The Basics of Qualitative Research
... We have decided to use the Gioia method for generating codes, proposed by Gioia et al. (2013) [29]. We use the open coding process suggested by Strauss and Cobin (1998) [53] to identify similar and dissimilar codes from different data segments in the interview transcripts. We have made constant comparisons to develop better codes from the analysis. ...
... Our primary focus was identifying De-vOps practices affected by digital transformation trends and their associated phenomena. We went beyond just coding and aimed to identify variations and commonalities among different segments within the empirical data, similar to the thematic approach commonly used in grounded theory research [53]. ...
... In the second stage of our analysis, we categorized the identified DevOps practices into broader conceptual categories with transformation phases. We documented our decisions and refined our insights iteratively as our understanding evolved [53]. ...
Digital transformation uses technology to adapt to changing
market landscapes and generate value in the digital economy. DevOps is a
software development practice that helps companies manage their software
development processes efficiently and reliably. Our study aims to understand DevOps professionals and the principles, practices, and values that promote change through digital transformation. We interviewed 12 professionals to understand their perceptions regarding DevOps-led digital transformation. Our findings indicate that digital transformation is influenced by various factors, including the advocacy of digital and entrepreneurial awareness, cultivation of a transparent organizational culture, embracement of an experimental mindset, stress on automation, security, and adherence to regulations, promotion of innovative working methodologies such as Agile and Lean, and leadership in driving transformation through changes in tools
and technologies., and leadership that drive change. By embracing these values and practices, organizations can elevate their digital transformation efforts and maintain a competitive edge. We recommend implementing these practices and fostering a corresponding culture to contribute significantly to DevOps and digital transformation initiatives.
... (p. 4) [15] This quote aligns with our understanding of qualitative research principles and resonates with our role as researchers throughout the research process. Our research was guided by a constructivist-interpretivist paradigm. ...
... [16]). Aligned with this perspective and following Corbin and Strauss [15], we argue that the formulation of concepts and theories stems from our role as researchers constructing and interpreting the stories, experiences, and narratives of the participants. In line with the constructivist-interpretivist paradigm, we believe that the research process is influenced not only by the participants, but also by the researchers' values, interpretations, and personal experiences. ...
... Different approaches to Grounded Theory have evolved over time. For our research, we followed the constructivist approach as put forward by Corbin and Strauss [15]. ...
The current demographic change means that young psychotherapists and older patients will increasingly come into contact. Unique for this constellation is the intergenerational therapeutic relationship, which forms the basis of psychotherapy, but has not yet been the focus of empirical research. This qualitative study provides preliminary insights into how older patients (aged over 65) experience and perceive the therapeutic relationship with young psychotherapists (aged in their mid-20s to mid-30s). We conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve older patients (8 women, 4 men) and analysed their data using the grounded theory approach. We found a connection between the type of transference a participant demonstrated and their biographical as well as social experiences, desires, and fantasies. Overall, a tendency to seek harmony was observed among the participants, which was reflected in their behaviour towards young psychotherapists: (a) conflict avoidance, (b) (fantasised) therapy discontinuation, (c) adaption/subordination, and (d) solidarity, support, and protection. Our findings demonstrated that various intergenerational transference phenomena, including the roles in which young therapists are perceived, are associated with certain particularities and challenges, such as the topic of sexuality. It can be valuable for young psychotherapists to become aware of a potential role reversal that may result in older patients trying to support them.
... Each participant's responses were synthesized to reveal the main themes for each age group. This analytical approach made it possible to compare opinions, determine similarities and differences in the data [37,38] and identify specificities according to age group. Two additional interviews per age group were carried out to confirm the results and reach data saturation. ...
... Younger women (aged [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] were more likely to opt for USS if offered a choice between the two kit modalities (8 out of 11 women): "The urine kit looks like something you'd use to urinate at a festival, so it's perhaps more suited to our generation" (FG 3); "Despite fears about sample transfer, we're more used to doing urinalysis, it's simpler, quicker, it's in keeping with the rest" (W23 USS); "If the urine kit is as reliable, I'd choose the urine kit" (W21 USS). ...
Cervical cancer (CC) was diagnosed in 3159 women in France in 2023, and 1117 died from it. Organized screening for cervical cancer is potentially very effective for participating women. However, reaching under-screened populations remains a major challenge. The present qualitative study explored women’s opinions on what discourages or encourages them to participate in CC screening and assessed the acceptability of two experimental strategies (urinary or vaginal self-sampling kits) to increase the screening coverage in three rural French administrative departments with low medical density and/or low screening participation rates. Forty-eight semi-structured interviews and four focus groups were conducted by a team of psychologists. Results showed that the participants accepted at-home self-sampling to reach non-participating women in medically underserved areas. However, they suggested that the type of kit sent should be adapted to the patient’s profile (embarrassment from earlier exams, cultural aspects, fear of invasiveness, etc.), and that kits should be simple to use (in understandable language taking sociocultural aspects into account). Women wished to be assured that testing on self-samples is accurate and needed information about further actions in case of a positive result.
... survey and independently analyzed responses using conventional content analysis [27,28]. Selective coding occurred in the final stage of analysis, allowing for the development of overarching themes [27][28][29]. ...
... survey and independently analyzed responses using conventional content analysis [27,28]. Selective coding occurred in the final stage of analysis, allowing for the development of overarching themes [27][28][29]. Disagreements were resolved through consensus discussion between team members (TA, LS, & CY). The results of the qualitative analysis are reported separately. ...
Background
Transgender people encounter significant barriers when seeking timely, high-quality healthcare, resulting in unmet medical needs with increased rates of diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV. The paucity of postgraduate medical education to invest in standardization of transgender health training sustains these barriers, leaving physicians feeling unprepared and averse to provide transgender health care. Closing this education gap and improving transgender healthcare necessitates the development of consensus-built transgender health objectives of training (THOOT), particularly in Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism Residency programs.
Methods
We conducted a two-round modified-Delphi process involving a nationally representative panel of experts, including Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism program directors, physician content experts, residents, and transgender community members, to identify THOOT for inclusion in Canadian Endocrinology and Metabolism Residency programs. Participants used a 5-point Likert scale to assess THOOT importance for curricular inclusion, with opportunities for written feedback. Data was collected through Qualtrics and analyzed after each round.
