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Energy resources are transported long distances and create powerful interlinkages between countries. Energy thus contributes to the globalization of the world, but has received little attention in the globalization literature. This article hypothesizes that energy globalization is growing and accelerating. The hypothesis is tested by developing an...
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The universal technique of the current energy budget calculation is recommended for several periods of time. Basing on the data of annual energy budget and considering the plant’s features, social, climatic and other conditions, correcting factors are calculated to estimate energy resources consumption for the day, week, month and year. Shortterm c...
Using a structural vector autoregressive model, this study investigates the extent to which international oil price shocks have influenced the Chinese economy over the period 1991–2014. Given China’s intensified macroeconomic activity and its increasing demand for energy resources, we also examine the endogenous response of international oil prices...
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Traditionally viewed as mere energy consumers, buildings have adapted, capitalizing on smart grid technologies and distributed energy resources to efficiently use and trade energy, as evident in net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). In this paper, we examine the opportunities presented by applying net-zero to building communities (clusters). This pape...
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... Enerji kullanımının artması dünyanın farklı bölgeleri arasındaki etkileşimin gelişmesine katkıda bulunan bir küreselleşme biçimidir. Enerjinin küreselleşmesi ise artan hacimlerdeki enerjinin uluslararası sınırlar boyunca daha uzak mesafelere taşınması yoluyla dünyanın enerji kaynaklarının birbirine bağlılığıdır (Overland, 2016). Kömürün aksine petrol ve doğal gazın görece hafifliği ve akışkanlığı uzun mesafeler boyunca taşınmasını mümkün kıldığından enerjinin küreselleşmesi genel olarak bu iki kaynağın kullanımının artması ile mümkün olmuştur. ...
... Uluslararası petrol şirketleri, milyarlarca dolar değerindeki sermayeleri ve on binlerce çalışanıyla dünyanın birçok ülkesinde faaliyet göstermektedirler. Günümüzde petrol sahalarındaki üretimin %50'den, rezervlerin ise %60'tan fazlasının çokuluslu şirketlere ait olduğu düşünüldüğünde enerjinin, küreselleşmenin merkezinde yer alması kaçınılmazdır (Overland, 2016 (Vladislav and Ouyang, 2013). Bununla birlikte hattın Orta Asya ülkeleri için Rusya-Karadeniz bağlantısına alternatif bir güzergâh olduğu belirtilmelidir (Ener ve Ahmedov, 2007 On the other hand, despite some disagreements in the fight against the political and economic crisis caused by the Russia-Ukraine War, the EU tries to carry out the process within the framework of cooperation. ...
Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının ortaya çıkardığı siyasi ve ekonomik kriz ile mücadelede kimi görüş ayrılıklarına karşın Avrupa Birliği (AB), içinde bulunduğu süreci iş birliği çerçevesinde yürütmeye çalışmaktadır. Jeopolitik kaygıların yeniden yükseldiği bu dönemde sınır güvenliğine yönelik algılanan tehdit ve enerjide Rusya’ya olan bağımlılığın neden olduğu kriz AB’nin kısa, orta ve uzun vadeli stratejiler belirlemesini gerekli kılmıştır. 2019 yılında kabul ettiği Avrupa Yeşil Anlaşması ile Paris Anlaşması kapsamındaki taahhütleri yerine getirerek 2050 yılına kadar iklim nötrlüğünü sağlamayı taahhüt eden Birlik, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın başlaması ile enerji politikalarını güncellemiştir. Güncellenen yeni politikalar içerisinde enerji tasarrufundan kademeli bir şekilde yeşil enerjiye geçiş, fiyat kontrolünün sağlayacak önlemlerin alınmasından alternatif ihracatçılar ile yeni anlaşmaların yapılmasına kadar birçok başlık yer almaktadır. Kriz döneminde AB enerji güvenliğinin sağlanmasında öne çıkan aktörler arasında Türk Devletleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Rusya-Ukrayna savaşından hareketle ortaya çıkan enerji krizine ve AB’nin krizle mücadele için almış olduğu önlemlerde Türk Devletleri’nin rolüne odaklanmaktadır.
... Rising production costs (primarily for energy, fuel, and fertilizer) due to the speculative bubble affected all production chains [2,3]. At the same time, market disruptions (supply-demand relationships) were felt mainly in the wheat and maize sectors, cereal derivatives, animal feed, and livestock [4]. ...
