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Simultaneous isolation of Rutin and Esculin from plant material and drugs using solid-phase extraction
Abstract
Simultaneous isolation of Rutin and Esculin from pharmaceutical materials (plant--Flos hippocastani and drugs--Venescin, Venacorn) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) have been made. For this investigation the Bakerbond SPE columns with different unpolar and polar chemically bonded phases were used. On the basis of isolation investigation the influence of SPE packing materials on the selectivity change and recovery of both extracted substances were studied.
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the attractive phytochemicals because of its pharmacological activities. Therefore, it is considered as an important flavonoid in pharmaceutical industry (Buszewski et al., 1993). Over 130 therapeutic medicinal preparations that have been registered as drugs worldwide are containing rutin in their formulations (Reynolds, 1996;Sun and Sheng, 1998;Erlund et al., 2000). ...
... Many synthetic adsorbents (Scordino et al., 2003;Aehle et al., 2004;Silva et al., 2007) and biopolymers such as collagen and celluloses had been applied to recover polyphenolic compounds from plant extract. The efficiency of the method is mainly determined by the chemical property of adsorbents (packing materials) and the composition of mobile phase as eluent (Buszewski et al., 1993). The typical packing materials differ based on the structure and coverage density of silica support with alkylsilyl ligands. ...
... The typical packing materials differ based on the structure and coverage density of silica support with alkylsilyl ligands. Previous results reported that rutin showed the highest adsorption capacity in non-polar packing materials, namely C18 phase (Buszewski et al., 1993). This long organosilyl ligand phase has higher carbon percentage and lower polarity in chemically bonded packing materials compared to C8 and C4. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folkloric medicine worldwide. Rutin is believed to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Till date, over 130 registered therapeutic medicinal preparations are containing rutin in their formulations. This article aims to critically review the extraction methods for plant-based rutin and its pharmacological activities. This review provides comprehensive data on the performance of rutin extraction methods and the extent of its pharmacological activities using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
Materials and methods:
Literatures including journals, patents, books and leaflets reporting on rutin from natural resources are systematically reviewed, particularly in the aspect of its extraction methods and biological activities. Factors affecting the efficiency of rutin extraction such as extraction temperature, duration and solvent to sample ratio are presented based on the findings of previous studies. The observed biological activities followed by clear explanation are also provided accordingly.
Results:
The biological activities of rutin varied largely dependent on the geographical and plant origins. The complexity of natural rutin has impeded the development of rutin derived drugs. The detail mechanism of rutin in human body after consumption is still unclear. Therefore, studies are intensively carried out both in vitro and in vivo for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism. The studies are not limited to the pharmacological properties, but also on the extraction methods of rutin. Many studies have focused on the optimization of extraction method to increase the extraction yield of rutin. Currently, the performances of modern extraction approaches have also been compared to the conventional heat reflux method as a benchmark.
Conclusion:
There are various extraction methods for plant-based rutin ranging from conventional method up to the use of modern techniques such as ultrasound, mechanochemical, microwave, infrared and pressurized assisted methods. However, proper comparison between the methods is very difficult because of the variance in plant origin and extraction conditions. It is important to optimize the extraction method in order to produce high yield and acceptable purity of rutin with a reasonable cost. Even though rutin has been proven to be effective in numerous pharmacological activities, the dosage and toxicity of rutin for such activities are still unknown. Future research should relate the dosage and toxicity of rutin for the ethnobotanical claims based on the underlying mechanisms.
... Therefore, rutin can be developed as an alternative drug for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Other plants that constitute rutin compound are Flos hippocastani [94], Ruta graveolens [95], Rhus cotinus [96], and Phyllanthus amarus [97]. ...
... This could help to determine the strategies of improving the alternatives therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis and other related diseases. Since there is an urge for alternatives Quercetin Anti-inflammatory [35] Antihypertensive [40] Vasodilator effects [41] Antiobesity [47] Antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic [50] Morus alba L [48] Camellia chinensis [53,54] Allium fistulosum and Calamus scipionum [54] Moringa oleifera [17,55] Centella asiatica [56] Hypericum hircinum [57] Hypericum perforatum [58] Kaempferol Enhances endothelium vasorelaxation [61] Protective effects against endothelial damage [62] Reduce oxidative stress [63] Antiatherosclerotic [65] Antihyperlipidemic [67] Moringa oleifera [17,55] Centella asiatica [56] Ginkgo biloba, Equisetum spp., Tilia spp., Sophora japonica, and propolis [60] Euonymus alatus [68] Kaempferia galanga L [69] Myricetin Antiplatelet [75] Cytoprotective effects [76] Antihypertensive [77] Antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic [78] Antiartherosclerotic [80] Calamus scipronum [54] Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera [17] Ampelopsis cantoniensis [79] Myrica cerifera L [81] Chrysobalanus icaco L [82] Rutin Anti-inflammatory [86,87] Improves capillary fragility and antihypertensive [89] Suppresses oxidative stress and antiobesity [90] Antiartherosclerotic [91] Antihypercholesterolemic [93] Dimorphandra mollis [93] Flos hippocastani [94] Ruta graveolens [95] Rhus cotinus [96] Phyllanthus amarus [97] ...
