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A Proposed Model for Green Practice Adoption and Implementation in Information Technology Based Organizations

January 2018
Problemy Ekorozwoju 13(1):95-112

January 2018
13(1):95-112

Authors:

Bokolo Anthony Jnr.

Institute for Energy Technology

Mazlina A. Majid

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Awanis Romli

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Green Information technology system offers opportunity for IT based organizations to act proactively in terms of environmental preservation as well as to mitigate effects of global climate change and other environmental problems. Green Information technology system adoption and implementation is a plausible attempt for IT based organizations to resolve the current environmental issues and also enhance economic performance of IT based organization. Practitioner’s adopting and implementing sustainable practices can lead to economic, social and environmental benefits to IT based organizations and humanity. Currently several models and frameworks have been developed to address sustainability in various research domain. However, there are few models that can support decision making of practitioners in adopting and implementing sustainable practices in IT based organization. Therefore there is need to develop a model to assist practitioners adopt and implement sustainable practices. The proposed model comprises of Green variables, Green process and a hybrid technique of software agents and case bases reasoning. Findings from this paper shows the model variables, process, techniques applied and derived prepositions. Ongoing work involves adopting a mixed research (case study and survey) to verify the model variables, process and validate the model prepositions.

Triple bottom-line target in IT based organizations (Viet et al., 2011)

…

Green ITIS effects in IT based organizations (Yulia and Chulmo, 2012) Likewise, Tom (2011) mentioned that Green means, least amount of harmful materials, power efficient during IT use, and proper disposal or recycling with minimum effect on human health and environment. Based on several reviewed literatures Table 1 shows a few contributions of Green IT and Green IS towards sustainability in IT based organization. Figure 2 shows that Green ITIS is anticipated to address the environmental issues and fundamentally change human behavior towards the environment by resolving global warming and producing a sustainable society based on three effects. The purposes of Green ITIS can be distinguished into enabling effect, direct effect and systemic effect. As an enabling effect, Green ITIS aids to decrease environmental effects of other economic regions such as enterprise and domestic households. As a direct effect, Green ITIS aids to reduce negative effects of technologies and systems. As a systemic effect, Green ITIS aids to develop and design innovative IS improved processes and products which can intensely changes the

…

Proposed Green Adoption and Implementation model in IT based organization Preposition 1 (P1). IT practitioner's personality in relation to environmental sustainability will positively influence his/her action toward the adoption and implementation of Green IT IS practice.

…

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PROBLEMY EKOROZWOJU – PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2018, vol. 1, no 1, 95-112

A Proposed Model for Green Practice Adoption

and Implementation in Information Technology

Based Organizations

Propozycja modelu określania i wprowadzania Zielonych

Praktyk w przedsiębiorstwach wykorzystujących technologie

informatyczne

Bokolo Anthony Jnr.*, Mazlina Abdul Majid, Awanis Romli

Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

E-mails: bkanjr@gmail.com*; mazlina@ump.edu.my, awanis@ump.edu.my

Abstract

Green Information technology system offers opportunity for IT based organizations to act proactively in terms of

environmental preservation as well as to mitigate effects of global climate change and other environmental prob-

lems. Green Information technology system adoption and implementation is a plausible attempt for IT based

organizations to resolve the current environmental issues and also enhance their economic performance and

possible social benefits. Currently several models and frameworks have been developed to address sustainability

in various research domain. However, there are few models that can support decision making of practitioners in

adopting and implementing sustainable practices in IT based organization. Therefore there is need to develop

a model to assist practitioners adopt and implement sustainable practices. The proposed model comprises of

Green variables, Green process and a hybrid technique of software agents and case bases reasoning. Findings

from this paper shows the model variables, process, techniques applied and derived prepositions. Ongoing work

involves adopting a mixed research (case study and survey) to verify the model variables, process and validate

the model prepositions.

Key words: sustainability, Green Practice, IT based organization, Case Based Reasoning, Software Agent

Streszczenie

Zielone technologie informatyczne ułatwiają firmom wykorzystującym technologie informatyczne (IT) podej-

mowanie działań na rzecz ochrony środowiska, a także tych prowadzących do zmniejszenia skali zagrożeń zwią-

zanych ze zmianami klimatycznymi i innymi współczesnymi wyzwaniami ekologicznymi. Wdrażanie zielonych

technologii informatycznych stanowi właściwe podejście dla firm IT nie tylko z uwagi na możliwość rozwiązy-

wania bieżących problemów środowiskowych, ale także zwiększenia efektywności ekonomicznej i możliwych

korzyści społecznych. Obecnie rozwija się wiele modeli odnoszących się do różnych aspektów zrównoważono-

ści, jednak tylko nieliczne z nich nadają się do wykorzystania w procesie decyzyjnym firm IT. Z tej przyczyny

istnieje potrzeba opracowania takiego modelu, wspierającego wprowadzanie zrównoważonych praktyk na tym

poziomie. Zaproponowany model uwzględnia Zielone zmienne, Zielone procesy i połączenie techniki progra-

mowania agentowego z wnioskowaniem w oparciu o studium przypadku (CBR). Dzięki przyjęciu rozszerzonego

podejścia (studium przypadku, ankieta) możliwa jest weryfikacja zmiennych modelu, procesów i potwierdzenie

przyjętych założeń.

Słowa kluczowe: zrównoważoność, Zielone Praktyki, przedsiębiorstwa IT, CBR, programowanie agentowe

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

Introduction

Green relates to processes and technologies that are envi-

ronmentally friendly, which have a less negative effect on

the environment than conventional ones. The environ-

mental influence of Green technologies and practices

refers to the resultant effect on the ecology during product

lifecycle, while the environmental effect of Green pro-

cesses refers to the reduced need for resources and the

reuse of materials to decreased pollution (Fabian, 2013).

However due to immensely utilization of natural re-

sources, there is insubstantial balance of the future of the

ecological system and this has resulted to increased CO2

emissions. Currently, sustainability problems are domi-

nant and enterprise, governments, academic institutions

and cross-national organizations are revolving their atten-

tion to the enquiry of how to make the world a better

place, thus sustainability has been deliberated as a crucial

research domain within IT based organization. Sustaina-

bility is a multi-complex term which incorporates issues

associated to the environment, economy and society. In

fact, sustainability refers to preservation deployment and

the ethical use of resources.

According to the United Nations Report on World Com-

mission on Environment and Development; sustainable

development in enterprise is development that meets the

needs of the present day without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED,

1987). Lately, emphasis of environmental concerns has

transformed from the local scale to global scale and has

become the main concern of IT based organizations as

well as non-governmental institutions, governments insti-

tutions and society (Nicky, Henning and Lutz, 2014; Mo-

hammad, Mehrbakhsh, Azizah, Amir and Nor, 2015).

There are three dimensions to sustainability; social, envi-

ronmental and economic generally known as the triple

bottom line. IT based organizations need to develop sus-

tainability strategies that balance societal, environmental

and commercial goals by ensuring that all three dimen-

sions are adhere to simultaneously (Hart, 1997; Fabian,

2013; Daphne and Anol, 2014; Alemayehu, Ahmad and

Vanessa, 2014). Sustainable development in IT based

organizations entails a long term vision, which does not

compromise the capability of future generations to meet

their wants and needs (Chris, Jean and Carolyn, 2014).

According to Chris et al. (2014); Fabian (2013) academic

contributions to the domain of Green information tech-

nology system (ITIS) have evolved since 2008. Green

ITIS continues to gain recognition as both academicians

and practitioners look for pioneering ways of utilizing

ITIS based systems to aid attain Sustainability goals in IT

based organizations. IT based organizations is an organi-

zation that involves more than two people or group of

people working together to accomplish same goal and

objectives, e.g. a university planning on implementing

Green technologies in their laboratories or an organization

using biodegradable materials in producing goods and

services to their consumers.

Information technology (IT) usage in IT based organiza-

tions has resulted to two order effects. The first order

refers to the negative effect of IT use, production and

disposal on the environment. This perception sees IT as

part of the problem, this however resulted to the notion of

making IT product usage and disposal more environmen-

tally friendly and Greener, termed as Green Information

Technology. The second order consequence refers to the

positive effect of IT on the environment which sees IT as

part of the solution by utilizing IT to make business pro-

cedures and strategies Greener known as Green Infor-

mation Systems (IS). Green IT and Green IS are still in

their infancy and have just begun to be understood and

implemented in IT based organizations (Mohammad et

al., 2015; Ibrahim and Alok, 2015). IT based organiza-

tions going Green has become a main topic of concern in

the modern world. Where Green IT in IT based organiza-

tions aims to decrease energy consumption and waste

related with the use of both hardware and software infra-

structures. Green IS in IT based organizations is the use

of information systems to support environmental sustain-

ability strategies and goals (William, Philip and Mak,

2014). In this paper, we use Green ITIS as a derived term

covering all efforts to reduce the environmental damage

initiated by the use of IT, or to use IT in ethical and posi-

tive ways to help in the accomplishment of environmental

aims and goals.

It has become widely recognized that the emanation of

Greenhouse gases is having a cumulative impact on the

climate. Additional it is a known fact that natural re-

sources are speedily being exhausted and the unconcerned

disposal of waste poses a severe threat to human health

(William et al., 2014). Decision making has long been

acknowledged as an issue of great significance within IT

based organizations domain and, in recent years, consid-

erable attention has been dedicated to its impact on the

adoption of Green initiatives by practitioners. William et

al. (2014) argued that for enterprise to systematically

incorporate environmental strategies into their business

activities, they require major change of enterprise deci-

sion making process. However there are few models that

support decision making of practitioners in adopting and

implementing sustainable practices in IT based organiza-

tion. This research study concept of decision making

support is similar to research carried out by Tom (2011)

who researched using case study to study how Green IS

can support organizational sense-making, decision mak-

ing and knowledge sharing and creation around the design

and manufacture domain. However the authors did not

utilize Green variables, Green process and techniques

which are very important as states by Alemayehu (2009a)

in his research on the reach (process) and richness (varia-

bles) of Green IT and also their research is based on de-

sign and manufacture domain, whereas this research study

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

is based on IT based organizations domain. Thus this

research study propose a model to support practitioners

in IT based organizations in making Green decisions on

how to adopt and implement sustainable practices in their

organizational process. The model comprises of Green

variables, Green process and a hybrid techniques compris-

ing of software agents and case bases reasoning (CBR).

