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The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit Formation
... It has been shown that the reason for the manager's fear of the happiness of his employees is his personality traits, interdependence, benign stress, as well as the idea that his employees will not be able to focus on work after an overdose of happiness, they will experience an intoxication of happiness, and that every good and fun event will be bad after all. As a result of the investigations, inspired by Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the "Inverted-U Model of Employee Happiness (IUMEH)" was developed in this study. In the related study, it is aimed to reveal the individual and organizational harmful aspects of overdose employee happiness in business life, and it is thought that a significant contribution has been made to the literature, especially by presenting a model for the managers to interpret the operation correctly and to improve the self-awareness of the employees. ...
... In addition, it is necessary to emphasize the aspect of benign stress that leads the person to achieve the goal, when he enjoys working, during the completion of a project on which the stress is focused, or while completing any task that falls on him. Yerkes and Dodson's (1908) Inverted-U Model has been an important study in terms of enabling organizations, managers and leaders to see the sometimes beneficial and sometimes harmful aspects of stress. Beneficial stress is harmonious and constructive, whereas destructive stress contains maladaptive and harmful features (Örücü et al., 2011). ...
... Psychologists Yerkes and Dodson (1908) in their studies on the effects of stress on the decision-making abilities of mice, found that the responses vary according to the stress intensities, and they used the Inverted-U Model (The Inverted-U Model, also called Yerkes and Dodson's Law) (Turgut and Turunç, 2017). Using this model, for example, Anderson (1990) and Levitt and Gutin (1971) have shown that too high or too low arousal or stress level will significantly reduce performance. ...
In recent years, the management literature has begun to deal with individual and organizational results after happiness rather than the pursuit of happiness in business life and finally reaching happiness. After the fact that everything in an overdose is harmful, it has become the subject of even more research with paradoxical results that happiness that evokes positive emotions is not as innocent as it seems. In this study, which aims to reveal the harmful effects of overdose of employee happiness, the reasons for the manager’s fear - or anxiety - about the happiness of his employees are interpreted. The Inverted-U Model of Employee Happiness (IUMEH) has been developed and individual work outputs have been evaluated in three areas that (1) support happiness, (2) reflect balanced happiness, and (3) turn negative with an overdose of happiness intoxication. It has been suggested that IUMEH, which is thought to contribute to the literature as it is the first descriptive model to emerge, should be supported by applied studies, and it has been reminded that the curvilinear aspect of the model may include differences in terms of culture, type and characteristics of job, private, public or non-profit enterprises, generations of managers and the level of managers (front-line, middle level and senior level etc.).
... The intricate relationship between stress and productivity has been a subject of extensive research across various disciplines [1][2][3]. Pioneering theories like the Yerkes-Dodson law [1] have proposed an inverted U-shaped function, suggesting an optimal level of stress that interaction between physiological signals and cognitive processes, opening new avenues for research in productivity, especially in remote work settings [50][51][52][53]. Additionally, these insights have the potential to inform the development of innovative closed-loop control systems for performance regulation and mental health monitoring [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. ...
... The intricate relationship between stress and productivity has been a subject of extensive research across various disciplines [1][2][3]. Pioneering theories like the Yerkes-Dodson law [1] have proposed an inverted U-shaped function, suggesting an optimal level of stress that interaction between physiological signals and cognitive processes, opening new avenues for research in productivity, especially in remote work settings [50][51][52][53]. Additionally, these insights have the potential to inform the development of innovative closed-loop control systems for performance regulation and mental health monitoring [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. ...
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Cognitive Arousal, frequently elicited by environmental stressors that exceed personal coping resources, manifests in measurable physiological markers, notably in galvanic skin responses. This effect is prominent in cognitive tasks such as composition, where fluctuations in these biomarkers correlate with individual expressiveness. It is crucial to understand the nexus between cognitive arousal and expressiveness. However, there has not been a concrete study that investigates this inter-relation concurrently. Addressing this, we introduce an innovative methodology for simultaneous monitoring of these elements. Our strategy employs Bayesian analysis in a multi-state filtering format to dissect psychomotor performance (captured through typing speed), galvanic skin response or skin conductance (SC), and heart rate variability (HRV). This integrative analysis facilitates the quantification of expressive behavior and arousal states. At the core, we deploy a state-space model connecting one latent psychological arousal condition to neural activities impacting sweating (inferred through SC responses) and another latent state to expressive behavior during typing. These states are concurrently evaluated with model parameters using an expectation-maximization algorithms approach. Assessments using both computer-simulated data and experimental data substantiate the validity of our approach. Outcomes display distinguishable latent state patterns in expressive typing and arousal across different computer software used in office management, offering profound implications for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and productivity analysis. This research marks a significant advancement in decoding human productivity dynamics, with extensive repercussions for optimizing performance in telecommuting scenarios.
... The Yerkes-Dodson Law posits that performance initially improves as stress or arousal levels increase until an optimal level of arousal is reached, beyond which further increases may impair performance [10,11]. Performance tends to decline when cognitive limits are exceeded. ...
... In addition, our analysis used a linear mixed-effects model to dissect the relationship between cognitive load and pupil size, accounting for individual variances [27]. This nuanced approach revealed a more pronounced inverted U-shaped trend in the second trial, consistent with the claims of the Yerkes-Dodson law [10,11]. These findings highlight the feasibility of monitoring pupil size to identify individual cognitive limits, thereby facilitating the adjustment of task load to improve individual performance [12,28]. ...