Atherosclerosis is the process of hardening and narrowing the arteries. Atherosclerosis is generally associated with cardiovascular diseases such as strokes, heart attacks, and peripheral vascular diseases. Since the usage of the synthetic drug, statins, leads to various side effects, the plants flavonoids with antiartherosclerotic activity gained much attention and were proven to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo based on different animal models. The flavonoids compounds also exhibit lipid lowering effects and anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. The future development of flavonoids-based drugs is believed to provide significant effects on atherosclerosis and its related diseases. This paper discusses the antiatherosclerotic effects of selected plant flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin, naringenin, catechin, fisetin, and gossypetin.
... Table S1: The primer sequences of studied genes; Table S2: Annotation of compounds from the methanolic extract of Launaea procumbens; Tables S3-S7: In silico docking study results of dereplicated compounds from Launaea procumbens within the active site of Collagen α-1 (I) chain, VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β. References [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] ...
Wounds adversely affect people’s quality of life and have psychological, social, and economic impacts. Herbal remedies of Launaea procumbens (LP) are used to treat wounds. In an excision wound model, topical application of LP significantly promoted wound closure (on day 14, LP-treated animals had the highest percentages of wound closure in comparison with the other groups, as the wound was entirely closed with a closure percentage of 100%, p < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed a considerable rise in the number of fibroblasts, the amount of collagen, and its cross-linking in LP-treated wounds. Gene expression patterns showed significant elevation of TGF-β levels (2.1-fold change after 7 days treatment and 2.7-fold change in 14 days treatment) and downregulation of the inflammatory TNF-α and IL-1β levels in LP-treated wounds. Regarding in vitro antioxidant activity, LP extract significantly diminished the formation of H2O2 radical (IC50 = 171.6 μg/mL) and scavenged the superoxide radical (IC50 of 286.7 µg/mL), indicating antioxidant potential in a dose-dependent manner. Dereplication of the secondary metabolites using LC-HRMS resulted in the annotation of 16 metabolites. The identified compounds were docked against important wound-healing targets, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), collagen α-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Among dereplicated compounds, luteolin 8-C-glucoside (orientin) demonstrated binding potential to four investigated targets (VEGF, interleukin 1 β, TNF-α, and collagen α-1). To conclude, Launaea procumbens extract could be regarded as a promising topical therapy to promote wound healing in excisional wounds, and luteolin 8-C-glucoside (orientin), one of its constituents, is a potential wound-healing drug lead.
... It is a glycosidic coumarin (monosaccharide of Esculetin) belonging to a set of phenolic compounds distributed in herbal plants (182). Esculin was broadly recognized as a UV-B protective agent (183) and one of the phytomedicines for the numerous peripheral vascular disorders (184). ...
... ± 91.45 µg/g of extract), which are known by their role in biological activities. In fact, rutin is an important flavonoid in the pharmaceutical industry due to its pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neu-roprotective, and it was also involved in hormone therapy [43][44][45]. Besides, acetone extract also has important DPPH scavenging activity (80.10 ± 0.03 µg/mL), as well as having an approximately similar polyphenolic profile of ethanol extract (Table 2). Other results were reported for OA, indicating that methanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts showed a very interesting DPPH radical scavenging with low values of IC50 (12.05, 14.91, and 24.57 ...
Five Oudneya Africana (OA) leaves extracts were screened for their total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannins (CTC) content, as well as their antioxidant capacity. The highest amount of TPC (661.66 � 0.08 mg GAE/g), TFC (344.68 � 0.44 mg QE/g) and TCT
(90.18 � 0.49 mg CE/g) was recorded to ethanol, acetone, and dichloromethane extracts, respectively. For 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (22.00 � 0.03 �g/mL) and Reducing Power Assay (FRAP) (269.00 � 0.01�g/mL) assays, ethanol extract showed the potent activity, while with ABTS test, acetone extract was the most active (761.15 � 0.09 �g/mL). HPLC-MS analysis of acetonic and
ethanolic extracts reveals the predominance of quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-ca�eoylquinic acid, and rutin compounds. The addition e�ect evaluation of OA extracts in beef burger preservation demonstrates the powerful e�ect (p < 0.05) of acetonic and ethanolic ones (0.03%) to inhibit lipids oxidation during storage for 10 days, given by the lowest increase in Thiobarbituric Acid-reactive Substances (TBARS) values as compared to the () control with a significant di�erence between free
thiols values. In addition, these two extracts appear to be e�ective (p < 0.05) for pH stability, color, and sensory parameters as compared to (+) and () controls and aqueous extract. Hamburger odour was considered as a dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis, where the models results showed that physicochemical parameters determine more burger odour than sensorial ones.
... ± 91.45 μg/g of extract), which are known by their role in biological activities. In fact, rutin is an important flavonoid in the pharmaceutical industry due to its pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neu-roprotective, and it was also involved in hormone therapy [43][44][45]. Besides, acetone extract also has important DPPH scavenging activity (80.10 ± 0.03 μg/mL), as well as having an approximately similar polyphenolic profile of ethanol extract (Table 2). Other results were reported for OA, indicating that methanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts showed a very interesting DPPH radical scavenging with low values of IC50 (12.05, 14.91, and 24.57 ...