The Green variables comprises of independent variables

(IT governance, IT practitioners, technologies and system,

motivating forces, IT strategy and information availabil-

ity), moderating variable (age, gender and education),

control variable (timing, country, size, sector and reve-

nue) and Green Adoption and Implementation as depend-

ent variable which is based on pollution prevention, prod-

uct stewarded and sustainable development as mention by

Hart (1997). The Green process includes design, distribu-

tion, procurement, operation and end of life.

The dependent variable in this research study is based on

the findings of Hart (1997) who presented the concept of

environmental sustainability related to the theory of the

Natural Resource-Based View. Hart (1997) identifies

three goals that must be considered by practitioners to

progress the environmental sustainability of IT based

organizations and they includes pollution prevention,

which is attained through minimization of waste and

emissions, product stewardship, addressed by thoughtful-

ness of stakeholder optimization of product lifecycles and

lastly sustainable development, accomplished through

lessening of enterprise's environmental footprint and

obligation to a continuing sustainability vision (Hart,

1997; Fabian, 2013). Information technology (IT) and

information systems (IS) are of particular significance in

realization of these three goals stated above. Thus the

proposed model support practitioners in making decision

to achieve each of these three goals (pollution prevention,

product stewarded and sustainable development) in IT

based organizations only through software agents to

benchmark, assess and rate how Green the enterprise

process currently is case based reasoning to provide sup-

port for making Green decisions based on past successful

Green cases inputted by domain experts.

The positive social consequences of Green practices in IT

based organization is complex to achieve and engages

both practitioners and management to be adaptive and

flexible in infusing Green initiatives and standards. Posi-

tive social consequences towards Green practice adoption

and implementation requires practitioners to cultivate a

sustainable IT organizational culture, set IT social-

sustainability objectives, goals and transform IT services,

products and processes. For implementing social-

sustainability initiatives and strategies, management

should follow several social-sustainability practices ac-

cording to Hart (1997) these positive social consequences

can lead to be reduction of emissions, wastage of water

electronic waste decline, minimizing the total environ-

ment footprint of organizational development and lastly

improving efficiency. Green practice in IT based organi-

zation socially aims to diminish environmental footprint

during usage by utilizing clean technologies that con-

sumes energy from renewable power sources to decrease

the use of polluting materials and improve environmental-

ly friendly know-hows (Vanessa and Alemayehu, 2012).

However for any IT based organization to benefit from

the positive social impacts, they are required to invest in

technologies of the future. Since such technologies can

cause substantial changes in the enterprise development

process with a vision to decrease the negative environ-

mental effects derived from the design to consumption of

IT organizations products and services

The outline of this paper is organized as follows: section 2

presents the materials and methods. Section 3 is the pro-

posed Green decision support model. Section 4 is the

discussion of the paper. Section 5 is the research implica-

tion and limitation of the research and the final section is

the conclusion and future work of the research.

Materials and methods

This section discuss on the methodology adopted in this

research paper; which is desk based research executed by

utilizing secondary data source by reviewing existing

industrial, practitioners and academicians publications

relating to Green sustainability practices in IT based or-

ganizations in discussing the concept of Sustainability in

relation to the environment. Also research publications

relating to Green ITIS practice and lastly existing Green

sustainable models and frameworks was reviewed.

Sustainability in IT organizations

Sustainability was defined by the (WCED, 1987) as de-

velopment that meets the needs of the present without

affecting the ability of future generations to meet their

needs. However, this definition has been criticized by

some researchers such as (Viet, Ian and Jerry, 2011; Ale-

mayehu, 2013) as being extensive and challenging for

enterprise to comprehend and apply. As a result much of

the attention on sustainable development inclines toward

environmental perception without considering the social

and economic aspects of sustainability. More lately, a

triple bottom line (TBL) viewpoint of sustainability has

been embraced which considers enterprise sustainability

to include three modules: society, natural environment,

and economical state of enterprise.

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

Figure 1. Triple bottom-line target in IT based organizations

(Viet et al., 2011)

Figure 1 shows the dimension to be considered in attain-

ing sustainability. The balancing of social responsibility,

economic profitability and environmental obligations is

commonly known as the triple bottom line (Viet et al.,

2011; Alemayehu, 2013). By considering the planet (ef-

fects on the environment), people (society) in relation to

enterprise profit (economic) sustainability can be attained

in enterprise (Elkington, 1997).

In fact, it is maintained that long-term viability in enter-

prise is best accomplished by balancing it with environ-

mental and social goals (Elkington, 2004; Hart and Mil-

stein 2003). The Sustainability of IT based organizations

is viewed as a planned shared response to address envi-

ronmental issues caused by enterprise’s operations and

activities aimed at improving the eco-friendliness of its

occupational procedures (Alemayehu, 2013).

IT based organizations can implement Green practices in

attaining Sustainability. These Green practices can be

support enterprise control and prevent pollution through-

out its operations and production activities by incorporat-

ing eco-environmental strategies throughout the system

lifecycle. This implies that while the achievement and

benefit of adopting Green strategies by practitioners could

contribute to enterprise’s environmental as well as finan-

cial value, the accomplishment itself could be subjective

by enterprise’s overall Green strategy (Hart and Milstein

2003; Alemayehu, 2013).

Green IT and Green IS concept

Information Technology refers to computer software,

hardware and peripheral infrastructures, whereas Infor-

mation Systems is an extensive concept that involves the

human activities and technology components related to

the running and management process of technology

across enterprise. IT conveys, processes, or stores and

provides information, whereas IS is an integrated set of

software utilizing IT to support practitioners, group of

professional, enterprise (Stoney, Xuequn and Saonee,

2012). IS comprises of IT such as office computers, phys-

ical servers, network devices as well as shared facilities

such as business applications and IT human resources in

relation to skills, knowledge and database storage. The

present concern on ecological effect of human activities is

ever increasing and numerous efforts have been intro-

duced to lessen increase energy efficiency and energy

consumption. Currently, Green ITIS is grounded on the

first order and second order effects.

The first-order effect relates to the adverse environmental

impact of IT use, design and disposal. This perception

addresses IT as adversely impacting Sustainability. Thus

the use, design and disposal of IT in an environmental

manner is coined as Green IT. The second-order effect

refers to the positive effect of using IT on economic and

business processes. This perspective sees IT as part of the

solutions to Sustainability. Thus utilizing IT to make

enterprises Greener is known as Green IS (Murugesan,

2008).

Green ITIS aims to reducing the negative ecological im-

pact of IT using IS to resolve ecological problems

(Vanessa and Alemayehu, 2012). Green ITIS is a system-

atic processing of Sustainability benchmarks such as

product stewardship, pollution prevention and use of

clean technologies to the design, procurement, operation

and disposal of the IT related infrastructure (Vanessa and

Alemayehu, 2012).

Figure 2. Green ITIS effects in IT based organizations (Yulia

and Chulmo, 2012)

Likewise, Tom (2011) mentioned that Green means, least

amount of harmful materials, power efficient during IT

use, and proper disposal or recycling with minimum ef-

fect on human health and environment. Based on several

reviewed literatures Table 1 shows a few contributions of

Green IT and Green IS towards sustainability in IT based

organization. Figure 2 shows that Green ITIS is anticipat-

ed to address the environmental issues and fundamentally

change human behavior towards the environment by re-

solving global warming and producing a sustainable soci-

ety based on three effects. The purposes of Green ITIS

can be distinguished into enabling effect, direct effect and

systemic effect. As an enabling effect, Green ITIS aids to

decrease environmental effects of other economic regions

such as enterprise and domestic households. As a direct

effect, Green ITIS aids to reduce negative effects of tech-

nologies and systems. As a systemic effect, Green ITIS

aids to develop and design innovative IS improved pro-

cesses and products which can intensely changes the

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

Table 1. Existing Green ITIS Model and Framework in IT based organization.

Authors, Year and Con-

tribution

Variables/Process

Problem addressed

Research method

applied

1. Qi and Shaobo (2015)

presented a theoretical

framework on organiza-

tional Green IT adoption.

Independent variables comprises of external

drivers which includes technological context and

institutional pressure and the Internal motiva-

tions. The mediating variable is organizational

Green IT adoption and sustainable competitive

advantage as dependent variable.

Provides managers and policy

makers with a systematic analyti-

cal framework to guide enterprise

business decisions.

The researchers

plan to test model

with empirical data

in future.

2. Sulaiman, Muzamil

and Shahin (2015)

investigated the impact

of adoption of Green IT

practice in organization.

The model comprises of institutional pressure,

consideration of future consequences and open-

ness as independent variables and adoption of

Green IT practices as dependent variable, where

the industry type and size of the enterprise are the

control variables.

Examined the factors that affect

the adoption intensity of Green IT

practices in firm’s performance.

Structural equation

modeling (SEM).

3. Ijab and Molla (2012)

studied Green IS from

the theory of practice

perspective.

The framework comprises of top management,

environmental steward, IS manager and profes-

sionals as independent variables and Green IS

practices (pollution prevention practice, product

stewardship practice and sustainable develop-

ment practice) as dependent variable.

Aimed at understanding how

Green IS emerges and also creates

an understanding of IS in organi-

zations for Sustainability.

No empirical data

was stated.