Pupil size is a significant biosignal for human behavior monitoring and can reveal much underlying information. This study explored the effects of task load, task familiarity, and gaze position on pupil response during learning a visual tracking task. We hypothesized that pupil size would increase with task load, up to a certain level before decreasing, decrease with task familiarity, and increase more when focusing on areas preceding the target than other areas. Fifteen participants were recruited for an arrow tracking learning task with incremental task load. Pupil size data were collected using a Tobii Pro Nano eye tracker. A 2 × 3 × 5 three-way factorial repeated measures ANOVA was conducted using R (version 4.2.1) to evaluate the main and interactive effects of key variables on adjusted pupil size. The association between individuals’ cognitive load, assessed by NASA-TLX, and pupil size was further analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model. We found that task repetition resulted in a reduction in pupil size; however, this effect was found to diminish as the task load increased. The main effect of task load approached statistical significance, but different trends were observed in trial 1 and trial 2. No significant difference in pupil size was detected among the three gaze positions. The relationship between pupil size and cognitive load overall followed an inverted U curve. Our study showed how pupil size changes as a function of task load, task familiarity, and gaze scanning. This finding provides sensory evidence that could improve educational outcomes.
... The relationship between arousal and performance is often discussed in the context of the Yerkes-Dodson "inverted-U" law [27]. This model posits that animals' performance on difficult tasks should be poor at both low arousal (when inattentive) and high arousal (when anxious), with optimal performance achieved during states of intermediate arousal. ...
... This study was motivated by results in both humans [18,19,58] and mice [20,22] showing that performance on auditory tasks follows an "inverted-U" relationship with arousal [1,7,27]. Despite characterization at the behavioral level, the neural origins of the non-monotonic relationship between performance and arousal are incompletely understood. ...
Performance during perceptual decision-making exhibits an inverted-U relationship with arousal, but the underlying network mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we recorded from auditory cortex (A1) of behaving mice during passive tone presentation, while tracking arousal via pupillometry. We found that tone discriminability in A1 ensembles was optimal at intermediate arousal, revealing a population-level neural correlate of the inverted-U relationship. We explained this arousal-dependent coding using a spiking network model with a clustered architecture. Specifically, we show that optimal stimulus discriminability is achieved near a transition between a multi-attractor phase with metastable cluster dynamics (low arousal) and a single-attractor phase (high arousal). Additional signatures of this transition include arousal-induced reductions of overall neural variability and the extent of stimulus-induced variability quenching, which we observed in the empirical data. Our results elucidate computational principles underlying interactions between pupil-linked arousal, sensory processing, and neural variability, and suggest a role for phase transitions in explaining nonlinear modulations of cortical computations.
... The "Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning" (IZOF) proposes an optimal performance state depending on athlete's personality, experience and the type of sport (Hanin, 2000). According to the Yerkes-Dodson law of an inverted U relationship between arousal and performance, low levels of arousal lead to boredom, while high levels of arousal cause anxiety, both resulting in deteriorated performance (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908). Therefore, we aim for an optimal level of arousal. ...
Introduction: Downhill Mountain Biking is an extreme sport requiring high mental strength to perform on the best level in a competition with only one run to win the race. The substantial challenge here is to control automatic processes like competitive anxiety and stress. Hypnosis can address these automatic processes. We developed and evaluated a hypnosis audio-intervention to activate the optimal racing mindset.
Methods: In our study, 19 elite Downhill Mountainbike athletes registered at two consecutive races of the IXS Downhill Cup. After the first race, athletes listened to the hypnosis audio-intervention. In this intervention, we instructed the athletes how to activate their optimal mental state before the second race. At both races, we measured competitive anxiety, stress, self-confidence, state resilience, and flow with validated questionnaires and assessed resting heart rate variability as physiological measure of resilience.
Results: Race-related somatic anxiety and subjective stress decreased significantly while self-confidence increased significantly from first to second race after athletes listened to the hypnosis. Heart rate variability was significantly increased at the second race indicating elevated vagal activity. When comparing race results of our participants to a control group of other elite athletes competing in the races but not listening to the hypnosis, we found that our study participants generally performed better in both races.
Conclusion: The study shows that our hypnosis intervention was effective in reducing competitive anxiety and stress while increasing perceived resilience and self-confidence: After a self-administered hypnosis session, athletes were able to improve automatic processes responsible for putting them in their mental pole position.
... Too heavy and too light a workload are both potentially dangerous. An intermediate workload is the optimal and safest range to aim for (Yerkes and Dodson 1908;Park et al. 2018). However, interaction over time with automated systems and training can also help with developing a better understanding of various situations and the limitations of the automation, and through familiarity and predictability, the human's sudden changes in workload may be mitigated. ...
As many as 4,601 people were injured or killed on the roads in Norway in 2022. This number is too high and highlights the necessity of putting road safety on the agenda. The car industry today is represented by a vast increase in advanced technology for drivers to interact with, and knowing how and when to use this technology is crucial for safe driving. Thus, our research question was: Does the Norwegian driver training industry teach advanced driver assistance technology (ADAS) and touch screens in their driver training?
A survey was distributed to 1,058 driving schools in Norway, resulting in 333 responses. The results showed that driving instructors spend considerably more effort on teaching inbuilt driving assist technologies that enhance driving safety than on those that are designed to enhance safety but that, if not understood well, could lead to hazardous outcomes. Suggestions on how to improve driver training and driving instructor education are made. Research and practical implications are presented to make sure that driving education is updated and aligned with technological advancements in the automobile industry and to ensure traffic safety for all road users.
... La relación entre la ansiedad y el rendimiento académico ha sido examinada, no solo para confirmar su existencia sino también para entender cómo se relacionan ambos componentes. Según la Ley de Yerkes-Dodson, se espera una relación no lineal entre los niveles de ansiedad y la efectividad con la que una persona puede comportarse al realizar una tarea bajo estrés (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Es decir, niveles bajos de ansiedad pueden mejorar el rendimiento académico, pero si sobrepasan cierto umbral, pueden afectarlo negativamente. ...