Five Oudneya Africana (OA) leaves extracts were screened for their total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannins (CTC) content, as well as their antioxidant capacity. The highest amount of TPC (661.66 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g), TFC (344.68 ± 0.44 mg QE/g) and TCT (90.18 ± 0.49 mg CE/g) was recorded to ethanol, acetone, and dichloromethane extracts, respectively. For 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (22.00 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and Reducing Power Assay (FRAP) (269.00 ± 0.01μg/mL) assays, ethanol extract showed the potent activity, while with ABTS test, acetone extract was the most active (761.15 ± 0.09 μg/mL). HPLC-MS analysis of acetonic and ethanolic extracts reveals the predominance of quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and rutin compounds. The addition effect evaluation of OA extracts in beef burger preservation demonstrates the powerful effect (p < 0.05) of acetonic and ethanolic ones (0.03%) to inhibit lipids oxidation during storage for 10 days, given by the lowest increase in Thiobarbituric Acid-reactive Substances (TBARS) values as compared to the (−) control with a significant difference between free thiols values. In addition, these two extracts appear to be effective (p < 0.05) for pH stability, color, and sensory parameters as compared to (+) and (−) controls and aqueous extract. Hamburger odour was considered as a dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis, where the models results showed that physicochemical parameters determine more burger odour than sensorial ones.
... ± 91.45 μg/g of extract), which are known by their role in biological activities. In fact, rutin is an important flavonoid in the pharmaceutical industry due to its pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neu-roprotective, and it was also involved in hormone therapy [43][44][45]. Besides, acetone extract also has important DPPH scavenging activity (80.10 ± 0.03 μg/mL), as well as having an approximately similar polyphenolic profile of ethanol extract (Table 2). Other results were reported for OA, indicating that methanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts showed a very interesting DPPH radical scavenging with low values of IC50 (12.05, 14.91, and 24.57 ...
Five Oudneya Africana (OA) leaves extracts were screened for their total phenolic (TPC),
total flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannins (CTC) content, as well as their antioxidant capacity. The
highest amount of TPC (661.66 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g), TFC (344.68 ± 0.44 mg QE/g) and TCT (90.18 ± 0.49
mg CE/g) was recorded to ethanol, acetone, and dichloromethane extracts, respectively. For 2,2‐
diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (22.00 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and Reducing Power Assay (FRAP) (269.00
± 0.01μg/mL) assays, ethanol extract showed the potent activity, while with ABTS test, acetone
extract was the most active (761.15 ± 0.09 μg/mL). HPLC‐MS analysis of acetonic and ethanolic
extracts reveals the predominance of quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, and
rutin compounds. The addition effect evaluation of OA extracts in beef burger preservation
demonstrates the powerful effect (p < 0.05) of acetonic and ethanolic ones (0.03%) to inhibit lipids
oxidation during storage for 10 days, given by the lowest increase in Thiobarbituric Acid‐reactive
Substances (TBARS) values as compared to the (−) control with a significant difference between free
thiols values. In addition, these two extracts appear to be effective (p < 0.05) for pH stability, color,
and sensory parameters as compared to (+) and (−) controls and aqueous extract. Hamburger odour
was considered as a dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis, where the models
results showed that physicochemical parameters determine more burger odour than sensorial ones.
... Argentation solid phase extraction was employed for isolation of dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl) from 'Bhut Jolokia' which is an interspecific hybrid of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens and is known to be the hottest chili pepper in the world [73]. SPE has been used for isolation of isoflavones [74],rutin, esculin [75], plant hormones auxin, abscisic acid [76] cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA [77]. ...
Background
There has been aroused demand for herbal drugs/products worldwide because of their fewer side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The major obstacle in the global acceptance of herbal products is the lack of proper standardization technique.
Methods
Various test procedures have been used for authentication and quality control of botanicals among which marker based standardization has attained more attention. The major challenge faced by phytochemist is to select appropriate phytochemical marker for quality control of herbal drugs. Phytochemical markers used for standardization must be of known purity. Phytochemical markers which are not commercially available have to be isolated from respective medicinal plants. Various chromatographic techniques are reported for the purification of phytomarkers from plants. A comprehensive report on different purification techniques of isolation of phytochemical markers through in-depth review of scientific literature is required.
Conclusion
This article highlights various classifications of phytochemical markers along with their applications in standardization of herbal drugs and various classical and modern analytical techniques for their isolation.
... Flavonoids, the polyphenolic compounds act as the major nutritional constituents of plant-based food as habitual and folkloric medicine worldwide [3,4]. Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid with a wide range of pharmacological activities is present in many plants, fruits, vegetables and red wine [5,6,7]. Different studies have represented the biological effects of rutin, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-carcinogenic, cytoprotective, anti-platelet, antithrombic, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective, hormone therapy and cardioprotective activities [8,9,10]. ...
Rutin as a flavonoid compound contains many flavonoids having antitumor properties. Therefore, the present study was aimed to dock rutin compound with apoptotic proteins like TNF, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytohrome C by AutoDock software. The docking scores were highest in Nitric oxide synthase (-3.68 kcal/mol) followed by Tumor Necrosis Factor (-3.22 kcal/mol), Caspase-3 (-2.95 kcal/mol), Collagenase (-2.47 kcal/mol), Cytochrome C (-2.31 kcal/mol), NF-kappa-B (-1.8 kcal/mol) and P53 (-0.32 kcal/mol). The Log P value and lower hydrogen bond counts, confirming the ability of rutin compound for binding at the active sites of the receptor was determined by the in silico method. The potential drug candidate can further be validated by wet lab studies for its proper function.
