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A comparative study of hospitality and tourism graduates in Australia and Hong Kong
Abstract
This paper evaluates the career experiences and perceptions of graduates from the School of Hotel and Tourism Management at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the School of Hospitality, Tourism and Marketing at Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia towards the programmes that they undertook. The two cohorts of graduates exhibited broadly similar career histories and expressed similar attitudes towards the quality, strengths and weaknesses of their respective programmes. In both cases, female students dominate the graduate cohort and about half of the respondents were found to have left the tourism or hospitality field within 3-5 years after graduation. Graduates believe that their general business and general education subjects play a stronger role in acquiring their first and current jobs than specialist tourism, hotel management and food service subjects. The findings highlight the challenge facing the university sector in attempting to balance the desire to provide a broadly grounded liberal education with the student desire for practical training.
... Worldwide, almost half of all hospitality and tourism graduates either have never entered the industry or left the industry within a few years (Kang & Gould, 2002;King, McKercher & Waryszak, 2003). In Taiwan, only thirty-nine per cent of BHM graduates entered the hospitality workforce and this is low compared to employment in other industries (Teng, 2008). ...
... In Taiwan, only thirty-nine per cent of BHM graduates entered the hospitality workforce and this is low compared to employment in other industries (Teng, 2008). The percentage is lower in Australia and Hong Kong where only twenty-four per cent of Australian graduates and thirty two per cent of Hong Kong graduates are working in the hospitality industry (King et al., 2003). While the Australian graduates were employed for middle to senior management positions, the Hong Kong graduates were employed in lower positions such as administrations, executives, offi cers, research assistants and sales persons (King et al., 2003). ...
... The percentage is lower in Australia and Hong Kong where only twenty-four per cent of Australian graduates and thirty two per cent of Hong Kong graduates are working in the hospitality industry (King et al., 2003). While the Australian graduates were employed for middle to senior management positions, the Hong Kong graduates were employed in lower positions such as administrations, executives, offi cers, research assistants and sales persons (King et al., 2003). For those who entered the industry it was normal for them to move among hospitality companies to develop their careers (Walsh & Taylor, 2007). ...
Continuous skilled-employee shortage has been reported in the hospitality industry despite the mushrooming growth of higher learning institutions off ering the Bachelor of Hospitality Management (BHM) programme. The purpose of this study is to assess the BHM graduates’ areas of employment and their justifi cation for not seeking employment or leaving the hospitality industry. To meet the purpose, a quantitative research paradigm supported by open-ended questions was used. This study focused on Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) BHM graduates. The fi ndings revealed that the UUM BHM graduates’ Islamic faith plays a signifi cant role in the religious Muslim graduates’ career paths. However, as widely documented in the literature, unattractive compensation in the hospitality industry appears to be the most important reason for graduates to seek employment in other industries. This is followed by poor career development opportunities and working conditions. Information from this study may help remedy the continuous shortage of skilled employees in the industry. It may also ensure the graduates’ ability to secure suitable jobs. In addition, it indirectly helps in the initiative to improve the BHM curriculum. Keywords: Hospitality, workforce, graduate, employment, hospitality industry, career, Malaysia.
... Common factors include low pay and low benefits accompanied by low social status, vulnerability through seasonality and lack of job security, challenging working hours, poor management, unclear career pathways, and a reputation for attracting low-skilled workers (e.g. Airey & Frontistis, 1997;Akış Roney & Öztin, 2007;Daskin, 2016;Edwards, 2018;Gebbels et al., 2020;Hjalager & Andersen, 2001;Jiang & Tribe, 2009;King et al., 2003;Knutson, 1989;Ladkin, 2011;Mooney & Jameson, 2018;Richardson, 2008Richardson, , 2010bWalmsley, 2004). These are likely to be exacerbated further due to widely publicized media headlines such as 'Mental health fears for jobless tourism workers' (Cropp, 2020) or '197 million travel industry jobs could be lost to coronavirus' (Slotnick, 2020), based upon which current negative attitudes are likely to be strengthened. ...
... The longer education as well as industry work experience continues, the lower students' interest in related careers (Akış Roney & Öztin, 2007;Daskin, 2016;Jiang & Tribe, 2009;Koyuncu et al., 2008;Kusluvan & Kusluvan, 2000;O'Leary & Deegan, 2005;Richardson, 2010b). Research across Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Cyprus, Turkey and Ireland has found that large proportions of tertiary tourism and hospitality students and graduates seek employment outside of the tourism industry (King et al., 2003;Mooney & Jameson, 2018;O'Leary & Deegan, 2005;Richardson, 2010a)often due to the above outlined attitudinal factors. The predominantly negative attitudes towards tourism careers appear to be at odds with the high number of, and demand for, tertiary tourism education programmes, raising the question: why do students enrol in tourism and hospitality programmes in the first place? ...
Covid-19 causes significant disruption and creates challenges for international tourism student recruitment while raising questions about the future attractiveness of tourism careers. To identify if, how, and why the perceptions of tourism education and careers have changed, 24 interviews were conducted with students currently enrolled in a tertiary tourism management degree at two New Zealand universities and explored through the theory of planned behaviour. Disruption induced by Covid-19 predominantly strengthened students' commitment to their previously selected career. Prepared to find alternative employment options throughout the initial recovery period due to a perceived lack of behavioural control, the ability to utilize their degree to induce positive change and make a lasting difference to redesign tourism for the better overrode increasingly negative subjective norms and initial doubt and anxiety. As a result, students held predominantly optimistic attitudes towards future tourism careers and perceived a potentially higher future value of a tertiary tourism degree.
... It is also stated in some studies (Guerrier, 1999;Boella, 2000) that working in tourism is considered low prestigious in many societies. These disadvantages are that even those who receive tourism education stay away from working in the tourism industry (Pavesic & Brymer, 1990;Ağaoğlu, 1991;Baron & Maxwell, 1993;Altman & Brothers, 1995;Kızılırmak, 2000;Kuşluvan & Kuşluvan, 2000;Kozak & Kızılırmak, 2001;King et al., 2003;Tuyluoglu, 2003;Keleş, 2018a). The tourism industry's challenges and the low image of respectability for jobs in the tourism industry can also affect students' career orientation who choose the university exam. ...
... It is worrisome that negative metaphors turn to unemployment. In previous studies (Pavesic & Brymer, 1990;Baron & Maxwell, 1993;Altman & Brothers, 1995;Kozak & Kızılırmak, 2001;King et al., 2003;Tuyluoglu, 2003;Keleş, 2018a) and participation in employment within the industry negative evaluations about the desire are in line with the negative results in this research. With this research, a significant portion of the students were concerned about unemployment. ...
... The most important reason, among others, behind having such a low number of qualified employees in the tourism sector is because the graduates who study hospitality do not want to work in the tourism sector. A great majority of the studies on the attitudes and career plans of the students of tourism education towards the tourism sector reveals that the students do not want to work in the tourism sector and also the existing employees have the intention to quit the hospitality sector (Aksu & Köksal, 2005;Jenkins, 2001;Jiang & Tribe, 2009;King, McKercher, & Waryszak, 2003;Kusluvan & Kusluvan, 2000;Richardson, 2009;Richardson & Butler, 2012;Wu, Morrison, Yang, Zhou, & Cong, 2014). There are also some studies, to a limited extent though, showing that there are students who wish to build a career in the tourism sector and have a positive attitude towards the tourism sector (Chen, Chu, & Wu, 2000;Jiang & Tribe, 2009;Lu & Adler, 2009;Roney & Oztin, 2007). ...