Findings
In the first Delphi round, panelists reviewed and rated 81 literature extracted THOOT, achieving consensus on all objectives. Following panelists’ feedback, 5 THOOT were added, 9 removed, 34 consolidated into 12 objectives, and 47 were rephrased or retained. In the second Delphi round, panelists assessed 55 THOOT. Consensus was established for 8 THOOT. Program directors’ post-Delphi feedback further consolidated objectives to arrive at 4 THOOT for curriculum inclusion.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first time a consensus-based approach has been used to establish THOOT for any subspecialty postgraduate medicine program across Canada or the United States. Our results lay the foundation towards health equity and social justice in transgender health medical education, offering a blueprint for future innovations.
... Dellinger and Leech (2017) agree with the aforementioned assertion and claim that q ualitative research does not rely on employing numbers or measures and instead foc uses on situations that cannot be sufficiently explained by statistics. Strauss and Corbin (1990) add that, qualitative research has three components, which include: ...
Matric learner's poor academic performance is one of the main challenges that South
Africa is faced with, particularly, in the Eastern Cape. In this study, the coverage of the
Daily Dispatch newspaper on the low matric pass rate in rural Eastern Cape
communities between 2015 and 2019 was identified, described, and examined.
Quintile one (1) to three (3) schools in the Eastern Cape were the subject of this thesis
as they constantly receive the lowest performance ratings.
The qualitative research method was used to respond to this study’s research
questions and investigate the reasons behind the representation of the low matric pass
rate in rural Eastern Cape.
The findings revealed that the Daily Dispatch covers the low matric pass rate
unfavourably with no coverage of how, by whom, or when the matric pass rate can be
improved. The reasons for the poor matric pass rate in quantile 1-3 schools are not
sufficiently covered, and the majority of the relevant sources were not included in the
articles. It was also discovered that the ownership of the Daily Dispatch impacts the
quality of news produced.
This therefore goes against the media’s role which includes offering the public concise,
unbiased, and comprehensive news alerts to ensure that the society is made aware
of the world they live in, especially on their issues of interests.
... Qualitative research aims to delve into a problem and develop a comprehensive understanding of a central phenomenon (Creswell, 2012). Strauss and Corbin (1998) assert that qualitative methods are particularly valuable for exploring intricate aspects of phenomena, such as emotions, thoughts, and feelings, which are challenging to extract or grasp through conventional means (p.11). ...
Values education spans a lifetime, commencing in homes and extending through societal influence and formal schooling. This study aims to delve into primary school teachers' insights on values education within primary education. Adoptinga qualitative method, the research relied on interviews as the primary source of data collection. The participants, drawn from ten schools in the North and South Dhaka City Corporation, were selected through purposive sampling, a subset of intentional sampling. Theoretically, grounded in Kohlberg's moral development theory, this study uncovered that introducing values education early significantly bolsters children's readiness for the future, shapes their character, and nurtures enduring values. Several actors are responsible for shaping the values of education of children. However, participants highlighted the pivotal role of parents in this educational journey. The findings suggested that valueseducation could either be a standalone subject or incorporated into existing courses, with an emphasis on using case studies and drama to impart appropriate behaviors and cultivate empathy among students.
... Textual coding and analysis were carried out with ATLAS/ti and accepted practices for qualitative research (Miles & Huberman, 1994;Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Based on in-depth interviews, a "start list" of 21 descriptive codes was developed. ...
Qualitative research, including in-depth interviews with adults and drawings by children, was used to examine and evaluate changes and transformations in the family structures of immigrants living in Denizli and Aydın after migrating to Turkey because of political pressure and war. The research involved eight immigrant parents and 14 elementary school students. Despite limitations in scope and number of participants, this study was designed to contribute to the literature. Its findings show that although immigrants are satisfied and happy with their migration to Turkey, they have endured some negative effects. Some of these negative effects are unemployment, language barrier, being away from their home country, and also migration hurts immigrants economically, bringing with it negative social effects on immigrants’ status and economic class.
... To analyze the interviews, we performed an open coding approach where we coded the interviews inspired by the initial procedure for the grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin [9]. Two researchers conducted and coded the interviews over an average of three iterative cycles. ...
... For the present study, we performed a thematic analysis, drawing on elements of grounded theory, combining both inductive and deductive elements. 23 We used open, axial, and selective coding, 24 supported by NVivo 14. We used data from 10 individual interviews with relatives of patients with advanced cancer, as well as 16 dyad interviews involving both patients with advanced cancer and their relatives. ...
Objective
To obtain insight into adaptation processes of redefining normality and its influencing factors in relatives of patients with advanced cancer.
Methods
An exploratory qualitative study among relatives of patients with advanced cancer was conducted. Participants were purposively recruited. Ten in‐depth individual (relative only) and 16 dyad (relative and patient together) interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by means of thematic analysis, drawing on elements of grounded theory, combining both inductive and deductive elements.
Results
Two adaptation processes of (redefining) normality were identified: assimilation and accommodation. The latter was found to be the main way of adapting to new events. Assimilative coping strategies entailed “continuing to do the same activities as done before the disease,” “difficulty accepting the situation,” “avoiding to think about the disease,” and “living in the short term.” Accommodative strategies involved “arranging practical matters,” “thinking about the future,” “doing what is feasible,” “engaging in new activities,” “accepting the situation,” “seeking distraction,” “living in the short term,” and “focusing on what truly matters in life.” The interplay between the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, a deteriorating disease status, and the accompanying uncertainty about the future was of influence on the relatives' coping strategies.
Conclusion
When the new situation is too divergent to assimilate, accommodation may be necessary for relatives to cope with the growing complexity of the consequences of their loved one's illness. Accommodative coping then involves accepting the changing reality and actively making the necessary adjustments to build resilience and cope with the new circumstances.
... Por otro lado, los datos cualitativos serán analizados mediante codificación abierta, axial y selectiva para desarrollar categorías y subcategorías temáticas que reflejen las experiencias y percepciones de los participantes (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). ...