The events of recent years (pandemic and conflict in the European area) have led to a rethink of traditional policies on trade and support for domestic production. The concept of national “self-sufficiency” is being consolidated to the detriment of globalization and the possibility of buying raw materials on the world market at the lowest price. European agriculture, affected by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) review for the 2023/2027 programming period, is not exempt from this process. Therefore, the construction of National Strategic Plans may partly dampen the drive towards sustainability undertaken with the Green Deal and related strategies (from Farm to Fork, Biodiversity 2030, and Circular Economic) up to the 2030 Agenda Goals because producers are demanding greater freedom in production intensification. The research, conducted in a traditionally agricultural area in Italy, shows that competitive and sustainable agriculture can coexist thanks to entrepreneurial choices based on values and interest in the territory. Despite the difficulties arising from the changing conditions of the international scenario, which have led to an increase in production costs and a contraction of market opportunities, agriculture has become resilient thanks to sound agronomic practices and the sustainability of the process. Therefore, a model of agriculture more closely linked to the territory's characteristics is proposed.
... According to the IEA , the importance of renewable energy sources is increasing globally. International conflicts and natural disasters can have a significant impact on energy security, like the Middle-East Oil Crisis of 1973 and 1979, the COVID-19 pandemic or the Russia-Ukraine war 2022 (Agency, 2021;Nations, 2022;Overland, 2016). The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly been a challenge for developing renewable capacity. ...
... Apart from global factors, local conditions are leading issues (Overland, 2016). For example, the post-socialist Central European Countries (CEC), the so-called Eastern Bloc, depended on traditional fossil-fuel based energy resources (Chodkowska-Miszczuk et al., 2021b). ...
... In the face of these significant local differences, as well as in the face of growing global frictions and tensions (Elavarasan et al., 2021;Goodell, 2020;Overland, 2016) the most appropriate way of lowcarbon economy development is the resilience idea (Chelleri et al., 2015). The flexibility of this concept allows it to be tailored to local needs. ...
Poland, with its objective of switching from a fossil-fuel base to renewable sources of energy, is a textbook example of energy transition economies. In this review, the challenges and opportunities for local resilience were identified, followed by an in-depth analysis of Low Carbon Economy Plans (LCEP) in the ten largest cities of Poland. The methodology included bibliometric analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2022, along with the application of K-means clustering (empirical analysis) to the selected Polish cities. The challenges and opportunities were classified into social (S), economic (E), institutional (I), political (P), technological (T) and environmental (EN) dimensions. Exploiting the local knowledge-base of traditional sustainable activities, understanding power relations between the politics, stakeholders and industry elements, knowledge-based governance were found vital for creating relevant policies. Three modes of development, Multiactivities Goals (MG), Energy Transition Goals (EG), and Transport Goals (TG) were identified for increasing local resilience.
... However, this process depends on a range of determinants and occurs with different dynamics and various implications in different parts of the world. The links between global events like the Middle-East Oil Crisis of 1973 and1979 or the repercussions of the annexation of Crimea in 2014 had a significant influence on the world's energy market (Overland, 2016). Further unrest in the energy market arose with Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. ...
... During the first phase of the pandemic, an increase in interest in fossil fuels was noted. The drop in prices and international restrictions disrupted supply chains, negatively influencing the renewables market (Goodell, 2020;Madurai Elavarasan et al., 2021;Overland, 2016;Tian et al., 2022). ...
Considering unpredictable and hastily evolving tipping points (like the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing climate crisis and the war in Ukraine), it is clear that sustainable energy transition and utilization of locally sourced renewable energies must be in the heart of both national, regional, and local energy systems. However, if we take a closer look at the actions undertaken at the local (communal) level, we see enormous diversity of patterns, prerequisites, and implications that drive and affect spatial deployment of renewable energies. Therefore, our research targets to better comprehend the question if individual communities are comparatively involved in the energy transition. We also ask whether the demand and supply of renewable energy is territorially balanced and how these differences (if any) can be justified. We are framing our research by the concepts of energy justice and ecological debt. We thoroughly explore and asses the renewable energy balance on the level of individual communities which is based on data on the installed power capacity potentials and energy consumption in local administration units in Poland (380). Spatial distribution and discrepancies in the deployment of the renewable energy creditors and the renewable energy debtors are detected. Noticeable disproportions were identified among communities where improved utilization of local potential of renewable energy could exceed energy demand (29% of communities). This result is contrasting with communities (71% of communities) that can be, on the other hand, classified as renewable energy debtors. We claim that insufficient support (institution, regulatory, and financial) for expanding local renewable energy systems is a clear barrier when adapting to the climate crisis by balancing the energy demand and supply at the local level.
