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Proximate composition, fatty acids, cholesterol, minerals in frozen red porgy
Abstract
The proximate composition of frozen red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) was determined. The moisture, ash, protein and total lipids (45.5+/-1.4% PL of which 90.4+/-2.0% PhL) were found to be 71.7+/-1.0%, 1.73+/-0.12%, 21.5+/-0.8% and 0.81+/-0.09% of the wet muscle tissue, respectively. 16:0 and 18:0 were the main SFA, 18:1 (omega-9 and omega-7) the main MUFA while DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The SFA/PUFA ratio was 1.5 and the omega-3/omega-6 ratio was 3.02. The cholesterol content was found to be 8.18+/-0.34 mg/100 g of the wet muscle tissue. Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg were determined in the muscles, skin, hepatopancreas and head of the fish. The covering percentage of the recommended daily allowance/intake (RDA/RDI) for each mineral, in the muscle tissue, has been calculated to 14.2% (males) and 7.89% (females) for Fe, 2.87% for Cu, 4.07% for Zn 0.4% for Mn, 13.9% for Ni, 20.2% for Cr and 10.4% for Mg.
... The minimum and maximum copper levels were 0.32 mg kg À1 in MB and 6.48 mg kg À1 in NAS for muscles, and 5.29 mg kg À1 in YLV and 14.9 mg kg À1 in NAS for livers. Copper levels in the literature have been reported as 1.57 mg kg À1 for muscles of fish from _ Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (Tü rkmen et al., 2005), 0.7-27 mg kg À1 for muscles and 3.1-323 mg kg À1 for livers of fish from Lake Budi, IX Region, Chile (Tapia et al., 2006), <3.17 mg kg À1 for muscles and 305 mg kg À1 for livers of fish from Esmoriz-Paramos coastal lagoon, Portugal (Fernandes, Fontainhas-Fernandes, Peixoto, & Salgado, 2007), 0.57 mg kg À1 for muscles of Pagrus pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). Copper levels of the present study were generally in similar ranges with the literature. ...
... The minimum and maximum manganese contents were found as 0.10 mg kg À1 in YLV and 0.99 mg kg À1 in NAS for muscles, and 0.55 mg kg À1 in YLV and 5.40 mg kg À1 in CAS for livers. Manganese in the literature have been reported in the range of 0.09-9.23 mg kg À1 for muscles of fish from coastal waters of Caspian sea (Anan et al., 2005), 0.16 mg kg À1 for muscles of P. pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007), 0.14-3.36 mg kg À1 for muscles of fish from Indian markets (Sivaperumal et al., 2007), 0.07-0.45 ...
... The lowest and highest zinc levels in fish were found as 4.49 mg kg À1 in YLV and 11.6 mg kg À1 in NAS for muscles, and 26.2 mg kg À1 in YLV and 43.5 mg kg À1 in CAS for livers. Zinc contents in the literature have been reported in the range of 4.71-23.1 mg kg À1 for muscles of fish from Ria de Averio, Portugal (Perez Cid et al., 2001), 6.1 mg kg À1 for muscles of P. pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007), 10.7 mg kg À1 for muscles 36.4 mg kg À1 for livers of fish from Esmoriz-Paramos coastal lagoon, Portugal (Fernandes et al., 2007), 4.36 mg kg À1 for muscles of fish from _ Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (Tü rkmen et al., 2005), 2.61-3.13 mg kg À1 for muscles and 19.9-38.9 ...
The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were determined by ICP-AES in muscles and livers of 12 fish species sampled from the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas of Turkey. Iron showed the highest levels in examined tissues of all fish species. Following Fe, Zn generally showed the second highest levels. Metal concentrations in edible parts of fish species were 0.02-0.37mgkg(-1) for cadmium, 0.04-0.41mgkg(-1) for cobalt, 0.04-1.75mgkg(-1) for chromium, 0.32-6.48 mgkg(-1) for copper, 7.46-40.1mgkg(-1) for iron, 0.10-0.99 mgkg(-1) for manganese, 0.02-3.97mgkg(-1) for nickel, 0.33-0.86mgkg(-1) for lead, 4.49-11.2mgkg(-1) for zinc, respectively. All metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. In some stations, cadmium and chromium concentrations in both muscles and livers, and lead levels in livers of the examined species were higher than permissible safety levels for human uses.
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... The increased demand for seafood products (Sargent, 1997) as well as the fact that global supplies have plateaued and many fish stocks have been damaged due to overfishing , led the industry of seafood around the world to culture them. P. pagrus seems to satisfy some of the criteria for the selection of a fish species for intensive aquaculture, such as high market price and demand, ability to grow fast as well as adaptability to heavy stocking resulting thus to its availability within the year at a lower cost (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). According to the above, the present comparative study is focusing on the DHA, EPA content, DHA/EPA ratio, -3/-6 ratio as well as the phospholipid content (and composition) along with the cholesterol content in the edible part (muscle tissue) of cultured P. pagrus and its wild relative as well as two other pelagic fish species, T. draco (greater weever) and T. lyra (piper gurnard), in order to evaluate their nutritional value for human health in respect to their lipid composition. ...
... According to the literature data fat levels in cultured fish are generally higher than in their wild counterparts mainly due to the type of the commercial diet that fish are fed (Grigorakis et al., 2002). As it is known, total body lipids increase with fish size (Henderson & Tocher, 1987); in previous studies in P. pagrus of minor body size, such as frozen P. pagrus with mean body weight 389 ± 56 g, total lipids were found to be 0.81% (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). Likewise in the wild fish with body weight 49 ± 27 g, total lipids were 0.65% (Rueda et al., 1997). ...
... The cultured and wild P. pagrus (red porgy), T. draco (greater weever) as well as Trgla lyra (piper gurnard) phospholipids comprised 93.2%, 86.1%, 98.0% and 99.0% of PL along with 12.40%, 44.3%, 60.76% and 60.39% of TL respectively. As it is well known the PhL percentage in TL tends to be higher in fish with low lipid content (lean fish) (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). Although the PhL percentage in the TL of cultured P. pagrus muscles was found to be very low compared to their percentage in the wild P. pagrus muscles as well as to the other examined fish species TL, the amount of PhL in cultured fish muscles was found to be 0.80 g/100 g of the wet tissue, almost twice as much as the one in the muscles of the wild P. pagrus (0.40 g/100 g of the wet tissue) T. draco (0.59 g/100 g of the wet tissue) and T. lyra (0.40 g/100 g of the wet tissue). ...
EPA, DHA, cholesterol and phospholipid content were determined in the Trachinus draco, Trigla lyra and (wild and cultured) Pagrus pagrus muscles. The EPA and DHA levels - as determined by GC-GC/MS - in the cultured P. pagrus muscles (233.20 +/- 16.3 and 399.39 +/- 31.1 mg/100g of the wet tissue respectively) were found to be significantly higher compared to the ones in the wild P. pagrus, T. draco and T. lyra (26.31 +/- 2.26, 158.24 +/- 10.92 mg/100 g, 28.65 +/- 1.68, 155.97 +/- 2.63 mg/100 g 35.66 +/- 0.66 and 102.52 +/- 1.71 mg/100 g of the wet muscles respectively). The amounts of cholesterol (determined by GC on a capillary column) and phospholipids in the cultured P. pagrus muscles were significantly higher (149.3 mg/100 g and 0.80 g/100 g of the wet tissue respectively) compared to the ones in the wild P. pagrus (8.73 mg/100 g and 0.40 g/100 g), T. draco (41.72 mg/100 g and 0.59 g/100 g) and T. lyra muscles (38.63 mg/100 g and 0.40 g/100 g of the wet tissue respectively). The highest DHA/EPA and omega-3/omega-6 ratios were 6.00 and 5.93 in wild P. pagrus and T. draco muscles respectively, while the lowest in cultured P. pagrus (1.71 and 1.48 respectively).
... Finally, the filtered material was utilized as sugar beet bagasse broth (SBB) for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For fermentation, 2 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added in the 100 mL broth and incubated at various temperatures (20,30,40, 50 and 60 °C) for different time durations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days) in an incubator (Sanyo, Japan) having facility of orbital shaker (480 rpm). After the prescribed time of incubation, the fermented SBB was filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 1 [16] and retentive material was collected and dried at 70 °C till constant weight obtained. ...
... The results obtained for mineral contents of SCP were presented in the Table 4, which showed it as a good source of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron. The mineral profile of SCP fulfills the minerals requirements of humans as recommended by Food and Drug Administration [40]. These results indicated that SCP could be a useful alternative for meeting daily requirements of essential minerals. ...
Malnutrition is a serious issue in the developing countries especially in Pakistan. It may be due to ever growing population, urbanization and industrialization along with decrease in agricultural lands. It ultimately is an alarming situation for food security, thus, there is a need to look for alternate sources for food and nutrition security. Therefore, the objective of this project was to produce single cell protein (SCP), as a non-conventional food source from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a step toward sustainable production. In this study, effect of various temperature and nitrogen levels were investigated on SCP yield. Results indicated that maximum amount of SCP (9.18 g) was obtained at 30 °C for 6 days on sugar beet bagasse which was supplemented with ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source. It is rich in protein (47.78 ± 2.39%) contents with sufficient amount of fat (2.34 ± 0.11%), fiber (3.42 ± 0.17%) and ash (7.9 ± 0.4%). Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (42.45% of total fats) to saturated fatty acids was 0.73. Similarly, SCP contained broad spectrum of essential amino acids like leucine (43.5 ± 0.21 g/kg), valine (38.3 ± 0.19 g/kg), lysine (31.4 ± 0.15 g/kg). Besides, SCP was suitable for utilization in food formulations considering the results for functional properties (bulk density, water and oil absorption capacities, foaming and emulsion behaviors). The scavenging activity (36.65%), β-carotene bleaching activity (38.16%) and FRAP (46.93 mmol trolox Eq/g) values exhibited the potential of SCP functional food. In short, SCP is good source of protein and may be in food products and supplements.
