The pink-shrimp trawling bycatch in the northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil, with emphasis on crustaceans

Abstract

The pink shrimp trawling fishery (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis) in the Ubatuba region acts intensely on the populations of some benthic species. The impact of fisheries on herbenthic community is unknown. Samples of herbenthic community were obtained monthly from July/1995 to August/1996. The last haul from a commercial trawler operating on the northern coast of São Paulo State and the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State was preserved (from being discarded) and identified at the species level. 29 species of crustaceans were found, but only Hepatus pudibundus, Callinectes ornatus, Dardanus insignis, Libinia spinosa, Sicyonia tipica, Portunus spinimanus, Portunus spinicarpus, and Persephona mediterranea had high occurrence and frequency values. Such species were the main crustacean itens in the bycatch of the pink shrimp fisheries in Ubatuba for the period of study. The total bycatch was about 1502 tons, composed by 119 tons of incidental catch and 1383 tons of discarded catch. Considering the study area, these values were quite high demonstrating that some species may have been overfished.

Full text

Nauplius 15(2): 49-55, 2007 49
The pink-shrimp trawling bycatch in the northern coast
of São Paulo, Brazil, with emphasis on crustaceans
Karina Annes Keunecke; Marcelo Vianna; Duane Barros Fonseca; Fernando D’Incao
(KAK; MV) Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, CCS,
UFRJ, Av. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 211, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21949-900 Brasil. E-mail: keunecke@biologia.ufrj.br
(DBF; FD) Laboratório de Crustáceos Decápodos, Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, FURG, CP 474, Rio Grande (RS),
96201-900, Brasil.
Abstract
The pink shrimp trawling fishery (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis) in the
Ubatuba region acts intensely on the populations of some benthic species. The impact
of fisheries on herbenthic community is unknown. Samples of herbenthic community
were obtained monthly from July/1995 to August/1996. The last haul from a commercial
trawler operating on the northern coast of São Paulo State and the southern coast of
Rio de Janeiro State was preserved (from being discarded) and identified at the species
level. 29 species of crustaceans were found, but only Hepatus pudibundus, Callinectes
ornatus, Dardanus insignis, Libinia spinosa, Sicyonia tipica, Portunus spinimanus, Portunus
spinicarpus, and Persephona mediterranea had high occurrence and frequency values. Such
species were the main crustacean itens in the bycatch of the pink shrimp fisheries in
Ubatuba for the period of study. The total bycatch was about 1502 tons, composed by
119 tons of incidental catch and 1383 tons of discarded catch. Considering the study
area, these values were quite high demonstrating that some species may have been
overfished.
Key words: Fisheries, pink-shrimp, bycatch, crustaceans
programmes as the total biomass caught is clearly
underestimated (Coelho et al., 1986; Gasalla and
Tomás, 1998), and because the predatory action of
fishing on some strata of the stock (e.g., youngest
individuals) is unreported (Haimovici and Men-
donça, 1996).
Studies concerning rejection are scarce. Most
of them refer only to finfish bycatch (Haimovici
and Habiaga, 1982; Haimovici et al., 1993; Haimov-
ici and Mendonça, 1996; Kotas, 1998; Paiva-Filho
and Schmigelow, 1986; Ruffino and Castello, 1992;
Vianna et al., 2000; Vianna and Verani, 2002; Vian-
na and Almeida, 2005; Vianna and D’Incao, 2006;
Vieira et al., 1996), because finfish are the most
abundant and the most important economically
(Vianna et al., 2000).
Introduction
Bycatch is defined as the catch of individuals
by a fishing gear which is targeting another spe-
cies. The shrimp fishery is responsible for the larg-
est bycatch among all fishing gears in the world.
Whereas world shrimp landings add up to nearly
around 1.8 million tons per year, the annual by-
catch is circa 11.2 million tons and the discarded
catch is approximately of 9.5 million tons (Alver-
son et al., 1994). Moreover, a large amount of the
catch – composed mainly by immature organisms
– is rejected on board and returned to the sea since
it has no commercial value, (Vazzoler, 1962). This
discard has poor survival chances. Also, the reject-
ed catch blurs stock management and assessment

50 Keunecke, K. A., et al.: Bycatch with emphasis on crustaceans
This investigation reports results of the by-
catch of the pink-shrimp fishery operating on the
Ubatuba Coast (São Paulo State, Southest Brazil),
with emphasis on the crustacean bycatch. Compo-
sition and biomass of this bycatch is reported, and
actions to decrease bycatch are suggested.