La ansiedad es un estado mental de intensa preocupación que puede afectar el desempeño de los estudiantes tanto positiva como negativamente. A nivel internacional, estudios recientes muestran elevados porcentajes de estudiantes diagnosticados con ansiedad y depresión. Este artículo analiza de manera cuantitativa la forma en la que se relaciona la ansiedad con el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes ecuatorianos. Se utiliza un modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) con efectos fijos por escuela para estimar una función de producción educativa. Los resultados confirman que, hasta ciertos niveles de ansiedad, los puntajes de los estudiantes mejoran. Sin embargo, una vez que los niveles de ansiedad son elevados –un umbral que es más alto para los estudiantes varones– el puntaje es afectado negativamente. Estos hallazgos resultan relevantes por dos razones. Primero, porque en la adolescencia las vivencias y las relaciones interpersonales tienen un impacto en la formación de la personalidad e influyen en la formación de habilidades cognitivas, no cognitivas y emocionales. Segundo, porque en el contexto actual, marcado por la situación post pandémica, la ansiedad se ha convertido en un estado mental frecuente. El artículo concluye reflexionando sobre la importancia de repensar los procesos pedagógicos en las escuelas, así como de analizar estrategias para introducir la salud mental en el currículo escolar.
... These results are consistent with prior findings that harm avoidance was positively related to reading fluency and [22]. A substantial literature indicates that anxiety can have a performance−enhancing role at moderate levels, though a harmful effect at higher levels, including in academic performance [26,48]. Visual examination of our data did not reveal this curvilinear relationship,however, the nature of the relationship between academic performance and anxiety varied by anxiety subtype. ...
Many studies link anxiety in children with reading difficulties, but some facets of anxiety have been found to be positively associated with reading achievement. Attentional Control Theory offers a potential explanation for these seemingly contradictory findings, positing that anxiety can both interfere in attentional processes and enhance effort and use of compensatory processing strategies. The current study examines the relationships between anxiety, attentional control, and reading performance (word reading/decoding and passage comprehension) in a racially−diverse sample of 251 s−grade students, 152 of whom had not met reading benchmarks using screening measures. Results showed that harm avoidance was positively associated with reading performance and physical symptoms of anxiety were negatively associated with reading performance. These links were attenuated when including attentional control in the model, suggesting mediation and lending support to Attentional Control Theory. Further research is needed to confirm causal mediation effects between anxiety, attentional control, and reading performance.
... The motivational potential of job insecurity continues to be of ongoing fascination to researchers and practitioners, perhaps owing to a Yerkes-Dodson type of understanding of stress and arousal (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). In that view, moderate amounts of insecurity would 'activate' employees to perform, while at low levels employees would be 'too comfortable' to do so. ...
We are grateful for the two commentaries on our lead article on job insecurity, its psychological repercussions and broader social context, which provide important additions, as well as impetus to refine and clarify our arguments. In this rejoinder, we respond to the most important points raised by the commentators: we refine our conceptualization of job insecurity, challenge the idea of job insecurity as a motivator and discuss the role of employees' immediate social context at the meso-level, as well as theoretical explanations for the fundamental mechanisms of job insecurity. We conclude by emphasizing once more the political significance of job insecurity, as well as the need for evidence-based interventions to address its root causes.
... In fact, these physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Some researchers have speculated on such mechanisms to explain inverted U-shaped relationships between exercise intensity and cognitive performance (Davey, 1973;Gutin, 1973), according to Yerkes and Dodson's law (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908): Observations of cognitive improvement at moderate exercise intensity are assumed to be induced by an optimal level of activity ("arousal"), while performance at light and very high training intensities suffers from relative under-or overactivation. However, the mechanistic basis of these arousal changes is underspecified (Pontifex et al., 2019): For example, an exercise-induced increase in brain catecholamines (especially noradrenaline and dopamine) is frequently discussed as the physiological underpinning, whereby a moderate increase in catecholamines exerts a positive influence on cognitive performance by improving the signal-to-noise ratio, however, low neuromodulation by light exercise, and an excessive increase in catecholamines by highintensity exercise seem to weaken the signal-to-noise ratio and to impair cognitive performance ("catecholamine hypothesis") (Arnsten, 2011;Cooper, 1973;McMorris et al., 2016;Sudo et al., 2022). ...
... Since the initial research conducted over a century ago by Yerkes and Dodson (1908), there has been a longstanding interest in the relationship between arousal and memory. The results of the present review suggest that acute bouts of exercise provide an ideal model to advance general theories of memory and learning. ...
Research findings reveal a relationship between acute bouts of exercise and procedural/declarative memory. Prior systematic reviews report small/moderate effects of acute exercise on episodic long-term declarative memory. A somewhat overlooked issue is the influence of exercise on specific types of episodic memory processing. The primary focus of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of acute bouts of exercise prior to, during, and following encoding on free-, cued-recall, and recognition episodic memory. PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were entered, and 42 experiments were subject to meta-analysis. Exercise prior to encoding improved memory (d = 0.23) and affected free-recall (d = 0.40) tests of memory more than cued-recall (d = 0.08) or recognition (d = −0.06) memory. Exercise following encoding improved memory (d = 0.33) and affected recognition (d = 0.62) memory more than free- (d = 0.19) or cued-recall (d = 0.14) memory. Exercise during encoding did not influence memory (d = −0.04). Moderator analyses revealed that exercise before encoding impacted memory differentially on the basis of age, exercise type, and test-timing. When exercise occurred after encoding, age and exercise type, but not timing of the test influenced memory performance. Exercise before and after encoding has selective effects on episodic memory. Additional experiments that evaluate how bouts of exercise influence memory encoding are warranted.
Systematic review registration
PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020202784.
... Tonic and phasic LC activity-and, by extension, baseline pupil size and the TEPR-are not independent of one another (e.g., Knapen et al., 2016), with their nonlinear relationship reflected on a Yerkes-Dodson curve (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Low tonic LC activity is related to inattentiveness and under-mobilization of attentional resources, which is associated with poorer performance, lower baseline pupil sizes, and reduced TEPRs. ...
