Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro

Resumo A política de colonização interna no Brasil pós-Independência foi continuamente acionada e transformada ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX a fim de controlar populações insubmissas e territórios. A partir da análise bibliográfica e documental de um conjunto de projetos e experiências de colonização foi possível reconstruir o quadro interpretativo desta política, dando ênfase ao período da ditadura empresarial-militar e ao seu sentido de transformação do campesinato em classe média rural. Buscou-se identificar os principais elementos que constituem esse estrato, suas características e expectativas com base no conjunto de valores, interesses e pressupostos do complexo tecno-empresarial-militar a partir da política de colonização em sua formação. As continuidades e reconfigurações desta política nos permitem afirmar que colonizar é o verbo oculto do tratamento dado à questão agrária nacional.

Acute abdomen cases are among the most prevalent and challenging illnesses in equine medicine. The diagnosis includes anamnesis and detailed clinical evaluation of the patient, allowing the gathering of several important information and, additionally, the use of complementary exams helps to define the diagnosis and prognosis of each case. This research applied the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in data referring to clinical examination information and outcome of horses with colic referred to a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifty eight horses were included in the analysis and, it was possible to identify significant differences between the groups, survivors and non-survivors. Related to clinical signs, non-survivor cases are distinguished by severe pain, lack of motility, mucosal alteration, capillary refill time greater than 2sec, heart rate more than 48bpm and presence of nasogastric reflux. As complementary exams, hematocrits and blood lactate demonstrate significative difference among the groups. The cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate, mucosal color and capillary refill time, were the variables with the greatest contribution to discriminate animals that non-survive from those that were discharged. Thus, clinical evaluation should not be underestimated and complementary exams should be used in conjunction to seek a better prognosis. The MCA allowed to visualize the data and predict the outcome of the patients.

Orange-fleshed non-netted honeydew melon has high nutritional and economic potential, being widely appreciated as a refreshing sweet fruit. Therefore, evaluating commercial samples of such relevant products for the fresh fruit market is of great importance. This study investigated the antioxidant capacity, quality parameters, and chemical composition of honeydew melons from the Brazilian market. The values of pH and °Brix determined for melon samples were 6.5 ± 0.30 and 9.2 ± 0.80 g/100 g (fresh weight), respectively, which agree with the results expected for high-quality melons. The chromatography analysis revealed sucrose (49% of total sugar) as the main sugar, followed by fructose (30%) and glucose (21%). Carotenoids, which are directly linked to the characteristic orange color, showed a total level of 270.59 µg/g (dry weight). Additionally, the higher b* value compared to a* value indicates the highest yellow contribution. Regarding the antioxidant assays, in addition to presenting antioxidant capacity for both methods applied, DPPH and FRAP, levels ranging from 16.40 ± 0.21 µmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g to 56.98 ± 0.80 µmol Trolox equivalent/g (dry weight) were reported in melon extracts. Moreover, the results were higher in terms of FRAP than DPPH. Therefore, the results underscore the evaluated honeydew melons as valuable sources of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids and phenolics, which contribute to their antioxidant properties. Besides, analyses of color, pH, and total soluble solids content also reflect the quality attributes.

The study was conducted on a 3-year-old female Santa Inês sheep from a property located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Tauá, west of Pará. The affected animal had a history of exophthalmos in the left eye, nasal discharge, and breathing difficulty for more than three months. On physical examination, the animal had a low body score, apathy, unilateral facial asymmetry, moderate unilateral left exophthalmos, mixed dyspnea and unilateral profuse serosanguinous nasal discharge. At necropsy, a large nasal mass was observed, predominantly yellowish-white with blackish-red areas, with an irregular, finely granular, moist, and friable surface. The mass invaded from the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril to the choanae, infiltrated the frontal sinuses, the cribiform plate, and reached the meninges and the frontal portion of the brain. Microscopy of the surface of the nasal epithelium showed severe destruction of the turbinates and epithelia, evidenced by extensive areas of necrosis with a large amount of cellular debris, ulceration, and secondary bacterial infection. In the central nervous system there was pyogranulomatous meningitis with marked vessel congestion, as well as foci of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of numerous intralesional hyphae for antibodies against Conidiobolus lamprauges. The diagnosis of granulomatous rhinitis of mycotic origin associated with the Conidiobolus lamprauges was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and immunohistochemical data.