... In other words, this study discusses the moderating role of student club membership on the effect of the intention of the students receiving tourism education to work in the tourism sector on the post-graduation anxiety of employability. As in other studies (Aksu & Köksal, 2005;Jenkins, 2001;Jiang & Tribe, 2009;King et al., 2003;Kusluvan & Kusluvan, 2000;Richardson, 2009;Richardson & Butler, 2012;Wu et al., 2014), this study too reveals that the students who have received tourism education usually have a rather low intention to work in the tourism sector and have a high post-graduation anxiety of employability, but suggests that the students who have preferred the department of tourism willingly and knowingly as well as the students who are a member of a student club and participate in club activities regularly have some intention to work in the tourism sector and experience less anxiety to secure a job after the graduation. ...
The majority of the studies on students who study tourism reveal that they do not plan to build their careers in the tourism industry. It is important for both educators and the tourism industry to determine the career intentions of tourism students and the factors which affect them. There are many studies on tourism students' attitudes towards the tourism industry. The main purpose of this particular study is how extracurricular student club membership status of tourism students affect their career intentions and post-graduation employability anxiety. It analyzes student club membership status as a moderating variable in building relationships between the career intentions and post-graduation employability anxiety. Data were collected from 512 respondents via survey. The research model is tested with structural equation model (SEM) and to test the moderating role of student club membership status in the relationship in question, PROCESS macro for SPSS is favoured. The study presents both theoretical insights and practical implications.
... Ini karena karyawan ingin terjun ke industri yang menawarkan prospek pengembangan karir. Hal ini selanjutnya didukung dalam penelitian oleh King et al. (2020) yang mengatakan sekitar setengah dari responden lulusan pariwisata dan perhotelan Melbourne dan Hong Kong tidak pernah memasuki industri ini atau jika mereka melakukannya, mereka akan keluar dalam beberapa tahun. ...
Penelitian ini memberikan analisis konteks bakat di industri pariwisata dan perhotelan. Industri tersebut merupakan sektor vital bagi banyak perekonomian dimana sifat industri yang sangat berorientasi layanan, strategi penting untuk memastikan perekrutan dan retensi karyawan yang efektif dengan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang relevan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memungkinkan memberikan gambaran kepada politisi dan pemangku kepentingan terkait memproses berbagai ideologi, perspektif, dan intervensi yang meningkatkan bakat manajemen. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan jenis literature review atau studi literatu. Analisis kritis dibuat dari materi cetak dan online yang ada. Temuan kebaruan dari artikel ini menawarkan wawasan baru tentang manajemen bakat di industri pariwisata dan perhotelan. Hasilnya mengungkapkan dua tema penelitian utama; Pertama, ada korelasi positif antara strategi talent management yang diadopsi dan penciptaan daya saing global. kedua, budaya kelembagaan mempengaruhi penerapan strategi perencanaan, yang pada gilirannya mempengaruhi manajemen talenta.
... Graduates may be unwilling to stay in the hospitality and tourism industry for the long haul, even if their first job, resulting in a higher-than-standard turnover rate. The implications are unfavourable; the industry may confront a severe scarcity of skilled people in the future, particularly at the management level (Chuang & Dellmann-Jenkins, 2010;King et al., 2003;Lo et al., 2014). ...
Most students in Malaysia will continue their studies at a higher level after completing their SPM examination. Tertiary education is becoming increasingly crucial as Malaysia strives to become a developed country. Students frequently face difficulties when deciding whether to continue their studies or not. Their minds will be preoccupied with where to study and what field to learn. In reality, many students are hesitant to continue their education and begin working immediately upon completion of secondary school, even more so when they have developed diverse skills throughout their years in upper secondary school. This study explores the motivation factors that upper secondary vocational programs students to pursue further studies in hospitality programs. Understanding SPM leavers' intentions to continue their education in the hospitality sector is critical for higher education institutions and the hospitality industry. This study will contribute to a better understanding of what is going on in the minds of students considering pursuing their studies in hospitality programs. The industry's labour force requires more intellectual capital and competencies to satisfy growing demands. This study can generate ideas and insight into the acceptance and appeal of the upper secondary vocational program among secondary school students and recommend ways to improve the syllabus if necessary. This study may assist students in better comprehending the choices and benefits of continuing their education in hospitality programs.
... According to Busby et al. (1997), Internship programs offered by tourism and hospitality colleges also emphasize teaching student various technical skills, including computer technology, financial management, and quantitative techniques. In a survey comparing graduates from the hospitality and tourist industries in Australia and Hong Kong, students consistently evaluated internships as being more crucial to their chances of landing their first job (King et al., 2003). ...
Objective: The study explored students’ expectations and perceptions towards the Tourism and Hospitality Internship program by evaluating the pre-internship expectations and post-internship experience. The significance of this study lies in the fact that numerous students pursuing courses in tourism and hospitality assume internships as a stepping stone to their career in this million-dollar industry. Method: The design of the study is quantitative. Using a five-point Likert scale, the items assessed pre-internship expectations and post-internship perceptions of students enrolled in higher educational institutions in Goa (India) offering hospitality and tourism management degree programs. The study took ten months, from February 2022 to November 2022. A total of 324 respondents participated in the study. Gap analysis, Factor analysis and Regression analysis were employed to analyse the data using SPSS version 27. The research study is one of its kind in India's hospitality and tourism sector. Research on internships in India's tourism and hospitality sector needs to be addressed, as it is a sensitive topic for students. Result: Gap analysis provided variables with positive as well as negative gaps. Six variables yielded positive results while seventeen variables yielded negative gaps. Factor analysis factored out five factors namely: Supervisory Guidance and Organizational Environment, Learning opportunity and its facilitation, The job itself, Resume and Self-development, and Future employment opportunity. Regression analysis predicted two significant factors contribution towards overall satisfaction of the students towards internship program. Conclusion: Gap analysis between students’ expectations and perception provided significant results about the six variables that yielded positive differences. These variables were: Competitive fringe benefits, High team spirit in the group, Able to apply theories to the workplace, High autonomy, Able to develop technical skill, Feedback from managers, indicating that the expectations have been met or surpassed. The study presents that though the students are satisfied with a few aspects of the Internship, overall satisfaction is negative. Two factors, namely 'Supervisory Guidance and Organizational Environment' and 'Future employment opportunities,' are significant in predicting students’ overall satisfaction with the Internship program. Considering the results, suggestions for higher education institutions are provided to improve the quality of the Internship program.
... Studies on university students explore various aspects of educational tourism including career paths, social media influence, the connection between education and tourism choices and the role of universities in local development. Indicatively, King et al. (2003) compared hospitality and tourism graduates in Australia and Hong Kong, examining their career paths and educational experiences, highlighting the differences in educational systems and industry practices between the two countries, providing insights into the factors that shape graduates' career trajectories. Castillo Arredondo et al. (2018) examine the motivations of university students in non-English-speaking destinations and reveal that languages are a key motivating factor for either growing personally through cultural enrichment, or growing professionally. ...
Educational tourism is an under-researched sector in the tourism field. Educational tourism is generally defined as a type of tourism in which the traveler’s primary or secondary objective is learning. Nevertheless, there is still some ambiguity regarding the nature and scope of educational tourism, as well as its market segments (McGladdery and Lubbe, 2017). Additionally, the empirical studies in educational tourism are limited and mainly focused in university students (e.g. Castillo Arredondo et al., 2018; Xu and Ho, 2021).
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the broader perspectives of young consumers’ attitudes in Greece and Cyprus regarding educational tourism. The main research objectives are the measurement of consumers’ level of interest for educational tourism and the investigation of the factors that affect their overall attitude towards educational tourism services. This study contributes significantly to the literature since it is one of the few empirical studies to investigate consumers’ perceptions towards educational tourism.
Methodologically, this research utilizes a survey questionnaire to collect empirical data on young consumers (up to 25 years old) in Greece and Cyprus. The questionnaires were distributed electronically and the final sample size consists of 904 respondents, including people of different social and economic profile.