Material and Methods
Study Area
The area of study extends from the south of
Rio de Janeiro State (‘Ponta da Joatinga’, 23°18’S
and 44°30’W) to the north coast of the State of
São Paulo (São Sebastião Island, 23°58’S and
45°13’W) (Figure 1). The submerged area was di-
vided into two sub-areas (inner and outer domain)
based on the hydrographic distributions of the
water bodies. In the summer the South Atlantic
Central Water (SACW) penetrates the continental
shelf compressing the warmer coastal water mass.
In the winter the SACW withdraws in direction
of the continental shelf. The inner domain com-
prises depths ranging from 40 to 50 m, and it is
approximately 50km wide. The outer domain ex-
tends up to the shelf break with depths ranging
from 50 to 120 m. The widest continental shelf
in the submerged area allows bottom trawling for
shrimps, making the Ubatuba region one of the
most important fishing grounds of the State of
São Paulo. The limit of the inner domain com-
prise the studied area of this investigation. This
studied area is characterized by a mixing zone of
water masses and it is a dynamic subsystem which
changes seasonally.
Biological Sampling
Samples were obtained monthly from
July/1995 to August/1996 using a typical boat of
the commercial fleet of the pink-shrimp fishery.
Between March and April/1996, there was no
sampling because of the enforced closed season
of the pink-shrimp fishery. The collected material
was composed of the total catch, free from selec-
tion or discard, provided by a haul carried out by
a 17 m (55 ft) boat equipped with a double-outrig
-
ger otter trawl. The dimensions of the net used
were 25 mm mesh size from opposite knots on
condend; length of 18 m on the top side of the
net, and 20 m on the down side. Boat speed was
maintained around 2.5 knots, and each haul lasted
between three and six hours. Trawling was carried
out always at night with depths ranging from 31
to 51 m. Samples collected were frozen and taken
to the laboratory where individuals were sorted
by species, fixed (10% formaldehyde), preserved
(70% ethanol), sexed, and weighted (wet weight,
after blotting in a paper, 1 g accuracy).
Crustacean Catch Composition
For each crustacean species, it was computed
total number of individuals and total weight.
Relative abundance, catch-per-unit-of-effort
(CPUE), was calculated for each species and total
catch. CPUE was expressed in numbers of indi-
viduals per hour of trawling (ind. h
-1
), and in total
weight per hour of trawling (g. h
-1
).
Estimate of the bycatch in the
Ubatuba region for the period from
July/1995 to August/1996
Production data of the studied area, in kg,
regarding pink-shrimp landings and the incidental
catch of finfish was obtained on a fishery database
of the State of São Paulo (Propesq). Other data re-
garding incidental and discarded catch, in kg, was
obtained exclusively from the monthly trawlings
of a typical boat of the commercial pink-shrimp
fleet. Effort (f), in hours of trawling, was obtained
on the Propesq database (Table 1).
Figure 1. Map of the studied area. Depth contours are in meters.

Nauplius 15(2): 49-55, 2007 51
Apart from the targeted-species (pink-
shrimp), the commercial fleet lands only finfish
with commercial value. This catch is defined inci-
dental catch. This incidental catch was divided into
two groups: the first, named partially used, was
composed by individuals with commercial size; the
second, named partially discarded, was composed
by individuals with no commercial size.
The incidental catch was categorized as fol-
lows: “fish partially used” (FPU), “cephalopod
100% used” (CU) (squids and octopi – Loligo plei,
L. sanpaulensis
and Octopus vulgaris), and “swimming
crab 100% used” (SCU) (Portunus spinimanus). The
discarded catch was divided in the following cate-
gories: “fish 100% discarded” (FD), “fish partially
discarded” (FPD), “crustaceans 100% discarded”
(CD), and “other 100% discarded” OD (Porifera,
Cnidaria, Polychaeta, Mollusca, Echinodermata,
Urochordata, etc.).