Coffee is a beverage that is widely consumed throughout the world, especially in Brazil. Its high market value makes it a prime target for fraud. To combat this fraud, different methods have been developed and improved over the years to detect potential adulterants in coffee and guarantee its authenticity. Nevertheless, these methods still pose a challenge. Therefore, this work aimed to identify adulteration markers in roasted and ground Arabica coffee using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the flavonoid and phenolic acid profile. Samples of Arabica coffee beans and defective coffee beans were adulterated with coffee husks by preparing mixtures in different proportions (97:3, 90:10, 80:20 % w/w), which were then subjected to chromatographic and chemometric analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Using the phenolic compounds associated with chemometric methods, protocatechuic acid was identified as a marker of adulteration in roasted and ground coffee with Arabica coffee husks, even at low adulterant concentrations (3 %). Keywords: Arabica coffee; chemometric methods; flavonoids; food fraud; phenolic acids

Resumo Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico na qualidade da adesão de juntas coladas de madeira de alta densidade, Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus pellita utilizando os adesivos resorcinol e poliuretano vegetal à base de óleo de mamona. O tratamento térmico foi realizado nas temperaturas de 160 ºC, 180 ºC e 200 °C, sendo comparadas com um lote controle. A qualidade da colagem foi avaliada através do teste de cisalhamento e análise do percentual de falha na madeira. O adesivo de poliuretano de mamona apresentou maiores valores de viscosidade e teor de sólidos, do que o resorcinol formaldeído. O Eucalyptus pellitaexibiu maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento que a madeira de Corymbia citriodora. O aumento da temperatura reduziu a resistência ao cisalhamento para ambas as madeiras. A razão entre a resistência da madeira colada com madeira solida, na mesma temperatura de tratamento, muitas vezes atingiu valores superiores a um, indicando a formação de um compósito adesivo-fibras, que aumenta a resistência da interface colada, especialmente para madeira de C. citriodora. De forma geral, houve uma melhor colagem da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita, com resorcinol formaldeído, e está exibiu menor degradação térmica, devido à menor perda de massa.

A clinicopathologic picture caused by Lichtheimia sp. in a 33-year-old male Sapajus xanthosternos kept in a conservation center is described. Acute apathy, vomiting, fever, and polydipsia were associated with pneumonia, enteritis, and gastritis pre-senting fibrinoid vasculitis containing hyphae. The fungi were demonstrated molecularly, highlighting the spontaneous disease in primates

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as experiências de cuidado de mães de crianças autistas durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, que entrevistou 12 mães de crianças autistas que frequentavam um CAPSi no ano de 2021. A partir da análise das narrativas, foram construídas categorias destacando a experiência vivenciada na pandemia, o papel desempenhado pelo CAPSi e a presença ou ausência de parcerias e recursos institucionais na lida cotidiana. Como resultados, identificamos vivências marcadas por sofrimentos psicossociais, exclusão e sobrecarga, com as mães assumindo múltiplas demandas de cuidado e sentindo-se insuficientes e isoladas; o CAPSi como um espaço de acolhimento e permanência para mães e crianças, representando uma fonte de confiança e continuidade em um cenário adverso; a ausência de demais atores e instituições que poderiam configurar redes de apoio, com exceção dos grupos on-line de ajuda mútua. Conclui-se que as mães tiveram suas vivências demarcadas pela distinção de gênero nas tarefas de cuidado e pela atipia de seus filhos, acentuando a solidão e sobrecarga já conhecidas. Nesse contexto de escassez, o CAPSi destacou-se como referência no território, sendo espaço de cuidado e acolhimento para mães e crianças autistas.