The results reveal that the majority of participants have already been engaged in educational tourism activities with high level of satisfaction, and exhibit a high tendency to consume educational tourism services in the future. At the same time, they consider cost, the time period the activity takes place, as well as the theme of the tourist activity as the most significant factors affecting their selection/decision. Nevertheless, the non-parametric analysis shows differences between Greek and Cypriot respondents’ beliefs and perceptions. The findings are considered to be useful to policy makers and marketers in tourism sector, since they can develop marketing strategies designed to attract and motivate educational tourists.
... It has been determined that students move away from the tourism sector after the internship and turn to different sectors. In this context, internship experience causes students to have a negative attitude towards the tourism sector (Akay et al., 2018;Kamil & Köşker, 2015;King et al., 2003;Köşker & Unur, 2017;Olcay et al., 2015;Tengilimoğlu, 2019;Walmsley, 2004). ...
The study aims to determine the criteria that university students consider when choosing an internship site. The criteria taken into consideration in the study were determined with the opinions of tourism department students within the scope of literature review and expert opinion. After the criteria were determined, a SWARA (Step-by-Step Weight Rating Ratio Analysis) swara form was created and this form was applied separately to a group of 10 students doing internship in the tourism program and a group of 10 students not doing internship. The SWARA method was applied to the data obtained from two separate student groups with the criteria form and the priorities of the criteria were determined for each student. Then, the final priorities were determined by averaging the values found for each criterion in terms of students and the ranking of the criteria was made. Accordingly, as a result of the research, it was revealed that the most important criterion for students who did not do internship was self-development opportunities in enterprises, while the most important criterion for students who did internship was accommodation facilities. At the end of the study, the findings obtained in terms of the two groups were evaluated and suggestions for future studies were presented.
... The network structure consists of three clusters ( Figure 4). The first cluster colored red is made up of 10 articles that have focused on hospitality and tourism students' attitude and intentions to work in the hospitality industry and how internship experiences contribute to the formation of interns' perceptions of hospitality work careers (Fox, 2001;Kevin Jenkins, 2001;King et al., 2003). ...
This paper applies bibliometric and integrative review approaches to examine the pattern of growth, conceptual and social structure of hospitality and tourism internship research using 167 articles retrieved from Scopus database published between 1986 and 2020. The contribution of journals, scholars, institutions, and countries in the production of hospitality and tourism internship research was assessed. Descriptive statistics of the bibliographic data was conducted using “Bibliometrix” tool whiles VOSviewer software was used for network analysis. Findings indicate that hospitality and tourism internship research is about three decades old however, the knowledge domain remains underdeveloped. Busby G, University of Queensland and the USA are the most productive author, institution and country, respectively in hospitality and internship research. Research efforts have focused on internships and students’ attitudes toward hospitality work, benefits of internships to students, industry and institutions, and internship satisfaction. There has been less international collaboration in the knowledge domain.
... The growing provision of T&H degree courses have been a route for qualification and professionalisation (King et al., 2003), and there is evidence to suggest that many people working in the industry are now highly educated (Szivas et al., 2003;González et al., 2016). However, there is still a significant predominance of T&H workers with low academic qualifications, which is related to the high availability of low-skilled jobs that require little or no formal training and few conceptual or knowledge-driven attributes, although many tourism jobs require a combination of soft and technical skills, as well as higher level skills. ...
The T&H industry has become a growing career choice, hence drawing great attention to the role of Higher Education in meeting the needs of both the industry and the graduates. This study seeks to portray the views of highly qualified individuals, Tourism and Hospitality graduates and prospective graduates, on the process of education-to-work transition, focusing on their perceived level of preparedness for entering the labour market. In-depth interviews were conducted with 56 purposefully selected participants at different career stages in Portugal. By focusing on first-hand accounts on academic paths and practical learning experiences, subjective meanings and some of the factors influencing career construction and employability in T&H are unveiled. These insights may assist Higher Education Institutions and employers in understanding how to support graduates in smoothing the transition to the labour market and to make full use of their potentials upon graduation.
... In Hong Kong, tourism programs and jobs attract more females than males. Female students generally outnumber male students in term of first job decision in tourism [61] and admission to tourism-related programs [62]. However, females' representation has been found to slump to 20 percent at the executive level [63]. ...
Hong Kong hospitality and tourism industry has been battered by the triple whammy of social unrest, Sino-US trade war and COVID-19 pandemic in recent years. To understand how vulnerable tourism students may be in terms of career shock when facing the three major challenges, 407 tourism students in Hong Kong were surveyed. Structural equation modelling found a positive correlation between affect (an intrinsic, motivating factor) and extraneous events (an extrinsic, demotivating factor), indicating that motivation and demotivating factors may co-exist. Affect was more positively correlated with three career choice outcomes (intent to join the industry, desire for a lifelong career, and resilience in face of unfavourable circumstances) than was Extraneous. In face of career shock arising from extraneous events, tourism students still tend to have a strong intent to join the workforce, take it as a lifelong career, and remain resilient despite the hardship. However, the career shock was a greater concern for those in hotel-related disciplines and for students aged over 20 than younger ones. The findings offer an empirical basis to guide policy makers, academia and the industry in strategy formulation to ensure sustainable quality and manpower supply in the post-crisis future.
... Turizm literatürüne yapılan özgün katkıların sınırlı bir yapıda kalmasının temel sebebi turizm araştırmacılarının benzer ölçek ve yöntemleri kullanmalarıyla doğrudan ilgili olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bununla birlikte turizm araştırmalarında genellikle sınırlı sayıdaki nicel ve nitel yöntemler kullanılmaktadır (King, McKercher & Waryszak, 2003). Turizm araştırmalarında genellikle nicel yöntemler kapsamında kullanılan ölçekler aracılığıyla yapılan anket uygulamaları başta ekonometrik analiz testleri olmak üzere çeşitli istatistiksel analizlerden oluşmaktadır. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, turizm endüstrisinin ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel ve psikolojik etkilerinin sinema filmleri yönünden yansımalarını incelemektir. “Güler misin Ağlar mısın” filminin tercih edilmesinin üç ana temeli vardır. Birincisi, filmin Türkiye’nin önemli turizm destinasyonlarından biri olan Kuşadası’nda çekilmiş olmasıdır. İkincisi, filmin Türkiye’de turizmin gerçek manada gelişimini sağlayan ve 1972 yılında yayınlanan ve halen yürürlükte olan 1618 sayılı Turizm Yasasının yayınlanmasından üç yıl sonra gösterime girmiş olmasıdır. Üçüncüsü ise, filmde turizmin etkilerini doğrudan gösteren çok sayıda sahnenin yer almasıdır. Yapılan araştırmada filmdeki görsel ve sesli (işitsel) veriler Metz’in sinema göstergebilimi yaklaşımıyla günümüzde yaşanan gelişmelerle incelenerek analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın temel bulgularını, yerel halkın turist algısı, turizmdeki aşırı ticarileşmenin ana dil üzerindeki etkileri, turizm endüstrisindeki girişimci/çalışan ilişkileri ve yerel halkın kültürel değerlere olan ilgisizliği olarak sıralamak mümkündür. Elde edilen sonuçlar mevcut literatürdeki ampirik ve kavramsal bulgularla desteklenerek açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
... The profile of the respondents involved in the study showed that there were 40% males and 60% females. This was no wonder as females are known to dominate employment if the hospitality industry, whether in developed or developing countries (King et al., 2003;Li & Leung, 2001;Mill & Morrison, 1998;Owusu-Mintah, 2012). As shown on Table 2, most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 24, indicating the youthful nature of employees in the hospitality sector. ...
... The study programs should also be more suitable to the students' interests, needs, cognitive ability, and hourly loads, in this way enhancing students' learning experience and engagement and reducing their burnout (see [35,46]). Thus improving the content of subjects, particularly the sector-specific content of specialist subjects, is recommended [103]. However, to prepare students whose competencies and skills achieve professional recognition and let them operate successfully when entering the business, specialization in tourism education requires close cooperation between academia and practitioners [104]. ...