Keywords: Rutin, AutoDock and Apoptotic proteins
... Flavonoid compounds have been shown to exert a wide range of antioxidant properties in vitro, and most of their health-promoting effects have been attributed to their antioxidant action including their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), chelate metal ions and terminate free radical reactions [6]. Flavonoids act as antioxidants, direct radical scavengers, metal ion chelators, carcinogen inactivators, modulators of gene expression, DNA repair, hormones (including neurotransmitters) and anti-hormones, inhibitors of enzyme and inducers of apoptosis [7], [8], [9], [10].Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid with a wide range of pharmacological activities is present in many plants, fruits, vegetables and red wine [11], [12], [13]. Different studies have represented the biological effects of rutin, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-carcinogenic, cytoprotective, anti-platelet, anti-thrombic, anti-diabetic, antiadipogenic, neuroprotective, hormone therapeautic, anti-apoptotic and cardioprotective activities [14], [15], [16], [17]. ...
Rutin is commonly found in buckweed seeds; broccoli, fruits, especially citrus fruits, red apples and berries. The chemical name for rutin is quercetin-3-rutinoside or rutoside. This bioflavonoid is responsible for endowing the fruits and vegetables with colour and flavour. This compound offers numerous health benefits. In the present study the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of rutin was assessed. For anti-inflammatory studies, RBC's were collected from healthy volunteers and the hemoprotective activity of the drug was carried out at various concentrations. Likewise antioxidant potential of the drug was determined by DPPH assay and ORAC assay. The results showed that rutin has a positive effect on both the parameters. The probable reasons governing the facts are discussed in the light of previous literature.
... 5 A number of studies have proved that flavonoids and phenolics have wide range of physiological functions due to their potent anti-oxidant activity. 6 Rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-flavone-3-rutinoside) (Figure 1a), a common dietary flavonoid with a wide range of pharmacological activities is present in many plants (as buckwheat seeds, tea), fruits (citrus fruits, apple), vegetables (onion), and red wine etc,. 7 Different studies have represented the biological effects of Rutin, such as anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-carcinogenic, cytoprotective, and cardio protective activities. ...
Background: In recent years, a large number of natural compounds have been identified and proved to have a potential cancer chemopreventive importance due to their strong antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Objective: The present study is designed to investigate the preventive effects of Rutin against N-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced and Phenobarbital-promoted Hepatocellular carcinoma in male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Group I serve as Control, Group II was induced HCC by DEN (200mg/kg b.wt) followed by phenobarbital (0.05 % w/v), Group III received same as Group II and followed by Rutin (50mg/kg b.wt) and Group IV received Rutin alone at a dose of 50mg/kg b.wt, up to 16 successive weeks. Results: Results observed that there is significant increase in relative liver weight and liver marker enzymes (P<0.001), tumor marker enzymes (AFP, CEA at P<0.001) and also Significant abnormalities were observed in membrane bound enzymes and Electrolytes, whereas the above said alterations were significantly restored in Rutin treated group compared with DEN treated Group. Conclusion: The results of these findings suggested that Rutin can be used as an adjunct to conventional chemopreventive agent, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach to serve as a promising agent for treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma. © 2018, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India. All rights reserved.
... [7][8][9] Previous results indicated that rutin could have the highest adsorption capacity in C18 reversed phase. 10 This long organosilyl ligand phase has higher carbon percentage and lower polarity in chemically bonded packing materials than C8 and C4. ...
Reflux extraction was used to prepare crude extract from the leaves of Labisia pumila var. Alata using 60% methanol. The crude extract was subsequently fractionated by C18 solid phase extraction to recover high yield of rutin using 20-100% methanol. The volume of eluent to recover rutin was found to decrease with the increase of methanol concentration. The recovery of rutin was increased from 20 to 80% methanol system, but slightly decreased in the 100% methanol system. Approximately, 70% of rutin could be recovered using the 80% methanol system. This solvent system also appears to have the lowest distance (9.44 MPa1/2) for rutin as estimated by Hansen solubility. The recovered rutin rich fraction could achieve up to 3.96 mg/g of fraction which was about 4-fold increment from the crude extract. The increment was also noticed for its antioxidant capacity expressed as scavenging activity which was 2 times higher than crude extract. A portion of water (20%) in the 80% methanol system is important to improve the yield of rutin. Rutin is a glycosylated flavonol, and therefore a small portion of water could enhance its elution compared to the lower performance of 100% methanol in rutin recovery.
... The synthesis of the coumarin glucoside molecular gelator (E8) was achieved by coupling esculin with an acyl donor, 27 either methyl or vinyl caprylate by a heterogeneous lipase-catalyzed esterification reaction (Figures 1 and S1), 20 while methyl esters represent a sustainable source of acyl donor as they may be derived from plant oils, byproducts, and waste materials. 28 ...