... Several global changes, like urbanisation, international conflicts and the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the push towards energy security. International conflicts and natural disasters can have a significant impact on energy security, like the international Oil Crises of 1973 and 1979, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war (2022) (International Energy Agency, 2021; Overland, 2016;United Nations, 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly been a challenge for developing renewable capacity. ...
... Environmental, socioeconomic, and technological drivers, along with political and institutional challenges interact at multiple spatiotemporal scales, posing risks to the creation of a low carbon economy (LCE). Apart from global factors, historical developments and local factors also determine the current state of and potential for a low-carbon future (Overland, 2016). For example, the post-socialist Central European Countries (CEC), the so-called Eastern Bloc, depended on traditional fossil-fuel-based energy resources (Chodkowska-Miszczuk, Kola-Bezka, et al., 2021). ...
... The supply side of climate policy and decisions has remained unrepresented in literature, concealing the causes of unequal consequences (Healy & Barry, 2017). In the face of these significant local differences, as well as in the face of growing global frictions and tensions (Elavarasan et al., 2021;Goodell, 2020;Overland, 2016) the most appropriate low-carbon economy development is the resilience idea (Chelleri et al., 2015). The flexibility of this concept allows it to be tailored to local needs. ...
Poland, with its objective of switching from a fossil-fuel base to renewable sources of energy, is a textbook example of an energy transition economy. In this review, the challenges and opportunities for local resilience were identified, followed by an in-depth analysis of Low Carbon Economy Plans (LCEP) in the 10 largest cities of Poland. The methodology included a bibliometric analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2022, along with K-means clustering (empirical analysis) of the selected Polish cities. The challenges and opportunities were classified into social (S), economic (E), institutional (I), political (P), technological (T) and environmental (EN) dimensions. Institutional and political dimensions were identified as having a relatively neglected niche in low-carbon transition research, necessitating an empirical analysis of LCEP at the city scale. Exploiting the knowledge base of traditional sustainable activities, understanding the power relations between the politics, stakeholders and industry elements, and knowledge-based governance were found vital for creating relevant policies. Three modes of development, multi-activity goals (MG), energy transition goals (EG), and transport goals (TG) were identified for increasing local resilience. The results illustrate the need to understand low-carbon policies and their impacts on both energy transitions and local resilience.
... In recent years, scholars have paid increasing attention to particular nuances within the field, such as the effectiveness of international organisations in addressing global energy challenges (Overland and Reischl 2018), the technopolitics of energy systems (Van De Graaf 2016; Andreas and Sovacool, 2016), and institutional responses to energy geopolitics (Hancock and Vivoda 2014;Overland 2016). One of the most hotly debated topics in the energy governance field in contemporary years is the impact of renewable energy on geopolitics. ...
For the first time since the end of British colonisation in 1947, the poorly integrated and politically volatile region of South Asia is about to embark on the development of several multilateral energy megaprojects. Historically, regional energy cooperation in South Asia has been undermined by a range of geopolitical issues. Political developments in the last decade have faciliated an unprecedented level of cooperation on energy, and currently several multilateral pipelines and hydroelectric projects are at advanced stages of implementation. Yet,, the progress in the physical and bureaucratic development of energy projects has not been complemented by a corresponding conceptualisation of the governance challenges of these initiatives. Within academic literature, there is a dearth of studies that analyses the critical aspect of collectively governing the proposed and under-construction energy megaprojects in South Asia. This gap is concerning as the complexity of energy megaprojects and weak governance systems in developing countries can lead to enormous economic, social and environmental externalities. This article aims to identify the governance challenges of South Asia’s energy megaprojects. To this end, the article draws on literature on global energy governance and energy megaprojects and primary data from interviews undertaken with policymakers. The article synthesises literature on energy cooperation in South Asia with existing knowledge on megaprojects and global energy governance. In doing so, the paper addresses one of the key gaps in literature, which is the lack of studies that appraises megaprojects in the context of interactions between domestic and international politics. Due to the growing importance of energy megaprojects to regional integration and energy transition, the findings of this article have relevance towards policies on global governance and sustainable development.
... The interconnection of electricity grids for the transmission of electricity over long distances, even with submarine pipelines at very great depths, from areas with surplus electricity to areas that they need it is intensively being sought today in order to face this destabilization of the grids (Overland 2016;George et al., 2019;Ardelean et al., 2019;Purvins et al., 2018;Ardelean and Minnebo 2017;Bompard et al., 2014;L'abate et al., 2014;Fulli et al., 2011;Purvins et al., 2011;Lazarou et al., 2012;Liu 2016) ( Figure 3). Unfortunately, the most suitable locations for the generation of green electricity are not uniformly 510 LYCOURGHIOTIS distributed. ...