This research aims to investigate the issue of study-life conflict and its negative consequences on students’ attitudes towards their studies and future employment in the tourism and hospitality industry. It also seeks an answer to the question: what may contribute to experiencing such a conflict by tourism and hospitality students. Therefore, in this study, a research model was developed and tested that measures relationships between tourism and hospitality students’ current working experience and study–life conflict and analyzes its relationships with students’ burnout and their employment aspirations. Data were collected through a questionnaire from tourism and hospitality students of a Higher Educational Institution of Northern Poland. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between the study constructs. This study demonstrated that due to the competing demands of both the study and social life roles, students may experience the study–life conflict that may be additionally boosted by their current working experience. It was also reported that experiencing the study–life conflict may result in students’ burnout that exerts a significant and negative impact on students’ employment aspirations. As far as the authors know, such research concerning the issue of the study–life conflict experienced by tourism and hospitality students and its consequences for students’ burnout and its detrimental impact on employment aspirations has not been conducted before. This study is also the only one that simultaneously measures the relationships between the proposed constructs based on data from students in Poland.
... In Europe and America, tourism and hotel management education were first introduced, particularly in Switzerland, Italy, France, and Spain. While, Lausanne/Switzerland, Milan/Italy, and Cornell/US were the first schools, which appeared in the early 1930s (King et al., 2003). ...
... The profile of the respondents involved in the study showed that there were 40% males and 60% females. This was no wonder as females are known to dominate employment if the hospitality industry, whether in developed or developing countries (King et al., 2003;Li & Leung, 2001;Mill & Morrison, 1998;Owusu-Mintah, 2012). As shown on Table 2, most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 24, indicating the youthful nature of employees in the hospitality sector. ...
This study examined the impact of motivation on the performance of restaurant employees within the Cape Coast Metropolis of the Central Region of Ghana. The study sought to identify motivational strategies used by the selected restaurants and determine their effectiveness in influencing employee performance. An ex-post-facto research survey was adopted for the study using Maslow's hierarchy of needs as the theoretical framework. Primary data were collected from 5 restaurant managers and 55 of their employees using simple random sampling to elicit data on motivational strategies enjoyed by the staff. The findings showed that motivational strategies used included the payment of bonuses, free communication, monetary rewards and the provision of free meals, recognition and rewards. Most of the employees were however dissatisfied with the motivational packages resulting in the low performance of the respondents as obtained from performance indicators on profitability, customer satisfaction and increased customer base, showing the ineffectiveness of the motivational strategies employed. Lack of effective implementation of some of the motivational strategies and inconsistency in strategic decisions were the major constraints affecting employees' performance. It was thus recommended that more motivational incentives such as supported study leave should be planned for the employees in order to help reduce absenteeism and the high labour turnover in the restaurant industry in Ghana.
... In Europe and America, tourism and hotel management education were first introduced, particularly in Switzerland, Italy, France, and Spain. While, Lausanne/Switzerland, Milan/Italy, and Cornell/US were the first schools, which appeared in the early 1930s (King et al., 2003). ...
... Parental and peer attitudes towards tourism careers and education signify relevant influencers that reflect and reinforce these perceptions (Edwards, 2018;Rahimi et al., 2016;Roberts et al., 2018). Research in Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Cyprus, Turkey and Ireland has found that large proportions of tertiary tourism and hospitality students seek employment outside of the tourism industry (King et al., 2003;Mooney & Jameson, 2018;O'Leary & Deegan, 2005;Richardson, 2010a). The longer their education as well as industry work experience continues, the lower students' interest in related careers (Daskin, 2016;Koyuncu et al., 2008;Richardson, 2010b). ...
This research explores current tertiary tourism students' career strategies as impacted by Covid-19 as a career shock event, utilizing Bourdieuan career theory comprising career field, career capital, and its internal and external recognitions. Based on a phenomenological approach we conducted 24 semi-structured in-depth interviews with under- and postgraduate tourism management students enrolled at two New Zealand universities. Findings show that participants adopt a temporal lens. Short to medium term career strategies are flexible in that a temporary exit from the career field is considered until changes in the external environment occur. In the long-term participants remained committed to their initially chosen career field, hoping for a more progressive, innovative, and sustainable approach to tourism. The still unpredictable future of tourism posed challenges in assessing the future value of especially students’ cultural career capital while increasing the need for additional social capital.
... Yerli ve yabancı literatürdeki çalışmaların birçoğu, öğrencilerin veya mezunların şu anda veya gelecekte turizmde çalışmaya yönelik eğilimleri ile ilgilidir. Bu araştırmaların birçoğundaki ortak bulgu turizm okullarından mezun olan öğrencilerin, kariyer tercihlerini turizm dışındaki sektörlerden yana kullandığı ya da zamanla sektörden ayrıldığı yönündedir (Kızılırmak, 2000;Kuşluvan ve Kuşluvan, 2000;Jenkins, 2001;Kozak ve Kızılırmak, 2001;King, McKercher ve Waryszak, 2003;Pelit ve Güçer, 2006;Duman, Tepeci ve Unur, 2006:52). Bu araştırmalarda turizm eğitimi alan öğrencilerin önemli bir bölümünün turizm endüstrisine yönelik genel olarak olumsuz algı ve tutuma sahip olduklarından, mezun olduktan sonra turizm sektöründe çalışmak istemediklerinden, mezuniyet sonrası turizmde çalışmaya başlayanların ise zorlu çalışma koşulları nedeniyle birkaç yıl içinde sektörü terk etme yönünde davranış sergilediklerinden ve öğrencilerin turizme yönelik algı ve tutumlarının, üst sınıflara çıkıldıkça daha da kötüleştiği tespit edilmiştir (Aksu ve Köksal, 2005:436;Kuşluvan ve Kuşluvan, 2000:251, Richardson, 2009Airey ve Frontisis, 1997:149;Jenkins, 2001:13). ...
Bu çalışma, Lisans düzeyinde turizm eğitimi alan öğrencilerin, geleceğe yönelik umutsuzluk seviyelerini
ve demografik değişkenlere göre umutsuzluğun farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek amacıyla
yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın örneklemini, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi İİBF Turizm
İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Bölümü’nde eğitim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin
umutsuzluk düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Beck ve diğerleri (1974) tarafından geliştirilen “Beck
Umutsuzluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Umutsuzluk düzeyine etki eden değişkenleri belirlemek amacıyla
bağımsız gruplar t testi ve varyans analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda cinsiyet, okunan
bölümle ilgili memnuniyet, bölümle ilgili iş bulma umudu ve bölümü seçme nedenleri değişkenlerinin
umutsuzluk düzeylerine etki eden değişkenler olduğu bulunmuştur.
This research was conducted to investigate the levels of hopelessness and to determine whether it
differentiate according to the demographic variables of students studying in Tourism And Hotel
Management of Nevşehir University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. In this research
Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al. 1974), was used to determine the level of despair of the students.
To be able to identify the factors affecting the level of despair, an independent samples t-test and variant
analysis are conducted. As a consequence, the variables affecting the level of hopelessness in students
were identified as gender, satisfaction with the department they study, hope of finding a job related to the
department and the reasons why they choose the department they study.
... Universities must additionally concern themselves with the attraction and retention of students. According to King et al. (2003), in the case of Australian and Hong Kong tourism students, close to 50% who enroll in a tourism program will drop out in the first year. Many of those who begin a university degree in tourism do not finish, and many of them will not even work in the filed given the low pay, hard working conditions, and limited potential for advancement (Rudd et al., 2014). ...
Historically, the Romania economy competed on low wages, but since 2007 close to 4 million citizens emigrated, eroding that advantage and increasing spending on students and pensioners. Romania is looking for alternatives, and tourism, could be a possible solution, but tourism education needs to become a priority. We surveyed 170 entrepreneurs and managers from the tourism sector to identify their perspectives on current employee's education levels along with the requirements for future educational initiatives. The primary research question in our study is whether or not a university degree makes a difference in an employee engaged in tourism.