Background The incorporation of circular economy into agricultural processes is necessary to improve the efficiency of agronomic practices in the future. The biomass of macroalgae as well as humic substances is sustainable options for stimulating the efficient use of nutrients in plants. This study aimed to evaluate the modes of action of a potential plant biostimulant composed of an aqueous extract of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed plus fulvic acid (KAF) applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves. The aqueous extract was obtained from the fresh biomass of the macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii and the fulvic acid was extracted from a cattle manure vermicompost (FAVC). Both fractions (KAlv-sap and FAVC) were characterized using ¹H NMR. The bioactivity of KAF was evaluated in experiments with four treatments: control (foliar application of water), FAVC (foliar application of FAVC), KAlv-sap (foliar application of seaweed extract), and KAF (foliar application of FA + KAlv-sap). In rice, the expression of genes related to K⁺ and N transport, plasma membrane H⁺-ATPases, and oxidative stress defense enzymes were evaluated. Metabolites and N, K, and P contents, as well as photosynthetic efficiency and root morphology, were quantified. Results The ¹H-NMR spectra showed that KAF is rich in organic fragments such as sugars, nitrogenous, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds in general. Foliar application of KAF resulted in a 7.1% and 19.04% increase in the dry mass of roots and leaves, respectively. These plants had 19% more roots and 11% more total root length. The application of KAF increased in the plant sheaths the N and K contents by up to 50% and 14%, respectively. Conclusions The mechanism of action by which KAF triggered these changes seemed to start with an improvement in the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and regulation through increased expression and suppression of genes related to K⁺, N, H⁺-ATPase transporters, and oxidative metabolism. KAF might become a sustainable plant biostimulant that promotes plant growth, development, and defense against abiotic stresses. Graphical Abstract

In Brazil, the industrial sector is the largest electricity consumer. Therefore, energy planning becomes important for industrial development. Electricity consumption data in the Brazilian industrial sector can be organized into a hierarchical structure composed of each geographic region (South, Southeast, Center‐West, Northeast, and North) and their respective states. This work aims to evaluate the predictive capacity of the bottom‐up, top‐down, and optimal combination approaches used to obtain electricity consumption forecasting in the Brazilian industrial sector. These approaches were integrated with the predictive models of exponential smoothing, Box and Jenkins, and neural networks. The results showed that the bottom‐up approach integrated with the Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) model provided the best predictions and outperformed the other hierarchical forecasting approaches with an average MAPE of less than 3%.

This study sought to shed light on the ability of informal policy networks to establish implementation alternatives and coalitions to resist change and promote new political responses. We examine the determinants and limits of resilience to democratic policy dismantling. Light is shed on the political and cognitive dimensions of the policy process, with a focus on the collective action in policy implementation. We propose to highlight an overlooked aspect of resilience literature—the collaboration between state and non-state actors in implementing policy instruments despite efforts to dismantle them.

Objective This study sought to investigate associations between illness perception, adherence to antiretroviral medication, and levels of anxiety and depression in individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Method One hundred and one patients receiving outpatient care at a university hospital completed the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results Through statistical analyses, using Fisher's exact and Chi-square tests, a statistically significant positive association (p < 0.001) was found between scores of illness perception and anxiety and depression, suggesting that the greater the perception of threat imposed by the disease, the greater the frequency of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Negative and significant associations were also found between adherence to medical prescriptions and perceived threat of living with HIV/AIDS (p < 0.001) and levels of anxiety (p < 0.043). Conclusion Research on psychological variables in chronically ill individuals is necessary to support assessments and interventions in the field.