La presente investigación explora la transformación digital en la Universidad Internacional San Isidro Labrador en Costa Rica, centrándose en su impacto en los procesos pedagógicos y administrativos, y en la necesidad de desarrollar competencias tecnológicas en docentes y estudiantes. El objetivo general es evaluar cómo la digitalización afecta la educación superior y proponer estrategias para una adaptación efectiva al entorno digital. Mediante un enfoque metodológico mixto, que combina técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas, se recopiló y analizó la información. Los hallazgos revelan una brecha significativa en la adopción y uso de tecnologías digitales, destacando la importancia de competencias tecnológicas específicas. Las conclusiones subrayan la necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura tecnológica, la capacitación en competencias digitales y la promoción de una cultura de innovación. Se recomienda la implementación de programas de formación continua y la evaluación constante de estrategias de digitalización.
... Data analysis relied on grounded theory techniques, which is an inductive approach to developing thematic patterns and conceptualizing theory that is "grounded" within the data (see, Charmaz, 2006). This analytical technique consisted of a three-stage process (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). First, we analyzed the same transcripts through line-by-line coding until all the authors gained a consensus. ...
As millions of parents are held behind bars, there is a growing concern not only for the outcome for these individuals, but for their children. Researchers have pointed to familial socialization as a way for children to navigate their perceived social iden- tities and combat negative outcomes. Thus, this study explored how family members mitigate adverse life outcomes for 82 adult children of incarcerated parents in a similar function as other social identifications. The findings illustrate four intercon- nected agents of parental incarceration socialization: “the talk,” familial beliefs, relationship with the incarcerated parent, and expression and navigation. Similar to other social identities, a socialization process occurs for children of incarcerated parents, which informs how they should navigate society. This includes what to say to others, how to interact with the criminal legal system, how people will perceive them, and the challenges and opportunities they may face from childhood to adulthood.
... In our previous interviews, we found that members may have diverse opinions and interests about TAMFI, and that this may have an influence on the association. by using "theoretical lenses", or a reading grid, that sets the theoretical perspective from which the data are studied and interpreted (Glaser 1978;Strauss and Corbin 1998;Guillemette and Luckerhoff 2012). In our case, numerous challenges faced by TAMFI emerged from the interviews and related to free riding and to the collective management of the MFA by member MFIs. ...
Given recent criticisms, orienting the practices of microfinance institutions towards the achievement of their social missions is critical. Going beyond the dichotomous “government-or-market” view, we investigate a fundamental but barely studied actor: professional microfinance associations (MFAs). Despite their central position and the roles that they aim to endorse in the field, MFAs face organizational and governance obstacles limiting their impact, including free riding among member organizations. Our study explores the root causes of free riding within microfinance associations. Thanks to a three-month stay at the Tanzanian MFA, TAMFI, we carried out an immersive fieldwork, which enabled us to collect diverse types of qualitative data, in an inductive perspective: observations during multiple events related to TAMFI’s activities and initiatives, multiple semi-directed interviews with key, local, stakeholders, and reviews of specific documents and reports available at the MFA. Discovering the organizational issues faced by the MFA, we used Elinor Ostrom’s institutional design principles for governing collective action as theoretical lenses, which helped explain some of the mechanisms preventing the MFA to play its desired roles. Among root causes of free riding, we identified trade-offs related to membership heterogeneity, inappropriate distribution of inputs and outputs among member organizations, the lack of monitoring and sanctioning capacity of the associations, and a weak integration into regulatory processes, especially. With a theoretical contribution, we also suggest interdependencies among these institutional issues, which should be considered when governing microfinance associations.
... Specifically, we employed a qualitative methodology. [40][41][42] More specifically, focus groups are considered the most relevant method for studying interactions, behaviours, and power relationships between generations, 43 particularly in so-called 'speech societies'-societies in the process of development, such as African societies. 44 In December 2022, intergenerational focus groups were conducted in Cameroon. ...
Introduction
Africa is experiencing a gradual demographic shift due to rising life expectancy and increasing urbanisation. In sub-Saharan Africa, elderly individuals typically reside with their children. The rise in life expectancy by almost a decade and the prevalence of precarious living conditions raise concerns about the sustainability of the healthcare system, which has traditionally relied on intergenerational solidarity.
Methods
The research aims to analyse the evolving role of older adults in Cameroonian society and to examine the potential impact of this change on intergenerational relationships and the health of older adults. A qualitative methodology was employed, using intergenerational focus groups in Cameroon.
Results
Traditionally, older adults held a central role in knowledge transmission through discourse. However, the modernisation of society is challenging this position.
The emergence of new technologies, particularly communication tools, is leading to a questioning of older adults’ experiential knowledge. Societal changes are contributing to a decline in respect for older adults in discourse. Older adults deplore these societal changes and fear for their place in society while young people are questioning the central role of older people in society.
Discussion
These changes could reduce the sense of usefulness of older people, with negative consequences for their health. Several studies have highlighted the impacts of ageism on the health of older adults in industrialised countries. However, there are little data on the impact of the marginalisation of older adults on their health in industrialising societies. Further research is needed to study the impact on the health of older adults.
... No evidence exists that a qualitative method has been previously used to explore the differences between fixed and growth mindsets. Five in-depth interviews using purposeful sampling (Boddy, 2016;Glaser & Strauss, 2009;Strauss & Corbin, 1990), with three boys and two girls, from 7 to 13 years old and with a middle socioeconomic status, were conducted during this stage. According to Dweck (2006), mindsets are formed at an early age and can predict an individual's future mindsets (Blackwell et al., 2007). ...
Evidence suggests that fixed and growth mindsets shape human behavior (Rucker & Galinsky, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2016;26(1):161–164); however, empirical research on mindsets is highly sensitive in terms of how they are measured. This article addresses specific limitations in measuring growth and fixed mindsets using existing scales, especially Dweck's (Self‐theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development, 2000) scale, which is the most recognized and commonly used instrument in this area. The main contribution of the article is that it develops an alternative scale that addresses these potential limitations; specifically, the proposed scale (1) measures the fixed and growth mindsets as independent constructs (note that We refer to “independence” among constructs (fixed and growth), considering that they are not just two opposite constructs of the same continuum, but different constructs. Thus, we included items for each one to capture the properties of each construct while avoiding the use of the same items in reverse coding), (2) does not use reverse coding, and (3) comprises four dimensions including important variables that should be considered when measuring mindsets: intelligence beliefs, practice and effort, challenges, and multiple intelligence. To this end, we employed a multi‐method approach by combining qualitative research with the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of a survey database to arrive at a 25‐item scale of growth and fixed mindsets. The scale, denoted as the Multidimensional Mindset Scale (MUMIS), satisfies reliability, convergent, divergent, and nomological validity tests. MUMIS opens new avenues to explore the understanding of the effects of specific intelligence beliefs, practice and effort, challenges, and multiple intelligence in fields like consumer behavior, education, psychology, and well‐being.