4. Tracy, Webster and

McShane (2011) pro-

posed a framework for

Green IT and IS research

The framework comprises of motivating forces,

Green IT/IS strategies, Green technologies and

system as independent variable, organization and

employee as mediating variable and environmen-

tal impacts as dependent variable.

The researchers aimed to address-

es environmental sustainability in

management.

No empirical data

was stated.

5. Daqing (2011) devel-

oped a model based on

the adoption of Green

ITIS

The model comprises of organization, business

strategy, technology and environment as inde-

pendent variable and Green IT IS adoption inten-

tion as dependent variable.

Addressed the role of business

strategy in the process of Green

ITIS adoption.

Proposed using

survey to validate

model in future.

6. Alemayehu and

Vanessa (2009) designed

a Green IT readiness

framework

The framework comprises of attitude, policy,

practice (sourcing, operations and end of IT life),

technology and governance.

Helps organizations evaluate their

readiness for adopting Green IT.

Case study.

7. Alemayehu (2009a)

introduced the reach

(Green process) and

richness (Green varia-

bles) of Green IT.

Therefore the researcher proposes a framework

comprises of Green process (creation, sourcing,

operation and disposal) and Green variables

(policies, practices, technologies and system).

Assist in the conceptualization of

Green IT and the definition of

Green IT phenomenon.

Survey.

8. Alemayehu (2009b)

developed Green IT

matrix and motivation

models.

The matrix consists of Green process (sourcing,

operation and end of IT life management) and

variables (policies, practices, technologies and

system).

Explore the extent of Green IT in

business consciousness. Also

identified the influence of institu-

tional forces and organizational

motivations in the adoption of

Green IT.

Survey.

9. Alemayehu et al.

(2009b)

suggested a Green IT

Readiness Model.

The G-readiness model comprises of Green IT

attitude, Green IT policy, Green IT practice,

Green IT technologies.

Helps to identify key dimensions

for Sustainability.

Structural equation

modeling (SEM).

10. Alemayehu and

Vanessa (2009) present-

ed a Green IT readiness

framework.

The framework comprises of attitude, policy,

practice (sourcing, operations and end of IT life),

technology and governance.

Helps organizations evaluate their

readiness for adopting Green IT.

Helps organiza-

tions evaluate their

readiness for

adopting Green IT.

social attitude, behavior and result in restructuring of

consumption deployment and behavior towards enterprise

being more sustainable (Yulia and Chulmo, 2012). It can

be seen that both derived concepts of Green IT and Green

IS has attracted the attention of both researchers and

academicians and has moved from a smaller idea and

strategy of energy efficient data center to include ap-

proaches that improve the environmental footprint of the

design, creation, use and disposal of IT such as servers,

computers and related subsystems that controls the ac-

tions and beliefs practitioners in preventing environmental

pollution, enhancing product stewardship and supporting

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

100

sustainable development (Vanessa and Alemayehu,

2013). Green ITIS substantially ensures that enterprise

products and services are environmentally sustainable

(Watson, Boudreau, Chen and Huber, 2008; Tom, 2011).

Green ITIS are inter related thus our research focuses on

both Green IT and Green IS as seen in the research title

as Green Information Technology Systems.

Related works

Numerous studies suggest the potential of Green ITIS to

incorporate environmental initiatives into enterprise oper-

ations, thereby enhancing enterprise’s social, economic

and environmental targets. Each of the reviewed work

addressed sustainability issue by addressing different

issues. Table 1 briefly summaries ten previous Green ITIS

studies related to this research study.

Hence Table 1 shows related works that has been carried

out, aimed at achieving sustainability in enterprise.

Based on the reviewed 10 researched it is clear that Green

ITIS offers opportunity for IT based organizations to act

proactively in terms of environmental preservation as well

as to mitigate the effects of environmental problems and

other global climate change. Green ITIS adoption and

implementation is a plausible attempt for IT based organi-

zations to resolve the current environmental issues, and

can also enhance the economic performance of IT based

organization. Therefore practitioner’s adopting and im-

plementing sustainable practices can lead to economic,

social and environmental benefits to IT based organiza-

tions and humanity. However none of the model or

framework reviewed can support decision making of

practitioners in adopting and implementing sustainable

practices in IT based organizations utilizing Green varia-

bles, Green process and technique(s). Therefore there is

need to develop a decision support model to assist practi-

tioners in IT based organizations to adopt and implement

sustainable practices in promoting sustainable IT based

organization.

Proposed Green Adoption and Implementation Model

This section presents the model proposed to assist practi-

tioners in decisions making and provides support in

adopting and implementing sustainable practice in IT

based organization. The model comprises of Green varia-

bles, Green process and a hybrid techniques comprising

of software agents and case bases reasoning (CBR).

The Green variables comprises of independent variables

(IT governance, IT practitioners, technologies and system,

motivating forces, IT strategy and information availabil-

ity), moderating variable (age, gender and education),

control variable (timing, sector, size, country and reve-

nue) and Green Adoption and Implementation as depend-

ent variable. The Green process includes creation, distri-

bution, sourcing, usage and end of life.

Figure 3 shows the proposed model which comprises of

the Green process (GP), Green variables (independent

variable (IV), control variable (CV), moderating variable

(M) and dependent variable (DV)) and Green techniques

(GT). P1 to P9 are the models’ prepositions.

Model variables, process, techniques and prepositions

This section describes the proposed model in term of the

model’s variables, process, techniques applied and justifi-

cation of each derived prepositions.

Independent variables (IV)

The independent variable (IV) is the input or the case of

something in relation to Green practices in IT based or-

ganization. The independent variables identified from the

literature include; IT practitioners, IT governance, moti-

vating forces, technologies and systems, information

availability and IT strategy. Also this research develops

the propositions to theoretically justify and explain the

relationships in the proposed model. The propositions

were developed based on the review of literature and on-

going research.

IT practitioners

These includes IT professionals, IT experts, environmen-

tal stewards and top management. IT practitioners’ com-

mitment is required for IT based organizations in planning

deploying, implementing, maintaining and validating

enterprise system with environmental deliberations in

mind. Thus IT practitioners’ collaboration is based on

their stakes and shared interest in fulfilling the required

objectives of the enterprise. Thus IT practitioner’s actions

influence how Green practices are implemented and dif-

fused to achieve sustainability in their enterprise. Accord-

ing to Tracy et al. (2011) IT practitioners’ attitude, ethics

and social culture will determine how he/she will care for

the environment. Also previous researcher such as (Stan,

Vanessa, Hepu, Alemayehu and Siddhi, 2010; Sachin,

Pradeep, and Mukesh, 2014; Mohammad, Azizah and

Nor, 2014; Qi and Shaobo, 2015) mentioned that IT prac-

titioners’ capability, beliefs, knowledge, commitment and

experience are determinants which influence IT practi-

tioners’ decision to go Green in their enterprise, thus, we

propose:

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

101

Figure 3. Proposed Green Adoption and Implementation model in IT based organization

Preposition 1 (P1). IT practitioner's personality in rela-

tion to environmental sustainability will positively influ-

ence his/her action toward the adoption and implementa-

tion of Green IT IS practice.

IT governance

Green ITIS practices can support practitioners in rede-

signing how enterprise advances their future Sustainabil-

ity strategies. Enterprise management can work together

with practitioner in order to achieve social, economic as

well as environmental benefits in achieving the goals and

aims of enterprise. IT governance are rules, regulations

and guidance stated by management in enterprise to en-

sure that practitioner implement and adopt Green initia-

tives in their enterprise. Therefore this variable deter-

mines the rules and regulation initiated by management

ensuring that practitioners in the enterprise adopt and

implement Green practices in their enterprise process.

IT governance is also concerned with the inspirations that

affects social and enterprise policy, leadership structure,

financial consideration and behavior of IT enterprise

management (Alemayehu, 2008; Grant and Sam, 2012;

Tracy et al., 2011; Stan et al., 2010; Sulaiman et al., 2015;

Alemayehu, 2009b). IT governance offers a medium for

defining the enterprise process. It is the operating pillar

that defines the administration of Green initiatives in IT

based organization. IT Governance is a variable that de-

fines the management administrative decision making

(roles, responsibilities, accountability and control) of

Green initiatives (Stefan, Recker, Pimmer and Vom,

2010; Adela, Richard, Marie-Claude and Elena, 2011;

Stefan, Markus, Eva and Timo, 2011; Alemayehu and

Ahmad, 2012; Watson et al., 2008; Katrina, Anni-Kaisa

and Paavo, 2014; Jens, Roman, and Martin, 2011; Chin-

Jung, Chengli and Wei-Lun, 2015; Sulaiman et al., 2015).

Thus, we propose the following.

Preposition 2 (P2). IT governance structure will have a

positive effect on the adoption and implementation of

Green practice in enterprise.

Technologies and systems

Technologies and system defines the features of IT tech-

nical infrastructures which affect Green ITIS adoption

and implementation. Therefore technology and systems

refers to infrastructures that facilitate sustainable enter-

prise process, these technologies and systems are utilized

by practitioners and management in processing the

knowledge and skills required in implementing Green

ITIS practices in their enterprise. Technologies and sys-

tems used in enterprise process are identified as an im-

portant variable in attaining sustainable decision making

in IT based organization. These technologies and systems

include hardware, software, database, network communi-

cation and infrastructures (Stan et al., 2010; Carolyn and

Jean-Paul, 2014). The technologies and systems also

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involve acquiring more environmentally effective Greener

technologies. Thus technologies and systems are key

driver of Green IT IS practice in IT based organizations

(Qi and Shaobo, 2015; Deepti, Ibrahim, and Alok, 2014;

Ibrahim and Alok, 2014). There is need for efficient low

energy technologies and system to reduce cost and CO2

emission. Thus, we propose:

Preposition 3 (P3). Green practice adoption and imple-

mentation is positively influenced by energy efficient, cost

reduction technologies and systems.