... In the present study the major monounsaturated fatty acid was 8.02% of Elaidic acid (C18:1N9T) followed by 3.01% of oleic acid (C18:1N9C). However, earlier studies have shown oleic acid to be the predominant MUFA in the lipids of many species of marine fish accounting for 60-75% of the MUFA 6,33,34 . High level of C18:1N9T in the present studied The percentage of n-3 PUFA in sardines in the present study was 28.86%, this was higher than the n-6 PUFA (5.125 %) as referred in the earlier research reports 34 . ...
... However, earlier studies have shown oleic acid to be the predominant MUFA in the lipids of many species of marine fish accounting for 60-75% of the MUFA 6,33,34 . High level of C18:1N9T in the present studied The percentage of n-3 PUFA in sardines in the present study was 28.86%, this was higher than the n-6 PUFA (5.125 %) as referred in the earlier research reports 34 . Among PUFA, the EPA and DHA have an important role in nutrition for human health and both are the dominant PUFA in sardine analysed, accounting for 11.5% and 17.9% respectively. ...
... In the present study the major monounsaturated fatty acid was 8.02% of Elaidic acid (C18:1N9T) followed by 3.01% of oleic acid (C18:1N9C). However, earlier studies have shown oleic acid to be the predominant MUFA in the lipids of many species of marine fish accounting for 60-75% of the MUFA 6,33,34 . High level of C18:1N9T in the present studied The percentage of n-3 PUFA in sardines in the present study was 28.86%, this was higher than the n-6 PUFA (5.125 %) as referred in the earlier research reports 34 . ...
... However, earlier studies have shown oleic acid to be the predominant MUFA in the lipids of many species of marine fish accounting for 60-75% of the MUFA 6,33,34 . High level of C18:1N9T in the present studied The percentage of n-3 PUFA in sardines in the present study was 28.86%, this was higher than the n-6 PUFA (5.125 %) as referred in the earlier research reports 34 . Among PUFA, the EPA and DHA have an important role in nutrition for human health and both are the dominant PUFA in sardine analysed, accounting for 11.5% and 17.9% respectively. ...
... than the moisture content of corresponding tissues of the farmed fish ( Table 1). The moisture content of the farmed and wild meagre muscle was higher than those reported by Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. [18] for frozen sea bream Pagrus pagrus (71.7%), by Erkan and Özden [19] for sea bass Dicentrachus labrax and sea bream S. aurata (70.7 and 63.5%, respectively), by Moreira et al. [20] for species of the Brycon genus (B. cephalus, B. microlepis, and B. orbignyanus 71.8, 74.1, and 74.0%, respectively) and by Turchini et al. [21] for farmed sea trout Salmo trutta (75.3-75.6%). ...
... The ash percentage of the meagre muscle was similar to those reported by Caldironi and Manes [22] for Tupinambis merriane (1.2%) and by Moreira et al. [20] for species of the Brycon genus (B. cephalus, B. microlepis, and B. orbignyanus 1.15, 1.05, and 1.32%, respectively) and lower than those reported by Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. [18] for frozen sea bream P. pagrus (1.73%), by Erkan and Özden [19] for sea bass D. labrax and sea bream S. aurata (1.66 and 1.35%, respectively) and by Tzikas et al. [23] for mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus (1.5%). ...
Proximate, lipid, and fatty acid composition of farmed and wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius) muscle, head, skin, and liver, were comparatively studied. Distinct differences were evident in the lipid and fatty acid composition among different tissues of farmed and wild meagre. Total lipid content of the farmed fish parts was significantly higher than that of the wild fish. Neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides, predominated in muscle, head, and skin for both fish. The fact that muscle fat was found significantly lower in triglycerides (TG) concentration than head and skin indicates that muscle consumption after head and skin removal may contribute to a healthy diet. Wild fish muscle, head, and skin fat was found to have significant contribution to the phosphatidylcholine daily intake in the human diet. A. regius liver was also found to be an excellent source of glycerophospholipids. Fatty acid patterns of muscle, head and skin of farmed fish were found to be affected by the feed. MUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA), PUFA/SFA, and DHA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios were found significantly higher in muscle, head, and skin TL of wild fish compared to the farmed one. Farmed fish muscle could provide similar amount of EPA + DHA and significantly higher amount of ω-3 PUFA compared to wild fish muscle.
... Whereas, [12] studied the level of fatty acids and the proportion of the lipids in the Clupea. In the same year [15] studied the chemical composition, fatty acids, cholesterol and mineral content. The current study aims to know the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in seven types of ornamental fish found in Salah El-Din Governorate. ...
The study included seven common types of fish in the Iraqi local market in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit, which are (Carasobarbus luteus, Alburnus mossulensis, Cyprinion kais, Chondrostoma regium, Barbus barbulus, Barbus belayewi, Barbus subquincunciatus). The study of cholesterol and triglycerides of these types of fish showed that the cholesterol levels in the experimental fish were (104.55-9.56 -6.37-9.56 -14.88-51.03-15.94) mg/100 g in the mentioned fish, respectively, and the highest level of cholesterol was in the Carasobarbus luteus fish and it reached 104.55 mg /100gm, and the lowest level in Cyprinion kais is 6.37mg/100gm. The study stated the levels of triglycerides are (990 -348 -993.5 -665.9 -703.5 -1355.2-882.2) mg/kg for fish (Carasobarbus luteus, Alburnus mossulensis, Cyprinion kais, Chondrostoma regium, Barbus barbulus, Barbus belayewi, Barbus subquincunciatus) respectively. The highest level of triglycerides is 1355.2 mg/kg. kg in Barbus belayewi fish and the lowest level in Alburnus mossulensis 348 mg/kg.
... Heavy metals are toxic pollutants that are not biodegradable in the ecosystem. Unfortunately, heavy metals can accumulate in different organs of fish and marine animals and ultimately affect the human food chain [3]. ...
This study describes the residual mercury levels in canned fish marketed in Turkey. In total, 375 fish samples were analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) for mercury residues. The quantification limit (LOQ) from the validation data ranged from 0.008 to 0.043 mg kg-1. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by means of recovery experiments at two concentration levels (30, and 50 μg L−1), obtaining recoveries between 87.5% and 109.3% and coefficient of variation below 10%. Also, the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.2% to 9%. The expanded measurement uncertainty for mercury ranged from 11.1% to 19.2%. In investigated samples, 4.8% were detected at a detectable level of mercury, but these levels were below the legal limits. With regard to hg level were no significant correlations (p < 0.05) between species. According to Turkey's legislation, none of for example the maximum limit of 1.0 mg g-1 did not exceed the level, but 1.3% exceeded the limit recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (0.5 ug g-1). The reproducibility limits obtained as a result of the validation study were found to be appropriate in accordance with both the NMKL 170 method and the Turkish Food Codex (Communiqué No: 2014/2), as well as the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
... Fish contain high protein, Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins, and other essential minerals; therefore, fish consumption is necessary for human health (Kris-Etherton et al. 2002;Mziray and Kimirei 2016) and should be consumed in a weekly diet. Fish consumption, at least two meals per week, could prevent cardiovascular diseases (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. 2007;Mori 2017). It is well known that heavy metals are deliberately or accidentally discharged into aquatic environments. ...
This study was performed to determine the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in the gill, liver, muscle, and tail fin tissues of Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Thunnus albacares from Oman Sea. All samples were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the results were expressed as μg g−1 dry weight. Metal concentrations were significantly higher in the liver than other tissues in three species (with some exceptions) (p < 0.05). The concentrations of metal accumulation in tissues of tuna species followed the Zn > Cu > Pb. Correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Zn and Pb have anthropogenic sources. Estimated daily intake (EDI) in three tuna species for heavy metals were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Also, the mean target hazard quotient (THQ) based on studied metals in three tuna species was below 1, which suggests that consumption of these fish can be safe for human health in the Oman Sea.
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... The iron content in GSF (0.04 mg/g) was not significantly different from the iron content in GSB (0.03 mg/g; p > 0.05). The findings of the present study are not in accordance with those of Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. (2007), who reported that iron levels were higher in the head and skin than the muscles of red porgy. ...
Fish is a nutritious food for the whole family and a good source of protein and n-3 fatty acids. The fish processing industry produces tonnes of fish processing waste and by-products annually. Disposal of untreated by-products of the fish processing industry may cause environmental pollution. Sardinella gibbosa or goldstripe sardinella is commonly used in surimi and fish cracker productions in Malaysia. However, data on the nutritional composition of goldstripe sardinella fillets (GSF) and by-products (GSB) remains limited. The objectives of this study are to determine the nutritional composition and thermal properties of fillets and by-products of S. gibbosa. Results showed that the protein and moisture contents of GSF were higher than GSB. Conversely, the ash and fat levels of GSF were lower than GSB. Levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in GSF and GSB were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major SFA and MUFA found in GSF and GSB. Both GSF and GSB contain higher percentages of DHA and EPA. Melting and crystallization profiles of the oil from S. gibbosa fillets were similar to by-product oil, which was related to their fatty acid content.