For data analysis it was calculated monthly
values of CPUE for categories CU, SCU, FD,
FPD, CD, and OD. Later, each category CPUE
was multiplied by the monthly effort (h) of the
fleet operating in the region (total fleet effort).
Monthly CPUE of each category were summed
over the sampling period, and after adding to this
subtotal the total capture of the fish partially used
(FPU), it was obtained the estimate of the total
bycatch. The proportion bycatch/pink-shrimp
was obtained by the quotient between total by-
catch and the pink-shrimp total capture for the
period.
Results
Crustaceans Catches Compositions
Twenty nine species of crustaceans, which
represented a total number of 4.739 individuals
(100.8 ind. h
-1
), and a total production of 64 kg
(1364.1 g h
-1
) were collected (Table 2). Hepatus pu-
dibundus was the most abundant species (950 ind.)
representing 20% of the whole crustacean catch
(17.9 ind. h
-1
). This species also appeared more
frequently during the sampling period. The second
most abundant species was Callinectes ornatus, which
summed to 803 individuals (15.2 ind. h
-1
). How-
ever, in relation to biomass, Libinia spinosa was the
most important species, with a total catch weight-
ing 18 kg (29% of total), representing a CPUE of
351 g h
-1
. Hepatus pudibundus and C. ornatus had the
second and the third highest biomass totalizing 16
and 10 kg (308 g h
-1
and 192.4 g h
-1
), respectively.
Estimate of the bycatch for the period from
July of 1995 to August of 1996 to Ubatuba
The estimate of the total bycatch (Table 3)
was 1502 tons, which means a proportion by
-
catch/pink-shrimp 34.1:1. Fish contribute with
the largest portion in the incidental and discarded
catch. In the incidental catch, the second largest
contribution was composed by cephalopods, fol-
lowed by swimming crabs (Portunus spinimanus). In
Table 1. Effort data, catches (kg) and catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE kg/h) from Propesq and from the Fishing Boat. (FPU) Fish
partially used, (CU) cephalopod used, (SCU) swimming crab used, (FD) fish discarded, (FPD) fish partially discarded, (CD) crusta-
ceans discarded and (OD) other discarded. TS – target species.
Propesq data
Categories
Fishing Boat Data
Categories
f TS TS FPU FPU CU CU SCU SCU FD FD FPD FPD CD CD OD OD
(h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h)
July 2261 3812 1.69 11426 5.05 1.13 0.23 191.30 38.26 57471.29 25.42 12.61 2.52 26.48 5.30
August 2910 4842 1.66 9513 3.27 15.8 3.95
September 2759 4923 1.78 7069 2.56 6.94 1.39 0.16 0.03 60.37 12.07 8736.65 3.17 15.30 3.06 19.16 3.83
October 1824 3340 1.83 4839 2.65 1.50 0.38 6.62 1.66 207.62 51.91 57500.83 31.52 14.89 3.72 15.24 3.81
November 1680 2831 1.69 4402 2.62 1.82 0.46 0.45 0.11 163.54 40.89 28334.33 16.87 12.60 3.15 17.86 4.47
December 2264 2841 1.25 6542 2.89 1.08 0.27 1.50 0.38 125.74 31.44 30367.25 13.41 6.64 1.66 13.12 3.28
January 1884 2924 1.55 6605 3.51 12.50 3.57 22.18 6.34 26.06 7.45
February 1404 1131 0.81 2328 1.66 19.30 4.83 1.27 0.32 67.34 16.84 7923.42 5.64 2.53 0.63 4.9 1.23
May 1615 4146 2.57 5947 3.68 5.30 1.33 0.70 0.17 159.10 39.78 38742.71 23.99 7.58 1.89 24.82 6.21
June 2268 5451 2.40 9190 4.05 0.54 0.14 0.99 0.25 326.44 81.61 146885.87 64.76 17.98 4.50 6.88 1.72
July 2704 4755 1.76 10448 3.86 0.14 0.02 2.41 0.40 207.56 34.59 61751.85 22.84 24.26 4.04 33.64 5.61
August 2339.5 3018 1.29 10996 4.70 0.18 0.05 1.89 0.47 60.62 15.16 6486.62 2.77 0.80 0.20 24.00 6.00
Total 25912.5 44014 20.28 89305 40.51 49.30 12.41 17.12 4.02 1591.82 368.87 444200.82 210.40 115.19 25.38 227.96 52.84
Mean 1.69 3.38 1.24 0.40 33.53 21.04 2.54 4.40

52 Keunecke, K. A., et al.: Bycatch with emphasis on crustaceans
the discarded catch, the largest contribution, af-
ter the category fish, was formed by the category
other (8.3%). It is important to note that this cat-
egory is composed by several zoological groups.