... Brown, Arendt, and Bosselman (2014) report that 29.1% of hospitality graduates leave the hospitality sector within 10 years. Other similar studies have reported 10%-32% (Lu & Adler, 2009;Wu, Morrison, Yang, Zhou, & Cong, 2014), 48% (King, McKercher, & Waryszak, 2003), and up to 70% (Blomme, Van Rheede, & Tromp, 2009) of actual turnover by hospitality graduates. ...
This research examines the perceptions of alumni mentors working in the hospitality industry, along with hospitality students as mentees, through a four-stage mentoring program framework: initiation; goals and action plans; cultivating the relationship; and evaluating the relationship. Industry alumni mentors and student mentees from a leading hotel management school at an Australian university were selected to provide a rich illustration of the mentoring program. Data were collected through interviews of 48 mentees and 14 industry mentors (response rate of 45%). The findings illustrate that mentoring relationships enable mentees to build knowledge and skills, develop networking opportunities and build confidence. The application of the four-stage mentoring program framework provides several theoretical and applied contributions. Namely, a formal matching process enhances the initiation of a mentoring program, preparation and goal setting sets the stage for positive relationships, emotional and professional support cultivates commitment to mentoring relationships, and a mentoring program allows for valuable self-reflection.
... Thus, the current paper addresses this issue of perceived skills gap in the hospitality and tourism (henceforth (H&T) industry. Despite the increased attention devoted to the need for skilled and welltrained young personnel, the relevant literature in the field (Judson and Taylor, 2014) has identified a "skills gap" in the industry (King et al., 2003;Fournier and Ineson, 2010;Dhiman, 2012). The paper focuses on a Greek context since the H&T sector account for about a quarter of the national GDP, while employment in the sector reaches about 20% of the total workforce. ...
... İyi eğitimli ve yetenekli turizm mezunları günümüzün turizm sektöründe önemli bir stratejik kaynak olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen ilgili literatür incelendiğinde, turizm öğrencilerinin büyük bir kısmının çeşitli nedenlerle turizm sektöründe kalmayı tercih etmediği (Kuşluvan & Kuşluvan, 2000;Richardson, 2009;2010;Richardson & Butler, 2012;Keleş, 2018) ve sektörde çalışmaya başlayanların ise ortalama beş yıl sonra sektörü terk ettikleri dikkat çekmektedir (Pavesik & Brymer 1990;Altman & Brothers, 1995;King, McKercher & Waryszak, 2003). Diğer taraftan, turizm işletmeciliği, konaklama işletmeciliği vb. ...
Türkiye’de, özellikle son 15-20 yıllık dönemde gelişen turizm sektörü ve artan turist sayısına paralel olarak, üniversitelerdeki ön lisans, lisans ve lisansüstü düzeyde rehberlik eğitimi veren kurumların sayısında ve kontenjanlarında da ciddi bir artış olmuştur. Bu artışa rağmen, turizm rehberliği öğrencilerinin kariyer hedeflerini ve mesleğe yönelik tutumlarını belirleyebilmek amacıyla sınırlı sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışma ile lisans düzeyinde turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan öğrencilerin bireysel kariyer hedeflerinin tespit edilerek, rehberlik mesleğine yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan 268 öğrenciden veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin büyük bir çoğunluğunun turizm sektöründe bir kariyer hedeflediği ve turist rehberliği mesleğini yapmaya istekli oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, turizm rehberliği bölümünü isteyerek seçen, daha önce sektörde çalışma deneyimine sahip olan, stajları esnasında apranti olarak tura çıkan ve turizm sektöründe kariyer hedefi olan öğrencilerin mesleğe yönelik tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir.
... Lisans düzeyinde turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan öğrencilerin mesleğe dönük tutumlarının belirlenmesi, araştırmanın ana amacını oluşturmaktadır. Birçok çalışmada (Airey ve Frontis, 1997; Kuşluvan ve Kuşluvan 2000;Kozak ve Kızılırmak, 2001;Jenkins, 2001;King, McKercher ve Waryszak, 2003;Aksu ve Köksal, 2005;Zopiatis ve Kyprianou, 2006;Roney ve Öztin, 2007;Richardson, 2008Richardson, , 2009Richardson, , 2010Sibson vd., 2011;King ve Hang, 2011;Baltacı vd., 2012, Richardson ve Butler, 2012Wang, 2014;Bahcelerli ve Sucuoğlu, 2015) öğrencilerin genel olarak turizm endüstrisine dönük tutumları incelenmektedir. Bu araştırmada ise, lisans düzeyinde turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan öğrencilerin mesleğe dönük tutumlarına göre kümelendirilmesi ve profillerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. ...
ZET: Çalışmanın amacı, lisans düzeyinde turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan öğrencilerin mesleğe dönük tutumlarına göre kümelendirilmeleri ve profilerinin ortaya konmasıdır. Veriler, literatüre dayalı geliştirilen bir anketin Türkiye'de lisans düzeyinde turizm rehberliği eğitimi alan 1105 öğrenciye uygulanmasıyla derlenmiştir. Anketler, öğrencilere 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılı bahar yarıyılında, turizm rehberliği bölümlerinde görevli öğretim elemanlarının yardımıyla, sınıf bazında kota örneklemesine göre yüz yüze uygulanmıştır. Veriler faktör, iki aşamalı kümeleme ve ki-kare analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Öğrencilerin mesleğe dönük tutumlarının tek boyutlu bir yapı sergileyerek toplam varyansın %40,5'ini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin mesleğe dönük tutumlarına göre üç kümeye ayrıldıkları belirlenmiş olup; kümeler, "kararsızlar" (=3,1139), "rehberliği sevenler"(=3,9931) ve "rehberlik sevdalıları" (=4,7273) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sınıflar ve staj yapıp yapmama ile kümeler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Üst sınıflara doğru ilerlerken rehberlik sevdalılığı oranlarının düşme ve kararsızlığın ise artma eğiliminde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Turizm rehberliği, mesleğe dönük tutum, lisans öğrencileri Clusterıng The Undergraduate Students of Tourism Guıdance Based on Their Occupational Attitudes ABSTRACT: This study aims at clustering and profiling the undergraduate students of tourism guidance according to their occupational attitudes. The data were collected by applying a questionnaire based on the literature to 1105 students who received tourism guidance education at undergraduate level in Turkey The questionnaires were applied to the students face to face with the help of the lecturers in the tourism guidance departments in the spring semester of 2016-2017 academic year, according to quota sampling based on class. The data were subjected to factor, two-step cluster and chi-square analysis. It has been found out that the occupational attitudes of the students explain 40,5% of the total variance by displaying a one dimensional structure. It was also determined that students were
This research has been made for the assessment of compatibility of occupation choices of students receiving Vocational Tourism Training and their career anchors. In the research, the outstanding Career Anchors of the students and the conditions of working in tourism sector have been compared. The survey form generated for this purpose has been exercised on 406 students who receive tourism training in three different Vocational and Technical Anatolian High Schools in the research population on November 2014. As the result of the research, it is detected that the primary career anchors of the students are respectively "Stability, Life Style, Technical and Functional Competence". None the less, it is designated that the career anchors of "Stability and Life Style" which are primary for the students, are not compatible for a successful vocational life in the tourism sector.