Motivating forces

Motivational forces control how IT based organizations

carries out product and service development in relation to

adopting and implementing Green practices based on

standard set mostly by non-government industries and

governmental institutions. These standards and regulation

are enthusiastic to sustain external groups and would

include responding to pressure from regulatory bodies,

governmental and staffs of enterprise. Moreover, these

regulations refer to supplementary actions targeting the

long term sustainability, avoiding levies, penalties and

also conserving the environment when mitigating envi-

ronmental risk. However, these regulation and policies are

put in to place to confirm practitioners and managers

respond to environmental issues and integrate it into their

enterprise process.

Motivating forces is thus a variable that influences sus-

tainability decision making goal in IT based organization.

These forces are mostly commercial pressure and mainly

stems from increasing energy costs, leading to the need

for enterprises to lessen power consumption of IT hard-

ware. Lowering energy costs is often associated with the

aim to achieve economic advantage. Another motivation

forces stated previously is governmental pressure for

Green ITIS principally which stems from various forms of

environmental standards and regulations enforced by

governments around the world. Social pressure is em-

ployed by the cumulative clients/end users’ call for Green

solutions and the increased positive public awareness of

Green initiatives (Jens et al., 2011; Sachin et al., 2015;

Mohammad et al., 2014; Qi and Shaobo, 2015). Thus

pressure can also influence practitioners’ integration of

Green practices, such pressures includes mimetic (pres-

sure derived when IT based organizations go Green be-

cause other enterprise go going Green), coercive (pressure

from governmental and non-governmental bodies), and

normative pressure (pressure from the management in the

enterprise). Also Incentives from going Green and conse-

quences from not going Green also influence Green prac-

tice adoption and implementation (Grant and Sam, 2012;

Mohammad et al., 2015; Bokolo and Noraini, 2016; Tracy

et al., 2011; Stan et al., 2010; Sulaiman et al., 2015). Thus

we propose that.

Preposition 4 (P4). Interaction between management,

governmental and non-governmental organizational pres-

sure will have a positive effect on the adoption and im-

plementation of Green ITIS.

IT strategy

Mainly involves depiction of IT based organizations in

terms of the organizational routine, scope and manage-

ment structure. This variable determines how practitioners

implement their enterprise strategies. The strategy applied

by IT based organizations in accomplishing their objec-

tives is very vital in the Adoption and Implementation of

Green practices. IT strategy mainly aims to support enter-

prise in decrease their operating expenses in product and

services design and development. Thus Green ITIS can be

used as a strategic decisions tool, since IT strategy is the

most prominent variable of Green ITIS diffusion and

implementation aimed at diminishing expenses and CO2

emissions to achieve a sustainable strategic implementa-

tion in enterprise. Enterprise wanting to adopt Green

practice must first develop a suitable IT strategy that

acknowledges the importance of environmental issues by

enacting environmental practices (Tracy et al., 2011; Stan

et al., 2010; Sulaiman et al., 2015). Thus there is need to

substitute a culture that encourages practitioners to tryout

ideas about environmental issues reduction aligned with

business integration. Furthermore research by Alemayehu

(2008) found out that when practitioner notice a strong

signal from their enterprise management regarding envi-

ronmental issues, they are more likely to be involved in

adopting and implementing environmental friendly initia-

tives. The initiatives, procedure routine and services of an

enterprise will determine if they intend to go Green or not

(Alemayehu, 2008; Carolyn and Jean-Paul, 2014; Decio

et al., 2015; Roya, Ainin and Alemayehu, 2013; Moham-

mad et al., 2014; Qi and Shaobo, 2015). Thus we propose

that;

Preposition 5 (P5). Green ITIS practice is more likely to

emerge if there exist a shared Green strategy in IT based

organization.

Information availability

According to Watson et al. (2008) the need for infor-

mation by practitioners leads them to seek IS that offers

ubiquity such as the usage of systems to communicate

with other practitioners, uniqueness such as enterprise

resource planning (ERP) systems to manage the transpor-

tation of developed products/services to end users.

Unison, which is involved when all practitioners in a

project uses corresponding schedule, and lastly universali-

ty which involves services that has more functionality

such as systems that provide practitioners with the latest

Green information relating to the environment and clima-

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te. Sustaining these four information drives (ubiquity,

uniqueness, unison and universality) is a key component

in creating a successful IT based organization, which is

also critical to implement sustainable systems and appli-

cations in enterprise (Watson et al., 2008; Tom, 2011).

Helen, Alemayehu and Vanessa (2012) contributed by

saying that information usage via ITIS can assist to mod-

erate energy consumption, which is one of the aims of IT

based organizations going Green, as there is a clear cost

saving that comes with the use of less power as energy

prices reduces.

Green ITIS aims to support enterprise achieve environ-

mental sustainability initiatives and outcomes. Develop-

ment toward enterprise going Green cannot be successful-

ly undertaken without specific information provided

through an established Green knowledge source (Watson

et al., 2008; Adele et al., 2011; Albert, 2009). Lack of

information, therefore, becomes a hindrance to achieving

environmental outcomes and improving environmental

performance in IT based organizations (Nigel and Ste-

phen, 2010; Richard, Marie-Claude, Adele, Hector, 2011;

Tom, 2011; Helen et al., 2012; Grant and Sam, 2012;

Jeramy, Lisa, Kenneth and Vikram, 2013) thus we pro-

pose that;

Preposition 6 (P6). Green ITIS practice is more likely to

emerge if there exist a shared enterprise Green repository

in enterprise to provide Green information.

Green Practice (GP)

Practice can be defined as collections of recurrent and

planned human activities. Green process is the current

sustainable activities carried out by practitioners in their

enterprise (Ninlawan, Seksan, Tossapol and Pilada, 2010;

Khalid, Patle and Sandeep, 2012; Joseph, Chulmo and

Richard, 2013; Krishnadas and Radhakrishna, 2014).

Green sustainable practices in IT based organizations are

implemented by practitioners carrying out Green activities

in IT based organization.

The process were derived based on works by (Ale-

mayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Alemayehu et al., 2009b;

Mohamad, Alemayehu, Kassahun and Teoh, 2010; Ale-

mayehu, 2009b; Robert, Hsu, Chen and Chang, 2012;

Bokolo and Noraini, 2015; Nathalia, Minsani and Karen,

2011; Alemayehu, 2008; Xiuna and Lin, 2009; Markus,

Jakob, Eva and Stefan, 2013; Biswajit, 2014; Stefan et al.,

2011; Murugesan, 2008; Chandani and Anamika, 2015;

Nuttapon and Gabriel, 2012; Ijab and Molla, 2012; Ale-

mayehu et al., 2009b; Khalid et al., 2012; Ninlawan et al.,

2010; Joseph et al., 2013; Krishnadas and Radhakrishna,

2014; Deepti et al., 2014).

The Green ITIS process, lifecycle or reachness as mention

by (Alemayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Alemayehu et al.,

2009b) involved in IT based organizations comprises of

creation, distribution, sourcing, usage and end of life.

Creation

Creation also known as design in Green ITIS domain

refers to the role of IT and IS in supporting enterprise’s

sustainability initiatives. This is implemented when prac-

titioners utilize IT based systems for their enterprise pro-

cess, carbon foot print analysis and environmental man-

agement development activities. It also encompasses IT

based low CO2 enterprise solutions such as telecommut-

ing, IP telephony, web based business services, thin cli-

ent, virtual collaboration and videoconferencing (Khalid

et al., 2012; Ninlawan et al., 2010; Joseph et al., 2013;

Krishnadas and Radhakrishna, 2014).

Distribution

This phase involves developing systems with automated

components, computers and other auxiliary subsystems

with limited impact on the environment. This phase em-

boldens operative processes and increases the reutilization

and reuse proportion of developed products. Moreover,

this phase also involves sterile delivery systems to en-

courage minimal unwanted materialization that increases

the competence of enterprise, thereby lowering resource

consumption (Alemayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Nuttapon

and Gabriel, 2011; Hong-Mei and Rick, 2012; Alemayehu

and Ahmad, 2012; Alemayehu, 2013; David, 2013;

Biswajit, 2014; Nadinastiti and Kridanto, 2014; Mohan-

kumar and Anand, 2015; Chandani and Anamika, 2015).

Sourcing

Sourcing also referred to as procurement, entails the prac-

tice of eco-sustainable preferable IT infrastructure pur-

chasing in enterprise. This involves eco-sourcing practic-

es such as, evaluation of the Green track record of soft-

ware application, assimilating Green issues such as recy-

clable design and packaging in merchant assessment,

enquiry of environmental foot print of IT hardware and

ICT services providers and addition of social concerns

such as the presence of harmful materials in IT hardware

that are procured for IT based organizations usage (Ale-

mayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Alemayehu et al., 2009b;

Mohamad et al., 2010; Alemayehu, 2009b; Robert et al.,

2012).

Usage

Usage also known as operation includes reducing IT in-

duced CO2 emissions, structural avoidance results in

reducing installed power capacity, enhancing energy

efficiency in powering and cooling of enterprise IT assets.

This process aims to bring about energy consumption

decrease by optimizing of power utilization without de-

creasing the installed power base (Xiuna and Lin, 2009;

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Markus et al., 2013; Biswajit, 2014; Stefan et al., 2011;

Murugesan, 2008; Chandani and Anamika, 2015; Nutta-

pon and Gabriel, 2012; Ijab and Molla, 2012; Khalid et

al., 2012; Ninlawan et al., 2010; Joseph et al., 2013;

Krishnadas and Radhakrishna, 2014; Deepti et al., 2014).