The category crustaceans was analyzed separately
and contributed with around 4% of the whole
discards.
In relation to the discarded crustaceans, it
was observed that the crab H. pudibundus summed
circa 29.5% of the catch, which represented an es-
timate of 16 tons for the study period (Table 4).
Discussion
Crustaceans Catches Compositions
Bycatch is characterized by a high diversity
and a great amount of biomass compared with
the target-species, varying seasonally and region-
ally (Branstetter, 1997). Moreover, while each fish-
ery, with its respective fishing gear, has its typical
bycatch, the shrimp trawling is undoubtedlly the
most damaging fishery activity in terms of bio-
mass bycatch (Vianna and Almeida, 2005).
A characteristic of the shrimp fishery bycatch
in tropical waters is the great number of species
caught with only a few dominant ones (Clucas,
1998). Data in the present investigation supports
this statement, as 29 species of crustaceans were
found in the bycatch of the pink-shrimp fishery.
Hepatus pudibundus was a recurrent species
with high values of relative abundance in all trawl-
ings. While L. spinosa contributed with the second
largest weight CPUE, its relative abundance was
the fifth largest. This is explained by the large size
of L. spinosa individuals, which were usually larger
than most of the species captured, including H. pu-
dibundus. Although Melo (1996) has mentioned
L. spinosa
as a frequent species in some kinds of
fishing trawlings, H. pudibundus and C. ornatus were
the most important bycatch in the pink-shrimp
Table 2. Species found in the bycatch crustaceans of the pink-shrimp fishing in Ubatuba – SP. CPUE, total weight in grams and
individuals total number for species.
Species Total weight (g) CPUE (gr/h) total nº CPUE (ind/h)
Squilla brasiliensis 139.44 2.63 42 0.79
Hemisquilla brasiliensis 96.97 1.83 5 0.09
Artemesia longinaris 147.71 2.79 65 1.23
Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis 166.36 3.14 14 0.26
Farfantepenaeus paulensis 362.69 6.84 28 0.53
Rimapenaeus constrictus 1032.30 19.48 508 9.58
Xiphopenaeus kroyeri 547.21 10.32 152 2.87
Sicyonia tipica 1271.85 24.00 373 7.04
Pleoticus muelleri 155.02 2.92 43 0.81
Scyllarides deceptor 144.35 2.72 7 0.13
Scyllarus depressus 7.21 0.14 1 0.02
Pagurus exilis 16.81 0.32 13 0.25
Dardanus insignis 3019.76 56.98 584 11.02
Loxopagurus loxochelis 0.82 0.02 1 0.02
Petrochirus diogenes 541.89 10.22 10 0.19
Porcellana sayana 0.48 0.01 5 0.09
Hypoconcha arcuata 2.20 0.04 1 0.02
Hepatus pudibundus 16324.14 308.00 950 17.92
Persephona mediterranea 1720.35 32.46 207 3.91
Persephona puntacta 21.87 0.41 9 0.17
Leurocyclus tuberculosus 50.24 0.95 20 0.38
Stenocionops spinosissima 1.09 0.02 1 0.02
Libinia spinosa 18646.98 351.83 380 7.17
Parthenope (Platylambrus) pourtalesii 67.58 1.28 7 0.13
Arenaeus cribarius 133.58 2.52 2 0.04
Callinectes ornatus 10197.06 192.40 803 15.15
Portunus spinimanus 8632.43 162.88 231 4.36
Portunus spinicarpus 660.79 12.47 274 5.17
Pilumnus caribaeus 2.77 0.05 3 0.06
Total 64111.95 1364.08 4739 100.83

Nauplius 15(2): 49-55, 2007 53
trawling fishery. Sicyonia tipica, Dardanus insignis,
Persephona Mediterranea, Portunus spinimanus and Por-
tunus spinicarpus were also common, because they
had 100% of frequency in the samplings. There-
fore, the latter species plus H. pudibundus, C. ornatus
and L. spinosa, characterize the crustacean bycatch
of the pink-shrimp trawling fishery in Ubatuba
for the period 1995/1996. Although Rimapenaeus
constrictus and Xiphopenaues kroyeri have shown high
values of relative abundance, they were not con-
stant during sampling period. Their catches can
be considered occasional because X. kroyeri rarely
crosses the 30 meters isobath and R. constrictus is
considered a coastal species, in spite of being men-
tioned up to the 100 meters isobath. Other species
of crustaceans found in the samples did not pres-
ent a clear pattern of frequency of occurrence.
