed the growing cohort of those suffering and comes with serious side effects. Current Western diets are high-calorie, micronutrient-deficient and create excessive inflammation. Most pain syndromes are associated with chronic inflammation, altered gut microbiomes, drug-nutrient interactions, nutrient insufficiencies and food sensitivities. Through individual foods, nutrients and dietary patterns, nutrition has preventive, causative, managerial and curative involvement in chronic pain. Using diet and lifestyle as a first-line intervention is empowering for the pain patient, can increase function, and can be potentially transformative.

The dynamic relationship between daily caffeine intake and sleep duration in middle-aged and older adults

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

The effect of caffeine on sleep has been well documented. However, most studies examined this relationship in laboratories or used a cross-sectional design analysing between-person differences. This study investigated the within-person relationship between caffeine intake and sleep duration at home. In a national database, 377 participants (aged 35-85 years) completed a 7-day diary study. Sleep duration was measured by Actigraphy and caffeine intake was self-reported in sleep logs. Three analytic strategies were used. The average sleep duration and the average caffeine intake were not significantly correlated. Multilevel regressions using daytime caffeine intake to predict night-time sleep, and using night-time sleep to predict next day caffeine intake, also did not detect any significant effect. Then dynamical systems analysis was performed, where the daily change rate and change tendency of caffeine and sleep were estimated, and the relationship among these momentums was examined. Results revealed a significant effect of sleep duration on the change tendency of caffeine use: a shorter sleep duration predicted a stronger tendency to consume caffeine, and this phenomenon was only found in middle-aged adults (aged 35-55 years) not in older adults (aged 55+). This study did not detect any effect of daily caffeine intake on sleep duration, implying that habitual use of caffeine in real life may not coincide with laboratory findings, and that using caffeine to compensate for sleep loss is the habit of middle-aged adults, not the elderly. The advantage of using a dynamic approach to analyse interrelated processes with uncertain time lags is also highlighted.

Caffeine and the central nervous system: Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects

Article

Full-text available

May 1992

Caffeine is the most widely consumed centralnervous-system stimulant. Three main mechanisms of action of caffeine on the central nervous system have been described. Mobilization of intracellular calcium and inhibition of specific phosphodiesterases only occur at high non-physiological concentrations of caffeine. The only likely mechanism of action of the methylxanthine is the antagonism at the level of adenosine receptors. Caffeine increases energy metabolism throughout the brain but decreases at the same time cerebral blood flow, inducing a relative brain hypoperfusion. Caffeine activates noradrenaline neurons and seems to affect the local release of dopamine. Many of the alerting effects of caffeine may be related to the action of the methylxanthine on serotonine neurons. The methylxanthine induces dose-response increases in locomotor activity in animals. Its psychostimulant action on man is, however, often subtle and not very easy to detect. The effects of caffeine on learning, memory, performance and coordination are rather related to the methylxanthine action on arousal, vigilance and fatigue. Caffeine exerts obvious effects on anxiety and sleep which vary according to individual sensitivity to the methylxanthine. However, children in general do not appear more sensitive to methylxanthine effects than adults. The central nervous system does not seem to develop a great tolerance to the effects of caffeine although dependence and withdrawal symptoms are reported.

Melatonin in Humans

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1997

Amnon Brzezinski

Acute effects of bright light and caffeine on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in women taking and not taking oral contraceptives

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2000
BRAIN RES

Caffeine and bright light effects on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in women were tested during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (n=30) or the pseudo luteal phase for oral contraceptive users (n=32). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either bright (5000 lux) or dim room light (<88 lux) between 20:00 and 08:00 h under a modified constant routine protocol. Half the subjects in each lighting condition were administered either caffeine (100 mg) or placebo in a double-blind manner at 20:00, 23:00, 02:00 and 05:00 h. Results showed that the combination of bright light and caffeine enhanced nighttime temperature levels to a greater extent than did either caffeine or bright light alone. Both of the latter groups had higher temperature levels relative to the dim light placebo condition and the two groups did not differ. Temperature levels in the bright light caffeine condition were maintained at near peak circadian levels the entire night in the luteal and pseudo luteal phase. Melatonin levels were reduced throughout the duration of bright light exposure for all women. Caffeine reduced the onset of melatonin levels for women in the luteal phase, but it had little effect on melatonin levels for oral contraceptive users. The results for women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle are consistent with our previous findings in men. The results also suggest that oral contraceptives may alter the effects of caffeine on nighttime melatonin levels.