End of life

This is the most common process implemented in IT

based organization. Based on finding from Alemayehu et

al. (2009b), most organization dispose or recycle their

enterprise redundant or obsolete IT hardware. Thus End

of life also called disposal denotes practices in reusing,

recycling and disposing of IT hardware in an ethical eco-

logical environmental manner (Alemayehu et al., 2008;

Alemayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Alemayehu et al., 2009b;

Alemayehu, 2009b; Xiuna and Lin, 2009; Mohamad et

al., 2010; Nathalia et al., 2011; Robert et al., 2012;

Markus et al., 2013; Bokolo and Noraini, 2015).

Albert (2009) contributed by saying that it is important

for practitioners to carry out each process in order to

achieve sustainable enterprise, because some enterprise

only practice one or two process and claim they adopt

Green process which is wrong, thus we propose that;

Preposition 7 (P7). Interaction between creation, distri-

bution, sourcing, usage, end of life practice will have a

positive effect on the adoption and implementation of a

Green practice in IT based organization.

Control variables (CV)

The control variables are variables that are constant in the

enterprise over a period of time. The control variables

identified from the literature include sector, timing, size,

country and revenue.

Enterprise size

This variable was mentioned by (Chin-Jung et al., 2015;

Jens et al., 2011; Katrina et al., 2014; Sulaiman et al.,

2015; Alemayehu and Ahmad, 2012; Schmidt and Kolbe,

2011; Savita, Dominic and Ramayah, 2014; Sachin et al.,

2014; Mohammad et al., 2014; Jack and Lucky, 2015;

Oriana and Elena, 2014). Thus, the present study includes

enterprise size based on enterprise's total assets in terms

of the practitioners in the enterprise. According to

Sulaiman et al. (2015) sustainable enterprise strategic

adoption varies according to the size of the enterprise.

Smaller enterprise have less sophisticated understanding

of technical issues while larger enterprise are usually in

possession of more infrastructure, finance and human

resources. Although, bigger enterprises are also disadvan-

taged as they tend to be less agile and flexible than small-

er enterprise. In contrast, smaller enterprise are anticipat-

ed to be more innovative, they require less of communica-

tion, organization and external impact to make decisions.

Enterprise sectors

This variable was suggested by (Chin-Jung et al., 2015;

Katrina et al., 2014; Adela et al., 2011; Sulaiman et al.,

2015; Alemayehu and Ahmad, 2012, Chris et al., 2014;

Krishnadas and Radhakrishna, 2014; Savita et al., 2014;

Sachin et al., 2015; Mohammad et al., 2014; Carolyn and

Jean-Paul, 2014; Deepti et al., 2014; Jack and Lucky,

2015; Oriana and Elena, 2014). IT based organizations in

diverse industry sectors may accomplish differently in

terms of Green sustainable practice adoption and imple-

mentation. As enterprise in different industry sectors have

different needs, it appears that those in more information

intensive sectors are more likely to adopt Green initiatives

than those in less IT intensive sectors. Enterprise such as

industries such as banking, courier services, airlines, etc.

which tend to have more information content in their

products and services are more likely to shift to a more

sustainable enterprise than those in engineering sector.

Current adopters of e-commerce from the industrial sector

tend to face more setbacks than other sectors. Enterprise

type could affect how practitioners adopts and imple-

ments sustainable practices (Sulaiman et al., 2015).

Timing

This variable was mentioned by (Chin-Jung et al., 2015;

Jens et al., 2011; Sachin et al., 2015; Mohammad et al.,

2014; Jack and Lucky, 2015; Oriana and Elena, 2014).

The time an enterprise first adopt Green initiatives may

affect its implementation due to first mover benefit. Thus

this research includes timing as a control variable to rec-

ognize when the enterprise starts to adopt and implement

Green sustainable practices.

Country

Jens et al. (2011) proposed this control variable in their

research stating that the topographical site of the country

effects the adoption and implementation of Green practic-

es in any enterprise, thus the administration decisions in

countries will differ from one country to the other.

Revenue

This variable was mentioned by (Adela et al., 2011;

Schmidt and Kolbe, 2011; Fabian, Koray, Felix and Rue-

diger, 2012; Daqing, 2011) as a control variable in their

research asserting that enterprise with suitable financial

resources are able to examine new practices and cope

with implementation failures. Hence, the income acquired

by an enterprise over a period of time will influence if the

enterprise adopts and implements Green strategies in its

enterprise process.

Therefore IT based organizations supporting Green prac-

tices in their business process is based on several varia-

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bles, known as control variables which comprises of the

time duration the enterprise originated, the sector of the

enterprise such as educational sector, telecommunication

sector, etc. The size of the enterprise also influence if

practitioners will go Green or not. The location of the

country is also a control variable since different county

has different policies and lastly the revenue or profit gen-

erated by the enterprise will determine if the management

will encourages and promotes Green initiatives or not.

An enterprise that makes more income will easily go

Green unlike an enterprise that makes less income (Chin-

Jung et al., 2015; Jens et al., 2011; Katrina et al., 2014;

Sulaiman et al., 2015; Alemayehu and Ahmad, 2012;

Bokolo and Noraini, 2015; Schmidt and Kolbe, 2011;

Oriana and Elena, 2014). Thus we propose that;

Preposition 8 (P8). The adoption and implementation of a

Green IT/IS varies due to how long the enterprise has

existed, enterprise sector, enterprise size, location of the

enterprise and revenue made by the enterprise.

Moderating variables (M)

Moderating variables are variables that regulate certain

independent variables. The moderating variables identi-

fied from the literature include age, sector, gender and

education. The moderating variables in this research are

derived from (Alemayehu, Vanessa, Hepu and Stasys,

2009d; Alemayehu et al., 2014; Deepti et al., 2014; Mo-

hammad and Azizah, 2015). These sociodemographic

variables (age, gender, and education) are critical in un-

derstanding how practitioners and management make

decisions about adopting and implementing Green prac-

tices. This implies that, in attempting to understand how

practitioners in IT based organizations make Green deci-

sions, it is important to consider how the demographic

variables moderate practitioners and management deci-

sions in adopting and implementing Green initiatives.

Gender

The relationship between gender and practitioners and

management Adoption and Implementation of Green

practices has produced diversified results. For example,

Alemayehu et al. (2014); Deepti et al. (2014) reported that

practitioner and management’s gender does forecast

Green attitude. Further, gender differences have been

found not to have an effect on practitioners implementing

and adopting Green practices in their enterprise. Howev-

er, other researcher such as Alemayehu et al. (2009d) has

detected substantial differences in environmentally re-

sponsible behaviors because of gender differences. Ale-

mayehu et al. (2009d) reported that women have more

favorable attitudes toward the environment and are more

involved in recycling activities. Thus the researcher be-

lieves that females are more likely to be engage in envi-

ronmentally friendly and recycling behaviors than men. In

addition, Mohammad and Azizah (2015) indicated that

men pay meaningfully less attention to greenhouse gas

(GHG) reduction activities other than women. Women are

also more likely to characterize global climate change as

the most significant environmental concern than men

(Alemayehu et al., 2009d).

Age

A number of researchers have explored the relationship

between practitioners and management age toward Green

practices adoption and implementation in IT based organ-

ization. Some have reported the relationship between age

and the environmental attitudes of practitioners and man-

agement (Alemayehu et al., 2009d; Deepti et al., 2014).

However environmental issues awareness is higher and

more stable among practitioners and management mem-

bers aged 55-60 years, those aged between 25-35 years

have strong but unstable concern, and middle-aged citi-

zens manifest a stable subset of concerns for the environ-

ment (Alemayehu et al., 2014). As the age of individuals

’increases, their engagement with reuse, reduce; recycle

activities increases, although others have found an im-

portant and negative relationship between age and practi-

tioners and management going Green (Mohammad and

Azizah, 2015).

Education

Several studies have examined the influence of education

on sustainable practice in enterprise. However, the find-

ings are indecisive. Some found negative correlation be-

tween the educational levels of practitioners in relation to

sustainable practice, researchers such as Alemayehu et al.

(2009d); Alemayehu et al. (2014) found significant posi-

tive relationships between education level and ecological

environmental practice. Thus there is a positive link be-

tween practitioners and management age in relation to

Greening their enterprise, as their age increases their

association in sustainable activities such as in the reuse,

recycle, refurbish, reduces, also increases. Alemayehu et

al. (2014) Mohammad and Azizah (2014) reported that

there is a significant correlation between age and Green

ITIS practicing, and they found that young practitioners

and management members are more towards practicing

Green ITIS.

Based on the gender of practitioners and management, it

is reported by Alemayehu et al. (2009d) that gender is not

forecasting the attitude towards the environment. Further,

it has reported that there is no difference between males

and females concerning sustainable practice in enterprise

(Alemayehu et al., 2014; Mohammad and Azizah, 2014).

The correlation among Green practice adoption and im-

plementation in relation to the educational level of IT

practitioners and management members has been re-

searched by Alemayehu et al. (2009d); Alemayehu et al.

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

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(2014); Mohammad and Azizah (2014). The results re-

garding the influence of education level on Green practice

adoption and implementation is mixed which some schol-

ars such as Alemayehu et al. (2014) reported the signifi-

cant influence of educational level while others argue the

insignificant impact of educational level on Green prctice

adoption and implementation. Based on the preceding

arguments the following propositions are made:

Preposition 9a (P9a). The age of IT practitioners and IT

governance management member moderates the Adoption

and Implementation of Green IT/IS in enterprise.

Preposition 9b (P9b). The gender of IT practitioners and

IT governance management member moderates the Adop-

tion and Implementation of Green IT/IS in enterprise.

Preposition 9c (P9c). The educational level of IT practi-

tioners and IT governance management member moder-

ates the Adoption and Implementation of Green IT/IS in

enterprise.