... Researchers coded the data independently to identify patterns and generate codes, then met together to discuss these codes. Axial coding was used to categorize the data and construct a codebook based on the themes derived from the initial open coding phase (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Six principal themes emerged, ranked in order of frequency: ...
Prior to the 2021 American Psychologist special issue “Rendered Invisible: Are Asian Americans a Model or a Marginalized Minority?” (Yip et al., 2021), only seven articles on Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations were published in the journal in 3 decades. The special issue interrogated sources of invisibility and marginalization of AANHPIs not only in the field of psychology but also in the broader national landscape. The current commentary provides a deeper dive into one of the primary drivers of AANHPI invisibility, anti-Asian biases encountered during the federal grant review process, which contributes to low funding rates and insufficient research on AANHPI communities. Despite comprising over 6% of the U.S. population, less than 1% of the National Institutes of Health’s funding portfolio supports science on AANHPI populations. This qualitative study revealed thematic barriers encountered during National Institutes of Health grant reviews. A one-time survey was circulated to professional scientific networks to obtain open-ended responses regarding applicants’ and reviewers’ experiences proposing research with AANHPI samples, resulting in data from N = 16 respondents. Respondents were asked to indicate their role in the review process (e.g., investigator, applicant, reviewer, other) and to provide open-ended responses detailing experiences of bias. Thematic coding revealed six principal themes: (1) invalidation, (2) limited reviewer knowledge, (3) oppression Olympics, (4) White comparison groups, (5) model minority myth, and (6) homogeneity of AANHPI groups. Building off these themes, this commentary concludes with five actionable policy and institutional recommendations aimed at achieving a more inclusive national research enterprise for AANHPI investigators and communities.
... Given the paucity of prior research, we selected an open-ended grounded theory approach (e.g. Glaser & Strauss, 1967;Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Through inductive reasoning and interaction between data collection and data analysis, we explored a broad range of emotion management strategies and built a theoretical model that addressed emotional issues. ...
This research aimed to explore the emotion impact factors and emotion management strategies for college students quarantined as close contacts during the COVID-19 outbreak by analyzing data collected in real time (Lee et al. in DARPA information survivability conference and exposition II, DISCEX’01, vol 1, pp 89–100, IEEE, 2001), and built an emotion impact factors—emotion management strategies model. This study was undertaken among colleges in Shanghai Omicron wave in 2022, whose scale exceeded the original outbreak in Wuhan. An exploratory qualitative research design was adopted. From March to April in 2022, in-depth interviews were carried out with 54 Chinese college students with an average age of 19.91 years during the quarantine period, who were identified as close contacts by the local Center for Disease Control and were quarantined at designated quarantine centers away from campus. Data was collected during the quarantine period and was analyzed with grounded theory approach. The results revealed that there were two paths of emotion impact factors and the corresponding emotion management strategies. Participants adopted spatial-temporal, self-care, social support and control strategies to solve emotional issues separately, when they were influenced by different cultural emotion impact factors, including spatial-temporal, personal, interpersonal and informational emotion impact factors. They adopted the same four strategies as well when influenced by the biological emotion impact factors of perceived threat and perceived efficacy (see Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 in the “Results”). These findings contribute to the framework of Hochschild’s concept of emotion management to understand how college students quarantined as close contacts adapted by combining the cultural and biological emotion impact factors, and combining the process of effort and ability aspects of emotion management during quarantine, and to expand on the concept of emotion management in the context of being in isolation for a period of time, especially in a life-stage vulnerable to emotional issues, and have implications for public health practitioners and policymakers.
... On the other hand, they included the 'cursed soldiers' in the pantheon of national symbols that should deserve respect. The Indifferents constituted a small proportion of our interviewees, but our sample, according to the logic of qualitative research, is not representative (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). It is therefore not possible to draw any further conclusions, except as a hypothesis. ...
... We used an inductive thematic approach to identify preliminary concepts, coded in a way that was based on the focus of the study and the problems that existed, and then used grounded theory to identify themes and subthemes. During the coding process, where disagreements arose, group discussions were held, and where necessary, the coding was modified [28]. The output of the codes were reviewed and discussed by all authors. ...
Background
Patient safety culture is an integral part of healthcare delivery both in Ghana and globally. Therefore, understanding how frontline health workers perceive patient safety culture and the factors that influence it is very important. This qualitative study examined the health workers’ perceptions of patient safety culture in selected regional hospitals in Ghana.
Objective
This study aimed to provide a voice concerning how frontline health workers perceive patient safety culture and explain the major barriers in ensuring it.
Method
In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 health professionals in two regional government hospitals in Ghana from March to June 2022. Participants were purposively selected and included medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists, administrators, and clinical service staff members. The inclusion criteria were one or more years of clinical experience. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes.
Result
The health professionals interviewed were 38% male and 62% female, of whom 54% were nurses, 4% were midwives, 28% were medical doctors; lab technicians, pharmacists, and human resources workers represented 2% each; and 4% were critical health nurses. Among them, 64% held a diploma and 36% held a degree or above. This study identified four main areas: general knowledge of patient safety culture, guidelines and procedures, attitudes of frontline health workers, and upgrading patient safety culture.
Conclusions
This qualitative study presents a few areas for improvement in patient safety culture. Despite their positive attitudes and knowledge of patient safety, healthcare workers expressed concerns about the implementation of patient safety policies outlined by hospitals. Healthcare professionals perceived that curriculum training on patient safety during school education and the availability of dedicated officers for patient safety at their facilities may help improve patient safety.
