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Gold Nanoparticles as a Potential Tool for Diagnosis of Fish Diseases
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a serious problem and a major contributor to severe economic losses in intensive fish culture. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection of fish pathogens is extremely important. Although various assays for determination of fish pathogens have been developed, most of these diagnostic methods are time-consuming and laborious. To overcome these limitations, functional nanomaterials have been actively investigated to improve detection ability and rapidity of diagnostic assays. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied for their unique optical properties arising from their surface plasmon resonance, which is responsible for their large absorption and scattering properties. These unique properties are four to five orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional dyes and can be controlled by varying their sizes, shapes, and compositions. Moreover, AuNPs can be easily synthesized and functionalized with different biomolecules, including pathogen-specific oligonucleotides or antibodies. Recently, nanoparticle-based assays have been introduced as a tool for laboratory diagnosis. They have been used for the direct detection of unamplified nucleic acids in hybridization assays. Single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides can be adsorbed on AuNPs in colloidal solution under certain conditions. The result of the hybridization process can be visually detected within 1 min after addition of AuNPs, when the color of the reaction mixture changes from red to blue (positive reaction) or remains red (negative). The development of such nanoparticle-based strategies holds the potential to become powerful approaches for diagnosis of fish pathogens.
... Numerous diseases in the aquaculture sector result in significant yearly losses [52], and the Nano-biosensor may make it easier to detect low concentrations of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, parasites, and pollutants. Gold nanoparticles are one of the most used particles in diagnostics and are appropriate for use in a variety of methods [53][54]. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were both susceptible to the bactericidal properties of gold nanoparticles supported on zeolite [55]. Gold nanoparticles have been found to have fungicidal activity against Candida species. ...
... Gold nanoparticles have played a crucial role in this regard. For the rapid diagnosis of furnaculosis infection in fish, gold nanoparticles coupled with Aeromonas salmonicida antibodies were utilised [137]. Early detection of yellow head virus in shrimp [138] and spring viremia of carp virus [139] has also been achieved utilising specific colorimetric tests based on gold nanoparticles. ...
Aquaculture has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing food industries in recent years, helping to meet the growing demand for animal protein. In the aquaculture and seafood industries, nanotechnology offers a lot of potential. For example, nanotechnology can be used to provide more effective fish feed for aquaculture species. According to certain research, adding nanoparticles of elements like selenium, iron, and other sources to a fish’s diet can help them develop faster. Nanosciences have produced new materials that can be employed in several sectors of fisheries and aquaculture. There are a variety of nanoparticles that are less harmful to the various cells in the fish immune system. When it comes to transmitting biological components, nanoparticles are less expensive than other materials. In aquaculture, nanoparticles have piqued interest as a particular and sensitive method for detecting bacterial, fungal, as well as viral infections. Cu-based nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles such as ZnO and TiO2 NPs, and composites of various metals are all examples of nanoparticles. The use of nanoparticles in aquaculture has shown promise in improving water quality, aquatic animal feeding, drug administration, disease diagnostics, and management, but there have been few studies done in a greener manner, which is developing a new horizon in the aquaculture era. Due to an innovative cleaning system and specific plates that clean each drop of water in each direction of water movement, silver nanoparticles are used to clean freshwater inhabited fish. Nanotechnology can help aquaculture and shrimp culture by enhancing disease management, feeding formulations, and biofouling control. This chapter emphasises on applications of nanoparticles in aquaculture and fisheries.KeywordsAquacultureNanoparticlesWater treatmentFood supplementsDisease diagnostics and management
... Restriction fragment length polymorphism, loopmediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been used (Saleh et al. 2008;Bastardo et al. 2012). Another diagnostic method is gold nanoparticle-based assays which may be popular because of rapid, direct and sensitive detection from unamplified Y. ruckeri nucleic acids in clinical samples (Saleh et al. 2015). ...
... In addition, gold nanoparticles non-conjugated and conjugated to different molecules have been previously used in different applications in fish medicine [40][41][42][43][44]. Gold nanoparticles exhibit anti-parasitic activity against several fish pathogens, including I. multifiliis [45,46]. ...
Background
Recently, an increasing number of ichthyophthiriasis outbreaks has been reported, leading to high economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. Although several strategies, including chemotherapeutics and immunoprophylaxis, have been implemented to control the parasite, no effective method is available. Hence, it is crucial to discover novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. For this reason, understanding the parasite stage biology, host–pathogen interactions, molecular factors, regulation of major aspects during the invasion, and signaling pathways of the parasite can promote further prospects for disease management. Unfortunately, functional studies have been hampered in this ciliate due to the lack of robust methods for efficient nucleic acid delivery and genetic manipulation. In the current study, we used antisense technology to investigate the effects of targeted gene knockdown on the development and infectivity of I. multifiliis. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and their gold nanoconjugates were used to silence the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) of I. multifiliis. Parasite stages were monitored for motility and development. In addition, the ability of the treated parasites to infect fish and cause disease was evaluated.