Listening to speech in noise can require substantial mental effort, even among younger normal-hearing adults. The task-evoked pupil response (TEPR) has been shown to track the increased effort exerted to recognize words or sentences in increasing noise. However, few studies have examined the trajectory of listening effort across longer, more natural, stretches of speech, or the extent to which expectations about upcoming listening difficulty modulate the TEPR. Seventeen younger normal-hearing adults listened to 60-s-long audiobook passages, repeated three times in a row, at two different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) while pupil size was recorded. There was a significant interaction between SNR, repetition, and baseline pupil size on sustained listening effort. At lower baseline pupil sizes, potentially reflecting lower attention mobilization, TEPRs were more sustained in the harder SNR condition, particularly when attention mobilization remained low by the third presentation. At intermediate baseline pupil sizes, differences between conditions were largely absent, suggesting these listeners had optimally mobilized their attention for both SNRs. Lastly, at higher baseline pupil sizes, potentially reflecting overmobilization of attention, the effect of SNR was initially reversed for the second and third presentations: participants initially appeared to disengage in the harder SNR condition, resulting in reduced TEPRs that recovered in the second half of the story. Together, these findings suggest that the unfolding of listening effort over time depends critically on the extent to which individuals have successfully mobilized their attention in anticipation of difficult listening conditions.
... Just as for the experiential system, arousal is an important activation mechanism, in the context of the analytic system, it is disabling. High levels of arousal lead to impaired cognitive control and hinder systematic processing (Imbir, 2016(Imbir, , 2017Kuhbandner & Zehetleitner, 2011;Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). ...
Reading official letters and being able to react to them appropriately is part of the daily life of every adult in many countries. Although the history of the plain language movement dates to the past century, it is only now that efforts are being made in Poland to adapt official documents to their audience. In this paper, we describe the results of a study ( N = 685) in which we examined how particular linguistic forms and text structure affect the reception of an official-looking text – comprehension as well as emotions experienced, trust in the office, feelings of helplessness in the situation of reading the writing, and many other variables. Based on Imbir’s (2016, New Ideas in Psychology , 43 , 39–49), two-system theory of emotions, we aim to examine how emotions – triggered by these complex stimuli – affect their processing. We hope that the results of our interdisciplinary research will answer the questions and hypotheses posed by researchers and find application in the reforms currently underway. We believe that by linking findings from cognitive psychology, the psychology of emotions and linguistics, we will also expand knowledge in the broad discussion on overcoming barriers between administrative offices and target audiences.
... It is assumed that emotions experienced in "boring" tasks, imposing too little demands, and the resulting achievement motivation could be too low for optimal cognitive performance [61]. Partly in line with this proposal, early findings suggested, for instance, an inversely ushaped function relating physiological arousal to task performance [62]. Fourth, a very interesting possibility has recently been suggested when dual-task performance benefits over single-task performance were observed [63,64]. ...
Task batteries mimicking user tasks are of high heuristic value. Supposedly, they measure individual human aptitude regarding the task in question. However, less is often known about the underlying mechanisms or functions that account for task performance in such complex batteries. This is also true of the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB-II). The MATB-II is a computer display task. It aims to measure human control operations on a flight console. Using the MATB-II and a visual-search task measure of spatial attention, we tested if capture of spatial attention in a bottom-up or top-down way predicted performance in the MATB-II. This is important to understand for questions such as how to implement warning signals on visual displays in human–computer interaction and for what to practice during training of operating with such displays. To measure visuospatial attention, we used both classical task-performance measures (i.e., reaction times and accuracy) as well as novel unobtrusive real-time pupillometry. The latter was done as pupil size covaries with task demands. A large number of analyses showed that: (1) Top-down attention measured before and after the MATB-II was positively correlated. (2) Test-retest reliability was also given for bottom-up attention, but to a smaller degree. As expected, the two spatial attention measures were also negatively correlated with one another. However, (3) neither of the visuospatial attention measures was significantly correlated with overall MATB-II performance, nor with (4) any of the MATB-II subtask performance measures. The latter was true even if the subtask required visuospatial attention (as in the system monitoring task of the MATB-II). (5) Neither did pupillometry predict MATB-II performance, nor performance in any of the MATB-II’s subtasks. Yet, (6) pupil size discriminated between different stages of subtask performance in system monitoring. This finding indicated that temporal segregation of pupil size measures is necessary for their correct interpretation, and that caution is advised regarding average pupil-size measures of task demands across tasks and time points within tasks. Finally, we observed surprising effects of workload (or cognitive load) manipulation on MATB-II performance itself, namely, better performance under high- rather than low-workload conditions. The latter findings imply that the MATB-II itself poses a number of questions about its underlying rationale, besides allowing occasional usage in more applied research.
... The findings confirmed what was established by the Yerkes-Dobson Law in 1908, which says that a person's external stimulation can favor their performance and motivation in a given task when they are at an optimal level. This performance decreases as that optimal level is exceeded, thus forming an inverted U-shaped curve that graphs the abovementioned phenomenon (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908). The results obtained prove that anxiety about COVID-19, as a negative external stimulus, has an impact on the motivation for academic achievement (academic self-efficacy) and, consequently, also on their performance, despite not being part of the objective of this study, but it was demonstrated by previous studies. ...
Introduction
The present study aims to determine whether anxiety due to COVID-19 (AC) and disposition to critical thinking (DCT) predict academic self-efficacy (AS).
Method
The study is non-experimental, predictive, and cross-sectional. The sample was made up of 218 university students from northern Peru. The instruments used were the CAS, CTDS, and the EAPESA.
Results
The results showed that the AS was negatively and positively related to AC and DCT, respectively. AS in university students was significantly predicted by DCT (p < 0.01), while AC was not a significant predictor (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
DCT is a significant predictor of AS, while AC ins not. Strategies must be sought to improve and support this important aspect in each student to improve their disposition to critical thinking and academic self-efficacy. It is recommended for future studies to continue investigating variables associated with academic factors, such as those in this study, that lead to taking action for the effective development of university students.