Recent interest in detecting visible photons that emanate from interactions of ionizing radiation with matter have spurred the development of multifunctional materials that amplify this optical signal from radiotracers. Tailored stimuli-responsive systems may be paired with diagnostic radionuclides to improving surgical guidance and aid in detecting therapeutic radionuclides otherwise difficult to image with conventional nuclear medicine approaches. Since light emanating from these interactions is typically low in intensity and blue-weighted (i.e. greatly scattered and absorbed in vivo), it is imperative to increase or shift the photon flux for improved detection. To address this challenge, a gel that is both scintillating and fluorescent is used in the present work to enhance the optical photon output in image mapping for cancer imaging. Tailoring biobased renewable resourced materials to synthesize thixotropic thermoreversible hydrogels (MGC 0.12 wt. %) offers image-aiding systems which are not merely functional, but also economical, safe and environmentally friendly. These robust gels (0.66 wt. %, ~900 Pa) respond predictably to different types of ionizing radiation including β- and γ-emitters, resulting in up to a doubling of the detectable photon flux from these emitters. The synthesis and formulation of such a gel is explored with a focus on its physicochemical and mechanical properties, before being utilized to enhance the visible photon flux from a panel of radionuclides as detected. The possibility of developing a topical cream of this gel makes this system an attractive potential alternative to current techniques.
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the important phytochemicals. Rutin is a bioflavonoid which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin C and acts as an anti-oxidizer [18]. Rutin has a noteworthy range of scavenging characteristics on oxidizing species such as hydroxy radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, superoxide anions, and singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, it also functions as a terminator and chelator of metal ions that are able of oxidizing lipid peroxidation [19][20][21]. ...
BACKGROUND:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The study was commenced to assess the favorable effects of Rutin against metabolic, biochemical, histological, and androgenic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats.
METHODS:
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg) per orally (p.o) for a period of 21 days for the induction of PCOS, followed by dose of rutin (100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, p.o) for 15 days using 0.5% w/v CMC as vehicle. Metformin was also given as a standard control to one of the rat groups. Serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, serum lipid parameters, CRP and glucose levels were evaluated. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was tested using superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione per-oxidase and reactive-oxygen species level.
RESULTS:
Rutin flavonoid had a dose-dependent effect on androgenic levels depicting more recovery in the rutin-I treated group, while rutin-II treated groups showed better antioxidant and lipid profiles as compared with PCOS groups. A decrease in the value of C reactive protein (CRP) and a restoration in the proportion of estrous phase smears were observed in the rutin treated groups. Histopathological examination of ovary revealed a significant decrease in the number of cystic follicles in post treated groups. The effects observed with rutin were moderately similar to that with standard metformin, a widely used treatment drug for PCOS.
CONCLUSION:
The study provides evidence for the potential ameliorative effects of rutin against clinical and biochemical features of PCOS.
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the important phytochemicals. Rutin is a bioflavonoid which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin C and acts as an anti-oxidizer [18]. Rutin has a noteworthy range of scavenging characteristics on oxidizing species such as hydroxy radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, superoxide anions, and singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, it also functions as a terminator and chelator of metal ions that are able of oxidizing lipid peroxidation [19][20][21]. ...
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive
age. The study was commenced to assess the favorable effects of Rutin against metabolic, biochemical, histological,
and androgenic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats.
Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg) per orally (p.o) for a period of
21 days for the induction of PCOS, followed by dose of rutin (100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, p.o) for 15 days using 0.
5% w/v CMC as vehicle. Metformin was also given as a standard control to one of the rat groups.
Serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, serum lipid parameters, CRP and glucose levels were evaluated.
Furthermore, antioxidant activity was tested using superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione per-oxidase and
reactive-oxygen species level.
Results: Rutin flavonoid had a dose-dependent effect on androgenic levels depicting more recovery in the rutin-I treated
group, while rutin-II treated groups showed better antioxidant and lipid profiles as compared with PCOS groups. A decrease
in the value of C reactive protein (CRP) and a restoration in the proportion of estrous phase smears were observed in the rutin
treated groups. Histopathological examination of ovary revealed a significant decrease in the number of cystic follicles in post
treated groups. The effects observed with rutin were moderately similar to that with standard metformin, a widely used
treatment drug for PCOS.
Conclusion: The study provides evidence for the potential ameliorative effects of rutin against clinical and biochemical
features of PCOS
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the important phytochemicals. Rutin is a bioflavonoid which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin C and acts as an anti-oxidizer [18]. Rutin has a noteworthy range of scavenging characteristics on oxidizing species such as hydroxy radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, superoxide anions, and singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, it also functions as a terminator and chelator of metal ions that are able of oxidizing lipid peroxidation [19][20][21]. ...
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the important phytochemicals. Rutin is a bioflavonoid which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin C and acts as an anti-oxidizer [18]. Rutin has a noteworthy range of scavenging characteristics on oxidizing species such as hydroxy radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, superoxide anions, and singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, it also functions as a terminator and chelator of metal ions that are able of oxidizing lipid peroxidation [19][20][21]. ...
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The study was commenced to assess the favorable effects of Rutin against metabolic, biochemical, histological, and androgenic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats.
Methods
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg) per orally (p.o) for a period of 21 days for the induction of PCOS, followed by dose of rutin (100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, p.o) for 15 days using 0.5% w/v CMC as vehicle. Metformin was also given as a standard control to one of the rat groups.
Serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, serum lipid parameters, CRP and glucose levels were evaluated. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was tested using superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione per-oxidase and reactive-oxygen species level.
Results
Rutin flavonoid had a dose-dependent effect on androgenic levels depicting more recovery in the rutin-I treated group, while rutin-II treated groups showed better antioxidant and lipid profiles as compared with PCOS groups. A decrease in the value of C reactive protein (CRP) and a restoration in the proportion of estrous phase smears were observed in the rutin treated groups. Histopathological examination of ovary revealed a significant decrease in the number of cystic follicles in post treated groups. The effects observed with rutin were moderately similar to that with standard metformin, a widely used treatment drug for PCOS.
Conclusion
The study provides evidence for the potential ameliorative effects of rutin against clinical and biochemical features of PCOS.
... The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the important phytochemicals. Rutin is a bioflavonoid which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin C and acts as an anti-oxidizer [18]. Rutin has a noteworthy range of scavenging characteristics on oxidizing species such as hydroxy radical, superoxide radical, and peroxyl radical by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, superoxide anions, and singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, it also functions as a terminator and chelator of metal ions that are able of oxidizing lipid peroxidation [19][20][21]. ...
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The study was commenced to assess the favorable effects of Rutin against metabolic, biochemical, histological, and androgenic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. Methods
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg) per orally (p.o) for a period of 21 days for the induction of PCOS, followed by dose of rutin (100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, p.o) for 15 days using 0.5% w/v CMC as vehicle. Metformin was also given as a standard control to one of the rat groups.Serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, serum lipid parameters, CRP and glucose levels were evaluated. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was tested using superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione per-oxidase and reactive-oxygen species level. ResultsRutin flavonoid had a dose-dependent effect on androgenic levels depicting more recovery in the rutin-I treated group, while rutin-II treated groups showed better antioxidant and lipid profiles as compared with PCOS groups. A decrease in the value of C reactive protein (CRP) and a restoration in the proportion of estrous phase smears were observed in the rutin treated groups. Histopathological examination of ovary revealed a significant decrease in the number of cystic follicles in post treated groups. The effects observed with rutin were moderately similar to that with standard metformin, a widely used treatment drug for PCOS. Conclusion
The study provides evidence for the potential ameliorative effects of rutin against clinical and biochemical features of PCOS.
... Currently, extraction methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are successfully applied for the characterisation of hops and other plants raw material aromatic properties (Kovačevič and Kač 2001;Ravenchon 1997;Ligor and Buszewski 1999;Ligor et al. 2000). Moreover, other extraction methods including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solvent extraction are successfully used for the isolation of nonvolatile compounds from plant materials (Buszewski et al. 1993a;Ligor et al. 2008). SPE in off-line columns has become a popular and effective method of sample preparation, particularly for purification and/or isolation of polyphenolic compounds present in biological materials and natural products (Buszewski et al. 1993a,b). ...
The main aim of investigations was to identify chemotypes and determine differences between some domestic hop varieties and wild hops, which were collected from some regions of Lithuania and cultivated at the same edafoclimatic conditions in hops collection of Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University. One of objectives was to compare essential oils of hops (2 years harvest) by the evaluation of volatiles content. Among the main components of hop essential oils monoterpenes (β-myrcene) and sesquiterpenes (α-humulene and β-caryophyllene) were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Retention parameters (t
R, calculated retention index, and Kovats retention index) and m/z value of molecular ion for selected compounds from hop essential oils were determined. Samples were prepared by applying solid phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The steam distillation was used to obtain hop essential oils. The chemometric comparison of domestic and wild hops based on GC-MS analysis data was carried out. The obtained statistical results allow us to classify the investigated wild forms and domestic varieties of hops according to the similarities of their chemotypes. The concentration of β-myrcene, α-humulene in hop essential oils obtained from cones 2 years harvests is much higher than other volatile organic compounds (15.2–23.7 % in total contribution). In analysed essential oils β-farnesene is a constituent in higher quantity of hop essential oils obtained from cones from second time harvest than from cones from first harvest. This can be explained by the year-to-year vegetation conditions difference.
... Taraxacin, taraxasterol, inulin, esculin, guaianolide, desacetylmatricarin , ß-glucopyranosyl ester and sonchuside A are among the medicinally active compounds (IIo et al. 1998). Esculin is one of the most important components used in pharmaceutical industry (Buszewski et al. 1993). It is an elasticity giving and sealing material for blood vascular system (Pietrogrande et al. 1992). ...
In vitro micropropagation has been achieved in medicinally important plant, Taraxacum officinale collected from two different regions, Kashmir (J & K) and Garhwal (Uttarakhand). Leaf segments inoculated on MS supplemented with different combinations of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Benzyladenine (BA) produced indirect regeneration. For root induction MS fortified with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was used. Taraxacum officinale collected from Garhwal responded two weeks earlier and showed shoot regeneration whereas in Kashmir population only callus proliferation occurred. Esculin content was also higher in the samples from Garhwal. The content was affected by both, the hormone concentration as well as age of the cultures. RAPD of the in vitro raised regenerants confirmed genetic stability.