Keywords: Sardinella gibbosa, by-products, proximate, fatty acid, mineral, melting, crystallisation, DSC
Running title: Nutritional and Thermal Properties of Goldstripe Sardinella
... The minimum and maximum Mn levels in all sampled fish were between 0.21 and 0.24 mg/g w.w. Manganese in the literature have been reported in the range of 0.09-9.23 mg/g w.w. in muscles of fish from coastal waters of Caspian sea (Anan et al., 2005), 0.16 mg/g in muscles of Pagrus pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007), 0.14-3.36 mg/g w.w. in muscles of fish from Indian markets (Sivaperumal et al., 2007), 0.07-0.45 ...
This study evaluated the extent of metal levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn),
chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in edible muscles of
common kilka at Babolsar and Amirabad coastal regions from the southern basin of Caspian
Sea. These values were compared with the WHO and the UNFAO safety standards regarding the
Q1 amount of the abovementioned heavy metals in fish tissues (mg/kg w.w.). Results showed that
Zn concentrations were highest among the trace elements examined, while concentrations of
Hg were generally the lowest in the analyzed tissues. In the other hand, the accumulation of
these elements was not significantly different between coastal regions (p40.05). While
accumulation of Cu and Mn at edible muscles of Clupeonella cultriventris were significant
difference between two coastal regions (p50.05). The distribution patterns of trace element
concentration follows the order: Zn4Cu4Cr4Cd4Ni4Mn4Pb4Hg. Furthermore, Pearson
correlation revealed that Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg in edible muscles of C. cultriventris
were not significantly correlated in length (R250.50; p40.05), but it was significantly correlated
in weight (p50.05). The calculated target hazard quotients (THQ) of all trace elements were less
than 1. Consequently, there was no obvious public risk from the intake of these trace elements
through C. cultriventris consumption.
... The daily requirements of Mn concentrations for an adult man (a 70-kg person) is 2.8 mg and this study showed that the concentration of Mn were below limited range. Manganese in the literature have been reported in the range of 0.09-9.23 mg/g w.w. in muscles of fish from coastal waters of Caspian sea (Anan et al., 2005), 0.16 mg/g in muscles of Pagrus pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007), 0.14-3.36 mg/g w.w. in muscles of fish from Indian markets (Sivaperumal et al., 2007), 0.07-0.45 ...
This study evaluated the concentrations of nine heavy metals in muscle specimens of pike (Esox
lucius Linnaeus, 1758) from four sites of southwest of the Caspian Sea: Shijan, Abkenar,
Hendakhale and Siakeshim. The potential human health risks due to consumption of pike have
been assessed by estimated average daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of
metals. In particular, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Ni, Co and Mn were quantified in the edible tissue of
specimens by AAS determination. The average metal concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As,
Ni, Co and Mn measured in this study were 1.12 ± 0.264, 5.37 ± 0.702, 0.058 ± 0.023, 0.20 ± 0.035,
0.005 ± 0.002, 0.17 ± 0.047, 0.33 ± 0.062, 0.28 ± 0.034 and 0.20 ± 0.035 mg/g w wt, respectively.
Our results demonstrate the consumption of muscle of pike for adult and children as less than
1, hence residents of these regions will not be exposed to significant health risks.
... Manganese in the literature has been reported in the range of 0.001-1.84 mg/kg ww in muscles of fish from coastal waters of Caspian Sea (Anan et al. 2005), 0.16 mg/kg ww in muscles of Pagrus pagrus (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. 2007), 0.14-3.36 mg/kg ww in muscles of fish from Indian markets (Sivaperumal et al. 2007), 0.07-0.45 ...
This study focuses on the extent of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in edible muscles of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum), in both male and female sexes at Noor and Babolsar coastal regions from the southern basin of Caspian Sea. These values were compared with the WHO and the UNFAO safety standards regarding the amount of the abovementioned heavy metals in fish tissues (mg/kg ww). Results showed that the accumulation of these elements (except for Zn) was not significantly different between sexes of male and female in Babolsar coastal regions (P > 0.05). In the other hand, accumulation of Hg and As at edible muscles of Caspian kutum has significant difference between two sexes of male and female in Noor coastal regions (P < 0.05), the female had higher concentration than the male. Furthermore, it was not significantly correlated with sex and rivers in length and weight of fish (R
2 < 0.50; P > 0.05). Based on the results, the concentration of heavy metals in the studied fish tissues proved to be significantly lower than international standards (P < 0.05), so its consumption is not a threat to the health of consumers.
... Neste estudo, as menores e maiores concentrações de Zn encontradas foram 19,4 µg g -1 em B. rousseauxii e 90,1 µg g -1 em C. macropomum para as brânquias, 50,7 µg g -1 em B. vaillanti e 220,3 µg g -1 em B. filamentosum para os fígados e 5,1 µg g -1 em B. rousseauxii e 50,3 µg g -1 em B. filamentosum para os músculos. Kebede e Wondimu (2004), encontraram concentrações de Zn variando de 34,9 a 116,0 µg g -1 em tecidos de tilápia dos Lagos Awassa e Ziway na Etiópia.43 Miniadis- Meimaroglou et al. (2007), obtiveram um teor de Zn de 6,1 µg g -1 em músculo P. µg g -1 em músculos e fígados de peixes da lagoa costeira de Esmoriz-Paramos em Portugal.45 Os valores encontrados na literatura são geralmente mais baixos do que os valores deste estudo. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn in 15 samples of five fish species (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, Cynoscion leiarchus, Brachyplatystoma vaillanti e Colossoma macropomum) obtained in municipal market of Belém (Pará State, Brazil). These samples were digested in a cavity microwave oven using a 3.5 mol L-1 nitric acid solution and concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Total concentrations of the studied elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). The contents of the elements in fish samples ranged from 90.12-2497.09 μg g-1 for Al, 114.05-7100.10 μg g-1 for Ca, 43.2-150.1 μg g-1 for Cu, 22.26-4296.62 μg g-1 for Fe, 514.03-7520.13 μg g-1 for Mg, 20.05-20.08 μg g-1 for Mn, 227.93-7315.56 μg g-1 for Na, 0.54-11.81 μg g-1 for Pb, and 7.46-129.74 μg g-1 for Zn. Results show that higher levels of the elements studied were found in the liver and lower levels in the muscle of fish. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to check correlations between mineral composition, length and mass of fish samples studied.
... This situation makes the quality of the seafoods much more important for the public health. Otherwise, the seafoods may be potential reservoirs for the pathogens and harmful chemical pollutants, leading to the seafood-related diseases [1][2][3] . ...
... The seed oils samples can provide a good level of EFA which could participates in a variety of metabolic pathways when taken in diets and activated (Mullins et al., 1997), but excessive levels of certain FA (omega-6 FA) may increase the probability of a number of diseases (Hibbeln et al., 2006). Therefore, the ratio and the percentage of omega-3 and omega-6 needs to be satisfactory for human diet (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). ...
The composition of fatty acids (FA) and vitamin E in seed oils of Albezia lebbeck (AL), Citrus sinensis (CS), Terminalia catapa (TC), Tamarindus indica (TI) and Citrullus vulgaris (CV) was investigated. The oil yields were obtained by solvent extraction and analysed for fatty acids by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The oil yields of the seeds were found to be 8.22 ± 0.55, 20.00 ± 1.50, 35.60 ± 1.60, 24.00 ± 1.20% and 9.42 ± 1.30 percent AL, CS, TC, CV, and TI respectively. Both saturated and unsaturated FA were identified in all the seed oils with the latter being the predominant with 77.70% in CV, 60.76% in CS, 56.98% in AL, 54.58% in TC and 34.52% in TI. Vitamin E was highest in CV 27.51 ± 2.42 mg/ml and lowest in TI 10.60 ± 1.50 mg/ml. There was significant decrease in percentage saturated FA, increase in percentage unsaturated FA with increase in vitamins E concentration in all the seed oils. The oils have many FA such as oleic acid, eicosadienoic acid and α-linoleic acid which could be of biological and industrial significance to humans.
... Copper is essential for the synthesis of haemocyanin, the oxygen-carrying pigment in crustacean and cephalopod blood. (Miller 1994). Its content is extremely high in the digestive gland and branchial hearts of Octopus vulgaris (Rocca 1969;Napoleão et al. 2005). ...
A quantitative analysis of the essential mineral content (mg kg−1 dry weight) was carried out in 31 samples, including molluscs, crustaceans, fish and meals in an attempt to identify those most suitable for formulating cephalopod diets. The mineral ratios (MR: content in the test sample/content in whole Octopus vulgaris) were used as index of nutritional quality. Both crustaceans and oysters presented an optimal profile that covered the macro- and microelements composition of O. vulgaris. These samples differed from the rest by their higher Ca, Mg, B, Cu and Zn contents based on a principal component analysis. Fish were deficient in macroelements, such as Na (MR: 70–420 g kg−1) and Mg (MR: 220–690 g kg−1), but would be good source of K, Ca and P. Most fish were also deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu, although the copper content would be the most affected (MR: 3–130 g kg−1). Fish and krill meals showed a high content of Ca and P, although both would be deficient in Na (MR: 440–470 g kg−1) and Cu (130–540 g kg−1), along with K, Fe and Zn in krill and Mg and B in fish. Among the plant meals, sunflower and soybean were the most appropriate, presenting higher total content of minerals and MRs above 1000 g kg−1 for all minerals, except Na, Cu and Zn.
... However, according to most researchers; meat yield and chemical composition of fish muscle shows difference between the species and in the same species individuals (Love, 1988; Erkoyuncu et al, 1994; FAO, 2002; Grigorakis et al, 2002 and Luzia et al, 2003). These differences related with; food intake, energy spending, migration, sexual changes during the spawning period, water temprature and salinity, seasons, enviroment and age (Balogun and Talabi, 1985; Hearn et al, 1987; Nettleton et al, 1990; FAO, 2002; Grigorakis et al, 2002; Luzia et al, 2003; Nakamura et al, 2006; Miniadis et al, 2007 and Tzikas et al, 2007). According to Erkoyuncu et al (1994), being aware of these differences is important for conscious feeding (Samsun et al, 2005 and 2006). ...