High levels of mental pressure in musicians can lead to decrements in performance, but this effect may depend on individual dispositions. In this study, self-consciousness and trait anxiety were examined as predictors of decrements in performance in natural concert settings. The performance of 30 pianists was assessed in a condition without pressure (i.e., when playing alone) and in a condition with pressure (i.e., in a public concert). Audio recordings of the performances were evaluated on musical expression, technical precision, and overall performance by four independent jurors who were unaware of the condition in which they had been made. The differences between the pressure and no-pressure ratings were regressed on cognitive and somatic anxiety (assessed with an adaptation of the Competition Anxiety Inventory) as well as on public and private self-consciousness (assessed with the Self-Consciousness Scale). Participants performed better in the concert than when playing alone, despite increased state anxiety during the concert. The effect of the pressure condition on performance, however, was attenuated when participants scored high for private self-consciousness (i.e., the tendency to attend to one’s inner thoughts and feelings) but increased when they scored high for public self-consciousness (i.e., the tendency to see oneself from the outside as a social object). An attenuating effect of private self-consciousness emerged particularly for technical precision, whereas an enhancing effect of public self-consciousness emerged particularly for musical expression. The two subcomponents of self-consciousness were positively correlated, exerting a counteracting effect on overall performance ratings. Cognitive trait anxiety reduced performance quality, but only when somatic trait anxiety was not controlled for. The findings suggest a negative effect of inward-directed attention to the self (private self-consciousness) and a protective effect of habituation to outward-directed attention to the self as a social object (public self-consciousness) and may contribute to developing pedagogical activities or interventions to prevent fluctuations in performance.
Workplace stress can affect forensic experts’ job satisfaction and performance, which holds financial and other
implications for forensic service providers. Therefore, it is important to understand and manage workplace stress,
but that is not simple or straightforward. This paper explores stress as a human factor that influences forensic
expert decision-making. First, we identify and highlight three factors that mitigate decisions under stress conditions:
nature of decision, individual differences, and context of decision. Second, we situate workplace stress in
forensic science within the Challenge-Hindrance Stressor Framework. We argue that stressors in forensic science
workplaces can have a positive or a negative impact, depending on the type, level, and context of stress.
Developing an understanding of the stressors, their sources, and their possible impact can help forensic service
providers and researchers to implement context-specific interventions to manage stress at work and optimize
expert performance.
Sport psychology is the scientific study and application of psychological principles to enhance performance and well-being in sport, exercise, and physical activity. It has numerous applications to sports medicine, as psychological factors are associated with sport injury risk, recovery, successful return to play, and overall health. This article addresses how sport psychology is important to sports medicine and what applied sport psychologists do. We discuss several psychological principles and practices relevant to individual performance and well-being, including goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, imagery/mental rehearsal, attention management, managing psychological distress, and behavioral health. We also discuss principles and practices of sport psychology relevant to team performance, including stages of team development, goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, and behavioral health. Sport psychology and applied sport psychology practitioners can be valued assets to sports medicine teams in supporting individual and team performance and injury recovery.
Neuroscientific research on emotion has developed dramatically over the past decade. The cognitive neuroscience of human emotion, which has emerged as the new and thriving area of 'affective neuroscience', is rapidly rendering existing overviews of the field obsolete. This handbook provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and authoritative survey of knowledge and topics investigated in this cutting-edge field. It covers a range of topics, from face and voice perception to pain and music, as well as social behaviors and decision making. The book considers and interrogates multiple research methods, among them brain imaging and physiology measurements, as well as methods used to evaluate behavior and genetics. Editors Jorge Armony and Patrik Vuilleumier have enlisted well-known and active researchers from more than twenty institutions across three continents, bringing geographic as well as methodological breadth to the collection. This timely volume will become a key reference work for researchers and students in the growing field of neuroscience.
Neuroscientific research on emotion has developed dramatically over the past decade. The cognitive neuroscience of human emotion, which has emerged as the new and thriving area of 'affective neuroscience', is rapidly rendering existing overviews of the field obsolete. This handbook provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and authoritative survey of knowledge and topics investigated in this cutting-edge field. It covers a range of topics, from face and voice perception to pain and music, as well as social behaviors and decision making. The book considers and interrogates multiple research methods, among them brain imaging and physiology measurements, as well as methods used to evaluate behavior and genetics. Editors Jorge Armony and Patrik Vuilleumier have enlisted well-known and active researchers from more than twenty institutions across three continents, bringing geographic as well as methodological breadth to the collection. This timely volume will become a key reference work for researchers and students in the growing field of neuroscience.
Neuroscientific research on emotion has developed dramatically over the past decade. The cognitive neuroscience of human emotion, which has emerged as the new and thriving area of 'affective neuroscience', is rapidly rendering existing overviews of the field obsolete. This handbook provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and authoritative survey of knowledge and topics investigated in this cutting-edge field. It covers a range of topics, from face and voice perception to pain and music, as well as social behaviors and decision making. The book considers and interrogates multiple research methods, among them brain imaging and physiology measurements, as well as methods used to evaluate behavior and genetics. Editors Jorge Armony and Patrik Vuilleumier have enlisted well-known and active researchers from more than twenty institutions across three continents, bringing geographic as well as methodological breadth to the collection. This timely volume will become a key reference work for researchers and students in the growing field of neuroscience.
Introduction
In healthcare simulation, the appropriate level of stress produced through physiological and psychological arousal is necessary for effective experiential learning. While beneficial stress promotes learning, excessive stress inhibits learning. Animal Assisted Interventions may be a viable method to support learners experiencing excessive stress post-simulation. Animal Assisted Interventions have been used therapeutically with positive effects though there is an absence of research on Animal Assisted Interventions in healthcare simulation. This study investigates the efficacy of an Animal Assisted Intervention compared to an intervention control to reduce negative affective arousal post-simulation.
Methods
Primary Care Paramedic, Animal Health, and Respiratory Therapy students were recruited for the study. The study utilized an experimental design. After a simulation, known to induce stress and potentially negative affective arousal, participants were randomly assigned to an Animal Assisted Activity with a Canine or to Diaphragmatic Breathing. Negative affective arousal was measured post-simulation and post-intervention using a Visual Analogue Scale.