z Mesleki turizm eğitimi gören öğrencilerin eğitimlerini sürdürdükleri alanda istihdam edilmelerinin hem kariyer planlamaları açısından hem de ülke turizminin geleceği açısından önemi büyüktür. Yapılan bu araştırmanın amacı mesleki turizm eğitimi gören öğrencilerin turizm sektörünün istihdam niteliğinin kariyer planlarına olan etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla oluşturulan anket formu 2014 yılının Aralık ayında Gaziantep'te bünyelerinde turizm eğitimi verilen üç farklı Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi'nde eğitim gören 406 öğrenci üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Betimsel analiz yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmaya katılan 9,10,11 ve 12. sınıf düzeyinde eğitim gören öğrencilerin anket formunda yer alan ifadelere verdikleri cevaplar analiz edilmiş; öğrencilerin turizm sektöründe kariyer yapmanın toplum nezdinde bireye saygınlık kazandıracağı görüşünde oldukları ancak öğrencilerin sektördeki iş bulma ve çalışma koşullarına yönelik değerlendirmelerinin öğrencilerin kariyerlerini turizm sektöründe sürdürmeleri üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisinin olduğu sonucu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin turizm sektöründe çalışma arzuları ile turizm sektörünün istihdam niteliğine ilişkin boyutların tamamı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Turizm Sektörü, Turizm Eğitimi, Kariyer Planlama. Abstract Employment of students in vocational tourism training in the field where they continue their education has great importance both in terms of career planning and the future of the country's tourism. The purpose of this study carried out is to reveal the impact to their career plans of the nature of employment in the tourism sector among the students in vocational tourism training. A questionnaire created for this purpose was applied to 406 students studying in three different Vocational and Technical High School that give tourism education in Gaziantep in December 2014. The answers to the statements in the questionnaire by the students studying at 9,10,11 and 12th grade levels were analyzed and it was determined that students think that making a career in the tourism sector gives dignity to the individual in society, however assessments of working conditions and finding a job in the industry of students has a negative effect on pursuing careers in the tourism sectors of students. However, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the desire to work in the tourism sector of the students surveyed and all of the dimensions relating to the quality of employment in the tourism sector.
Yapılan araştırmalardan turizm işletmelerinde sosyal ve psikolojik sorunların yaşandığı görülmektedir. Kaygı ve umutsuzluk kavramlarının bireyin ruhsal sağlığı içerisinde değerlendirilmesi ve turizm öğrencilerinin sektörden uzaklaşması, turizm eğitimi veren kurumların etkinliğiyle beraber öğrencilerin sosyo-psikolojik durumlarını incelemeyi gerektirmektedir. Araştırma lise ve üniversitede turizm eğitimi alan toplam 496 öğrenci üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, umutsuzluk ve kaygı arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin ailelerinin gelir düzeylerinin, anne ve babalarının eğitim durumunun, babanın hayatta olup olmamasının ve babanın çalışma durumunun öğrencilerin umutsuzluk ve durumluk-sürekli kaygı düzeyleri üzerinde anlamlı farklılık oluşturduğu saptanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Turizm eğitimi, umutsuzluk, durumluk ve sürekli kaygı.
Bu çalışma konaklama işletmelerinde çalışanların iş tatmin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve belirlenen düzeylerin örgütsel çatışma yönetimi stratejileri üzerindeki etkisinin saptanması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Alanya bölgesinde bulunan beş yıldızlı konaklama tesislerinin çeşitli bölümlerinde çalışan bölüm yöneticileri, bölüm yöneticilerinin yardımcıları ve bölüm çalışanları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Rahim tarafından geliştirilmiş olan "Örgütsel Çatışma Envanteri II" ve Spector'un geliştirmiş olduğu İş Doyumu Anketi uygulanmıştır. Çalışanların iş doyumlarını belirlemek için, iş doyum ölçeği sonucunda elde edilen puanlara kümele analizi uygulanmıştır. Kümeleme analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkan grupların örgütsel çatışma yönetiminde uyguladıkları stratejilerin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirleyebilmek amacıyla diskriminant (ayırma) analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada konaklama işletmelerinde çalışanların örgütsel çatışmada uyguladıkları çatışma stratejilerinin, iş tatmin durumlarını belirlemede önemli bir ayırıcı fonksiyona sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İş tatmini, örgütsel çatışma, konaklama işletmeciliği
ABSTRACT This study aims to determine job satisfaction level of the employees working in the hospitability industry and the effect of these stated levels on the strategies of organizational conflict management. The population of the study is executed from the employees working in the various divisions of five star accommodation facilities in Alanya region who have the job titles as division managers, vice division managers and division employees. In the study, "Organization Conflict Inventory II" which was developed by Rahim and "The work Satisfaction Survey" which was developed by Spector were used as the data collection methods of the research. To determine the level of job satisfaction of employees, cluster analysis was used to the points arisen at the result of job satisfaction scale. In order to determine whether there are differences or not in the strategies applied for the organizational conflict management by the groups appeared at the result of the cluster analysis, discriminant analysis was used. The research exhibits that the conflict strategies applied for the organizational conflict by the employees working in hospitability management have an important distinctive function in order to determine the job satisfaction levels.
ÖZET
Yapılan araştırmalar turizm eğitimi almış mezunların zamanla turizm sektöründen ayrıldığı ve farklı sektörlerde çalıştığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu bağlamda araştırmada Türkiye ve Almanya'da turizm eğitimi alan üniversite öğrencilerin umutsuzluk düzeylerinin saptanması ve karşılaştırılması, umutsuzluk düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya Türkiye'den 166, Almanya'dan 115 olmak üzere toplam 281 öğrenci katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasına Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği (BUÖ) ve kişisel anket formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde kümeleme analizi, t testi, varyans analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonucunda Türk öğrencilerin umutsuzluk düzeylerinin yordayıcıları olarak eğitim memnuniyeti, okuldaki başarı durumu, gelir durumu, cinsiyet, arkadaş ilişkiler düzeyinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Alman öğrencilerin ise sadece "eğitim memnuniyeti" değişkeninin öğrencilerin umutsuzluk düzeyleri üzerinde düşük düzeyde de olsa yordayıcı olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türk ve Alman öğrencilerin umutsuzluk düzeylerini etkileyen ortak değişkenin eğitim memnuniyeti olduğu saptanmıştır.
Özet Bu çalışma demografik ve araştırma değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiye hem görsellik boyutu katabilmesi hem de ulaşılan bulguların kolay anlaşılır ve yorumlanabilir olmasına olanak tanımasıyla iş tatminin CHAID analizi yoluyla irdelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Bir başka ifadeyle çalışmada iş tatminini konusunun farklı bir istatistik metoduyla, CHAID analiziyle irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede Alanya bölgesinde bulunan 23 adet beş y ıldızlı konaklama işletmelerindeki çalışanlar araştırma kapsamına alınmış, ve gönderilen 750 anketten 427'si geri dönmüştür. Bu bağlamda anketlerin geri dönüşüm oranı %57 olarak gerçekleşirken, CHAID analizinde bu anketlerden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Yapılan CHAID analizi çalışanların iş tatmin düzeyini etkileyen en önemli faktörün medeni durum olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca araştırma sonuçları iş tatmin düzeyi yüksek olan çalışanlar profilini medeni durumu bekar olanlar, genç olanlar ile yönetim kademesinde bulunan çalışanların oluşturduğunu ortaya koymuştur. İş tatmin düzeyi düşük olan çalışanlar profilinde ise evli olanlar ile turizm alanında yüksek (üniversite) eğitim almış olanların bulunduğu belirlenmiştir.
Abstract
This study aims to examine demographic variables which have an influence on job satisfaction levels of employees with CHAID analysis as it enables us to illustrate the relationship between demographic variables and research variables, and evaluate the findings more easily and effectively. In other words, the goal of this study is to examine job satisfaction issue with a different statistical method, CHAID analysis. From 750 questionnaires sent to 23 five-stars hotels located in Alanya, 427 employees participated in the study with a response rate of 57 %. These 427 completed questionnaires were used in CHAID analysis. The CHAID analysis results indicated that marital status had a most influnece on job satisfaction. Also research results indicated that employees in high job
This study examines perceptions of university-level tourism, hospitality and events (THE) graduates with regards to whether the degree prepared them for a successful career. “Success” is a highly nuanced term that can be interpreted narrowly as producing job ready graduates or more broadly as producing graduates who have a quality and enjoyable education that equips them with a desire for lifelong learning, a positive value set, and the skills to develop their careers in a dynamic work environment. Listening to the graduates’ voices reveals that a successful educational experience involves far more than making them job ready and instead involves creating passionate future employees who want the chance for personal development and who feel valued in the workplace. However, some issues did arise relating to a relatively high attrition rate from the sector and concern over the degree of practical training provided. The study findings help inform curriculum of programmes.