Estimate of the bycatch for the period from
July/1995 to August/1996 in the Ubatuba region.
Although H. pudibundus has been the most
representative species in the catch it is probable
that other species such as Callinectes ornatus, Darda-
nus insignis, Libinia spinosa, Sicyonia tipica, Persephona
mediterranea, Portunus spinimanus, and Portunus spini-
carpus can have high fishing mortality levels due
the high number of individuals collected in the
samplings. In the same way similarly, many other
species of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other sea
organisms found in the bycatch can be threatened.
This is corroborated by the estimate of the dis-
carded catch that was around 1383 tons or 92% of
the whole catch, considering only the pink-shrimp
trawling fishery in the area. According to Kotas
(1998) at least ten species of crustaceans (crabs,
swimming crabs, mantis shrimps and flat lobsters)
were found as bycatch of shrimp fisheries in Santa
Catarina State, which circa 80% were rejected; only
Portunus spinimanus and Scyllarides deceptor were valu-
able economically.
A total of 119 tons of incidental catch repre
-
sented 8% of the total catch. Recent figures sug-
gest that the use of the incidental catch in Brazil
has an increasing trend over years and it probably
Table 3. Monthly and total catch values (kg) from target species (TS) and fish partially used (FPU), catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE
kg/h) and catches estimates (CPUE kg/h x f) from the categories (CU) cephalopod used, (SCU) swimming crab used, (FD) fish
discarded, (FPD) fish partially discarded, (CD) crustaceans discarded and (OD) other discarded; total bycatch (kg) and proportion
bycatch/pink-shrimp (total bycatch/TS (kg)).
Propesq data
Categories
Fishing Boat Data
Categories
f TS FPU CU CU est SCU SCU est FD FD est FPD FPD est CD CD est OD OD est
(h) (kg) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg) (kg/h) (kg)
July 2261 3812 11426 0,23 512.79 38.26 86505.86 25.42 57471.29 2.52 5702.69 5.30 11974.26
August 2910 4842 9513 3.95 11494.50
September 2759 4923 7069 1.39 3829.49 0.03 87.46 12.07 33312.17 3.17 8736.65 3.06 8439.86 3.83 10572.49
October 1824 3340 4839 0.38 684.00 1.66 3018.72 51.91 94676.54 31.52 57500.83 3.72 6791.57 3.81 6949.44
November 1680 2831 4402 0.46 764.40 0.11 190.68 40.89 68686.80 16.87 28334.33 3.15 5291.92 4.47 7501.20
December 2264 2841 6542 0.27 611.28 0.38 850.13 31.44 71168.84 13.41 30367.25 1.66 3758.01 3.28 7425.92
January 1884 2924 6605 3.57 6728.57 6.34 11940.25 7.45 14027.73
February 1404 1131 2328 4.83 6774.30 0.32 445.77 16.84 23636.34 5.64 7923.42 0.63 887.82 1.23 1719.90
May 1615 4146 5947 1.33 2139.88 0.17 281.82 39.78 64236.63 23.99 38742.71 1.89 3059.70 6.21 10021.08
June 2268 5451 9190 0.14 306.18 0.25 559.06 81.61 185091.48 64.76 146885.87 4.50 10196.93 1.72 3900.96
July 2704 4755 10448 0.02 63.09 0.40 1085.21 34.59 93540.37 22.84 61751.85 4.04 10932.81 5.61 15160.43
August 2339.5 3018 10996 0.05 105.28 0.472815 1106.15 15.16 35455.12 2.77 6486.62 0.20 468.45 6.00 14037.00
Total 44014 89305 22006.47 8137.79 768250.40 444200.82 55529.77 114784.89
Bycatch 1502.215
Proportion 34.1: 1
Table 4. Bycatch estimates in tons for the period
1995/1996.