Regulation of the Mammalian Pineal by Non-rod, Non-cone, Ocular Photoreceptors

Article

Apr 1999

Robert J. Lucas

In mammals, ocular photoreceptors mediate an acute inhibition of pineal melatonin by light. The effect of rod and cone loss on this response was assessed by combining the rd mutation with a transgenic ablation of cones (cl) to produce mice lacking both photoreceptor classes. Despite the loss of all known retinal photoreceptors, rd/rd cl mice showed normal suppression of pineal melatonin in response to monochromatic light of wavelength 509 nanometers. These data indicate that mammals have additional ocular photoreceptors that they use in the regulation of temporal physiology.

Prediction of sleep disorders induced by ??-adrenergic receptor blocking agents based on receptor occupancy

Article

Apr 1995

β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (β-blocking agents) have been widely used clinically for the treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. However, β-blocking agents are liable to cause sleep disturbance, such as vivid dreams, nightmares, increased waking, and insomnia. The mechanisms of the sleep disorders are not known, but several may conceivably be responsible for these CNS-related side effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that the sleep disorders are induced by the blockade of central or peripheral β2 receptors and/or central serotonin (5-HT) receptors. To verify the hypothesis, we retrospectively analyzed the relationships between the extent of the sleep disorders and the β1, β2, or 5-HT receptor occupancies for four β-blocking agents (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and propranolol). No significant correlations were observed among pharmacokinetic/physicochemical parameters (therapeutic dose, plasma concentration, plasma unbound concentration, cerebrospinal fluid concentration, and lipid solubility) and pharmacodynamic parameters (the scores of the sleep disorders such as the number of dreams). Furthermore, no significant relationship (correlation coefficient: r<0.3) was observed between β1 receptor occupancies of the drugs and the number of dreams. On the other hand, good relationships (r>0.95) were observed between central and peripheral β2 or central 5-HT receptor occupancies and the number of dreams. These findings suggest that β2 and/or 5-HT receptor occupancy is superior to β1 receptor occupancy as an index for the sleep disorders.

Putative Melatonin Receptors in a Human Biological Clock

Article

Nov 1988

In vitro autoradiography with 125I-labeled melatonin was used to examine melatonin binding sites in human hypothalamus. Specific 125I-labeled melatonin binding was localized to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the site of a putative biological clock, and was not apparent in other hypothalamic regions. Specific 125I-labeled melatonin binding was consistently found in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalami from adults and fetuses. Densitometric analysis of competition experiments with varying concentrations of melatonin showed monophasic competition curves, with comparable half-maximal inhibition values for the suprachiasmatic nuclei of adults (150 picomolar) and fetuses (110 picomolar). Micromolar concentrations of the melatonin agonist 6-chloromelatonin completely inhibited specific 125I-labeled melatonin binding, whereas the same concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine caused only a partial reduction in specific binding. The results suggest that putative melatonin receptors are located in a human biological clock.

Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by contolled-release melatonin

Article

Aug 1995

Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland at night, has a role in regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Among elderly people, even those who are healthy, the frequency of sleep disorders is high and there is an association with impairment of melatonin production. We investigated the effect of a controlled-release formulation of melatonin on sleep quality in 12 elderly subjects (aged 76 [SD 8] years) who were receiving various medications for chronic illnesses and who complained of insomnia. In all 12 subjects the peak excretion of the main melatonin metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin during the night was lower than normal and/or delayed in comparison with non-insomniac elderly people. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover study the subjects were treated for 3 weeks with 2 mg per night of controlled-release melatonin and for 3 weeks with placebo, with a week's washout period. Sleep quality was objectively monitored by wrist actigraphy. Sleep efficiency was significantly greater after melatonin than after placebo (83 [SE 4] vs 75 [3]%, p < 0.001) and wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter (49 [14] vs 73 [13] min, p < 0.001). Sleep latency decreased, but not significantly (19 [5] vs 33 [7] min, p = 0.088). Total sleep time was not affected. The only adverse effects reported were two cases of pruritus, one during melatonin and one during placebo treatment; both resolved spontaneously. Melatonin deficiency may have an important role in the high frequency of insomnia among elderly people. Controlled-release melatonin replacement therapy effectively improves sleep quality in this population.

Caffeine and propranolol block the increase in rat pineal melatonin production produced by stimulation of adenosine receptors

Article

Aug 1994
NEUROSCI LETT

The adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) injected i.p. during the light period increased rat pineal melatonin levels and this increase was blocked by simultaneous administration of the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine. A single dose of the adenosine A1 agonist cyclopentyladenosine had no effect on nocturnal melatonin production. The NECA-stimulated increase was also blocked by the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Given alone, neither caffeine nor propranolol had any effect on melatonin levels. The results point to an intermediate role for beta-adrenergic receptors in the adenosine-stimulated increase of melatonin production.