This paper reports on career development of graduates of three of Australia's leading university level tourism, hospitality and events providers. The study examines how well their programmes equipped them for their first and current jobs, key attributes to career development and advice they would give to prospective students. Career development is highly individualistic, with no single template.
To some extent, tourism education is facing an unparalleled crisis, probably a terminal crisis. Metrics applied in research and publications are wreaking havoc in the discipline as never before. Many professional researchers are pressed to publish leaving their classrooms to amateur professors. This chapter insights on the genesis and evolution of higher tourism education as well as the curricula formation. At a first glimpse, the indiscipline of tourism research -originally denounced by Tribe- is accompanied by other problems which include high dropout rates, a dissociation between professional research and learning without mentioning low salaries and bad working conditions once the Ba is earned. The present chapter interrogates the present problems of higher tourism education and the future of the discipline in an ever-changing and global world.
The recent Covid-19 pandemic has caused the event industry and providers of tertiary event management courses to reflect on the nature of future events and the form they will take. With hybrid, virtual and innovative events being foreseen for the coming years, skills taught in the relevant programs and courses also need to be reassessed and restructured. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews, this research explores the viewpoints on requisite future skills from three groups of event stakeholders – professionals, lecturers, and students – across three countries, China, Germany and Australia. The results show agreement on what event management skills will be needed, among which technical and digital expertise, communication, innovation and leadership are seen as the most important.
Internship for students is crucial for demonstrating the use of skills learnt in the classroom. This paper, based on a study conducted by using mixed methods in 2011, examines the effectiveness of internships in tourism education and training. A sample of 205 Tourism graduates of a polytechnic in Ghana, selected using the snowball sampling method, was used for the study. A major challenge identified in the implementation of internships for students was how to find industrial placement for the teeming tourism and hospitality students to ensure that they acquired the appropriate on-the-job skills. This paper argues that for polytechnic students to meet the needs of industry and be employed after graduation, internships should be given priority in the design of the curriculum. The paper concludes that innovative ways should be found to ensure that sufficient periods of internship are undertaken by tourism students to give them hands-on training for ready employment with the industry after graduation.
This study investigates the motivational effects of entrepreneurial desires and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) as drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in tourism and hospitality (T&H) students. Additionally, the antecedents of entrepreneurial desires, such as anticipated emotions and entrepreneurial role models, are explored to understand motivational processes that lead to entrepreneurial intentions. Data from 177 surveys of T&H students in New Zealand were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to test the study’s hypotheses. The results found that ESE and entrepreneurial desires directly influenced entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, the effect of entrepreneurial desires on entrepreneurial intentions was partially mediated by ESE. Also, entrepreneurial role models significantly predicted T&H student’s ESE and entrepreneurial desires. Finally, positive anticipated emotions predicted T&H student’s entrepreneurial desires. The study provides important implications to theory and practice to promote entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality education.
The internship program is the most crucial supplemental training for students in practical skills, knowledge, and attitude necessary to adapt to the changing industrial world of hospitality and tourism. This exploratory study is to investigate the challenges that bachelor students of Hospitality and Tourism Management (H&T) often experience and need to overcome themselves through internship programs at enterprises in hotel, restaurant, travel, and tourism setting in Vietnam. Data from 400 valid answers out of 442 respondents who have experienced their internship programs through direct and online questionnaires was analyzed by SPSS to identify the industry-specific difficulties that trainees must overcome in order to attain satisfaction with the internship term. The results show the main challenges are communication and conduct, working hours, problem-solving skills, self-confidence, supervision, and working environment but physical requirements. The conclusions help not only future student interns for better preparation but also indicate the Hospitality and Tourism Training Schools and industry enterprises the preparedness for students in psychology and skills to experience the most satisfactory and fruitful internship, which plays essential role in attracting talents to remain in H&T industry and mark the effectiveness of university training program.
The tourism industry has experienced tremendous growth both in size and complexity during the latter half of the twentieth century. Global tourism today provides employment for more than 222 million people worldwide, or approximately one in every twelve workers, and it is widely believed that service industries are one of the major potential growth areas of post-industrial societies (Brackenbury, 2002). Tourism represents a significant portion of the world economy at macro level, as well as a generator of economic growth in countries at micro level (Padurean & Maggi, 2009). It is also worth noting that tourism, as an industry, supports and stimulates directly or indirectly a number of related economic sectors. Consequently tourism occupies a considerable space in the agendas of both developed and developing countries and governments pay considerable importance to the tourism sector, which potentially can drive a countries' economy forward. The growth of tourism in turn fueled a dramatic increase in the number and types of programmes offered in colleges and universities around the world (Riegel & Dallas, 1999). In addition, changes in the work environment, increased competition, a demanding and increasingly sophisticated clientele, advances in technology and the changing expectations of investors, employers and employees have profoundly impacted education and training as it relates to the industry (International Labor Organization, 2001). As the industry continues to evolve, programme curricula have come under intense scrutiny from key stakeholders namely educators, alumni, students, and industry professionals, and a key reason for this is the need to satisfy institutional and industry demands (Martin, Ryan, Regna, & Regna, 2002). From the point of view of human capital theory, tourism education aims to enhance people's ability in dealing with uncertainties in the tourism industry and managing future changes in the tourism labour market globally. Tourism education, often as the starting point in the training and development of human capital to undertake occupations in the tourism industry, not only adds value, raises personnel quality and infuses a sense of tourism professionalism, but also serves to sustain the local communities that underpin successful tourist destinations. Higher education in Tourism tends to focus on enabling students for future careers in the industry. There has been no attention given to the meaning of tourism education in higher education, and certainly no elaboration has been provided regarding careers in philosophical tourism, or tourism education as a career. Therefore the paper analysis tourism programmes in higher education by examining past, present and future trends and industry demands in tourism management and higher education. The paper also elaborates on the perspective of providing students with a philosophical and sociological foundation for decision making strategies, as well as for professional philosophical industry preparation.
In this chapter, the researchers present the results of the action research project. The GeM (Future General Manager) Program is a specifically-designed training program for outstanding students in the hospitality school to gain specific deep-grounded work experiences in several hotels in Klang Valley, Malaysia. This study used the action research approach to understand the quality of today's industrial training programs. Four final-year undergraduate students from the hospitality school reflected on their training experiences and provided feedback on how the GeM Program can be further developed to enhance the learning outcomes for future training participants. This chapter helps to understand how to develop, design, implement, and monitor a successfully structured training program for the future of the hospitality industry. With this, hotels can acquire the best student trainees who will further their career as employees with them.
Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism (JTTT) is a widely acknowledged journal for its contribution to scientific knowledge development in travel and tourism education. Understanding the developmental trajectory of JTTT in the context of tourism and hospitality education is highly relevant for academic research and practice. This study sets out to present the scientific development, productivity, influence, and research trends of JTTT from 2001 to 2019 through bibliometric analysis. A sample of 407 documents extracted from the Scopus database were analysed with techniques such as descriptive, conceptual structure, intellectual structure and social structure analyses. The study uses the scientometric tool “bibliometrix” written in R programming language for science mapping. Findings from the analysis identified that JTTT is a leading tourism journal in the field of travel and tourism education focusing on a wide range of topics, with publications from various authors, institutions, and countries.