... This process involved breaking up and reorganizing the collected primary data to generate initial concepts and categories using abstraction, comparison, conceptual summarization, and category condensation (Corbin & Strauss, 2014). Second, this primary coding was supplemented with spindle coding to establish connections among conceptual categories and distinguish among different category levels following the approach described by Strauss and Corbin (1990). The categories were then mapped onto the four core dimensions of human resources for PWDs. ...
The concept of viewing people with disabilities (PWDs) as a valuable human resource has developed alongside the evolution of the disability paradigm and the modern economy. Nevertheless, the full potential of PWDs as a human resource has yet to be realized. The proper development and utilization of PWDs can lead to significant economic and social benefits. This study aims to develop and validate the Human Resources Scale for People with Disabilities (HRSPWD) in the context of Chinese respondents (n=1235). Exploratory factor analysis (n=600) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=635) were conducted, and the results revealed that the structure of the HRSPWD-18 features three dimensions: selection and training, appraisal and promotion, and compensation and support. The scale has been shown to exhibit good validity and reliability, thus making it a valuable tool for assessing the management of human resources among this population.
... accordingly, as can be easily observed in table 2 above, the analysis of the OcB measurement scales shows that measurement is based on a small set of conventional scales and that OcB in different and several sectors is most often studied through quantitative surveys (for details, see Research Methods, pp. 9). the above table indicates the OcB studies measurement scales that are followed or developed by the authors of OcB studies. in this regard, the majority of the OcB studies' measurement scales were developed by the authors themselves, based on multiple scales, which cover 15(20%) of the total studies, and the remaining scales were adapted from various scholars such as Podsakoff et al. (1990), 9(17%); williams and anderson (1991), 3(5%); Organ (1988), 2(4%); Podsakoff et al. (1997), 2(4%); Farh et al. (1997), 2(4%); lePine et al. (2002), 1(2%); Moorman and Blakely (1995), 1(2%); Strauss and corbin (1990), 1(2%); Fox and Spector (1994), 1(2%); Hunt et al. (1985), 1(2%). likewise, a considerable number of studies, which account for 15(28%), either adapted other scales or did not have entirely used OcB measurement scales or did not clearly state the scales in their studies. ...
This review study investigated two main questions on organizational citizenship behavior: first, how is OCB conceptualized in management studies? And the second question is, what are the antecedents of OCB in management studies? The study used a systematic review strategy to address the above questions. In this respect, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed to select 53 relevant articles from the total of 2367 OCB articles obtained from various databases for analysis purpose. Other research methods were also used in the study, such as the collected data, which was analyzed via content analysis and finally presented descriptively using a descriptive research design. The finding shows that these days, OCB and OCBI/OCBO are still understood from 1988 Organ’s OCB constructs. There are limited studies on individuals’ dispositions, task characteristics, leadership behaviors, and group characteristics as types of antecedents of OCB in the existing literature. It is recommended to develop advanced OCB constructs that can be applicable to all types of organizations. As shown by the shortage of OCB studies in some types of antecedents, future researchers are advised to conduct their studies on individuals’ dispositions, task characteristics, leadership behaviors, and group characteristics using the conceptual framework suggested by this study.
... Similarly, Corbin and Strauss (2015) argue that grounded theory is a method of inquiry that is grounded in the data, rather than preconceived theories or hypotheses, and that it is oriented towards generating theory that is useful and applicable to real-world problems. ...
Generative AI (GAI) tools have recently triggered an unprecedented disruption in the industry and education sectors, with both positive and negative effects requiring investigation. Several studies have already observed how the advanced language and dialogue capabilities (GPT3/4, LLaMA, Bard etc.), visual creativity (MidJourney), and GAI's ability to adapt to different scenarios is already impacting work processes within fields like customer care, marketing, and software development. This constructivist grounded theory study uses IT vocational education and industry as an example to understand the impact, concerns, and current practices of GAI, leading to propositions for correct and effective use of GAI tools for learning. A group of students were assigned a Python project and were encouraged to use Chat-GPT 3.5 to assist them. Using these student-AI dialogues as sample cases, primary data was then collected through interviews with education/industry experts and students engaged in work-based learning. Interviews were progressively coded and analysed, with emerging theory suggesting that GAI tools are indeed revolutionising IT education and industry. Acting as advanced assistants, these tools facilitate lexically flexible conversations across diverse linguistic styles, igniting concerns regarding potential misuse. While these tools usher in enhanced accessibility and a personalized learning trajectory, it is suggested that adapting curriculum and assessment policies, fostering self-discipline, and nurturing maturity are pivotal to steering their appropriate usage. Ensuring fruitful and correct use still necessitates human intelligence with expert validation, especially in tackling large projects and addressing specialized industry-specific challenges.
... We asked participants about their experience with ChatGPT, their level of trust toward three sources (Google, Wikipedia, and ChatGPT), and the attributes and technological features that contribute to the perceived trustworthy of the information on each platform. After the focus groups/interview, we transcribed the data and analyzed them using the open-ended technique, a process of "breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing, and categorizing data" [20]. Two authors coded the data independently, following which they discussed similarities and discrepancies in their respective findings. ...
Scientific literacy requires students to generalise their scientific understanding to contexts beyond the classroom and engage in effective communication. An interdisciplinary approach with the curriculum areas of science and English could address the increasingly complex and multidisciplinary needs of future citizens. This scoping review targets research concerning written argumentation, which is typically positioned as an educational goal or demonstration of learning in English and science education. The systematic literature search process yielded a total of 260 research outputs, with a total of approximately 54,233 participants included across all outputs. Research themes in science written argumentation research were frequently related to content, scaffolding, and instructional style, while English written argumentation research had a more even distribution of research interests, showing a slight inclination for student characteristics and genre. It is clear that argumentation in science education should move beyond a purely objectivist emphasis on facts to a fuller consideration of perspectives, norms, and rhetorical features in English argumentation to further improve the collective scientific literacy of our learners.