The aim of this study is to determine the effects of seasonal changes on %water, %protein, %lipid and %ash of commercial fish species in Turkey; red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) were catched from Saroz Bay via trawl nets. A total of 48 samples were examined for each species and eight samplings were taken twice during each season (January/2007-February/2008). Proximate composition of the red mullet muscle during winter resulted on %water, %protein, %lipid, %ash and %carbonhydrate 76.07; 18.58; 4.00; 1.24 and 0.11 respectively. In spring these values were recorded as 72.17; 19.50; 6.77; 1.31 and 0.25 respectively. The records were 76.43; 16.39; 5.82; 1.06 and 0.30 in summer. and 77.00; 17.52; 3.80; 1.15 and 0.35 in autumn respectively. Proximate composition of the hake muscle during winter resulted on %water, %protein, %lipid, %ash and %carbonhydrate 79.36; 15.70; 2.02; 1.22 and 0.44 respectively. In spring these values were recorded as 82.31; 14.31; 1.87; 1.31 and 0.20 respectively. The records were 85.21; 12.10; 1.25; 1.10 and 0.33 in summer and 85.12; 12.24; 1.32; 1.14 and 0.18 in autumn respectively.
... Concentrations of seven trace elements were studied from the 11 sea cucumbers ( (Barrento et al. 2009a); and for lobsters: 26 mg kg À1 in Homarus gammarus and 29 mg kg À1 in Homarus americanus (Barrento et al. 2008). The Zn contents of sea cucumbers were higher than those reported in the fish Pagrus pagrus (0.61 mg kg À1 ; Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. 2007) and fish Perca fluviatilis (5.8-7.4 mg kg À1 ; Orban et al. 2007). The Zn values in the present study were lower than those reported as 288-322 mg kg À1 in the crab Scylla serrata (Mohapatra et al. 2009). ...
Toxic and essential elements in 11 different sea cucumber species were determined and compared with daily intake recommendations and maximum allowed levels. The contents of macro-elements contents in dried sea cucumber samples were found to be 25,000-152,000 mg kg(-1) for Na, 4000-8600 mg kg(-1) for Mg, 1100-5200 mg kg(-1) for K, 15,000-68,000 mg kg(-1) and 36,300-251,000 mg kg(-1) for Cl. Trace element concentrations in dried sea cucumber samples were found to be 11-100 mg kg(-1) for Zn, 41-660 mg kg(-1) for Fe, 3-74 mg kg(-1) for Cu, 1.1-16 mg kg(-1) for Mn, 1.4-3.7 mg kg(-1) for Se, 1.1-9.6 mg kg(-1) for Cr, and 0.3-5.1 mg kg(-1) for Ni. All sea cucumber species were rich sources of Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Se and Cr for human consumption. Regarding contaminants, As, Cd and Pb concentrations in dried sea cucumbers were in the ranges of 1.1-6.1, 0.03-0.06 and 0.11-0.69 mg kg(-1), respectively. Moreover, Hg values of 11 sea cucumbers were below the detection limit (0.01 mg kg(-1)).
... Higher SFA contents in found in our study may be related to the fact that total SFAs tend to increase in fish leaving in warm waters. Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al. (2007) reported that the Total SFAs of examined frozen red porgy (Senegal marine region, east Atlantic Ocean) was quite similar to the one reported for Sardinella madeirensis, Sardinella aurita and Cephalopoholis taeniops, also from the east Atlantic ocean, but higher than those of wild red porgy from north Aegean Sea. It was also Journal abbreviation: J FisheriesSciences.com observed that a large group of the studied species tends to accumulate more SFAs and less PUFAs in the livers rather than in the muscle. ...
Information available on the chemical composition and nutritional value of commercialized marine fish is very limited. The aim of this study was to investigate major nutrients of raw fish muscle and liver. Protein, moisture ash and lipid content were estimated for 14 commercialized species captured in Northeastern Atlantic. Proximate compositions were found to be varied among the studied species. Cluster analysis revealed two major groups based on proximate composition. Pontinus kuhlii and Trachurus picturatus formed one group, while the second group was formed by ten other species. Protein content was high in all species, varying between 18.51% in Phycis phycis and 32.69 % in Diplodus sargus. Fat content, on the other hand, was low and fish could be considered lean (lipid content
... The seed oils samples can provide a good level of EFA which could participates in a variety of metabolic pathways when taken in diets and activated (Mullins et al., 1997), but excessive levels of certain FA (omega-6 FA) may increase the probability of a number of diseases (Hibbeln et al., 2006). Therefore, the ratio and the percentage of omega-3 and omega-6 needs to be satisfactory for human diet (Miniadis-Meimaroglou et al., 2007). ...
The composition of fatty acids (FA) and vitamin E in seed oils of Albezia lebbeck (AL), Citrus sinensis (CS),
Terminalia catapa (TC), Tamarindus indica (TI) and Citrullus vulgaris (CV) was investigated. The oil yields
were obtained by solvent extraction and analysed for fatty acids by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy
(GC-MS). The oil yields of the seeds were found to be 8.22 ± 0.55, 20.00 ± 1.50, 35.60 ± 1.60, 24.00 ± 1.20%
and 9.42 ± 1.30 percent AL, CS, TC, CV, and TI respectively. Both saturated and unsaturated FA were identified
in all the seed oils with the latter being the predominant with 77.70% in CV, 60.76% in CS, 56.98% in AL,
54.58% in TC and 34.52% in TI. Vitamin E was highest in CV 27.51 ± 2.42 mg/ml and lowest in TI 10.60 ± 1.50
mg/ml. There was significant decrease in percentage saturated FA, increase in percentage unsaturated FA with
increase in vitamins E concentration in all the seed oils. The oils have many FA such as oleic acid, eicosadienoic
acid and α-linoleic acid which could be of biological and industrial significance to humans.
... Moisture and ash content did not appear to have changed significantly (p>0.05) after pan-frying without oil, while they were found to decrease considerably (p<0.05) after pan-frying in either extra virgin olive oil or sunflower oil. In comparison with other fish species from the literature (MiniAdiS Meimaroglou et al., 2007, tZikAS et al., 2007, raw picarel had a higher ash content since the whole body was used for the ash determination. the oil-free pan-fried Spicara smaris compared to the raw one had a similarly high protein to fat ratio, while the same ratio was very low after frying in two different kinds of oil. This was due to the fact that pan-frying with or without oil had no significant impact (p>0.05) on the protein content (expressed on a wet weight basis), as opposed to the lipid content. ...
The effects of different frying methods (oil free, extra virgin olive oil and sunflower oil pan-fried) on proximate, neutral and polar lipid composition as well as the fatty acid content of Spicara smaris, a fish species commonly consumed by Mediterranean people, were determined. Pan-frying caused insignificant changes in proteins and polar lipids, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decrease in moisture and ash content, and a significant (P<0.05) increase in the neutral lipids and total sterol content could be detected after pan frying in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and sunflower oil. The loss of the individual phospholipid content was not significant during the pan-frying process, but its proportion was influenced by the uptake of the culinary fat. The absorption of oil medium in pan-fried, in EVOO, and in sunflower oil samples resulted in an alteration of their fatty acid profiles including a significant (P<0.05) increase of C18:1 omega-9 and C18:2 omega-6 ratios and a decrease of EPA, DHA percentages as well as of the omega-3/omega-6 ratio. All frying methods affected (P<0.05) lipid quality indices but their values could be considered satisfactory in terms of healthiness. Among the fried samples, the oil free fried samples also presented the poorest triglyceride and cholesterol content, and the greatest omega-3/omega-6 ratio, thus, they were found to present the most appropriate frying method for healthy eating.
... Fish is considered a very valuable food, rich in valuable nutritional constitutes such as proteins, minerals and vitamins. Moreover, beneficial effects of fish consumption such as the reduction of human cardiovascular diseases and different disorders have also been attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids [1][2][3]. ...
This study was performed to determine the concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in the edible muscle of pelagic (Scomberomorus commerson, Chirocentrus dorab, Sphyraena jello, Rachycentron conadum, Thunus tonggol, and Tenualosa ilisha) and demersal (Nemipterus japonicas, Epinephelus coioides, Platycephalus indicus, Psettodes erumei, Pomadasys argenteus, and Acanthopagrus latus) fish species from the Persian Gulf during winter and summer. The samples were analyzed by the derivative potentiometric stripping technique; and the results were expressed as μg/g of wet weight. The obtained range of metals in fish species was 0.024–0.111 μg/g for cadmium, 0.057–0.471 μg/g for lead, 0.799–4.790 μg/g for copper and 3.226–11.390 μg/g for zinc. The study revealed that seasonal variation influenced the concentration of metals in the samples. The highest concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc was found in Platycephalus indicus (0.147 μg/g), Acanthopagrus latus (0.534 μg/g), Psettodes erumei (5.294 μg/g) and Psettodes erumei (13.528 μg/g) in winter, respectively. Moreover, demersal fish species had higher cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations, but lower copper content than pelagic ones. Our study demonstrated that the estimated daily and weekly intakes of lead, copper and zinc, and estimated monthly intake of cadmium via consumption of fish flesh were below the PTDI, PTWI and PTMI values established by FAO/WHO.