Background
: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an under-recognized, under-diagnosed and under-studied disorder; its prevalence varies between 5-26%, 6-10% of reproductive age (NIH) criteria, and 15% (Rotterdam's criteria). Various allopathic drugs (metformin and clomiphene) that are used for the treatment of PCOS have various limitations and are unable to cure PCOS effectively. Therefore, for this reason, search for new therapeutic approaches that are capable of filling these limitations is necessary.
Hypothesis/Purpose
: Keeping this in view, polyphenols are hypothesized to be new alternative/options to control the PCOS and its complications (Figure 1).
Study design
: Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the natural polyphenols that have anti-androgenic, ovulatory, estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptic, anti-cancerous activities, hormonal and menopausal regulating capability in animal models.
Results
: Different research papers have described the anti-androgenic, ovulatory, estrogenic and fertility, menstrual, hormonal and menopause regulating activities of polyphenols. Moreover, these polyphenols are capable of decreasing the incidence of other metabolic diseases such as infertility, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity and Type-2 diabetes caused by PCOS.
Conclusion
: These polyphenols can be promising alternatives for various pharmacological mechanisms which could not only decrease the incidence of PCOS, but also promote the other protective roles by decreasing the adverse effects of PCOS on other metabolic organs and their functions. However, further studies are required to determine the mechanism of action and safety evaluation of these polyphenols.
Apocynum venetum is a kind of plant with high medicinal value. Its main component is rutin, which is widely used. In the present study, an efficient method based on high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was established to separate rutin from A. venetum. The optimized solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (4:1:5, v/v) was selected for HSCCC separation. It was found that the maximum loading amount was 1 g, but the loading amount did not affect the two-phase equilibrium of solvent system. Therefore, consecutive high-speed counter-current chromatography was introduced to further improve the yield in the present study. As a result, 292 mg of rutin with 95% purity was obtained from 2.4 g crude sample. The retention of the stationary phase was 27%, which was almost unchanged. The current strategy can not only be used for the scale-up preparation of rutin, but also provide an example for the preparation of other natural active compounds.
This work proposes a sequential high-pressure extraction to recover bioactives from biquinho peppers. The nonpolar fraction was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc−CO 2 ). Then, the sc−CO 2 extracted biquinho pepper (EBP) was submitted to pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using ethanol and water mixtures (50%, 75%, 100% ethanol) at different temperatures (45, 55, 65 °C) to recover compounds of higher polarity. The sc−CO 2 extraction yield was 4.75%, with capsiate concentration of 8.67 mg/g oleoresin. In PLE, the solvent composition influenced the extraction yield and quality. Sixteen phenolics were identified in PLE extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS. Rutin isomer and vicenin-2 were quantified. The highest concentration of rutin isomer (441 μg/g extract) was obtained with pure ethanol whereas, for vicenin-2, the best solvent was 50% ethanol (299 μg/g extract). Considering the extraction of total phenolics, 75% ethanol was the most effective solvent. sc−CO 2 extraction followed by PLE is an interesting alternative to obtain bioactives from peppers.
Root chicory is mainly grown in Belgium and the Netherlands with production also elsewhere in Europe, India, and South Africa. The world’s crop is worth an estimated US$56.04 million. India and South Africa focus on supplying root chicory to the blend coffee industry. Only limited and variable information is available on the fertilizer requirements of root chicory. Most studies on nitrogen (N) report that chicory in cooler, temperate regions requires 40–75 kg N/ha compared to 200 kg N/ha in warmer areas. Recommended rates for phosphorus (P) range from 0 to 69 kg P/ha. Poor responses to potassium (K) are reported with recommended rates from 0 to 190 kg K/ha. Application rates for sulfur (S) of 10–30 kg S/ha have been suggested. Suitable micronutrient requirements and soil acid saturation and pH values for root chicory have not been published. To establish crop norms a concerted effort is needed to quantify the fertilizer use of root chicory.
This paper focuses on the potential corrosion protection of steel in presence of three polyphenolic model molecules (rutin, esculin, esculetol) in a weak acidic medium (pH = 4). From an electrochemical point of view, the cathodic inhibition was attributed to the oxygen scavenger role of the considered antioxidant compounds. SEM observations, Raman spectroscopy and Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed furthermore the formation of a surface film by precipitation of iron polyphenolate conversion products, in which iron III is likely coordinated with free-catechol groups. Glycosylated catechol groups are rather adsorbed on a FeOOH layer.
Recent interest in flavonoids has increased greatly due to their biological and pharmacological activities. Flavonoids, consist of a large group of low molecular weight polyphenolic substances, naturally occurring in fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine, and are an integral part of the human diet. Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed worldwide from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folk medicine remedy as well. Rutin exhibit important pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Here, we present the synthesis, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect on human leukemic K562 cells of compound R2, a new semi-synthetic derivative of Rutin as compared to Rutin itself. The new derivative was also included in finished topical formulations to evaluate a potential application to the dermatology field in view of the antioxidant/antimicrobial/antiinflammatory properties. Stability studies were performed by HPLC; PCL assay and ORAC tests were used to determine the antioxidant activity. R2 presented an antioxidant activity very close to that of the parent Rutin while bearing much better lipophilic character. Regarding antiproliferative effects on the human K562 cell line, R2 was found to be more effective than parent Rutin. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that R2 inhibits NF-kB activity and promotes cellular apoptosis.
Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A method for the determination of different polar flavonoids from multiflora fruit by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented in this article. Chromatographic separation of these flavonoids was performed over a Diamonsil C18 column (200 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm) using gradient elution with an isopropanol-methanol-water mixture at 25°C, at a flow rate ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mL/min and detection at 360 nm. The flavonoids could be separated within 6 min; the recovery was between 96% and 104%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.6-2.6%. This method allows rapid detection of flavonoids.
An efficient protocol has been developed for the regeneration of plantlets from leaf explants of witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Regeneration via callus was obtained on modified Murashige and Skoog semisolid medium (MS) containing 2.0 μM indole-3-acetic acid +5.0 μM 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), and 1000 mgl−1 casein hydrolyzate. At least five or more shoots regenerated from each callus. The shoots were rooted on MS +0.2 μM indole-3-butyric acid. The plantlets thus obtained were successfully established in soil after bardening. Esculin accumulation
was recorded in plant tissues at different stages of differentiation in in vitro cultures and compared with in vivo-grown, plants. The esculin accumulation was higher in in vitro plants.
Augusta has traditionally been placed in the tribe Rondeletieae, subfamily Cinchonoideae: However, recent molecular phylogenies positioned it near to Wendlandia (Ixoroideae), but locate A. longifolia near to the clade Ixoroidinae II. The study of A. longifolia afforded two coumarins, five flavonoids, three triterpenoids and one benzoic acid derivative. These metabolites reinforce the separation of Augusta as a monospecific genus, and Lindenia as a genus of three species, closely related to Wendlandia.
Polythiophene (PTh) and polypyrrole (PPy) as sorbent phases for solid phase microextraction (SPME) were applied in order to extract the multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antibiotic drugs (linezolid and daptomycin) from whole blood followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination with UV detection. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of in vitro and pseudo in vivo measurements performed in whole blood were in the range of 4.58-15.91% and 6.09-17.33% for linezolid and daptomycin, respectively. Determination coefficients (R(2)) were in range of 0.9884-0.9945 and 0.9807-0.9818 for linezolid and daptomycin, respectively. This study proved better adsorption capacity of PTh SPME coating compared to PPy coating for both, linezolid and daptomycin.
An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine flavonoids, including free aglycones, their corresponding glycosides, one by one, and, in the presence of each other. As a basis of selection, the following approaches can be distinguished: critical evaluation of the preliminary steps (extraction/isolation and hydrolysis) as well as the separation, identification and quantitation of constituents both on the basic research level and/or subsequently to various work up procedures. Chromatographic techniques were discussed after extraction/isolation of various flavonoids from several natural matrices. Papers were classified and compared from analytical point of view, primarily on the chromatographic, secondly on the detection techniques applied.
Monofunctional reversed-phase materials with different carbon contents were prepared and their chromatographic behaviours examined. Using NMR techniques, the mobility of the alkyl chains of these materials was determined. It was found that a relationship exists between the retention data of a given test mixture and the mobility of the alkyl chain, which is influenced by both carbon content and solvent composition of the mobile phase.
On the basis of sililca gel with strictly defined porosity the packings with different structure and coverage density of chemically bonded C18 phase (CBP) for solid phase extraction (SPE) have been prepared. Home-made packings were compared with five commercially available SPE columns. All packings were applied for isolation of rutin from plant (Aesculus hippocastanwn) and drug (ESBERIVEN). Evaluation and choice of optimal SPE columns for isolation and purification of rutin from natural and pharmaceutic products were made by determination of adsorption isoterms and recoveries for standard solution and extract contained rutin.
Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and trimethylchlorosilane (TMS) have been used as a secondary deactivation (end-capping) reagents for packing materials for RP HPLC. Three types of chemically bonded phases (CBP) with different structures and different coverage densities were used. The destructive effects of HMDS on the coverage density of chemically bonded C18 and C8 phases is discussed.
The retention behaviour of selected flavonoid compounds was analysed and correlated with structural properties, as elucidated by X-ray crystallographic and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies. A detailed analysis of group retention contribution (Δlog k′) makes it possible to establish how the introduction of an OH group in the molecule affects the overall solute polarity and, therefore, its retention, in relation to the position of the OH group and the molecular environment. X-ray structural information and 13C NMR chemical shifts show the formation of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding (HB) in 5-hydroxy-flavones and a weaker intramolecular HB in 3-hydroxy-substituted compounds. Δlog k′ values may be explained in terms of these intramolecular HB properties; moreover a quantitative relationship Δlog k′ values and chemical shifts was found.
Chromatographic methods dominate the field of organic analysis. However, many samples are too dilute, too complex or incompatible with the chromatographic system to render separation or detection possible without preliminary matrix simplification and/or preconcentration. A broad selection of the most common, recent and emerging isolation, clean-up and concentration techniques used to prepare samples for chromatographic separations are reviewed.
A series of packing materials with alkyl phase chemically bonded to silica gels of various porosity have been prepared. These packings have been used to isolate the test substances 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and serotonin (5-HT) from urine. The influence of the support porosity, structure of chemically bonded phase, length of alkyl chain, and coverage density on the recovery of isolated substances was studied.