Dependent Variables (DV)

The dependent variable (DV) is the output or the effect of

something in IT based organizations implementing and

adopting Green practices. The dependent variable (DV) is

based on the independent variables and the control varia-

bles (Siti and Ruziah, 2012), thus DV depends on IV,

while IV influences DV. Therefore the dependent variable

is Green Adoption and Implementation. This is the de-

pendent variable as previously stated; this variable de-

pends on other variables. This research aims to provide a

decision making support model for adoption and imple-

mentation of Green ITIS practices in IT based organiza-

tion. According to Hart (1997); Watson et al. (2008);

Tracy et al. (2011); Adela et al. (2011) IT based organiza-

tions pursue sustainability based on the three phases of

Sustainability practices namely; pollution prevention,

product stewardship and clean technology.

Pollution prevention practice

Mostly concerns the control and mitigation of contaminat-

ing emissions wastes during and after development pro-

cedures. In IT based organizations pollution prevention

practice involves innovative use of IS to lessening pollu-

tion produced by enterprise processes. In mitigating pollu-

tion, practitioners use IS technology such as innovative

carbon energy assessment and control application or

telematics systems to reduce enterprise’s carbon footprint

(Hart, 1997; Watson, 2010; Tracy et al. 2011, Adela et al.,

2011).

Service steward practice

This phase requires environmental effects to be consid-

ered all through IT based organizations processes. This

phase is generally based on the ethics of the practitioners

and management. In IT based organization, service stew-

ardship practice includes advance use of system such as

innovative digital platforms, conference and collaboration

system that improve the eco-friendly of product and ser-

vice Adoption and Implementation. Service steward prac-

tice also involves the utilization of diagnostic applications

such as the life cycle control program in the product and

service policy that can assist practitioners attain product

and service ethics strategy (Hart, 1997; Watson, 2008;

Tracy et al. 2011, Adela et al., 2011).

Clean technology practice

Clean technology or sustainable development practice

includes the use of modern application or systems to

change enterprise processes by implementing and adopt-

ing practices that improve and preserve resources, low

waste, non-polluting, and energy efficient strategies.

Clean technology practice in IT based organizations in-

volves usage of sustainable data and learning controlling

systems that change enterprise operations. This phase also

involves usage of compliance application software that is

used by practitioners in product and service development

for supporting enterprise decision making and creation of

knowledge for ecological sustainability. This can be seen

as a Green clean technology or sustainable development

practice (Hart, 1997; Watson, 2008; Tracy et al. 2011,

Adela et al., 2011).

Techniques for Green ITIS practices in IT based or-

ganizations (GT)

Software agents and case based reasoning is used as tech-

niques to facilitate Green ITIS Adoption and Implementa-

tion of practitioners carrying out Green process in IT

based organization. Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is one

of the evolving paradigms for developing intelligent sys-

tems. It shows important potential for enhancing the effi-

ciency of unstructured and complex decision making. It

resolves new issues by adopting previously successful

solutions to similar problems.

In CBR technique a set of Green cases stored in the case

base is used as main source of knowledge. CBR support

practitioners to use experience from past and chooses the

most similar case to the current problem, based on the

concept that similar problems would have similar solu-

tions (Jack and Lucky, 2015). This research will contrib-

utes to Green ITIS research in the domain of IT based

organizations by utilizing case based reasoning approach

to support practitioners in decision making on how to

implement and diffuse Green practices in IT based organ-

izations process. Thus caring for the environment and

reducing climatic changes. Data from the case-base li-

brary can support practitioners in decreasing energy cost

and lessen CO2 emission.

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Software agents can assist practitioners and management

in making Green decisions to support sustainability in IT

based organization. Multi software agents are software

that performs specific task on behalf of practitioner, inde-

pendently or with little control. These agents are useful in

automating monotonous tasks, discovering and explicato-

ry information (Mazlina and Tutut, 2013).

The characteristic of the multi agents in the model in-

cludes; autonomy in which multi software agents are

aware of their environment operating without human

interference to some extent in order to assist in decision

making. With autonomous behavior, software agents can

take control over Green activities and work without prac-

titioners’ interference. The reactivity of multi software

agents can observe their environment and respond to

specific Green activities changes. Software agents identi-

fy the context in which Green practices are carried out

and react to it appropriately. Pro-activeness of multi-

software agents makes agents initiate Green practice sug-

gestions.

Whereas the persistence of multi-software agents are not

implemented on demand but run continuously and decide

for themselves when it should assist in Green implemen-

tation. Interactivity is the ability of an agent to maintain

communication between different Green processes. Multi-

software agents establish dialogue and share Green re-

sources and services spanning across different practition-

ers. Due to the mentioned features of software agents and

case based reasoning, we decided to utilize software

agents assisted by cased based reasoning to facilitate the

Green process carried out in IT based organization.

Discussion

The role of energy in IT based organizations is being

transformed. It is moving from being an item towards

becoming a service. As such, Green ITIS can assist man-

age energy usage efficiently and effectively, it is predict-

ed that there will be almost 100 % rise in the ICT divi-

sion’s footprint by 2020, but approximates that the opera-

tional use of ITIS within IT based organizations could cut

CO2 emissions by up to 5 times this quantity. IT based

organizations are progressively realizing the significance

of sustainability, and many are attempting to design or

redesign their enterprise processes so that their activities

are more ecologically friendly.

Even though IS literature has studied how IS can support

several enterprise processes and improve the effectiveness

and efficiency in enterprise, few studies have focused on

how Green ITIS strategies and initiatives can improve and

support practitioners decision making in relation to adopt-

ing and implementing sustainable practices.

Sustainability is a multi-dimensional objective that re-

quires action from practitioners, societies and enterprise.

This study focuses on supporting decision making of

practitioners and management in adopting and implement-

ing Green sustainable practices in IT based organizations

domain. However, variables and process can also come

into play and affect enterprise Green decision making.

Presently more enterprise embraces Green initiatives. In

order to stay competitive, IT based organizations needs to

be prepared for strategic Green decision making. This

research explores the roles of ITIS in developing ecologi-

cal sustainability in IT based organization.

Based on sustainability research, we proposed a model

and propositions to be further investigated through empir-

ical research. The proposed model shows that implement-

ing Green practices in enterprise is carried out based on

the Green process, from creation, distribution, sourcing,

usage and end of life is useful in implementing and adopt-

ing sustainable knowledge to practitioners in attaining

environmental goals.

Green ITIS has recently gained increasing prevalent con-

sideration in IT based organization. Besides concentrating

on economic gains of enterprise activities, management

and practitioners also need to consider the environmental

and social impacts of their enterprise activities (Elkington,

2004). Green ITIS can actually support enterprise increase

profitability, reduce cost, sustain their corporate sales,

competitive gain among other firms, and become sustain-

able contributors to the humanity and enterprise business

process in the long term.

Additionally, this research states the importance of sus-

tainability research and practice in IT based organizations

and consider all three factors of sustainability profit, plan-

et, people, concurrently, if practitioners considers each of

the independent variables and implement each of the

model process assisted by case based reasoning and soft-

ware agents they can contribute towards making profit for

their enterprise. Practitioners can also care for the planet

by reducing CO2 emission, thus contributing to a cleaner

environment for people and future generations to come.

Research implication and limitation

Theoretical implication

The proposed Green ITIS model represents an original

contribution to the information systems literature. The

models’ variables and process together with case based

reasoning and software agents will be useful in Green IT

and Green IS research. However the theoretical implica-

tion of this research is based on the fact that the research

is basically related to IT based organizations only. Green

practices in IT based organization, institutions, companies

and universities are implemented and diffused to ensure

that IT infrastructures (hardware, software and network

communications) are utilized and disposed-off properly.

The research concern IT practitioners among Malaysian

institution, similar to research done by (Matti, Bukaza and

Joy, 2009; Maryam, Mahmood, Neginsadat and Moham-

mad, 2012; Carolyn and Jean-Paul, 2014; Ibrahim and

Alok, 2014; Alemayehu et al., 2014; Nana, Amevi and

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

108

Nii, 2016) where their research was carried out in institu-

tions and Malaysian enterprise similar to research done by

(Watson et al. 2008; Alemayehu, 2008; Jason, 2010; Ed-

ward et al., 2011; Robert et al., 2012; Tom, 2011; Bokolo

and Noraini, 2015; Grant and Sam, 2012; Sulaiman et al,

2015) where the research was carried out in IT based

organization.

Thus the scope of research considers only Green practices

in university institution and enterprise. Also this research

considers only IT practitioners in IT based organizations

only. There are other Green ITIS model and frameworks

that were searched and reviewed from the literatures de-

veloped by other researchers that was not considered in

this paper because the researcher did not outline their

variables or/and process in their proposed approaches.

Other research works was not considered because the

research is not related to IT based organizations domain.

Practical implication

This proposed model comprising of Green process, varia-

bles and techniques which are software agents and case

based reasoning (CBR). The model shows how Green

ITIS can be implemented and diffused in IT based organi-

zation. Practitioners can use the identified process and

variables as a guideline in making decision for attaining

sustainability in their enterprise. The model also supports

practitioners to implement Green initiatives not only from

the human and managerial perspectives but also the IT

technical infrastructure.

In addition, the model, rather than viewing Green ITIS

from one domain of IT strategies, is based on Green pro-

cess comprising of creation, distribution, sourcing, usage

and end of life and variables. The proposed model can

also offers a common platform for practitioners to make

decision to benchmark and assess their current Green IT

initiatives and strategies only.

Limitation

We recognize the following limitations of the study. First,

the field of Green ITIS and the enterprise abilities to

transform toward Green ITIS practices are evolving. We

utilized both academic and practitioner literature using

desk based research to identify the model variables, pro-

cess and suitable techniques to develop the model. How-

ever, we haven‘t conducted an in-depth case studies based

on interviews to confirm and pool additional variables and

process if any.

Although the approach suggested is suitable to ensure

content validity, there is need for further improvement,

especially one that is based on in depth case studies to

derive any potential variable or process that are missed

from the present model.