Caesalpinia sappan belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae and is commonly known as Brazil or sappan wood. CS is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. The dried heartwood is being used as traditional ingredient in food or beverages and to treat many diseases. The heartwood of the plant was extensively studied for its chemical composition and biological applications. However, the chemical and biological potentials of the seeds have not been fully explored. This study isolated the seed oil from C. sappan seeds and studied for its composition. The C. sappan seed oil was extracted using hexane in Soxhlet apparatus, and physiochemical properties of the crude oil was studied. Qualitative separation of total lipid was done by TLC method from crude oil. It is found to contain more polyunsaturated fatty acid such as linoleic acid (70 ± 0.96%), followed by oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Further, crystals were separated from the crude oil. The crude oil was analyzed for the presence of heavy metals, which showed the presence of Hg, Mg, Zn, and Cu metals. The presence of Hg showed the C. sappan can be a good candidate for the phytoremediation of Hg-contaminated soils.Key words
Caesalpinia sappan
Seed oilFatty acidsMetalsPhytoremediation
Heavy metal concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn in muscles, livers, gonads and gills of flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus Linneaus, 1758), leaping mullet (Liza saliens Risso, 1810), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Linneaus, 1758), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linneaus, 1758) and thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus Risso, 1827) from Hurmabogazi Lagoon were monitored. Heavy metal concentrations found in tissues varied for Cd÷ (0.11-0.25), Co÷ (0.02-0.22), Cr÷ (0.27-0.84), Cu÷ (0.51-15.8), Fe÷ (31.9-137.0), Mn÷ (0.42-4.97), Ni÷ (0.18-4.39), Pb÷ (0.28-1.57) and Zn÷ (4.41-61.7) mg kg-1 wet weight. The values of all metals in muscles of analyzed fish in the present study stayed below the established limit values. Consequently, it might be concluded that these metals in the edible parts of the examined species should not pose any public health problems.
Surimi is an intermediate functional material, useful as a basis for analog seafood products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation of nutrients in surimi made from sabalo (Prochilodus platensis) influenced by the composition of the wash water with addition of NaCl and the capability to the process of muscle sabalo (Prochilodus platensis). The results highlight the characteristic composition of sabalo fillet. Since, the analysis of results obtained from the experimental treatments suggest that the addition of NaCl improves the quality of surimi made from warm-water fish in relation to reduced water retention obtaining a value of 74% final moisture, which is reflected in the optimum gel strength of 665 gr.cm, from 100 days frozen storage. Moreover, the clean fillets, which mean without blood, bones and superficial dark meat, present high fat content. The fat content could be decreased from 8% present in the fillet to 4% in the surimi, with the advantage that no significant differences in terms of variation in essential fatty acids EPA and DHA on the washing conditions assayed. It is remarkable that after 180 sec. from each wash the soluble protein in the wash water remains almost constant.
The chemical compositions of fishes vary and are closely related to feed intake, migratory swimming and sexual changes in connection with spawning. The nutritive composition of many marine, estuarine and fresh water fishes were determined and have been implemented in fish consumption. Nutritive composition of Dussumieria acuta and Sardinella brachysoma were not yet determined and the present study was dealt with these fishes. Fatty acids, Vitamins (fat soluble and water soluble) and Minerals were quantified. Palmitic acid showed its higher level in both species (5.78 and 3.89%) in D. acuta and S. brachysoma, respectively). Water-soluble vitamins were higher in D. acuta and fat-soluble vitamins showed higher percentage availability in S. brachysoma. Calcium was the predominant mineral in both fishes and can be consumed by humans for bone strength. The finding has proved with strong evidence that both the fishes undertaken for the present study are rich in most of the nutrients essential for proper health maintenance of humans.
Three species of underutilised fish: silver warehou, barracouta and Australian salmon, sampled in summer and winter, fresh and frozen, were cooked as fillets, subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion and bioactive enzymes extracted. Peptide profiles released by in vitro digestion varied with season and fresh or frozen state with seasonal variation most prominent. All peptides released from fish produced high levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with warehou and barracouta more (p < 0.05) potent than salmon. Low levels of a-amylase inhibition and no α-glucosidase inhibition were observed from all fish. Trypsin inhibition was comparable among all fish with fresh fish having a greater effect than frozen. Allergenicity varied between fresh and frozen and remained relatively constant between seasons with the exception of silver warehou. The proximate nutrient composition of all species was similar.
Surimi is an intermediate functional material, useful as a basis for analog seafood products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation of nutrients in surimi made from sabalo (Prochilodus platensis) influenced by the composition of the wash water with addition of NaCl and the capability to the process of muscle sabalo (Prochilodus platensis). The results highlight the characteristic composition of sabalo fillet. Since, the analysis of results obtained from the experimental treatments suggest that the addition of NaCl improves the quality of surimi made from warmwater fish in relation to reduced water retention obtaining a value of 74% final moisture, which is reflected in the optimum gel strength of 665 gr.cm , from 100 days frozen storage. Moreover, the clean fillets, which mean without blood, bones and superficial dark meat, present high fat content. The fat content could be decreased from 8% present in the fillet to 4% in the surimi, with the advantage that no significant differences in terms of variation in essential fatty acids EPA and DHA on the washing conditions assayed. It is remarkable that after 180 sec. from each wash the soluble protein in the wash water remains almost constant.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using river crab (Procamburus clarkii) meal (RC) and marine crab (Chaceon affinis) meal (MC) on the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fillet fatty acid profile and quality. Red porgy were fed during 193 days with five diets: a control diet based on high-quality fish meal (CD); and four diets replacing 10% and 20% fish meal protein by protein from both RC and MC meals (RC10, RC20 and MC10, MC20). Fillet fat content resulted significantly higher in MC20 fish than the rest of diets. Feeding with both RC and MC meals slightly increased muscle contents of polyunsaturated (PUFA), arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids and n − 3/n − 6 ratio as well as decreased n − 9 fatty acids, although difference is only significant for the ARA content. After inclusion of both crab meals, values of atherogenicity index (AI) resulted similar among treatments while thrombogenecity index (TI) was reduced, but not significantly, reflecting the higher n − 3 fatty acid content in fillets from crab diets. Sensory analysis showed that red porgy fillets of all treatments were very well appreciated with some differences detected in only MC20 fillets, which had significantly higher scores in the attributes of oily odour and flavour, cohesiveness aspect and firmness texture compared to the rest of diets. RC meal dietary inclusion did not promote any changes in sensory evaluation panel. Instrumental muscle texture did not revealed differences between treatments. Results from TBARS of raw fillets showed that the inclusion of both crab meals clearly delays lipid oxidation compared to a FM based diet, during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. Thus, for 4 and 7 days of storage, fillets of RC or MC diets, attained significantly lower TBARS values than those fed on CD.
The concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in muscle and liver tissues of the fish samples collected from seven stations in the coastal waters of Turkey and were determined. Iron showed the highest levels in both tissues offish and all stations. Following Fe; Zn generally showed the second highest levels. Metal concentrations in edible parts offish species were 0.02-0.30 mg kg"' for cadmium, 0.04-0.26 mg kg"' for cobalt, 0.07-1.19 mgkg"' for chromium, 0.34-16.7 mgkg"' for copper, 18.5-72.3 mgkg"' for iron, 0.07-2.58 mgkg"' for manganese, 0.01-2.78 mgkg"'for nickel, 0.04-1.34 mg kg"' for lead, 3.36-42.6 mg kg"' for zinc respectively. In general, metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. Cadmium, chromium and lead concentrations in muscles offish from some stations were higher than permissible safety levels for human uses.
This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, fatty acid profile and biometric data for farm fish species Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla raised under identical conditions. The analysed fish species were found as source of high polyunsaturated fatty acids with low fat high protein. Fat content of the fish fillets was in range 2.57–3.11g/100g. Whereas fat content for feed was 14.90g/100g. The protein level for the three fish ranged from 20.00–23.57g/100g and in feed it was estimated in the range of 67.70g/100g. The palmitic acid and stearic acid were the main saturated fatty acids (SFA), oleic acid was the predominant MUFA while the docosahexanoic acid and eicopentanoic acid were the major PUFA. The percentage of DHA exceeded that of EPA in all fish species analysed. The n−3/n−6 ratio ranged from 1.69–1.91. PUFA/SFA ratio was much higher in L. rohita (1.40) due to abundance of n−3 PUFA, particularly DHA.
Purpose - Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit is highly valued for its delicious edible arils and health benefits. In this study, a comparative study on elemental composition of seven pomegranate cultivars was determined in the fruit rind, mesocarp and arils.
Design/methodology/approach - The concentrations of major elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl and Na) and trace elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, B, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, Se, Al, As, Li, Sr, Ti and V) were determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) calibrated with different concentrations of standard solutions of the minerals.
Findings - The highest amounts of N, P, S and Cl were found in Bhagwa cultivar, while Arakta, Ruby and Wonderful had the highest amount of Mg, Ca, and Na, respectively. P, Fe, Zn, Ti, V were more in quantity in the edible portion, while the other mineral elements were in larger proportions or in some cases were only found (Co, Al, As) in the non-edible fractions of fruit. Among the major mineral element investigated, P had the highest covering of the RDA, ranging from 6.78 to 8.53% contribution to the RDA, followed by K (4.53 to 4.95% RDA), S (1.25 to 1.54% RDA), Ca (1.04 to 1.54% RDA), Mg (4.33 to 5.26% RDA), and Na (0.15 to 0.17% RDA).
Practical implications - Knowledge of the relative contributions of mineral elements in the edible fruit part (arils) to RDA will assist in nutrition planning against mineral deficiency.