In this research; the effects of job insecurity, working conditions and
occupational social status perceptions of tourism educated accommodation establishment employees on their intention to quit the profession were investigated. For this purpose, the relevant literature was examined, information about the variables was
presented, determinations were made for the relationship between variables, and a research model was created. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were applied to variables through structural equation modeling. In order to test the model, a survey was conducted with 392 employees in 18 different four and five star accommodation establishments in Antalya. As a result of the research in which
hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling, it was concluded that job insecurity and bad working conditions had a positive effect on the intention to quit the occupation and the high level of professional social status perception had a negative
effect on intention to quit the occupation. In this direction various suggestions were made to employers, sector representatives and relevant management units of the country.
This study which is conducted as a survey research aims to investigate the relationship among the undergraduate tourism students’ attitudes towards English, internship experiences and their
intention to make a career in tourism. The study also included the relationship between the demographic characteristics of the participants with the variables. The data of the study were
obtained from 373 students studying at the School of Tourism and Hotel Management at Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Data were analyzed by Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The
results indicate that students who have voluntarily chosen their department, have positive opinion about the business where they did their internship, enjoy English and have positive attitudes towards the English learning activities outside the classroom tend to make a career in the tourism sector.
This phenomenological study purports to describe the expectations and frustrations of a select group of Filipino hospitality interns. Following Giorgi's analytical procedure, field texts gathered from 15 participants were phenomenologically reduced. The emerged Portrait of Hospitality Students' Expectations and Frustrations revolves around two domains, namely: the relational and technical skills which shape the overall success, understanding, and adjustment of the interns as future hoteliers. The interaction of the interns' expectations and frustrations afforded them to develop certain behaviours in response to the dynamics of their job assignment. This study can serve as anchors in closing the gap between students' expectations and reality of work.
Career adaptability has been conceptually and empirically linked with successful career transitions. However, research on the antecedents of career adaptability dimensions (i.e., concern, control, curiosity, and confidence) among students in school-to-work transition contexts remains sparse. In this paper, we investigate whether internship participation develops career adaptability over time and whether interns' conscientiousness supports faster development of career adaptability. Data were obtained from 173 undergraduate hotel and restaurant management students in China across five measurement periods. Growth mixture modeling analyses revealed that all career adaptability dimensions increased linearly over time after internship participation. In contrast, there was no growth in career adaptability except for the concern dimension among those who did not participate in internship. Interns' conscientiousness did not increase the rates in which career adaptability develops. The ancillary results of the study, however, showed that pre-internship levels of career adaptability dimensions influence their eventual development. Overall, our findings offer theoretical and practical implications for vocational scholars and career counsellors in supporting and sustaining students' career adaptability development.
The number of female managers in the hotel industry is increasing worldwide. What does it take for female hotel managers to succeed? Do they face different types of barriers between entry into management and upward mobility within management? This paper presents the general profile of female hotel managers in Singapore and examines barriers that may prevent middle-level female managers from moving up to the executive positions. The findings suggested that female managers in Singapore hotels have “given up” some family life in order to get ahead. Whereas strong credentials and skills have proven to be important in female advancement into middle-level management, they have not helped them to attain executive positions. An interesting finding is that the barriers to advancement for female managers are due to neither corporate practices nor policies, but rather seem to be a function of cultural and societal sanctions.
Four groups of students from the following institutions participated in a study to assess the expectations from their cooperative education placements’ work environment: Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, N = 80; Hotel School, The Hague, N = 107; Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, N = 50; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, N = 50. In all, 287 students responded to a mail questionnaire (Work Environment Scale, Moos, 1994) before their cooperative education placements. Overall, all four samples including the Melbourne students had moderate to high expectations from their organisations’ work environment. Specifically, Melbourne students expected higher involvement, greater peer cohesion, more task orientation, more work pressure and greater control when compared with the The Hague students. They also expected less autonomy on the job as compared with the Strathclyde students. The Hague students had overall lower expectations on most of the social climate dimensions. It is suggested however that the above findings be verified by replication with a greater variety of populations and institutions.
In creating hospitality management educational programmes in developing countries, one may learn from the experience of developing countries to benchmark. However, the challenges and problems faced by hospitality educators in developing countries are often different from the experiences in developed countries. Therefore, identifying and analyzing current and future needs, trends and challenges of the hospitality industry of the respective country is essential to ensure success. This paper emphasizes the strategic approach required in such developmental processes. Educational programmes and hotel schools created and led by the researcher are referred to as “action learning” case studies.
China’s tourism and hotel education at tertiary level started in the late 1970s. A lack of qualified tourism educators and employees is a common concern for all levels of Chinese tourism education. Further education and training for the faculty in institutions has become an urgent need for the Chinese government and the institutions themselves. The purposes of this study are to examine the education needs of tourism academics in terms of their perception of the value of upgrading their qualifications, the likelihood of further studies, levels of attainment, preference of study places and possible barriers; to understand the degree of importance of upgrading their qualifications; and to identify the main tourism training and education issues facing China in the twenty-first century. The results suggest that the Chinese academics perceive upgrading their qualifications and getting more exposure to the outside world as important to them. The training and education issues facing China in the twenty-first century are improvement of the tourism education system and its structure, improvement in the design of the syllabuses with more language training and the balance of theory and practice, change from a traditional teaching mode to a more modernized innovative and interactive teaching mode, and greater responsiveness of education to the needs of the industry.
This paper reports on a study of the initial career growth of graduates of Charles Sturt University's (CSU) Tourism Management degree program. CSU has been offering a tourism management specialization since 1984. It revealed that Tourism Management graduates enjoy high employment rates, are highly mobile in the workforce and while initial starting salaries are low, within three years of graduation, degree holders earn salaries that are above the Australian mean. Significantly, however, only about 40% of all former tourism students and only 55% of Tourism Management majors surveyed are working in the tourism industry. The study revealed that graduates working in the tourism industry feel their education has become increasingly important and relevant to them as they progress up their career paths.
Since tourism is a global phenomenon, related training and education initiatives should incorporate co-operative arrangements at an international level. This applies to both educational provision and to the sourcing of students. The training and education systems prevalent within the Oceania region are outlined and prospects for co-operation are proposed. Despite the recent introduction of some co-operative initiatives for Asia Pacific as a whole, few have addressed the Oceania region specifically, despite its strong historical and commercial ties. A number of co-operative arrangements are proposed for the recognition of prior learning, educate the educator programmes and student exchanges.
Understanding cross-cultural sensory acceptance differences are essential for developing successful products for international markets. The most common scale for acceptance testing is the 9-point hedonic scale that was developed in the United States (US) by Peryam and Pilgrim (1957)Food Technology, 11, 9–14. The objectives of this research were to compare the usage of the 9-point hedonic scale between American, Korean, Chinese and Thai consumers, as well as to examine if there were significant differences in preference between consumers of the same culture residing in the US and their country of origin. A total of 575 respondents were recruited from eight respondent cells including two from the US and six from three Asian ethnic groups (Korean, Chinese, and Thai) with two locations (residing in United States and their country of origin). All respondents evaluated sample pairs using 9-point hedonic scales translated directly from English into their respective languages. Each respondent evaluated various foods on the 9-point hedonic scale and chose the most preferred among sample pairs. Food samples were selected to cover the full range of hedonic ratings for each culture. Results indicate that Chinese, Korean, and Thai respondents use the 9-point hedonic scale differently from American respondents, irrespective of residency in the US or length of stay. These ethnic groups use a smaller range of the 9-point hedonic scale than Americans. Moreover, there were no significant differences in food preferences for Thai and Korea consumers residing in the US or their native countries. Observed differences in food preferences among Chinese residing in the US vs. Taiwan were possibly attributed to the diverse sampling of Chinese selected in the US that were not all representative of Chinese consumers from Taiwan. Additionally, length of stay in the US did not significantly affect food preference among these ethnic groups.
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