Results
We demonstrated that ASOs were rapidly internalized by I. multifiliis and distributed diffusely throughout the cytosol. Knocking down of I. multifiliis hsp90 dramatically limited the growth and development of the parasite. In vivo exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) showed reduced infectivity of ASO-treated theronts compared with the control group. No mortalities were recorded in the fish groups exposed to theronts pre-treated with ASOs compared with the 100% mortality observed in the non-treated control fish.
Conclusion
This study presents a gene regulation approach for investigating gene function in I. multifiliis in vitro. In addition, we provide genetic evidence for the crucial role of hsp90 in the growth and development of the parasite, suggesting hsp90 as a novel therapeutic target for successful disease management. Further, this study introduces a useful tool and provides a significant contribution to the assessing and understanding of gene function in I. multifiliis.
... The capacity of cyanobacteria to absorb ions at the surface depends on their cell. The surface function is made up of complicated construction in separate layers, which each have unique ionic linking features and special molecular functional groups (Saleh et al., 2015). ...
Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly method to produce nanoparticles with unique biological, physical, and chemical properties. Today, biological synthesis methods have drawn significant attention because of the drawbacks of physical and chemical synthesis, such as poisonous side effects, time and power usage, and heavy price. Among different microorganisms, cyanobacteria are suitable candidates as regenerating and stabilizing agents because of their capability to collect heavy metals from the environment and produce various bioactive compounds such as colorants and enzymes. The green synthesis of nanoparticles by cyanobacteria has captivated extensive consideration as a secure, easy, stable, economical, and environmentally friendly resolution for biomedical and veterinary applications. Meanwhile, the secondary metabolites synthesized by cyanobacteria with the ability of extracellular and extracellular metals reduction and oxidation are very noteworthy and have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-algae, anticancer, and photocatalytic activities. This study considers the properties, as well as biomedical and veterinary applications of nanoparticles generated by cyanobacteria.
... There has been recent progress in the application of NPs in pathogen diagnosis in aquaculture, particularly in fishes and it has been proven to be a sensitive and rapid approach. For example, gold nanoparticles are one of the most extensively utilized nanoparticles in pathogen diagnosis, and they can be used in a variety of ways (Saleh et al. 2015). Nanobiosensor devices are now being developed to detect extremely low levels of parasites, viruses, and bacteria concentrations, as well as contaminating substances in the aquatic ecosystem (Chen et al. 2015). ...
Aquaculture has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing food industries in recent years, helping food security and boosting global economic status. The indiscriminate disposal of untreated or improperly managed waste and effluents from different sources including production plants, food processing sectors, and healthcare sectors release various contaminants such as bioactive compounds and unmetabolized antibiotics, and antibiotic-resistant organisms into the environment. These emerging contaminants (ECs), especially antibiotics, have the potential to pollute the environment, particularly the aquatic ecosystem due to their widespread use in aquaculture, leading to various toxicological effects on aquatic organisms as well as long-term persistence in the environment. However, various forms of nanotechnology-based technologies are now being explored to assist other remediation technologies to boost productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. In this review, we critically highlighted several ecofriendly nanotechnological methods including nanodrug and vaccine delivery, nanoformulations, and nanosensor for their antimicrobial effects in aquaculture and aquatic organisms, potential public health risks associated with nanoparticles, and their mitigation measures for sustainable management.
Graphical abstract
... Nowadays, typical diagnostic techniques are replaced by novel and rapid diagnostic methods such as nanoparticle-based diagnostic approaches which are named nanodiagnostics (Jain, 2003). Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most suitable nanoparticles for the diagnosis of different diseases (Saleh et al., 2015) that occurs in fish and shrimp, details are provided in Table 1. Numerous nanoparticles due to their exclusives properties are excellent carriers for the distribution and supply of vaccines, drugs, and genes. ...
The application of nanotechnology has emerged as an extensive approach in the research field of medicine. Thus, the use of nanoparticles as a diagnostic method is now developing. Nanoparticles are considered a sensitive tool and have a vast range of applications in different areas like vaccination, drug delivery, medicines, and disease diagnosis. In this regard, this review focused on the various areas of nanoparticle applications in fisheries.
... Restriction fragment length polymorphism, loopmediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been used (Saleh et al. 2008;Bastardo et al. 2012). Another diagnostic method is gold nanoparticle-based assays which may be popular because of rapid, direct and sensitive detection from unamplified Y. ruckeri nucleic acids in clinical samples (Saleh et al. 2015). ...
... Restriction fragment length polymorphism, loopmediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been used (Saleh et al. 2008;Bastardo et al. 2012). Another diagnostic method is gold nanoparticle-based assays which may be popular because of rapid, direct and sensitive detection from unamplified Y. ruckeri nucleic acids in clinical samples (Saleh et al. 2015). ...