Originality/value - Pomegranate fruit contains edible and non-edible portions and this study provided the first detailed report on the distribution of a wide range of trace and major mineral elements in the three parts of the fruit. This study also showed that the edible portion (arils) of pomegranate fruit is as good dietary source of essential nutrients such as K, Ca, Mg, and Se while the non-edible parts may provide valuable sources of minerals for other food and bioprocess industries.
Three highly consumed fish in Saudi market were evaluated for their proximate composition in the muscle and in the head and their fatty acids. The fish species were included Spanish mackerel, ( Scomberomorus maculates ), Grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) and Yellow-spotted trevally ( Carangoides fulvoguttatus ) which respectively known as Kanad, Hammour and Hammam in Saudi market. The moisture, protein, total lipids and ash of the muscle tissue and head of the three fish species were found to be between 71.20 to 78.23, 16.19 to 20.20, 0.24 to 4.10 and 1.10 to 8.00%, respectively. The fatty acids composition in the muscle of fish species was evaluated. 16:0 and 18:0 were the main saturated fatty acids (SFA), 18:1 ω-9, 16:1 ω -7 the main monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while 22:6 ω-3 (DHA), 20:5 ω-3 (EPA) were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The ω3/ ω6 ratio was between 2.05 to 7.39 and the EPA/DHA ratio was approximately 0.30.
This research concerns the determination of copper and manganese concentrations in tissues of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) found injured in various locations of Greek waters. The specimens were transported through the National Stranding Network run by ARCHELON to the Sea Turtle Rescue Centre, and were treated there. Measurement of copper and manganese form the beginning of a further research that includes measurement of Cd, Pb, Fe and Ni. Our intention was to obtain initial data values in several tissues of (Caretta caretta) in Greek waters and detect any bioaccumulation trend. In general the highest concentrations for both Cu and Mn were measured in the liver. The lowest concentrations for Cu were found in the muscle samples and for Mn in the lung samples. There was no indication of bioaccumulation for either of the two metals or the examined tissues. However, a negative trend was observed between curved carapace length (CCL) and (a) intestine copper concentration and (b) liver and lung manganese concentration. The comparison between specimens from various territories showed that the results were in agreement, taking into account the size of the specimens..
The objective of this current study was to analyze the biochemical compositions of three Malaysian Channa spp. fish. The proximate analysis revealed that the protein content of Channa lucius, Channa micropeltes and Channa striatus was 19.9%, 22.1%, 23.0% (% of dry weight), respectively. The total lipid content was generally high, ranging from 5.7% to 11.9% and crude ash ranged from 1.0% to 1.8%. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine, ranging from 9.7% to 21.7%, and the most abundant fatty acid in Channa spp. was C16:0, ranging from 25.6% to 30.4%. The other major fatty acids detected were C22:6, C18:1 and C18:0. The level of arachidonic acid (C20:4) was unusually high in C. striatus (19.02%). The levels of DHA in these fish would also explain the use of Channa spp., especially C. striatus, which has been used for centuries for reducing pain, inflammation and promote wound healing in Malaysia.
Data on Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Sn, Mo concentrations in some food fish in Baikal Lake and Bratsk reservoir have been compared. The muscles, skin and gills of roach and perch (Rutilus rutilus and Perca fluviatis L.) were analysed. The conditions of atomic-emission analysis, detection limits, reproducibility, coefficients of transformation from the wet to dry mass and to an ash residue are reported. To verify accuracy, the results of reference samples OK-1 (Baikal perch) and OM-1 (Baikal roach) were used along with atomic-absorption and neutron-activation results of ashed and dried samples. The observed range of concentrations in tissues exceeds the probable analytical errors and reflects natural variability. The content of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr in tissues of fish collected in the Bratsk reservoir from the conventionally uncontaminated and polluted sites correspond to the concentrations in tissues of similar fish from Lake Baikal. The latter are normal for fish of weakly mineralised oligotrophic reservoirs. The ranges of concentration in studied fish (roach and perch) consist of mg kg–1 dry wt: in muscles-Zn(14–28), Cu(2.2–4.7), Pb(0.30–0.61); in skin-Zn(94–119), Cu(1.2–1.4), Pb(0.16–0.08); in gills-Zn(70–280), Cu(2.0–7.4), Pb(0.19–1.2).
The effects of salinity on the fatty acid profiles of liver, gonad, muscle and adipose tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kept in cages suspended in a seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW), respectively, and fed with the same commercially available diets before marketing, were investigated.In muscle tissue, the effect of salinity (0.17%) was found to be insignificant in terms of the total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3, n-6 PUFA) and total saturated fatty acid (SFA), but significant in terms of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio. In gonad and liver tissues, MUFA and n-3 PUFA were found to be significantly affected by salinity, but not SFA or n-6 PUFA. In adipose tissues, all the parameters were significantly affected by salinity. Also n-3/n-6 PUFA and EPA/DHA ratios were characteristic for FW and SW fish.While the salinity significantly affected the n-3/n-6 ratio in the adipose and liver tissues, it did not have any significant effect in the muscle and gonads. Additionally, the EPA/DHA ratio was found to be significantly affected by the salinity in all the tissues examined.
Concentrations of cadmium, iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, cobalt and aluminum were determined in three commercially valuable fish species, Saurida undosquamis, Sparus aurata, Mullus barbatus, from İskenderun Bay in August 2003. The concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Concentrations of the heavy metals in examined fish species ranged as follows: Cd 0.01–4.16; Fe 0.82–27.35; Pb 0.09–6.95; Zn 0.60–11.57; Cu 0.04–5.43; Mn 0.05–4.64; Ni 0.11–12.88; Cr 0.07–6.46; Co 0.03–5.61; Al 0.02–5.41 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. The concentration of metals was significantly affected by the sampling site and fish species. Heavy metals in the edible parts of the investigated fish were in the permissible safety levels for human uses.
The structure of the plankton community and fatty acid composition of nano-, micro- and zooplankton are described during four seasons of 1994 from the San Lorenzo Channel. During August, the warmest temperature in the surface water was observed and a thermocline developed between 20 and 30 m. In the remaining months, a well-mixed layer occurred in the upper 30 m. The chlorophyllacontent of the nanoplankton fraction (<38 μm) was higher than the microplanktonic fraction (38–200 μm) year round. Maximal chlorophyll values (1·5–3 μ l−1) occurred in January, which may be associated with organic matter, since phytoplankton was lower than at other seasons. The relative abundance of diatoms increased from January (57% of phytoplankton) to November (99%). The increment was mainly due toNitzschiaandChaetoceros. Dinoflagellates were always low (0·03–1·36 cells ml−1). Copepods (mainlyEucalanus) dominated the zooplankton in winter and fall, while in spring and summer, the abundance of doliolids was similar to the copepods (Nannocalanus minordominated).Four fatty acids (16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1) were the most conspicuous in the plankton, representing usually between 40 and 80% of the total fatty acids throughout the water column. In winter, higher fatty acid content and higher relative amounts of 16:0 and 16:1 were observed than in the warm months. Stearic acid (18:0) peaked during fall. The major seasonal differences occurred in the nanoplankton, which had peaks of 20:5 during January, and 16:4 in April. A strong decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) occurred during the warm months. The fatty acid composition of microplankton and larger zooplankton was similar in winter–spring. Individual copepods of selected species (Eucalanus sewelli,Rhincalanus nasutus,Centropages furcatusandLabidocera acuta) showed fatty acid profiles similar to the mixed zooplankton, with some differences in content of PUFA.
A post-Gulf sea water pollution assessment program was carried out in the liver, skin and muscle tissues of the localized Lethrinus lentjan fish species [Family: Lethrinidae (Teleost)]. Monitoring the concentration of the major heavy metals at different sites along the western coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the Arabian Gulf was studied. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Mn were found to follow the order: liver > skin > muscle while the cadmium level follows the sequence: liver > muscle > skin. The influence of fish sex and body length on the metal accumulation of those metals in the tested fish organs was critically investigated. The average metal concentrations in liver, skin and muscle of female fish were found to be higher than those found in the male fish. The detected metal levels were generally similar to previous pre-war, 1991 levels. The study concludes that the marine fish from the Arabian Gulf are comparatively clean and do not constitute a risk for human health.
The contents of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, K, Mg, Ca, Na, As and Cd in gutted Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), in Baltic herring fillets and in two commercial ready-to-eat products made of these were investigated. The fish was caught in 1996–1998 in the northern Baltic. The commercial products were fried fillets and fish burgers. The effects of industrial processing on the mineral composition were studied by collecting samples at several consecutive stages. In the gutted fish the levels of Mn, Ca and Cd were considerably higher than in the fillet mainly due to the bones. Significant differences were also observed in the contents of Mg, Na, Cu and Zn. In the burger process the bones and skin were removed which caused a decrease in the Zn and Ca levels. Ingredients such as salt, spices and flour as part of the formula increased Na and Mn contents in the ready-to-eat products. In the final products the Na content was about 6 times higher than that of the fresh fish.