Adenosine A2 receptor-mediated stimulation of cyclic AMP in cultured chicken pineal cells

Article

Sep 1995

The pineal gland of vertebrates produces the time-keeping hormone melatonin in a rhythmic manner. Regulation of melatonin production is a multifactorial process. In the chicken, light, perceived through the skull, and norepinephrine, acting through alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, synergistically inhibit day time melatonin production. In addition, adenosine exerts autocrine/paracrine modulatory effects on melatonin secretion. In an attempt to elucidate how these effects of adenosine are mediated, chicken pineal cells were cultured, in the dark during day time, in the presence of different analogs of adenosine. When the adenosine transmembranous carrier was inhibited, chloroadenosine stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The effects were antagonized by 8-phenyltheophylline, an antagonist at the A1/A2 adenosine receptors. A dose-dependent stimulation of cAMP accumulation was also obtained with other adenosine agonists, with the following order of potency: N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine > cyclopentyladenosine > R-phenyl-isopropylade-nosine. The stimulatory effect of the latter compound was still observed when basal cAMP levels were increased in the presence of forskolin. Under our experimental conditions no inhibition of cAMP content was observed. Our results are consistent with the idea that stimulation of melatonin secretion by adenosine analogs is mediated through A2 receptors.

Prediction of sleep disorders induced by beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents based on receptor occupancy

Article

May 1995
J Pharmacokinet Biopharm

beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (beta-blocking agents) have been widely used clinically for the treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. However, beta-blocking agents are liable to cause sleep disturbance, such as vivid dreams, nightmares, increased waking, and insomnia. The mechanisms of the sleep disorders are not known, but several may conceivably be responsible for these CNS-related side effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that the sleep disorders are induced by the blockade of central or peripheral beta 2 receptors and/or central serotonin (5-HT) receptors. To verify the hypothesis, we retrospectively analyzed the relationships between the extent of the sleep disorders and the beta 1, beta 2, or 5-HT receptor occupancies for four beta-blocking agents (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and propranolol). No significant correlations were observed among pharmacokinetic/physicochemical parameters (therapeutic dose, plasma concentration, plasma unbound concentration, cerebrospinal fluid concentration, and lipid solubility) and pharmacodynamic parameters (the scores of the sleep disorders such as the number of dreams). Furthermore, no significant relationship (correlation coefficient: r < 0.3) was observed between beta 1 receptor occupancies of the drugs and the number of dreams. On the other hand, good relationships (r > 0.95) were observed between central and peripheral beta 2 or central 5-HT receptor occupancies and the number of dreams. These findings suggest that beta 2 and/or 5-HT receptor occupancy is superior to beta 1 receptor occupancy as an index for the sleep disorders.

Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels after flunitrazepam administration in healthy subjects

Article

Jun 1996
EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM

Polysomnographic sleep patterns and melatonin secretion were investigated in 5 young (age 25.6 +/- 1.1 years) and 5 middle-aged (age 49.4 +/- 5.4 years) healthy male subjects after intravenous administration of 1 mg flunitrazepam and placebo in a randomized, double-blind and cross-over setting. The area under the curve (AUC) of total nocturnal melatonin plasma concentration decreased 23.3 +/- 11.5% in young subjects (P < or = 0.05) and 39.3 +/- 5.2% in middle-aged subjects (P < or = 0.05) after flunitrazepam infusion compared with placebo infusion. Differences in nocturnal peak values of melatonin were 5.4 +/- 22.0% in young subjects (not significant) and 34.0 +/- 14.7% in middle-aged subjects (p < or = 0.05). Flunitrazepam significantly (P < or = 0.05) improved sleep latency and the number of sleep stage changes in the group of all subjects. These results show that, although the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam improves sleep, it reduces the nocturnal secretion of melatonin, and therefore alters the circadian rhythm of a hormone which is supposed to play a special role in circadian sleep-wake rhythmicity.

Caffeine and light effects on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in sleep-deprived humans

Article

Jan 1997
BRAIN RES

The effects of caffeine ingestion and exposure to bright light, both separately and in combination, on salivary melatonin and tympanic temperature were assessed in humans. Four treatments during a 45.5 h sleep deprivation period were compared: Dim Light-Placebo, Dim Light-Caffeine, Bright Light-Placebo and Bright-Light Caffeine. The Dim Light-Caffeine condition (200 mg twice each night) relative to the Dim Light-Placebo condition suppressed nighttime melatonin levels and attenuated the normal decrease in temperature. Combining caffeine ingestion with bright light exposure (> or = 2000 lux) suppressed melatonin and attenuated the normal nighttime drop in temperature to a larger degree than either condition alone; i.e. effects were additive. Circadian effects were also observed in that the amplitude and phase of the temperature rhythm were altered during treatment. These findings establish that the human melatonin system is responsive to caffeine. Other evidence suggests that caffeine may influence melatonin and temperature levels through antagonism of the neuromodulator adenosine.

The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion

Abstract

No full-text available

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