Purpose: Official methods for determining total organic carbon (TOC) in soils use wet oxidation with K2Cr2O7, which generates hazardous waste and requires large amounts of concentrated H2SO4, while dry combustion methods with elemental analyzers, although more environmentally friendly and accurate, are costly. This work proposes a new method to mitigate the environmental impacts and costs of determining TOC in soils. Methods: It involves the oxidation of TOC by KMnO4 with the spectrophotometric determination of residual KMnO4. The experimental parameters for oxidation were optimized, establishing a reaction time of 30 min, a temperature of 95 ºC, and 0.125 mol L-1 H2SO4. Results: The oxidizability of a series of organic compounds against KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 was similar. The appropriate soil mass for the KMnO4 method was defined as 500 mg. Satisfactory linear correlations were observed between the TOC levels obtained using both the KMnO4 method (r = 0.975) and the K2Cr2O7 method (r = 0.972) in relation to the reference (dry combustion) across the analysis of 16 soil samples. Conclusions: The KMnO4 method stood out for its simplicity, reliability, lower cost, and greater safety for the environment and the analyst compared to the K2Cr2O7 method.

Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-borne disease caused by hemoparasites of the Babesia and Theileria genera, has significant clinical and economic impacts worldwide. This study aims to characterize the heat shock protein 70 kDa (hsp70) gene sequences of Theileria equi from naturally infected horses across the five geographic regions in Brazil, and to analyze the phylogenetic relationships between T. equi and other parasites within the order Piroplasmida. Primers specific to T. equi were designed through in silico analysis of hsp70 gene sequences available in GenBank. Forty samples of equine whole blood were subjected to DNA extraction and conventional PCR targeting the hsp70 gene. The resulting amplicons were purified and sequenced. The Hsp70 sequences generated were aligned using the ClustalW method, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods. The evolutionary distance within and between species of parasites from the order Piroplasmida was evaluated, as was the entropy of the hsp70 gene sequence among Theileria species. Phylogenetic analysis of the forty sequences identified in this study revealed two circulating genotypes of T. equi in Brazil. One genotype comprised the American sequence along with thirty-six Brazilian sequences, while the other grouped a sequence from Mongolia with four Brazilian sequences. The Equus clade was distinctly placed with strong support, indicating a different evolutionary ancestor compared to Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. groups. The results confirmed hsp70 as an effective molecular marker for phylogeny, yielding topologies similar to those observed with 18 S rDNA while distinguishing closely related protozoan species such as T. haneyi and T. equi. This study provides valuable evolutionary insights into the phylogenetic relationships within the order Piroplasmida.

Copper is among eight essential micronutrients for plant growth. Like other metals, due to human activity in the Anthropocene, it behaves as an important pollutant in the biosphere. In this context, this study aims to identify the potential of the plant species Cyperus rotundus L. (nutgrass) in the treatment of copper-contaminated soils to observe: the reduction in the amount of copper in the soil after experiment, difference in fresh and dry mass and chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC) and soil hydrogen potential (pH). According to the parameters analyzed, nutgrass demonstrated significantly greater efficiency in phytoextraction when copper levels in the soil were at higher doses. This adaptive response indicates that the plant has a high capacity for copper accumulation in conditions of high contamination, which makes its use viable as an effective strategy for decontaminating soils saturated with this metal. Therefore, nutsedge proves to be a promising candidate for use in the phytoremediation technique, particularly in areas where copper contamination reaches critical levels.

A fundamental goal in ecology and evolution is to explain the factors that shape species' abundance and range limits. Evaluating the performance of early life‐stages across an altitudinal gradient can be valuable for understanding what factors shape range limits and for predicting how plant species may respond to climate change. To experimentally evaluate the presence of local adaptation in a threatened palm ( Euterpe edulis ) at early life‐stages, we reciprocally sowed seeds at two contrasting elevations. In addition, to evaluate the effect of seed predation on E. edulis seed germination and seedling establishment, seed addition experiments were conducted at three different elevations. Our results showed no evidence of local adaptation in the early life‐stages for the two E. edulis populations. We observed lower germination and seedling performance of both E. edulis populations at the low‐elevation site. The exclusion of seed predation increased seedling establishment across all elevations. Seed predation and dry soil conditions were the main factors that constrained seedling establishment at the upper altitudinal limit and at the lower elevation, respectively. Climate change in the study area will result in warmer and drier environmental conditions. The lack of local adaptation and the lower performance of both E. edulis populations in warm and dry conditions, combined with a higher seed predation at the upper altitudinal limit, might cause an altitudinal range contraction, increasing the vulnerability of this threatened species to climate change.