The mantles (edible parts) of three species of cephalopod molluscs from Saronicos Bay (Greece), a popular food consumed by Greeks, were examined for its neutral lipids and fatty acids and found to be excellent sources for polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially n-3). Total lipids of the cephalopods Eledone moschata, Sepia officinalis and Todarodes sagittatus mantle, constituted 2.0, 1.4 and 1.7% of wet tissue, respectively. Neutral lipid components of the mantles of the above mentioned organisms constituted 49.5, 33.9 and 25.8% of the total lipids, respectively. The main neutral lipids identified, for E. moschata were triglycerides 66.1%, free sterols 26.2% and sterol esters 5.4%; for S. officinalis were triglycerides 29.6%, free sterols 66.7% and sterol esters 1.2%; and for T. sagittatus were triglycerides 5.5%, free sterols 92.7% and sterol esters 0.6%. The main fatty acids found were: C16:0 (E. moschata 17.27%, S. officinalis 19.27%, T. sagittatus 26.66%), C18:0 (E. moschata 6.63%, S. officinalis 8.22%, T. sagittatus 4.90%), C20:5 (n-3) (E. moschata 16.73%, S. officinalis 17.59%, T. sagittatus 15.65%) and C22:6 (n-3) (E. moschata 24.71%, S. officinalis 30.69%, T. sagittatus 35.70%). By estimating the quantity of total sterol (cholesterol) and triglycerides in the meals it seems that if one consumes the same quantity of each of these cephalopods the intakes of total sterol and of the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids from 100 g of mantle is about the same and supplies 0.26, 0.32 and 0.40 g of sterols, respectively, and 0.45, 0.32 and 0.40 g of n-3 fatty acids, respectively, while the triglycerides content is quite different and supplies 0.65, 0.14 and 0.02 g of triglycerides, respectively. ©
The edible muscle tissue of 17 marine fish (seer, hilsa, anchovy, pomfret black, Jew fish, mullet, mackerel, congereel, pomfret white, trevally, pink perch, lesser sardine, threadfins, Bombay duck, giant perch, shark, and catfish) and 3 freshwater fish (murrel, rohu, and catla) were analyzed for their mineral, trace element, amino acid, and proximate compositions. Wide variation between species in protein content (marine, 8–21%; freshwater, 13.5–17.3%) and fat content (marine, 0.7–14.7%; freshwater 0.6–1.3%) was observed. The amino acid composition showed that all fish studied were balanced with respect to essential amino acids. Marine and freshwater fish were comparable in their mineral and trace element compositions except for iodine. Marine species were relatively rich in iodine (6.8–97.1 μg/ 100 g) whereas freshwater fish had lower iodine levels (5–15.5 μg/100 g). The content per 100 g muscle was 4.7–51.4 mg Ca, 116–312 mg P, 29–54.3 mg Mg, 0.5–1.8 mg Fe, 1.1–3.2 mg Zn, 22.3–106.9 μg Cu, 9.7–79.7 μg Mn, and 15.8–69.3 μg Cr.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in the mineral contents (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and nutritional significance of the minerals of Mediterranean fish, as a function of the presence of bone. The three commercial species analysed were blue whiting (Micromessistius poutassou;R), hake (Merluccius merluccius, L) and sole (Solea vulgaris vulgaris, Q). As small and large species of hake are distinguished commercially, they were analysed as separate types of fish. No variations in the contents Fe, Zn, Cu, Na and K were observed when bone was included, as the content of trace elements were quite low in all the samples assayed. However, significant increases in the Ca and P contents were observed in all the species analysed when bone was included. To ascertain the nutrional significance of the samples they were considered as ingredients of fish-based homogenised weaning foods. According to the Ca and P contents, and to the nutritional density values, the samples could be considered to be good supplements of Ca and P, when bone is present in the flesh.
Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish.
Five commercially available common fish species: catfish (Chsysichthyes nigrodigitatus), tilapia (Oreochromis nilotichus), ilisha (Ilisha africana), bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) and mudskipper (Periophthalmus koelreuteri) in Oron Local Government Area were evaluated for their content of heavy metals and the effects of salting on nutrient contents, oxidative stability and fatty acid profiles of smoke-dried fish cakes. Concentrations of heavy metals in edible muscle, liver and gill tissues were determined while the oxidative rancidities in unsalted and salted smoke-dried fish cakes, packed in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags and stored at 30 ± 1 °C were assessed using peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, free fatty acid (FFA) contents and sensory evaluation techniques. Generally the analytical data for Cu, Zn and Pb in the muscle, gills and liver of test samples were significantly low. Similarly, insignificant concentrations (<0.001 mg/100 g) of Hg, As, Cr and Cd were obtained in the fish tissues. The protein and lipid contents of the fish cakes ranged from 60.8–63.9% to 7.3–9.1%, respectively. Salting caused minimal reductions in the nutrient contents of the dried fish cakes. The POV, TBA, FFA and taste panel scores were highest during the first week of storage and declined thereafter. Salted smoke-dried samples had higher POV, TBA and FFA values than unsalted samples. Panel preference ratings for flavour/aroma and desirability characteristics of the fish cakes were in the order: C. nigrodigitatus > O. nilotichus > E. fimbriata > I. africana > P. keolreuteri. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid in the test samples. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents of unsalted smoke-dried C. nigrodigitatus was 4.9%, Oreochromis niloticus 6.5%, Ilisha africana 2.6%, E. fimbriata 5.6% and P. koelreuteri 7.64%. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents of salted smoked dried fish were 1.8% (C. nigrodigitatus), 4.8% (O. niloticus), 9.5% (I. africana), 5.5% (E. fimbriata) and 12.3% (P. koelreuteri).
The proximate compositions and fatty acid profiles of the flesh of the fresh water fish zander (Sander lucioperca) obtained from Eğirdir Lake and from Seyhan Dam Lake were compared. The crude protein (18.8–18.1%), ash (1.37–0.75), and dry matter (20.67–20.09) contents of fish in Seyhan Dam Lake were observed to be higher than those in the other lake. Zander in Seyhan Dam Lake had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher lipid content than its Eğirdir counterpart. Differences were also observed in the fatty acid profiles. The percentages of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher in the zander in Seyhan Dam Lake than in Eğirdir Lake, whereas the corresponding total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was lower. Moreover, the fatty acid composition of these fish showed a relatively high ratio of PUFA/SFA (1.00). Both zanders showed palmitic acid, C16:0, to be predominant, (19.6–20.8%), followed by oleic acid, C 18:1 n − 9, (19.2–13.4%).The data obtained indicate that the % composition of n − 3 PUFAs is greater in the flesh of zander in Eğirdir Lake. This finding is in compliance with the fact that n − 3 fatty acids in fish living in cold climatic conditions have a higher % composition. It was concluded that the consumption of zander, widely found in Eğirdir Lake and having higher % composition of n − 3 PUFAs than those caught from Seyhan Dam Lake, is more beneficial for human health.
Lipids extracted from three tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. macrochir and Tilapia rendalli) of mean weight 100–250 g collected in Itasy lake of Madagascar highlands during three seasons, were analyzed for their fatty acid compositions. The muscle fishes contained less than 1.4% lipid by weight. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), allowed identification of more than 40 fatty acids and 30 of them were quantified in muscle tissue lipids of fishes. Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were palmitic, stearic, oleic, palmitoleic and linoleic acids. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids were arachidonic acid, eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA). The relative amount of these acids changed significantly between species and season of collect, in particular DHA which decreased from 11.4% to 6.0% for O. macrochir during the spring to autumn period. For O. niloticus and T. rendalli, DHA decreased from 9.8% to 4.9% and to 10.1% to 4.4%, respectively during the same period. Therefore the ∑n−3/∑n−6 ratios vary, for each species according to season of collect, being lower in autumn (0.5–0.6) and raising up to 0.7–1.6 in winter. Multivariate statistical analyses, starting from the fatty acid composition, lipid percentage and biometric ratio (weight/size) data of 113 samples, reveals significative differences between species and season of collect. Furthermore differences in fatty acid profiles are higher within season than species. The results show that wild tilapias from tropical lakes of the Madagascar highlands possess beneficial properties and therefore contribute significantly of the n−3 fatty acids intake of the local population diet.
A feeding experiment was conducted on red porgy alevins to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation with shrimp on pigmentation and lipid composition of carcass (muscle and skin) and eyes. To this purpose, red porgy alevins with an initial mean weight of 2.8±1.3 g were divided into six groups. Three groups were fed gilthead seabream commercial pellet (P, 100% pellet), whereas the other three were fed with the commercial pellet and shrimp Pleisonika sp. (PS, 88% pellet:12% shrimp) to provide the diet with a source of carotenoids. After 4 months of feeding, the results showed that PS-fish groups displayed a pink-coloured skin similar to that of the wild fish, whereas P-fish groups showed a dark-grey-coloured skin. Furthermore, a higher total content of carotenoids was found in carcass and eyes from PS-fish groups with respect to P-fish groups. No significant differences in growth, survival or other gross external signs were found between treatments. Total lipid (TL), triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of red porgy carcass exhibited a specific fatty acid profile. However, the general patterns of the fatty acid distribution in lipids of carcass and eyes from both groups of fish (P and PS) were similar, and only slight differences were found mainly in carcass for some of the fatty acids. We conclude that the natural carotenoids supplied by the shrimp were effectively assimilated by the red porgy and allowed the cultured fish to acquire a skin coloration similar to that of wild fish.
Cholesterol contents and other nutrient parameters of Greek cheeses, namely water, fat, protein, ash, lactic acid, salt, caloric value and fatty acid content, were assayed using chemical and chromatographic methods. The cholesterol concentrations on fresh weight (f.w.) basis (mg/100 g) in soft (67.9, range 51.3–85.3), whey-soft (49.4, range 39.0–57.9), Manouri (99.5, range 83.9–115.2), semi-hard (90.8 range 81.0–102.6) and hard (93.1 range 76.2–110.5) categories were correlated to European cheese varieties. Respective mean values (g/100 g f.w.) of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were: soft 17.2, 5.0, 0.7, whey-soft 11.5, 3.1, 0.6, Manouri 34.1, 9.4, 1.3, semi-hard 21.4, 18.3, 5.56, 1.03 and hard 21.6, 6.6, 1.2, while all pooled averages were 19.1, 5.5 and 0.9, respectively. Trans fatty acids ranged within 0.36–2.46 (g/100 g f.w.) with an average of 1.06 for all types. The main trans fatty acids (16:1, 18:1, 18:2) contents (g/100 g f.w.) are also given.The fat/protein ratio indicated a relatively higher fat content of Greek cheese if compared to similar cheese types of other European countries. A very strong correlation between cholesterol and fat content was found for pooled data, although the correlation was weaker within individual cheese varieties. In addition, a trend of decreasing cholesterol/fat and cholesterol/energy ratios with increasing fat content suggests that Greek cheeses may not be overloaded with cholesterol.