Conclusion and future works

The adverse side effects of IT combined with the higher

dependency on IT have elevated the importance of practi-

tioners going Green. This has resulted to IT based organi-

zations utilizing IS to achieve sustainability in the enter-

prise business process. Practitioners’ adoption and im-

plementation of Green practice is essential to limit the

negative effects of the fast universal growth of domestic

energy demand. Therefore, understanding the variables

influencing Green ITIS adoption and process involved in

implementing Green ITIS is both an enterprise asset and a

social benefit to the environment.

But presently practitioners find it hard to make decisions

on how to implement and adopt Green sustainable prac-

tices in IT based organizations. Thus this research study

proposes a Green ITIS model that assists practitioners in

adopting and implementation of Green initiatives in IT

based organization. The significant impact of decision

making support on Green practice adoption has already

been reported in the literature and findings of this study

outline the proposed model variables, process and tech-

niques that are based on previous scholar works.

The proposed models’ independent, moderating, control

and dependent variables supports the findings from previ-

ous studies shown in Table 2 of this research paper. The

model process is similar to previous works by (Ale-

mayehu, 2009b; Alemayehu, 2009a; Alemayehu et al.,

2009a; Alemayehu and Vanessa, 2009).

This study provides practitioners with guidance regarding

the adopting and implementation of Green initiatives and

strategies in their enterprise. IT based organizations can

use the proposed model’s comprehensive set of variables

and process to measure their current enterprise process.

The study offers a basis for benchmarking current enter-

prise process against the models’. The model processes

are critical drivers to generate sustainability value in IT

based organization. The models’ process and variables

represent both tangible and intangible assets and infra-

structures in the enterprise.

Thus the process serve as strong performance measure

components for strategic initiatives and provide practi-

tioners and management with a means to reflect on Green

actions taken through the enterprise sustainability devel-

opment procedures. Researchers investigating the varia-

bles and process involved in making decision on how IT

based organizations can fully go Green can refer to the

proposed model as a support oriented model. The model

can be used by other researchers to institute a cause and

effect relationship. It can also be used by practitioners as

a Green decision support model to assess how Green their

enterprise process is based on the Green process. Thus the

proposed model enriches the Green ITIS body of

knowledge.

Bokolo et al./Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2018, 95-112

109

Future work/Ongoing work involves the adoption of a

mixed research methodology (qualitative and quantitative

approach) will be adopted, similar to Nicky, Henning and

Lutz (2014) research. Presently interview and question-

naire instrument are being developed based on previous

measurement items from relevant literatures.

The model process and variables will be verified using

case study by interview carried out in different Malaysian

based enterprises similar to work carried out by (Ale-

mayehu and Vanessa, 2009; Schmidt and Kolbe, 2011;

Stefan et al., 2010; Stan et al., 2010; Savita et al,, 2014;

Nicky et al., 2014; Decio et al., 2015). The case study

data will be analyzed using descriptive and narrative

analyses. After which Green sustainable documents will

be collected to verify the model also.

Data will be collected using online survey (questionnaire)

among various ITIS practitioners in enterprise which is in

line with research implemented by (Alemayehu, 2009b;

Alemayehu, 2009a; Alemayehu et al., 2009a) who used

surveys to validate their developed model. Structural

Equation Modelling (SEM) will be used to analyses the

data to refine and validate the model relationships similar

to work carried out by (Sulaiman et al., 2015; Alemayehu

et al., 2009b; Alemayehu, 2009a; Adela et al., 2011; Jens

et al., 2011; Alemayehu et al., 2014; Sulaiman et al.,

2015).

Acknowledgments

This research is financially supported by Universiti Ma-

laysia Pahang; Doctorate Scholarship Scheme (DSS),

Universiti Malaysia Pahang Research Grant No

RDU1603118 and UMP Postgraduate Research Grants

Scheme (PGRS).

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May 2021

Voluntary pro-environmental behaviors in the workplace such as organizational citizenship behavior towards environment (OCBE) are pertinent for the organizations striving to become environmentally responsible entities. The significance of OCBE for green organizational initiatives has led scholars to strive for expanding its nomological network. Approaching from the theoretical angle of the social information processing approach, this quantitative, survey-based study theoretically links and empirically tests the impact of environmental transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior towards environment (OCBE) via mediating mechanism of perceived meaningful work. Data from a sample of 311 employees working in Pakistan’s hospitality sector were collected and analyzed to test the hypothesized relationships using structural equation modelling. Results indicated the indirect effect of perceived meaningful work on the relationship between environmental transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior towards environment. Implications of both theoretical and practical nature are laid out in the relevant sections of the paper.

Multidimensional scale for assessing the determinants of success of green information systems on organizational performance

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Environmental stewardship has become a relevant issue in the manufacturing industry, as the absence of environmental stewardship can cause irreparable havoc. This study aimed to develop a scale to assess green information systems, environmental strategies, and organizational performance in the manufacturing sector. 99 valid questionnaires were collected. The methodology used for the statistical treatment of the data was conducted by an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showing that the referent items are structured similarly to their theoretical antecedent, while a confirmatory analysis allowed statistical validation. The results indicate that the proposed scale proved to be adequate to measure the described phenomena despite being a little-explored topic, which could allow the development of a more concise guide when considering green technologies within strategic planning.

Model for the Intent to Adopt Green IT in the Context of Organizations

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

In organizations, part of sustainability is manifested through green information technology (GIT) for the use of information technologies (IT) resources in a profitable and sustainable manner. The purpose of this study was to understand the social, individual, and contextual factors that drive actors belonging to the sector of organizations in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) context on the intention to adopt GIT to generate strategies that promote its application. A model resulting from the analysis and integration of adoption models was proposed, including the theory of planned behavior (TPB), norm activation theory (NAT), GIT adoption model (GITAM), and environmental sustainability variables. To determine the predictive factors, the research team collected data from organizations belonging to Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, where information was collected from personnel at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Data were collected from 562 informants from different productive and service sectors and analyzed using a structural equation model with the partial least squares technique. This research provided important insights into the most significant factors that determine intent towards GIT adoption. The model analyzed contextual variables of the organization or external drivers, such as the motivating forces of environmental sustainability and environmental, organizational, and technological contexts; and behavioral variables of internal organizational actors, such as awareness of the consequences, attribution of responsibility, motivation, attitude, assignment of responsibility, and internal IT enablers.

İNME HASTALARINDA DİSFAJİYİ TANILAMADA ÖKSÜRÜK TESTİNİN KULLANIMI

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Aynur Ci̇n

Developing a Model for Green IS Adoption in Indian Banking and IT Industries

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Numerous studies explore that, in current era, Banking and Information Technology (IT) services sector, in various developed/developing countries, either adopted or in the phase of Green IS adoption. Since countries, round the globe, have recognized the significance of Green IS and its impact over environment, it is now vital for every industry to implement Green IS and contribute in environment sustainability. This Research-in-Progress paper observes the effective Green IS implementation through carefully consideration of different Motivational, Technological, Organizational and Environmental factors. Subsequently, in this paper 16 different factors are revealed via Literature Review and Experts opinion and a research model is developed using Technological-Organizational-Environmental (T-O-E) theory and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) framework for effective Green IS implementation, which will be helpful for academician and practitioners in this field.

Pristop k trajnostnim organizacijskim spremembam

Conference Paper

Mar 2024

Razumevanje ciljev, obsega in omejitev sprememb procesov je ključnega pomena pri prilagajanju poslovnih sistemov spremembam v okolju. V prispevku je predstavljen pristop k organizacijskim spremembam za ustvarjanje trajnostnih procesov. V prvem delu prispevka je predstavljena mednarodna raziskava, ki je bila izvedena v štirih državah. Na podlagi rezultatov raziskave je prikazana uporabnost in koristnost organizacijskih ukrepov z vidika njihovega pozitivnega vpliva na kazalnike strukturne in operativne učinkovitosti poslovnih procesov. V drugem delu prispevka je delovanje pristopa testirano na primeru minimizacije odpadkov v procesu razvoja v industriji premazov. Študija primera ponazori uspešnost pristopa v 88 % zmanjšanju odpadkov in do 48 % zmanjšanju časa in stroškov.

An Innovative Approach to Organizational Changes for Sustainable Processes: A Case Study on Waste Minimization

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

It is necessary to adapt constantly to the business environment with its changing demands. Understanding the objectives, scope, and limitations of actual process changes is crucial, and can be achieved with numerous measures, methods, and techniques. This research demonstrates an innovative approach to organizational changes to enable sustainable processes. In the first part of this research, relevant measures, methods, and techniques are selected through an in-depth literature review. Then, an international online questionnaire is executed among 213 enterprises from four countries. In the last part of this research, the developed approach is tested for the example of waste minimization in the process of developing coatings. Based on the analysis of the survey questionnaire, the usability and benefits of various measures are demonstrated, namely from the point of view of their positive impact on structural and operational efficiency indicators. At the end of the article, a case study presents the success of the innovative approach in terms of 88% waste minimization and up to 48% time and cost reductions in the process of developing coatings. The proposed approach enables better choices to be made and the more efficient use of various measures, which can lead to more sustainable processes and improve the efficiency of enterprises.

Transformation of Supply Chain Management to Green Supply Chain Management: Certain Investigations for Research and Applications

Article

Mar 2023

In the production and manufacturing stream, green supply chain management has attracted much attention from academicians and policy makers. It encompasses theoretical and practical models, ranging from macro-level institutional pressure to micro-level lean manufacturing, total quality management, and supplier relationship management. A rising number of corporations are embracing sustainable development strategies, either due to peer pressure or to fulfil their social responsibilities to society and the environment. Against this backdrop, although vast literature is available, it lacks a theoretical model and management strategy for effective implementation of the GSCM within the firms effectively. The latest literature has a limited vision from the management perspective. Despite such popularity, there is a requirement for a comprehensive framework that can investigate the effect of GSCM on financial, social, and environmental performance with environmental uncertainties and product complexities at the micro-level. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine previous research and develop a theoretical model that incorporates an excellent theory-building process between the three primary features of global supply chain management practises competitive advantage and organizational performance. The study employs bibliometric analysis to conduct a holistic review to explore GSCM research and evaluate its methodological design, publication trends and themes.