Tons %
Target-species 44 2,8%
Bycatch 1502 97.2%
Incidental catch 119 8%
Discarded catch 1383 92%
Incidental catch 119
Fish 89 74.8%
Cephalopod 22 18.4%
Portunus spinimanus 8 6,8%
Discarded catch 1383
Fish 1212 87.7%
Crustaceans 55 4%
Others 115 8.3%
Crustaceans 55
Hepatus pudibundus 16 29.5%

54 Keunecke, K. A., et al.: Bycatch with emphasis on crustaceans
represents 10% of the bycatch (Clucas, 1997). In-
crease in landings of the incidental catch is a re-
flex of overfishing on the target-species, as pink-
shrimp stocks in the south-southeast Brazil have
been drastically reduced; it results in a shift in the
past exploitation pattern as many fishermen use
now incidental catch in an attempt to increase the
diminished profit from the pink-shrimp fishery
(D’Incao et al., 2002). Overfishing also influences
the proportion bycatch/pink-shrimp; the smaller
the pink-shrimp catch the larger is the bycatch.
The proportion bycatch/pink-shrimp found
in Ubatuba region was 34.1:1. This figure is much
higher than the proportion 9.3:1 reported for the
Brazilian coast (Alverson et al., 1994). Studying the
shrimp fishery in Kwait, Ye (2000) observed in
Summer a proportion bycatch/shrimp of 35.9:1,
which is similar to the estimate for Ubatuba; how-
ever, in Autumn this proportion was 5.5:1. Vianna
and Almeida (2005) studing the fish bycatch of
the same region, and at the same period of the
present work, observed that due the inflowing and
outflowing of the water masses the composition
and the abundance of species show oscillations,
leading to shifts of distribution which are related
with temperature and depth. This seasonal pat-
tern in the distribution and abundance of the fish
confirmed that the region contained tropical and
sub-tropical species with preference for particular
water masses.
Besides the reported values above, all known
proportions of bycatch/shrimp refers to the fish
bycatch. Other zoological groups that integrate
bycatch are not included in the official statistics.
Therefore, these proportions would not represent
the total values of the bycatch, which probably
results in underestimated proportions. Therefore,
the multi-specifies character of the shrimp trawl-
ing fishery is not considered. Their estimates are
incomplete due the lack of data of other zoo-
logical groups. Even if sometimes the biomass is
small, it means an important portion of the by-
catch. A small catch in weight may represent a
massive catch if it is consider the number (N) of
individuals. Therefore, all sort of data should be
included in the official statistics in an attempt to
make catch estimates more realistics.
Another important point to consider is that
some species of crustaceans, either with commer-
cial value or not, such as Hepatus pudibundus, Calli-
nectes ornatus, Libinia spinosa, Sicyonia tipica, Dardanus
insignis, Persephona Mediterranea, Portunus spinimanus,
and Portunus spinicarpus, have been intensily cap-
tured by shrimp trawlings. The evaluation of the
stock of this non-target species is needed. For
instance, a study regarding growth and mortality
of H. pudibundus (Keunecke et al., 2007) suggests
the possibility of recruitment overfishing for this
species.
The present work suggests further studies
about the implementation of bycatch reduction
devices (BRDs) in trawl nets. The use of BRDs has
been studied in trawling fisheries in Australia and
USA. In Brazil, only Vianna and D’Incao (2006)
assessed the use of BRDs in an artisanal fishery
in Patos Lagoon. They concluded that simple
changes in the configuration of conventional nets
lead to a reduction of unwanted bycatch of fish
and crabs, and that the use of BRDs should be ex-
tended to the productive sector. Only joint actions
including co-management among the goverment,
the production sector and research institutes will
be capable to find solutions for the bycatch prob-
lem (Vianna and Almeida, 2005).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the researchers Hélio Valentini and
Marcus Henrique Carneiro from São Paulo Fishing Institute
for the supply of fishing production data and CAPES and
CNPq for the scholarships to the first author.
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Received: January 2007
Accepted: August 2007