A consumer survey identified 10 species of most-preferred marine fish for daily consumption in Malaysia. Total lipids extracted from 10 species of the selected fish were analyzed for their total fat, fatty acids composition and cholesterol content. Most of the fish contained less than 6% lipid by weight and total cholesterol content was 37.1–49.1 mg/100g. The composition of fatty acids showed that total ω-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA; 29.7–48.4%) were the highest, followed by other PUFA (27.7–40.0), ω-6 PUFA (11.0–20.0%), saturated fatty acid (3.63–11.4%), and finally, mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 1.37–9.12%). All samples showed a much higher content of ω-3 PUFA when compared to standard menhaden oil. Most of the fish had a higher ω-3/ω-6 ratio (2.16 –4.14) than the standard menhaden oil (2.03) except for Four Finger Threadfin (1.50), Indian Mackerel (1.67) and Striped Sea Catfish (1.78). The ratio of PUFA/saturated of the samples ranged from 5.49 to 25.2.
This study aimed at determining the influence of season (summer and winter) the total lipid, fatty acid and cholesterol contents of five popular fish species: the sardine, Sardinella spp., the croaker Micropogonias furnieri (marine species), the curimbatá Prochilodus spp., the tilápia, Oreochromis spp. (fresh water species), and the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Total lipid analysis was performed by the dry column; fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and cholesterol was determined by a colorimetric method. Statistical treatment of results showed that sardines collected during winter had the highest lipid contents (10.62). The sardine, the croaker, the tilápia and the curimbatá were not influenced by seasonality in terms of their total saturated and unsaturated acid contents. The highest contents of eicosapentanoic acid (3.02 and 1.87%) and docosahexaenoic acid (10.1 and 11.3%) were found in the sardine. The shrimp presented the highest cholesterol contents (165 mg/100 g in summer and 165 mg/100 g in winter).
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes meningitis, septicemia and death in humans. Found in low-acid cheeses, vegetables and meat, L. monocytogenes is resistant to osmotic and chill stress. Food handling practices that suppress microbial competitors can therefore promote its growth. In response to hyperosmotic or chill stress, L. monocytogenes accumulates the potent protectant glycine betaine from the medium, which decreases the lag time and increases the growth rate of the organism. The molecular basis for activation of glycine betaine transport by chill (7 °C), despite the expected membrane lipid phase transition, may reside in the lipid composition. The present research identified the lipids of L. monocytogenes. Extraction of total lipids yielded 7 ± 1 mg ml−1 wet cells, with a 5–6% phosphorus content. Polar lipids represented 64% of total lipids. There was a clear difference in the relative complexity of the fatty acids: neutral lipids were more varied and unsaturated fatty acids represented 19% of the total. Polar lipid fatty acids were primarily 15:anteiso (50%) and 17:anteiso (25%).
Red porgy Pagrus pagrus (N = 1858) caught off the Canary Islands between May 1985 and April 1986 and between January 1991 and September 1993 were studied. Total length was in the range 4.7–57.2 cm. Females predominated at the smaller sizes and males at the larger sizes. Protogynous hermaphroditism was found. The overall ratio of males to females was 1:3.29. The reproductive period extended from December to May, with most gonadal activity between February and March. Fifty per cent maturity was reached at 22.6 cm total length by females and 26.7 cm by males. The length-weight relationship for all fish was described by the following parameters: a = 0.017947, b = 2.9583. Fish aged 0–14 years old were present in the samples. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all fish were L∞ = 63.96 cm, and k = 0.144 year−1. Mortality rates for all fish, estimated from a length-converted catch curve, were Z = 0.56 year−1, F = 0.24 year−1 with M = 0.32 year−1 derived from Pauly's empirical formula. The exploitation rate was E = 0.43. Total length at first capture was 15.2 cm.
Effects of variation in essential fatty acids in fish feeds on nutritive value of freshwater fish for humans.Several marine fish species are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This is attributed to the lipid composition of plankton. There is strong evidence suggesting that consumption of fish containing high levels of these fatty acids is favourable for human health and has a particularly beneficial effect in preventing cardiovascular diseases.However, freshwater fish species can also serve as a valuable source of essential fatty acids. Compared with marine fish species, freshwater fish contain, in general, higher levels of CIS PUFA, but also substantial concentrations of EPA and DHA. In addition, the fatty acid composition of freshwater fish species is characterized by high proportions of n-6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Therefore the ratio of total n-3 to n-6 fatty acids is much lower for freshwater fish than for marine fish, ranging from 1 to about 4. However, keeping freshwater fish such as salmonids and common carp on diets containing high amounts of fish oil results in marketable fish with substantial levels of n-3 PUFA.
Information available on the chemical composition of marine species harvested from the Aegean Sea is very limited. Proximate composition, in vitro enzymatic digestibility, total sterols, minerals, and fatty acids were determined for the most important finfish, crustaceans, and molluscs commonly marketed in Greece. Moisutre and total lipid content varied with the species. All finfish investigated were fairly high in protein (15-25%) while the lipid content varied (0.2-17.1%) depending on the season. Moisture and ash content varied within a narrow range. Protein quality was comparable to that of beef, chicken, egg, and pork, with few species being slightly inferior. Total sterols were high in eel (139 mg/100g), gurnard (103 mg/100g), lobster (159 mg/100g), shrimp (108/100g), mussel (121 mg/100g) , and oyster (150 mg/100g). Mussels and oysters contain noncholesterol sterols which can reach about 40% of the total sterols. The mineral content was highly variable. The most abundant mineral in finfish was K followed by Ca and Mg with lower levels of Fe, Zn, and Cu. Similar trends were observed in crustaceans and molluscs. The remaining microelements were present in amounts below toxic levels. Five fatty acids (16:0, 16:1w7, 18:1w9, 20:5w3, and 22:6w3) represented 55 to 90% of the fatty acid content. Palmitic acid ranged from 9 to 48% of the total fatty acids. Long chain w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 5 to 49%. Whiting contained almost 50% n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, ranging from 0.1 to 2.9%. It is well established that biological differences do exist in most of the marine species which in turn can influence the values to be set for standards and composition.
An improved method for determination of cholesterol in processed food with only one extraction and without solvent removal was developed. Total time to analyze a sample including gas chromatographic (GC) analysis is 45 min. Food samples spiked with internal standard are hydrolyzed in a screw-capped vial with saturated methanolic KOH. Cyclohexane is added to the mixture, and the upper layer is analyzed by GC on a capillary column. Average recoveries of spiked white eggs are 99 +/- 0.5%. Fifteen types of processed food containing shrimp, fish, meat, cheese, eggs, and vegetables were analyzed with this method and with the AOAC method.
Daily intakes of essential minerals and metallic micro-pollutants are estimated from foods usually eaten in France. These foods are grouped in nine categories. For essential elements, intake estimates are comparable to the values recommended by the WHO. The cadmium value is lower than the tolerable daily dose. The estimated values are: cobalt 29 micrograms/day, chromium 98 microgram/day, copper 1.5 mg/day, manganese 2.5 mg/day, molybdenum 275 micrograms/day, zinc 14 microgram/day, aluminium 4.2 mg/day, boron 1.6 mg/day, cadmium 27 micrograms/day and nickel 231 microgram/day.
Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in three species of edible fish caught in Senegalese waters during the upwelling season (January, 1993). Sardinella maderensis and Sardinella aurita are fat fish containing more than 5% (fresh wt.) of lipids, whereas Cephalopholis taeniops is a lean fish with approximately 1% of lipids. Skin, liver and muscle were studied for each fish species. About 40 fatty acids were identified by GC and GC/MS as methyl esters and N-acyl pyrrolidides. Palmitic acid was the main acid in the muscle and skin of all samples studied (20-33% of total fatty acids). Oleic acid was the main fatty acid in the liver of S. maderensis (27.2%+/-0.1) and S. aurita (44.7%+/-0.1). Arachidonic acid was a minor component in all samples. The flesh (muscle) of the three fish species contained high concentrations of omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ranging from 16.0 to 29.1% and including 20:5 omega3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6 omega3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) acids as major components. These two acids together accounted for 24.7%+/-0.1 and 12.9%+/-0.1 of total acids in the skin of S. maderensis and S. aurita, respectively. The percentages of PUFA found in the fish studied were very similar to those in fish used commercially as sources of PUFA. Muscle sterols, which accounted for 9-11% of total lipids, consisted mainly of cholesterol (up to 97% of total sterols).
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world.
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
Caretta caretta) tissues in the Mediterranean Mediterranean Marine Sci. 5/1 Daily intake of essential minerals and metallic micro pollutants from foods in France A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification
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Copper and manganesein loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) tissues in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Marine Sci. 5/1, 109–115. Biego, G.H., Joyeux, M., Hartemann, P., Debry, G., 1998. Daily intake of essential minerals and metallic micro pollutants from foods in France. The Sci. Total Environ. 217, 27–36. Bligh, E.D., Dyer, W.J., 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911–917
Atomic Absorption Spec-trometer manual)
- Perkin-Elmer
- Corp
Perkin-Elmer Corp., SIMAA 6000, (1994). Atomic Absorption Spec-trometer manual).