Unlock the Next Level of Green: GREEFE for Organizational Sustainable Innovation

Chapter

May 2022

Ying Ying Tiong

This study aims to encourage organisational “safeness” during and after the pandemic by integrating green practices and a safe approach for sustainable innovation. The hotel industry was referred considering (1) the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the industry, (2) safe stay is the current trend which is expected will persist for an extended period, and (3) hotel environmental friendliness is a competitive advantage. The pandemic has redirected customer attention away from hotel features and onto the “safest” hotel that is practically Coronavirus-free. While recognising the negative environmental impact created by the industry, this research proposed a GREEFE framework to connect the fundamental elements of hotel marketing (green marketing mix: green products, green price, green promotion; and green place) with safety measures. The systematic review supported that green is associated with being clean and safe. Therefore, the hoteliers are recommended to ensure a safe hotel stay by going green during and after the pandemic.

An Exploration of Attitudes of IT-Personnel in GCC Countries Regarding the Adoption of Green IT Model

Chapter

Sep 2020

Abdulaziz Albahlal

This chapter responds to the need to explore the implementation of Green ITGreen Information Technology (Green IT)in Gulf Cooperation CouncilGulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (GCC) organisations to better understand their current Green IT initiatives and pave the way for recommendations to optimise their business IT potential for environmental sustainabilitySustainability. This chapter presents the data collection method (quantitative) that will refine and confirm data showing the current attitudes of IT personnelIT personnelin GCCGulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Three themes were addressed by IT personnelIT personnel: Information Technology, Social and Cultural and Green ManagementManagement. The findings of these themes led to the developmentDevelopment of ten factors: sustainable data centre, employees’ skills developmentDevelopment, automated sustainabilitySustainability, cloud computingCloud computing, embedding sustainability, sustainability awarenessSustainability awareness, government responsibility, sustainability implementation, recycling managementManagement, and Green ITGreen Information Technology (Green IT) usage.

Green IS for Sustainable Decision Making in Software Management

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2016

Software industries, society and government are becoming increasingly concerned about the impact of the increasing use of IT infrastructure on the environment, especially in terms of energy efficiency, emission reduction and toxic waste. There are few models or frameworks that can assist software practitioners in making decision on how to integrate sustainable green practices in software management process. Thus this paper contributes and studies on the use of information systems to support sustainability in software industries known as “Green IS” and provides a preliminary insight into the utilization and integration of sustainability in software management process as well as the variables that influence eco-environmental practices by proposing a model that will assist decision making for sustainable software management process. Thus contributions of Green Information Systems (IS) to the objectives of software management process are examined by exploring secondary data from literature. Findings from this paper show how the proposed model contributes to sustainable software management process. The proposed model provides software developer, software managers, and other software practitioners with new insights and enables a more systematic application of sustainable practices in software processes.

Development of a Green ICT Model for Sustainable Enterprise Strategy

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016

Enterprise energy consumption is expected to increase enterprise costs and CO2 emissions. Presently ICT is seen as an enabler to resolve high energy, cost issues and bring greater efficiency. This is referred as Green ICT which involves energy conservation and cost reduction of ICT usage. Various countries have already applied Green ICT initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions. Greening ICT strategies in enterprise can decrease these negative impacts. Thus Green ICT aimed at influencing not only technology but also competitive strategy and even the legitimacy of some business strategic options in enterprise. Current findings suggest that although ICT Professionals are already concerns about climate change and power consumption of ICT, there is still a lack of a model that can reduce the time taken to implement Green strategies in enhancing business value in enterprise. Therefore this paper utilized secondary research by reviewing literature on Green ICT and developed a Green ICT model for sustainable enterprise strategy, aimed at reducing time taken to initiate and diffuse Green strategies for enhancing business value in enterprise. The research implication for future studies involves the evaluation of the Green ICT Model. The evaluation will be done using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the hypothesis derived from the literatures and to check the correlation among the independent, control and dependent variables in this research paper.

A Case Based Reasoning Architecture and Component Based Model for Green IS Implementation and Diffusion in Organisation

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2016

Green Information Systems (IS) offers promise for IS scholars to make significant contribution in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, achieve sustainability and reducing the effects of global climate change. Green IS has therefore become one of the latest considerations to improve organization’s environmental sustainability whilst reducing the cost of IT processes. Due to recent research centered on sustainability, a few number of Green IS models and frameworks have been developed for addressing environmental sustainability, however there is still problem relating to provision of adequate data that can train, educate and support practitioner in diffusing and implementing Green IS in organisations. Thus after reviewing existing research of Green IS, this paper proposed a Case Based Reasoning (CBR) architecture for Green IS Implementation in organisations to train, educate and support practitioner in implementing Green IS in their organisation and a Component Based Model to support Practitioners in diffusing and achieving Eco-Sustainability goal. Contribution from this paper can also be used as a guide for future research in this domain.

Encouraging Green ICT Implementation Strategies in Polytechnic Education in Ghana

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016

Amevi Acakpovi

Green ICT is the study and analysis of creating, improving and sustaining environmental ICT practices in an organization. Globally, innovative educational institutions focus on utilizing ICT such as lecture video recordings, lecture broadcasts, learning images, texts, and worksheets for idea generation and teaching/lecture purposes. Using Accra Polytechnic in Ghana as a case study, this paper analyzes the possible ways that educational institutions can implement green ICT in order to ensure that their environment is economically sustainable. This research aims at further increasing awareness regarding the advantages and limitations on green ICT in Ghana in addition to providing guidelines for ICT utilization. The goal of the green ICT/computing is to reduce the use of hazardous materials found in computer systems; to maximize the product lifetime and to promote recyclability and biodegradability of defunct and factory waste products. This paper therefore discusses different approaches such as server virtualization, PC and printer consolidation, active power management, central inverter systems and upgrading ICT equipment. Such strategies will enable educational institutions in Ghana, specifically, Accra Polytechnic to sustain their environment when undergoing ICT practices and procedures. General Terms Green ICT, Polytechnic Education.

Which “green” is better? An empirical study of the impact of green activities on firm performance

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

This study aims to distinguish an array of green activities (ISO 14000, green processes, pollution prevention, and green certifications) and analyze their relationships with firm performance. Employing data from the sampled publicly listed firms in Taiwan and regressions to examine the hypotheses, we find that the degree of a firm's R&D investment fails to affect companies' choice of green activities; however, the degree of firm internationalization can. That is, more internationalized firms are also more likely to employ green certifications among these activities. In terms of the impacts of these green activities on firm performance, a company employing green processes can perform better, followed by ISO 14000, pollution prevention, and lastly, green certifications.

A Framework for Adoption and Implementation of Green IT/IS Practice in IT Governance

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Dec 2015

Green information technologies and systems IT/IS are initiatives, strategies and programs that directly or indirectly address environmental sustainability in organizations. While practitioners have begun to focus on Green IT/IS, however there is few research in this area. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework to assist practitioners and organisations in the adoption of green IT/IS practices in IT Governance. Existing green IT/IS literature were reviewed. Hence the paper concern research that addresses Green IT, Green IS and environmental sustainability mainly in domain of information technology governance (IT Governance). Findings from this paper show the components and attributes that are to be considered in implementing Green IT/IS in IT Governance. Thus the framework can also be used as a guide for future research in this domain.

Green Computing

Article

Aug 2014
IJETTCS

Biswajit Saha

An integrative framework to understand the influence of morality on green is adoption: A theoretical perspective

Article

Jun 2016

The prevailing gap in the Green information systems (IS) research literature is the absence of a theoretical framework to understand the influence of environmental beliefs and attitudes on the adoption of Green IS initiatives. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by developing an integrated framework by identifying and examining the factors that influence the proenvironmental behaviors (PEBs) of managers to adopt Green IS initiatives. The framework is firmly grounded using three theoretical frameworks: (1) upper echelon theory, (2) refined theory of basic individual values, and (3) norm activation model. The theoretical lenses of these three frameworks are utilized to assess the influence of moral behavior on practicing of Green IS initiatives by the managers of organizations. Theoretical and practical implications of the study for the benefit of IS researchers and managers are discussed. Furthermore, the empirical evaluation and assessment plan of propositions, together with the future extensions of the study are presented.

The triple bottom line for 21st century business

Article

Jan 2001

J. Elkington

Unpacking Green IS: A Review of the Existing Literature and Directions for the Future

Article

Aug 2013

Green IS is one of the latest manifestations in the realm of sustainable business practices. The decisions surrounding Green IS implementation strategies, policies, and tools provide compelling challenges for organizations. As practitioners have been highly interested in this topic for a while (known as Green IT), there has also been a recent growing interest in Green IS within the IS academic community. In this chapter, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of both the practitioner and academic literatures surrounding Green IS. Specifically, our review includes articles published in the IS academic Senior Scholar's Basket of Journals, hybrid journals such as Communications of the ACM, IEEE Software, and MIS Quarterly Executive, and practitioner outlets such as CIO magazine and PC World. Through this review, we identify the main streams of Green IS-related studies that have been undertaken within both practice and academia, and offer a holistic picture of the current state of research/interest in Green IS. We then identify the overlaps and differences between the two sides (that is, academia and practice) in an attempt to unearth noticeable similarities/gaps between both perspectives. Finally, we not only identify the trends in Green IS research, but also provide academic scholars interested in Green IS more focused directions on the specific research questions to address with respect to Green IS. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. All rights are reserved.

A Proposed Model for Green Practice Adoption and Implementation in Information Technology Based Organizations

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