This essay deals with the prospects of supplying humanity with energy in the twenty-first century. The gradual replacement of fossil fuels by green electricity, hydrogen and biofuels is examined in the context of deteriorating climate change and the ongoing depletion of fossil fuels. The production of large amounts of green electricity through the spreading of wind-energy, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, hydroelectric power and high temperature geothermal plants and its storage through the global interconnection of electricity grids, the spreading of pumped hydro energy storage and melting salts plants and the lithium batteries leads certainly to a future world largely but not exclusively electrical. Hydrogen will be a very important energy carrier. The production of blue and green hydrogen, their transport and usage in cars, industry and trains in the near future as well as in ships and airplanes in the distant future is outlined. Biofuels must be inevitably added to the future energy profile of mankind besides green electricity and hydrogen. The modern trend of producing biofuels from residual fatty raw materials, microalgae and agricultural/forest residual raw materials to overcome the competition with foods production for land and water as well as the residual biomass utility for the production of aircraft fuels and bio-chemicals in the near future is also illustrated. Finally, the increasing contribution of biogas/biomethane to the future energy profile has been presented.
... While globalization and internationalization of business have led to an increase in energy security through cross-border energy supply, it has created vulnerabilities for some countries as well (Overland, 2016). In many developing countries, there is still unstable access and uneven distribution of energy which create vulnerability and volatility in many sectors of their economies (Scott et al., 2014). ...
The study explored the link between Energy Security (ES) and the productivity of SMEs in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study assessed the perceptions of 246 respondents from 500 SMEs. Means, Relative Importance Index (RII) and P-values were calculated for availability, affordability, efficiency, and environmental stewardship indicators and used to assess the association between ES and the productivity of SMEs. ES at the SMEs is highest for affordability, followed by environmental stewardship, efficiency, and availability. ES has a significant positive correlation with sales revenue, output per unit cost of production, labour utilization, and capital utilization of SMEs.
... Regionalization and globalization are two complementary phenomena of an economic, political, social, and cultural nature, specific to current societies, which cannot coexist independently. The difference between the two notions is only spatial, so that regionalization is a structural part of globalization Indra, 2016;Herman and Grama, 2018;Herman et al., 2018a;Herman, 2022). "Globalization and regionalization are two complex and controversial concepts that transcend from the very nature of the human being and have evolved constantly over time" (Herman et al., 2018b, p. 89). ...
This study aims to identify and analyze the elements of local identity specific to Olcea commune, Bihor County, Romania. This approach is needed in the context of the growing manifestation of two complementary phenomena, regionalization, and globalization. The complementary use of observational, cartographic, analytical, deductive, and historiographical methods led the research to identify the main elements of identity specific to the place, namely : local language, occupations, household as a central element of the rural universe, gastronomy, and traditional dress.
... Problems from non-renewable resources are environmental issues related to significant GHG emissions, oil prices, and the increased complexity of oil exploration in deeper and less explored locations that are difficult to access (Liu et al., 2021;Somarin, 2014). In addition, there is an energy dependence of countries that do not have their own or enough energy sources (Overland, 2016). ...
Growing fossil raw material demand, especially for producing fuels, has caused serious damage to the environment, mainly in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To minimize non-renewable fuel use and impacts, biomasses can be used as substitutes to achieve a sustainable circular economy, especially in Brazil, which is one of the largest biomass producers in the world. Ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas/biomethane have been extensively studied as alternatives to fossil fuels, the two first being already produced at industrial scales and used as vehicle fuels in Brazil. Additionally , different biomasses have been used as raw materials to produce biofuels, and enzymatic catalysis have shown promising potential to achieve feasible and sustainable processes. Some main enzymes are amylases, which are used extensively in corn starch hydrolysis to produce first generation (1G) ethanol using a well-established process , while cellulases and xylanases are promising in hydrolyzing lignocellulosic materials for producing second generation (2G) ethanol. Lipases, on the other hand, are interesting catalysts for effectively converting triacylglycerols (TAGs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) from several vegetable oils or animal fats into biodiesel. This review comprehensively address biofuels production in Brazil, with a focus on the current status of industrial enzymes, exploring their characteristics, advantages, and discussing current technical challenges for their industrial application.