This study, which uses grounded theory procedures, explores the dynamic aspects of the Civil Society Organization (CSO)-government collaboration process by considering the case of South Korea's Seoul Community Development Initiatives program. Through multi-site case studies involving 31 in-depth interviews, we identified six different patterns of how CSOs define their roles within cross-sectoral collaboration processes which are shaped by various configurations of the respective levels of government involvement and CSOs' community engagement. Our findings suggest that strong CSO leadership, previous collaboration experience , and proactive community involvement by the CSOs all play vital roles in fostering desirable outcomes for CSOs' cross-sectoral collaboration across the six patterns. K E Y W O R D S
The Bauhaus School, founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, by Walter Gropius, was a landmark in the history of design as a discipline, and its influence can still be seen today in design education and in the commercial world. The school was also a workplace, commercializing Bauhaus-designed products. While drawing global interest in its innovations, the school also faced resistance in Germany because it challenged conventions and was finally closed down shortly after the Nazis took power in 1933.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current research was to design a competency model for volunteers to be used in the RCS and Volunteers' Organization. METHODS: This research has a mixed approach and was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative phases. The first phase was done using based on grounded theory and the next phase was based on a researcher-made questionnaire. A total of 11 people including professors and experts of the RCS who were knowledgeable and experienced about the subject were studied using purposeful sampling through semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed by Maxqda-2022. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared using the indicators obtained from the qualitative section and was given to a number of population experts and Volunteers' Organizations (140 people). Data was analyzed using Smartpls3 and SPSS-26 software.
FINDINGS: According to the findings in qualitative section, causal conditions consist of 2 main categories and 4 subcategories; background includes from 1 main category and 2 sub-categories as well as central phenomenon from 4 main categories and 20 sub-categories; also, intervening conditions from 2 main categories and 4 sub-categories; and the strategies from 2 main categories, 5 sub-categories, and finally the consequences are composed of 3 main categories and 3 sub-categories. The results of the quantitative analysis also emphasize the positive and meaningful relationship between each of the strategies and the competence of the volunteers, which means that each of these strategies can be effective in designing and developing the competency model of the volunteers.
CONCLUSION: According to the results, the competency of RCS volunteers requires various factors such as mental image at the community level and the culture of meritocracy at the level of the RCS and Volunteers' Organization. In the following, the results and its consequences can be observed for the volunteers, IRCS, Volunteers' Organization, and finally for the community, beneficiaries and the affected people. All of which depend on the use of appropriate strategies to design the competency model of IRCS volunteers.
Background
Study investigating the prevalence of citation inaccuracies occurring due to intentional misuse or failed quality control has been growing, but citation inaccuracies driven by inappropriate journal policies have not been specifically addressed. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of journals’ policies requesting inconsistent citation formats between Ethiopian authors and non-Ethiopian authors for in-text citations and reference listings, and to evaluate consequences of inconsistent citation policy on publication practices and parties involved in publication.
Methods
We collected data on citation formats (author’s first, last, or full name) requested by 60 journals’ policies for citing Ethiopian authors and non-Ethiopian authors in the in-text and reference listing, and the number of references cited using each citation format type in 225 published articles published in 50 journals. We also conducted a survey of 18 Ethiopian scholars engaged in publication processes of Ethiopian journals to assess their experiences about the consequences of using inconsistent citation styles. We calculated frequencies and percentages to summarize data. We applied chi-square test and risk ratios, where appropriate, to examine the statistical significance of the prevalence of inconsistency between comparison groups and its effects on compliance with policy. We used thematic content analysis analyze the survey data.
Results
We found 19(32%) and 18(30%) citation inconsistencies between Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian authors requested by policies for in-text citation and reference listing, respectively. The corresponding inconsistencies in the published articles were 36% and 46%, respectively. In contrast, we did not find any such inconsistency for non-Ethiopian authors. Journals with inconsistent citation policies had 1.5–2.1 times risk of experiencing incompliance with policies for Ethiopian authors in the published articles than journals with consistent citation policies. Survey participants indicated that inconsistent citation formats requested and used for Ethipian authors can lead to loss of credit to cited authors and breaching scientific ethics.
Conclusions
Our study reveals a concerning inconsistency in citation styles within Ethiopian journals, sometimes deviating from established international standards. This is, to our knowledge, the first study on policy-driven citation inaccuracies that can inform national and international publishers and editors to review and amend their citation policies.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilkokul öğretmenlerinin performanslarını değerlendirmenin ne amaçla yapılması gerektiğine açıklık getirmektir. Araştırma nitel araştırma yönteminin çoklu durumu deseni ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırmada durumlar olarak öğretmenlerin performanslarının değerlendirilmesinin amaç, hedef ve karakteri ele alınmaktadır. İlkokullarda öğretmen performansının değerlendirmesinin nasıl bir yapıya sahip olması, amacı, hedefleri ve karakteri nasıl olması gerektiği konusunda katılımcıların görüşleri alınmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen çoklu durum çalışmasında maksimum çeşitlilik yöntemi ile belirlenen 25 katılımcı örneklemi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacı ile Öğretmen Performans Değerlendirme Modeli Görüşme Formu geliştirilmiştir. Analiz çalışmalarına görüşme sonucunda elde edilen kayıtların transkripsiyonu ile başlanılmıştır. Bu transkripsiyon 44287 kelimelik veri setinden oluşturulmuştur. Görüşme yöntemi ile elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesinde hem betimsel hem de içerik analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğretmen performans değerlendirmenin amacı formatif (biçimlendirici) ve summatif (değer biçici) değerlendirme şeklinde olmalıdır. Formatif değerlendirme sekiz alt kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Summatif değerlendirme ise dört alt kategoride toplanmıştır. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan, öğretmenlerin performans değerlendirmeye yönelik olumsuz algılarını azaltmaya yönelik politikalar ve yaklaşımlar uygulanabilir.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag basiert auf Daten aus dem Projekt „ErfolgInklusiv“. Auf Grundlage von narrativen Interviews mit 35 Studierenden der Universität Kassel werden Gründe für Studienzweifel und Studienabbruch bei Studierenden mit Behinderung identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass fehlende Selbsterkenntnis, Probleme beim Erhalt von medizinischen Diagnosen und Barrieren beim Zugang zu und in der Gestaltung von institutioneller Unterstützung einen Abbruch begünstigen können.
Simulation manikins have limited ability to mimic neurological exam findings, which has historically constrained their use in neurology education. We developed a cased-based simulation curriculum in which neurology trainees acted as standardized patients (SPs) and portrayed the neurologic exam for medical students.