Results
Forty-five students participated in the study. Pre-intervention scores showed moderate levels of anxiety, stress and confusion. Both interventions led to a significant decrease in emotional affect. Participants in the Canine condition reported significantly lower levels of Anxiety compared to the Breathing Condition. Participants and facilitators expressed positive emotions related to the canine’s presence.
Conclusions
The presence of a canine was well received by all, and Animal Assisted Interventions can fit seamlessly into the post-simulation period to reduce anxiety after a simulation. Animal Assisted Activities may be best utilized for simulations known to be emotionally distressing and intensive.
Метою дослідження є з’ясування зв’язку параметрів емоційного інтелекту в структурі мотивації особистості та порівняння емоційного інтелекту в досліджуваних групах. Методи. Учасниками дослідження є представники різних суспільних сфер: здобувачі закладів вищої освіти, працівники виробництва, сфери обслуговування, торгівлі, транспортно-логістичного напрямку, військові та тимчасово безробітні. Віковий діапазон респондентів знаходився у межах від 18 до 57 років, загальною кількістю n=130. Використано валідні й надійні психодіагностичні інструменти, які пройшли адаптацію у вітчизняних дослідженнях: методика “Розвиток емоційного інтелекту особистості” (РЕІО) (Zarytska, 2019); опитувальник “Оцінка рівня домагань” (ОРД) (Гербачевський, 2003); методика “Мотивація досягнення успіху й уникнення невдачі” (МДУУН) (Elers, 2002). Результати. Зафіксовано тридцять п’ять позитивних і вісім негативних кореляційних зв’язків (p<.050; p<.010; p<.001) за коефіцієнтом Спірмена (rs) параметрів емоційного інтелекту з параметрами мотивації. Констатовано статистично достовірну перевагу (p<.050; p<.010; p<.001) групи 2 (високий рівень ЕІ) за параметрами мотивації: мотив самоповаги, значущість результатів, складність завдання, оцінка рівня досягнутих результатів, оцінка свого потенціалу, очікуваний рівень результатів та рівень мотивації досягнення успіху. Встановлено, що параметри мотивації “значущість результатів”, “складність завдання”, “оцінка рівня досягнутих результатів” і “оцінка свого потенціалу” пов’язані з досягненням важких цілей, що у свою чергу вимагає мобілізації емоційно-вольового потенціалу особистості. Дискусія і висновки. Обґрунтовано, що емоційний інтелект, через розуміння емоцій інших і здатність використовувати ці знання в діяльності, закономірно зв’язаний зі значною кількістю параметрів мотивації. Узагальнено, що емоційний інтелект є рушійною силою мотивації, бо саме емоції спонукають індивіда діяти, досягати мету й підкорювати чергову вершину. Рекомендовано отримані результати впроваджувати у психологічну теорію і практику.
The transition to Industry 4.0 and 5.0 underscores the need for integrating humans into manufacturing processes, shifting the focus towards customization and personalization rather than traditional mass production. However, human performance during task execution may vary. To ensure high human–robot teaming (HRT) performance, it is crucial to predict performance without negatively affecting task execution. Therefore, to predict performance indirectly, significant factors affecting human performance, such as engagement and task load (i.e., amount of cognitive, physical, and/or sensory resources required to perform a particular task), must be considered. Hence, we propose a framework to predict and maximize the HRT performance. For the prediction of task performance during the development phase, our methodology employs features extracted from physiological data as inputs. The labels for these predictions—categorized as accurate performance or inaccurate performance due to high/low task load—are meticulously crafted using a combination of the NASA TLX questionnaire, records of human performance in quality control tasks, and the application of Q-Learning to derive task-specific weights for the task load indices. This structured approach enables the deployment of our model to exclusively rely on physiological data for predicting performance, thereby achieving an accuracy rate of 95.45% in forecasting HRT performance. To maintain optimized HRT performance, this study further introduces a method of dynamically adjusting the robot’s speed in the case of low performance. This strategic adjustment is designed to effectively balance the task load, thereby enhancing the efficiency of human–robot collaboration.
Objective
The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection of pre-competition anxiety with gut microbiota and metabolites in wrestlers with different sports performances.
Methods
One week prior to a national competition, 12 wrestlers completed anxiety questionnaires. Faecal and urine samples were collected for the analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites through the high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene in conjunction with untargeted metabolomics technology. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely, achievement (CP) and no-achievement (CnP) wrestlers, on the basis of whether or not their performances placed them in the top 16 at the competition. The relationship amongst the variations in gut microbiota, metabolites, and anxiety indicators was analyzed.
Results
(1) The CP group exhibited significantly higher levels of “state self-confidence,” “self-confidence,” and “somatic state anxiety” than the CnP group. Conversely, the CP group displayed lower levels of “individual failure anxiety” and “sports competition anxiety” than the CnP group. (2) The gut microbiota in the CP group was more diverse and abundant than that in the CnP group. Pre-competition anxiety was linked to Oscillospiraceae UCG_005, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcaceae and TM7x. (3) The functions of differential metabolites in faeces and urine of the CP/CnP group were mainly enriched in caffeine metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and VEGF and mTOR signaling pathways. Common differential metabolites in feces and urine were significantly associated with multiple anxiety indicators.
Conclusions
Wrestlers with different sports performance have different pre-competition anxiety states, gut microbiota distribution and abundance and differential metabolites in faeces and urine. A certain correlation exists between these psychological and physiological indicators.
Numerous studies support the notion that emotional arousal modulates the formation of long-term memories. The amygdala, a principal component of the emotional memory system, is involved in modulating memory storage in other brain areas according to the emotional content of an encountered event. According to the concept of emotional tagging, activation of the amygdala during emotionally arousing events “tags” the experience as important by strengthening synapses located on neurons that have just been activated in other brain regions, mainly the hippocampus.