European foulbrood (EFB) is a severe bacterial brood disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera) caused by Melissococcus plutonius. Diagnosis of EFB in the field is based on visual inspection of brood-combs and detection of diseased larvae. However, symptoms of EFB may be easily obscured by other diseases or abnormalities in the brood, making definitive diagnosis difficult. Hence, confirmatory laboratory assays, such as PCR and real-time PCR, are used to verify the presence of M plutonius in suspected colonies. While these methods are accurate and specific, they are time consuming and labour intensive. Herein, we report development of a label-free colorimetric nanodiagnostic method for direct detection of unamplified M plutonius DNA using unmodified gold nanoparticles. Under appropriate conditions, the DNA probes hybridised with their complementary target sequences in the sample DNA, which resulted in aggregation of the gold nanoparticles and a concomitant red to blue colour change, which was observed visually. The assay could detect as few as 25 copies of the M plutonius cell wall-associated protease gene within 20 minutes. The assay results were in 100 per cent concordance with real-time PCR-positive and PCR-negative samples. Our study demonstrated that the gold nanoparticles-based assay is a specific and sensitive tool for rapid detection of M plutonius.
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is a viral disease that mainly affects carp Cyprinus carpio and other cyprinid fish, causing severe economic losses. Rapid detection and identification of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is crucial for effective disease management. Recent advances in nanoscience are having a significant impact on many scientific fields, especially biodiagnostics, where a number of nanoparticle-based assays have been introduced for biomolecular detection. Single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides can be adsorbed on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in colloidal solution under certain conditions. We exploited this phenomenon to develop a specific hybridization assay for direct detection of SVCV-RNA without prior amplification. The result of the hybridization process could be detected visually within 1 min when the colour of the reaction mixture changed from red to blue (positive reaction) or remains red (negative). The lower detection limit of the assay was estimated to be 10-3 TCID50 ml-1 SVCV-RNA, and it has the feasibility to detect the target virus-RNA in clinical specimens without previous amplification. In order to obtain an indication of the assay's performance on clinical samples we compared the optimized assay with nested RT-PCR in detection of SVCV-RNA in infected fish samples. The concordance of the 2 methods was defined as 100% when compared to nested RT-PCR positive and negative samples. The SVC-AuNPs assay requires only 15 min, eliminates the need for thermal cycling or detection instruments and is a specific and rapid tool for detection of SVCV-RNA directly from clinical samples.
This thoroughly updated edition continues to provide a concise overall coverage of colloid and surface chemistry, intermediate between the brief accounts in physical chemistry textbooks and the comprehensive coverage in specialized treatises. New information is included on the composition and structure of solid surfaces, dynamic light scattering, micro emulsions and colloid stability control. The book provides a sound, but easy to follow theoretical framework. It outlines relevant research techniques and considers technological applications. A basic knowledge of the principles of physical chemistry is assumed. It will appeal to a wide readership, both undergraduate and postgraduate students at universities and colleges of technology as well as scientists in industry who need a broad background in the subject.
The influence of plasma resonance coupling in small Au particle pairs on their optical properties was calculated including retardation effects. The latter prove to be important for sizes above 15 nm. For pairs of smaller particles a Maxwell-Garnett formula is derived and absorption spectra are calculated explicitly. Comparison with optical absorption spectra measured on aggregated Au particle hydrosols, gives good agreement concerning the splitting up of the dipolar single-particle plasma resonance band.
The design and initial characterization of two-dimensional arrays of colloidal Au particles are reported. These surfaces are prepared by self-assembly of 12 nn diameter colloidal Au particles onto immobilized polymers having pendant functional groups with high affinity for Au (i.e., CN, SH, and NH2). The polymers are formed by condensation of functionalized alkoxysilanes onto cleaned quartz, glass, and SiO2 surfaces. The assembly protocol is carried out completely in solution: cleaned substrates are immersed in methanolic solutions of organosilane, rinsed, and subsequently immersed in aqueous colloidal Au solutions. Two-dimensional arrays spontaneously form on the polymer surface, The resulting substrates have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). TEM data show that the particles are spatially separated but close enough to interact electromagnetically (small spacing compared to lambda). The UV-vis data show that collective particle surface plasmon modes are present in the 650-750 nm region, suggesting that these assemblies are SERS-active. This is indeed the case, with enhancement factors of roughly 10(4). Au colloid monolayers possess a set of features that make them very attractive for both basic and applied uses, including uniform roughness, high stability, and biocompatibility.
A survey is given of recent results concerning particle-size dependences of the optical plasma resonance absorption and of the FIR absorption of small noble metal particles. It is shown that the spectra are strongly changed if the particles of a sample interact with each other.
Many-particle systems exhibit unique optical properties which strongly depend on the arrangement of the individual particles in the sample. Novel methods were applied to produce gold particle samples with their arrangements systematically varying from statistical disorder to densely packed particle aggregates of various mean sizes and shapes. Their optical extinction spectra vary from narrow bands in the VIS to broad multiple band structures extending into the IR, the peak structure proving to be more pronounced if the particles are larger. Numerical calculations of explicit extinction spectra were performed on corresponding prototypic particle aggregates taking both interior and exterior retardation effects into account. In special, for aggregates of 2 to 5 particles, respectively, definite attachments of measured extinction peaks to special aggregate types were achieved from these calculations and confirmed by TEM micrographs of the investigated samples.