We ran monthly simulations of two cases (acute stroke and seizure) with resident/fellow SPs. Pre-/post-session surveys assessed students’ self-rated confidence in neurological clinical skills (gathering a history, performing an exam, presenting a case) and knowledge domains. Questions about students’ attitudes about neurology were adapted from a validated assessment tool. Paired t-tests were performed for quantitative items. Qualitative thematic analysis identified key themes.
Sixty-one students participated. Post-session, students reported significantly higher self-confidence in all neurological clinical skills and knowledge domains (p < 0.002). Greater than ninety-five percent agreed the session met the learning objectives; 95% recommended it to others. Resident/fellow SPs were cited as the most effective educational component. Students appreciated evaluating acute emergencies and reported an increased interest in neurology careers.
A case-based simulation curriculum with neurology trainees portraying the SP increased students’ self-reported knowledge, skills, and confidence in managing neurological emergencies. Our intervention may improve medical student neurology education and increase interest in the field. Future research should evaluate clinical skills objectively.
This study, based on grounded theory, aims to explore the dilemmas faced by social workers in practicing the ethical values and principles in the social work profession. Specifically, we sought to understand the overlapping factors leading to the imposition of dilemmas that impede practitioners’ commitment to dealing with various ethical responsibilities. To achieve this, the study was conducted with 12 social workers employed in three social institutions in the capital, Amman. Individual interviews were used as a tool to collect data from the sample. The social workers’ narratives were coded and analyzed through various analytical processes, and the data was analyzed in light of relevant literature and previous studies. Thus, practitioners’ experiences with ethical dilemmas encountered in practice were comprehensively understood. These dilemmas relate to the lack of state recognition of social work, social workers themselves, the workplace, clients, and colleagues. The findings of this study could help officials and policymakers in developing strategies and implementing methods that support practitioners in employing ethical practices throughout their careers, thereby maintaining the positive reputation of social work and meeting the needs of clients. By seriously considering the implications of this study, the results not only serve to develop academic knowledge but also produce new tools for providing feedback that may help in the professional preparation programs for aspiring social workers.
Community resilience contributes to coping with the trauma of war and the difficulties associated with forced migration, promoting refugees’ well-being, and integration into the host context. After the Russian-Ukrainian conflict began, approximately 180 thousand Ukrainian refugees, most of whom were women and children, arrived in Italy.
This study aimed to explore the community resilience factors perceived by Ukrainian refugees in the Italian host context since the outbreak of war. The data for this study were gathered through 20 semistructured interviews that were conducted between February and December 2022 in Italy with Ukrainian women refugees and were analyzed using a grounded methodology. The themes that emerged were the definitions of community, faith and spirituality, communication and information, leadership, and social support as community resilience factors perceived by refugees. Practical implications for the host context promoting integration and well-being utilizing an ecological and multilevel perspective are discussed.
El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las percepciones acerca de la autoconfianza en el deporte. Participaron 30 jugadores (50% mujeres) de voleibol federado de un club de Mar del Plata, Argentina, de entre 14 y 18 años. Se utilizó una encuesta abierta y el procedimiento de análisis de la Teoría Fundamentada. Las categorías emergidas del análisis para describir la autoconfianza fueron: la creencia en uno mismo para el logro de objetivos; el ambiente social, fundamentalmente compañeros y entrenadores; y el autodiálogo positivo y rutinas de pre-ejecución, como estrategias más utilizadas para el aumento de la autoconfianza. Este trabajo constituye un insumo para el trabajo de profesionales del deporte en la búsqueda del bienestar y rendimiento de los deportistas jóvenes.
This chapter seeks to investigate the impact of culturally competent mentoring on college readiness for students of immigrant origin through qualitative data. Drawing from fifty-four interviews with undergraduate students at a 4-year, Minority Serving Institution, this chapter investigates how varied mentoring experiences with college preparation, at both institutional and individual levels, impact the transition into college for students of immigrant origin. We find that students identify positive experiences with both individual and institutional culturally competent mentoring. This support provides the tools to navigate from high school to college. Additionally, interview participants identify specific behaviors and practices of their mentors that align with culturally competent pedagogy. However, students who navigate through high school with culturally competent support do not necessarily find those same conditions translate to their experiences at a four-year institution. Therefore, we argue that culturally competent individual mentorship and institutional/programmatic support are critical for preparing students to enter college as well as during their higher education journeys.
This paper presents a framework for analyzing scientists' efforts to construct `do-able' research problems. A problem is `doable' when scientists can align tasks to three levels of work organization - experiment, laboratory, and social world. Articulation is the planning and coordination needed to align levels. The framework is used to analyze data from a study of basic cancer research. Its usefulness is illustrated by a case study of oncogenic antibody research in a biotechnology company. The paper discusses the role of modularity and standardized packages of tasks in facilitating `doability'. The findings suggest that attention to articulation work in the training and work processes of scientists, and to the conditions affecting alignment of levels of work organization, is necessary if doable problems are to be constructed.
Acknowledgments Preface 1. Studying scientific work 2. The institutional contexts of localization research 3. Uncertainty clinical and basic research 4. Triangulating clinical and basic research 5. The debate about cerebral localization 6. The mind/brain problem: parallelism and localization 7. The legacy of localizationism Appendices Notes Indexes.
This article proposes the use of two qualitative research methodologies-Heideggerian hermeneutics and grounded theory-as a way to understand complex human phenomena. The hermeneutic method uses "thick description," "paradigm cases," "exemplars," and "the-matic analysis" to discover meanings and ways of being (practices) in lived experiences. The aim of grounded theory methodology is to generate an analytic schema called "a substantive grounded theory' that conceptually explains basic social processes at a higher level of abstraction. While each has its own integrity and yields different outcomes, triangulation of these two qualitative methods in one study can illuminate clinical realities that elude alternative approaches. Hermeneutics reveals the uniqueness of shared meanings and common practices that can inform the way we think about our practice; grounded theory provides a conceptual framework useful for planning interventions and further quantitative research.