In line with this hypothesis, research has shown that activation of the amygdala by behavioral manipulations (exposing the subject to emotional content) or by electric stimulation could transform weak memories into strong, long-lasting ones. Although many studies emphasize the enhancing effect of amygdala activation on memory consolidation, a more complex picture emerges when observing emotional arousal under different conditions. Memory consolidation may be enhanced or impaired by emotional arousal, depending on such factors as the intensity of the emotional event, one’s ability to cope with it, and the timing of the event. Taking these complexities into consideration advances our understanding of the neural mechanisms behind emotional tagging and can provide insight into the neurobiology of affective disorders.
Across two online experiments, this study explored the effect of preferred background music on attentional state and performance, as well as on mood and arousal, during a vigilance task. It extended recent laboratory findings—showing an increase in task-focus and decrease in mind-wandering states with music—to environments with more distractions around participants. Participants—people who normally listen to background music during attention-demanding tasks—completed the vigilance task in their homes both with and without their chosen music and reported their attentional state, subjective arousal, and mood valence throughout the task. Experiment 1 compared music to relative silence and Experiment 2 compared music against the backdrop of continuous noise to continuous noise alone. In both experiments, music decreased mind-wandering and increased task-focus. Unlike in previous laboratory studies, in both experiments music also led to faster reaction times while increasing low-arousal external-distraction states. Importantly, mood and arousal increased with music and were shown to mediate its effects on reaction time and for the first time attentional state, both separately and together. Serial mediation effects were mostly confined to models where mood was entered first and arousal second and were consistent with the mood-arousal account of the impact of background music listening.
There is increased interest in deviant behavior in the workplace. However, research is lacking on the moral economy of such behavior. Moral economy is particularly important in contexts where syncretic forces impinge on deviant behavior. Consequently, we use moral economy reasoning to examine the relationship between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior in the African context. In Study 1, data (N = 27, 148) show an inverted U-shape effect of meta-agency and deviant behavior. In Study 2, difference-in-difference (DID) analysis of data (N = 25,387 in 2005 and N = 51,587 in 2013) shows significant DID effect of meta-agency. Primary data from Study 3 (N = 229) shows a U-shaped effect of agency and deviant behavior. In Study 4 (N = 333), a replication shows support for the U-shape effect in Study 3. The four studies thus show complex patterns that reflect U-shape and inverted U-shape relationships between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior as indicated by bribery, corruption, and unethicality. Robustness checks support the curvilinear relationships suggesting that the effects are not due to chance. We discuss implications for research and practice.
An increasing number of students in higher education are neurodivergent, shaping and challenging the practices of how staff teach in higher education. This chapter seeks to outline why higher education staff should meet the needs of neurodivergent students, and how this can be done. This chapter begins by outlining the relationship between biodiversity and neurodiversity, and definitions are provided for neurodiversity and related terms. Second, barriers neurodivergent students may face are exlored. Finally, universal design for learning is presented as a vehicle for inclusive and accessible practice, with clear examples of how this relates to neurodivergent learners. The chapter thematically reports the needs of neurodivergent learners based on both the knowledge and experience of the authors, as well as from other neurodivergent students. The themes are considered communication, technological assistance, being predictable and meeting expectations, normalising everyone's needs (or rather, normalise neurodivergence).
Schubert and Pearce (2016) contrast two modes of musical memory (more broadly, musical perception and cognition): the schematic and the veridical, which they formalise in terms of the Problem-Solving by Generalisation (PSBG) and Case-Based Memory (CBM) models, respectively. The former hypothesises the ab- straction of schematic categories as solutions to the processing of unfamiliar music, the latter the invocation of (sequentially concatenated segments of) a vast memory store of previously heard pieces as locally stored “keys” engaging with the relevant incoming “locks”. This article explores how these two models might be implemented neuronally, in terms of Calvin’s Hexagonal Cloning Theory (HCT), arguing that they can be explained as two related, indeed complementary, functions of the same un- derpinning mechanism. It also explores the cultural-evolutionary implications of the two models through the lens of memetics.
Law enforcement officers are routinely exposed to high-threat encounters that elicit physiological stress responses that impact health, performance, and safety. Therefore, self-regulation using evidence-based approaches is a priority in police research and practice. This paper describes a five-module heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) protocol that is part of a larger resilience program (the International Performance Resilience and Efficiency Program – iPREP) established in 2014. Supported by 10 years of user-informed research and development, our methods are tailored to address occupational stressors and the practical realities of training and resource availability in operational settings. Building on existing clinical methods that comprise five to six weekly sessions and up to 40-min of daily practice, our iPREP HRVB protocol is typically delivered in a condensed format across 2–3 days and is seamlessly integrated with reality-based training scenarios commonly employed in policing. By combining best practices in clinical HRVB with police-specific pedagogical frameworks, officers receive accelerated and job-relevant training to adaptively modulate autonomic responses to acute and chronic stress. Efficacy of the iPREP HRVB protocol is supported by several research studies of various methodological designs (i.e., randomized control trial, longitudinal cohort) that demonstrate immediate and sustained improvements in police performance and physiological health outcomes. We conclude with a critical appraisal of the available empirical evidence contrasting common and emerging breathing techniques proposed for use in operational policing contexts. The critical appraisal guide is intended to serve as a resource for law enforcement agencies, governing bodies, and operators when choosing appropriate and effective self-regulation training approaches.
Although background music listening during attention-demanding tasks is common, there is little research on how it affects fluctuations in attentional state and how these fluctuations are linked to physiological arousal. The present study built on Kiss and Linnell (2021) - showing a decrease in mind-wandering and increase in task-focus states with background music - to explore the link between attentional state and arousal with and without background music. 39 students between the ages of 19–32 completed a variation of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task in silence and with their self-selected background music (music they would normally listen to during attention-demanding tasks). Objective arousal measures (pretrial pupil diameter and task-evoked pupillary responses) and subjective attentional state measures (mind-wandering, task-focus, and external-distraction states) were collected throughout the task. Results showed a link between attentional state and arousal and indicated that background music increased arousal. Importantly, arousal mediated the effect of music to decrease mind-wandering and increase task-focus attentional states, suggesting that the arousal increase induced by music was behind the changes in attentional states. These findings show, for the first time in the context of background music listening, that there is a link between arousal and attentional state.