Standardizing trimming the brain for histological diagnosis of neurological diseases is challenging for veterinary pathologists. The striatum is a set of subcortical nuclei of the forebrain, formed by bundles of nerve fibers and gray matter, which consist of the internal and external capsules, caudate, lentiform, and claustrum nuclei. The striatum is related to motricity, which refers to the neural circuits of the extrapyramidal pathways. In domestic animals, the extrapyramidal pathways are of great importance in gait. From the ventral surface of the brain, they are located deep in a strip of the telencephalon corresponding to the olfactory trigone. Bovine and equine brains were routinely formalin-fixed, weighed and measured. Herein, we report a guide for bovine and equine brains’ neuroanatomic trimming and striatum histomorphology. Trimming was performed, and the sections were routinely processed for histology. We used the cross-section rostral to the optic chiasm as the site of choice for histologic sampling to identify the striatum structures. The forebrains were sectioned, and the standard histologic cassette was positioned horizontally or vertically to frame a greater diversity of structures. The histologic slides were labeled with structures of the striatum (caudate nucleus, internal capsule, lentiform nucleus, external capsule and claustrum). Regarding the brain size, handing the cassette orientation over to the forebrain allows the verification to shift the position or collect a second striatum sample for histology.

Culex species, such as Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus display a range of feeding habits and act as vectors for pathogens that can cause diseases in both humans and animals. Understanding their feeding habits is pivotal for enhancing disease prevention strategies. The present study introduces the application of two multiplex real‐time PCR (qPCR) followed by high‐resolution melting (HRM) as a cost‐effective and time‐efficient alternative. This investigation involved the development of two multiplex qPCR‐HRM: assay 1 detects human, dog and chicken, while assay 2 detects cat, cattle and horse in Culex sp. engorged female mosquitoes. The qPCR‐HRM reactions showed a detection limit of one copy of genomic DNA when performed as single and multiplex qPCR‐HRM. The reaction efficiencies were 97.96% for human, 100.60% for dog, 99.03% for chicken, 99.92% for feline, 99.18% for cattle and 97.68% for horse. The qPCR‐HRM method, employing multiplex 1 and 2, was applied to field‐collected mosquitoes and demonstrated the ability to detect DNA from multiple blood sources within a single sample. By analysing both multiplexes, it was possible to identify up to five distinct blood sources in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus , and up to two sources in Culex coronatus . Sequencing corroborated the qPCR‐HRM results, confirming the presence of DNA from one to four different blood sources with 100% accuracy. The development of these molecular methods may contribute for identification of blood‐feeding patterns in mosquitoes. It contributes to studies on the dissemination and transmission of pathogens among various animals and humans, thereby bridging the gap between epidemiology and vector monitoring.

The barred grunt, Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758), is one of the most important marine-estuarine fish along the Brazilian coast. The present study evaluated the parasite fauna of this haemulid fish along the Southern Atlantic coast. From September 2010 to July 2011, a total of 100 specimens of C. nobilis from Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (23°01′21ʺS, 44°19′13ʺW), were examined. Ninety-seven individuals were parasitized by at least one species of metazoan, with a mean of 4.50 ± 3.54 parasites per fish. Eighteen species of parasites were collected: eight copepods, four digeneans, two cestodes, one acanthocephalan, one aspidogastrean, one isopod and one monogenean. The copepod Lernanthropus rathbuni was the most abundant and dominant species, accounting for 17.77% of all parasite specimens collected. Caligus haemulonis was the most prevalent. Prevalence and abundance of Acantholochus lamellatus and L. rathbuni tended to be higher in smaller fish, whereas those of Torticaecum sp. were higher in larger fish. The mean abundance of C. haemulonis was significantly higher in male hosts. A negative association was observed between two species of ectoparasites. The parasite community of C. nobilis was characterized by dominance of copepods, which can be related to host’s schooling behavior.