The teaching of qualitative analysis in the social sciences is rarely undertaken in a structured way. This handbook is designed to remedy that and to present students and researchers with a systematic method for interpreting qualitative data', whether derived from interviews, field notes, or documentary materials. The special emphasis of the book is on how to develop theory through qualitative analysis. The reader is provided with the tools for doing qualitative analysis, such as codes, memos, memo sequences, theoretical sampling and comparative analysis, and diagrams, all of which are abundantly illustrated by actual examples drawn from the author's own varied qualitative research and research consultations, as well as from his research seminars. Many of the procedural discussions are concluded with rules of thumb that can usefully guide the researchers' analytic operations. The difficulties that beginners encounter when doing qualitative analysis and the kinds of persistent questions they raise are also discussed, as is the problem of how to integrate analyses. In addition, there is a chapter on the teaching of qualitative analysis and the giving of useful advice during research consultations, and there is a discussion of the preparation of material for publication. The book has been written not only for sociologists but for all researchers in the social sciences and in such fields as education, public health, nursing, and administration who employ qualitative methods in their work.
the issue of valid knowledge in qualitative social research will here be pursued in three directions / a questioning of the subject matter investigated / a questioning of the concept of true knowledge / a questioning of the validity of the validity question
[attempts] to circumvent a contemporary polarity of neglect and reification of validity in social research / one danger of the focus on validity may be that it fosters an emphasis upon the verification of existing knowledge rather than the generation of new knowledge (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The social structure of an Italian slum. This is an important socio-anthropological study of part of a modern community. Harvard Book List (edited) 1949 #476 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
EXAMINING THE "WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE CAUGHT IN CRISIS SITUATIONS DEVELOP A WORKING ORIENTATION . . ." THE BOOK PRESENTS AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF RUMORS AS INDICATIVE OF SOCIAL CHANGE. THE STUDY GIVES ATTENTION TO (1) ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF RUMOR, (2) THE FAILURE OF FORMAL NEWS CHANNELS, (3) PROBLEM-SOLVING THROUGH DELIBERATION, (4) SUGGESTIBILITY AND BEHAVIORAL CONTAGION, (5) THE FORMATION OF POPULAR BELIEFS, (6) SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF RUMOR, AND (7) THE POLITICAL MANIPULATION OF RUMOR. A LIST OF CASE STUDIES IS INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIX. (28 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Common understandings about the ancestry of “participant observation” as now defined are historically misleading. In the prewar texts taken as ancestors, access to meanings was not associated with participation per se, and where participation was used data might be quantified and were not distinguished from data from other sources; the term “participant observation” was not widely current, and only gradually developed its present meanings. Methods are defined in relation to the perceived alternatives, and it was only in the 1940s that the current set of alternatives emerged. To understand earlier writers' conceptions, their work must be related to its context.
This is the ninth ERIC/ECTJ Annual Review Paper, preparation of which was supported by the ERIC (Educational Resources Information
Center) Clearinghouse on Information Resources, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. The material in this article was
prepared pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S. Department of Education. Contractors undertaking
such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their judgment in professional and technical matters.
Points of view or opinions do not necessarily represent the official view or opinion of NIE. The author is grateful to David
Clark, Larry Havlicek, Robert Heinich, John McLaughlin, Cecil Miskel, and Robert Wolf for their careful critique of an earlier
version of 1his paper, and to his wife, Yvonna Lincoln, from whose joint work with the author in other contexts many of the
ideas expressed in this paper emanated.
The paper is an attempt to conceptualize the division of labor in terms of work. This perspective leads to a necessary distinction between work and workers, and its implications. Among the main considerations discussed are actor, accountability, division of rights versus division of labor, work patterns and interactional styles, rapidly changing organizations and industries in relation to their divisions of labor, and reciprocal macro and micro impacts. Some research implications are also discussed.
This paper focuses on using the grounded theory method to study social psychological themes which cut across diverse chronic illnesses. The grounded theory method is presented as a method having both phenomenological and positivistic roots, which leads to confusion and misinterpretations of the method. A social constructionist version and application of grounded theory are introduced after brief overviews of the method and of the debates it has engendered are provided. Next, phases in developing concepts and theoretical frameworks through using the grounded theory approach are discussed. These phases include: (1) developing and refining the research and data collection questions, (2) raising terms to concepts, (3) asking more conceptual questions on a generic level and (4) making further discoveries and clarifying concepts through writing and rewriting. Throughout the discussion, examples and illustrations are derived from two recent papers, 'Disclosing Illness' and 'Struggling for a Self: Identity Levels of the Chronically Ill'. Last, the merits of the method for theoretical development are discussed.
This exploratory longitudinal study addresses how a group of chronically ill pregnant women managed the medical risk factors associated with their pregnancies through a process termed protective governing. Protective governing was carried out through the strategies of assessing, balancing, and controlling. The respondents were 20 women with chronic illnesses of varying types. Data were gathered by means of four in‐depth interviews, two prior to delivery and two during the postpartum period, and by observations during prenatal visits, in the hospital, and at home. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory method.
Management of chronic illness by couples, within the context of their lives, has the potential to become problematic, especially if the illness is severe. Working together collaboratively appears to be one way that some couples are able to prevent, resolve, or circumvent problems and go on to do the illness and biographic work that is necessary to manage both the illness and their lives. This paper explores what collaboration is, how it works, and what happens when it breaks down. It also offers a three-step program for nursing intervention in cases where collaboration has either broken down or never existed.
This paper is about the complexities of understanding the medical technology scene. A variety of attacks and defences on and of this scene - largely simplistic and encapsulated in catchwords and phrases like 'dehumanization,' 'rising hospital costs,' 'quality of life' - have gained currency. There is a need to recognize the complexities stemming from medical technology, but also to find explanatory patterns. This paper uses the labor and delivery ward and the intensive care nursery (ICN) in the service of illuminating these complexities and patterns.
Under what conditions does an entire line of scientific work become controversial, and with what consequences? Nuclear physics, environmental studies, and sociobiology are familiar examples of controversial sciences. The case examined here is the development of American reproductive sciences over the past century, shaped by four domains of controversy: (1) association with sexuality and reproduction; (2) association with clinical quackery and hotly debated treatments; (3) association with controversial social movements; and (4) the capacity of reproductive sciences to create “Brave New Worlds.” Scientists' strategies for managing controversy are delineated.The framework used is arena analysis, and the paper concludes with rudiments of a conditional theory of status as a controversial “boundary world.”
Speaking of ethnoff-aphy
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Pathways from heroin addiction
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