Recent meta-analyses suggest that certain drugs act as cognitive enhancers and can increase attentional investment and performance even for healthy adults. The current review examines the potential of behavioral economics enhancers (BEEs) for similarly improving cognitive performance and judgments. Traditionally, behavioral economics theory has adopted a skeptical approach regarding the notion of whether individuals can overcome judgment biases through variables that increase cognitive effort. We focus mostly on the effects of two BEEs: incentivization and losses. Summarizing results from different meta-analyses, we find a small but robust positive effect size for BEEs, with comparable effect sizes to those found in studies of pharmacological cognitive enhancers.
Noting the popular psychology embrace of “self-care,” in this study, we sought to assess the relationship between self-care behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in school psychology graduate students. Participants were recruited from the National Association of School Psychology (NASP) approved graduate training programs. A total of 318 school psychology graduate students at the master’s, specialist, and doctoral levels completed our survey. School psychology graduate students most frequently engage in psychological and relational self-care practices, like maintaining meaningful relationships and allowing themselves to be uncertain. They are least commonly engaging in spiritual self-care practices, such as attending religious services and advocacy work. We found significant relationships between engagement in self-care behaviors and decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results of this study have implications for trainers of school psychology to model and teach self-care, and for school psychologists in training and in practice to engage in self-care behaviors.
Maintaining vigilance is essential for many everyday tasks, but over time, our ability to sustain it inevitably decreases, potentially entailing severe consequences. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has proven to be useful for studying and improving vigilance. This study explores if/how cognitive load affects the mitigatory effects of HD-tDCS on the vigilance decrement. Participants (N = 120) completed a modified ANTI-Vea task (single or dual load) while receiving either sham or anodal HD-tDCS over the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC). This data was compared with data from prior studies (N = 120), where participants completed the standard ANTI-Vea task (triple load task), combined with the same HD-tDCS protocol. Against our hypotheses, both the single and dual load conditions showed a significant executive vigilance (EV) decrement, which was not affected by the application of rPPC HD-tDCS. On the contrary, the most cognitively demanding task (triple task) showed the greatest EV decrement; importantly, it was also with the triple task that a significant mitigatory effect of the HD-tDCS intervention was observed. The present study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the specific effects of HD-tDCS on the vigilance decrement considering cognitive demands. This can ultimately contribute to reconciling heterogeneous effects observed in past research and fine-tuning its future clinical application.
Objective
To evaluate a personalized adaptive training program designed for stress prevention using graduated stress exposure.
Background
Astronauts in the high-risk space mission environment are prone to performance-impairing stress responses, making preemptive stress inoculation essential for their training.
Methods
This work developed an adaptive virtual reality-based system that adjusts environmental stressors based on real-time stress indicators to optimize training stress levels. Sixty-five healthy subjects underwent task training in one of three groups: skill-only (no stressors), fixed-graduated (prescheduled stressor changes), and adaptive. Psychological (subjective stress, task engagement, distress, worry, anxiety, and workload) and physiological (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) responses were measured.
Results
The adaptive condition showed a significant decrease in heart rate and a decreasing trend in heart rate variability ratio, with no changes in the other training conditions. Distress showed a decreasing trend for the graduated and adaptive conditions. Task engagement showed a significant increase for adaptive and a significant decrease for the graduated condition. All training conditions showed a significant decrease in worry and anxiety and a significant increase in the other heart rate variability metrics.
Conclusion
Although all training conditions mitigated some stress, the preponderance of trial effects for the adaptive condition supports that it is more successful at decreasing stress.
Application
The integration of real-time personalized stress exposure within a VR-based training program not only prepares individuals for high-stress situations by preemptively mitigating stress but also customizes stressor levels to the crew member’s current state, potentially enhancing resilience to future stressors.
There is strong and growing evidence for ‘Bayesian’ accounts of brain function, such as predictive coding, in which perception depends upon internally generated models of the sensorium, which are updated and refined based on sensory input.
Bayesian perception involves both automatic stimulus-based perceptual inference and active time-based inference that underwrites the active sampling of predicted sensory stimuli.
Predictions in perceptual inference are associated with beta band activity, the precision of predictions with alpha activity and prediction errors with gamma oscillatory activity in sensory cortex, where prediction errors are propagated to other brain areas. Predictions in active inference are associated with theta activity, precision with delta and prediction errors with gamma activity in hippocampus and other cortical areas.
Activity in these frequency bands, in auditory and other cortical areas, has been linked to tinnitus, but not yet specifically to Bayesian processes in this context.
Different pathophysiological models have been proposed to explain the emergence of tinnitus, two of which are based on Bayesian processes. One account postulates that tinnitus is the result of memory-based prior beliefs about sounds, which are mobilised in compensation for the absence of evidence from sensory input. This model is based on active inference. Alternatively, spontaneous activity in the ascending auditory pathway (a ‘tinnitus precursor’) is usually ignored as noise, which conflicts with the default prediction of ‘no sound’, and chronic tinnitus occurs when this activity gains sufficient ‘precision’ to influence perceptual inference.
Stress may influence perceptual inference in various ways, favouring the initial emergence of tinnitus and/or its perpetuation.
In both accounts, incorporation of the tinnitus percept into default predictions leads to chronification of the condition.
Anatomical and electrophysiological data in tinnitus research are compatible with a Bayesian brain model, but are largely circumstantial and also compatible with alternative formulations.
The dynamics of personality deals with the motivational aspect of personality functioning. It embraces the basic motivational terms of personality including homeostasis, arousal, approach, and avoidance. Then, it focuses on biological dynamic models of instinct, drive, incentive, and theoretical conceptions in ethology and biosociology. The next subchapters or sections include the theories of dynamic traits (ergs, sentiments, and motivation strength components) and the dimensional models of personality dynamics (dynamic dimensions). The major conceptions of so-called push motivation, goals, values, and domains of motivation are discussed in the following subchapter. Finally, the chapter deals with the motivational aspects of situational factors.
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