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Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete’s properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of co...
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... gravity, Blaine's specific surface area, and loss on ignition (LOI) of cement were 3.11, 3510 cm 2 /gr, and 1.10, respectively. The sieve analysis of cement is illustrated in Figure 1. ...
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... physical appearance of the generated POPC is shown in Figure 3. The particle size distribution of POCP is shown in Figure 1. Besides, the chemical composition of POCP is presented in Table 1. ...
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... compressive strengths of NFC-0-0-1300 are compared to those of LFC specimens prepared with POC as fine aggregates aged 7, 28, 56, and 90 days in Figure 10. As indicated in Figure 10, independent of the POC replacement ratio; specimen compressive strength improved with curing age. ...
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... compressive strengths of NFC-0-0-1300 are compared to those of LFC specimens prepared with POC as fine aggregates aged 7, 28, 56, and 90 days in Figure 10. As indicated in Figure 10, independent of the POC replacement ratio; specimen compressive strength improved with curing age. The compressive strength was increased by substituting fine POC for MS. ...
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... fillers' free water might be utilized to hydrate the non-hydrated cement particles, enhancing compressive strength (Haddad- ian et al., 2023;Lim et al., 2013). Figure 11 displays the SEM images of the control specimens NFC-0-0-1300, FC-0-100-1300, FC-20-100-1300, and FC-T20-100-1300. It is evident from the images that the control specimens had a high volume of voids in their matrix, as shown in Figure 11a. ...
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... 11 displays the SEM images of the control specimens NFC-0-0-1300, FC-0-100-1300, FC-20-100-1300, and FC-T20-100-1300. It is evident from the images that the control specimens had a high volume of voids in their matrix, as shown in Figure 11a. On the other hand, using POC and POCP in LFC improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing the internal voids between POC particles, densifying the matrix, and strengthening the bond between hydrated cement pastes and POC fillers, as displayed in Figures 11b-11d. ...
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... is evident from the images that the control specimens had a high volume of voids in their matrix, as shown in Figure 11a. On the other hand, using POC and POCP in LFC improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing the internal voids between POC particles, densifying the matrix, and strengthening the bond between hydrated cement pastes and POC fillers, as displayed in Figures 11b-11d. Using TPOCP as a cement substitute led to even denser matrices due to its lower TOC content, as depicted in Figure 11d. ...
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... the other hand, using POC and POCP in LFC improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing the internal voids between POC particles, densifying the matrix, and strengthening the bond between hydrated cement pastes and POC fillers, as displayed in Figures 11b-11d. Using TPOCP as a cement substitute led to even denser matrices due to its lower TOC content, as depicted in Figure 11d. These findings were consistent with the impact of POC, POCP, and TPOCP on the compressive strength of LFC. ...
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... specimens were selected to observe the effect of elevated temperatures on LFC weight loss. Figure 12 shows the influence of elevated temperature on the weight loss of NFC and LFC with POC, POCP, and TPOCP. As seen in the figure, increasing the temperature resulted in an increase in weight loss for all specimens. ...
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... losses of specimen NFC after exposure to temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C were 16%, 18%, and 21%, respectively, which were smaller than specimens with 100% POC (22%, 24%, and 27%, respectively). Figure 12 shows that, in contrast to specimens with POC as fine aggregate, no substantial difference was identified between specimens NFC-0-0-1300, FC-20-0-1300, and FC-T20-1300. A similar trend of weight loss increasing with the use of POC as the sand replacement was reported by the authors Jumaat et al. (2015) and Andiç-Çakır and Hızal (2012) for LWC. ...
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... the water-filled cavities may have acted as water reservoirs and raised the volume of water that could evaporate. Figure 13 illustrates the effect of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of the NFC and LFC cast with POC, POCP, and TPOCP. The results indicated that the residual compressive strengths of specimens exposed to temperatures as high as 400 °C did not decrease. ...
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... contrast, specimens exposed to temperatures exceeding 400°C exhibited a relatively rapid reduction in compressive strength. At 800 °C, Figure 12. Weight loss of specimens after exposure to elevated temperatures Figure 13. ...
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... 800 °C, Figure 12. Weight loss of specimens after exposure to elevated temperatures Figure 13. Compressive strength loss of specimens after exposure to elevated temperatures the compressive strengths of NFC-0-0-1300, FC-0-100-1300, FC-20-0-1300, FC-20-100-1300, FC-T20-0-1300, and FC-T20-100-1300 decreased by 28.26%, 14.76%, 28.38%, 14.15%, 29.24%, and 10.88%, respectively, compared to their counterparts at ambient temperature. ...
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... CaCO 3 decomposed around 800 °C ( Heikal et al., 2013), resulting in a significant reduction in compressive strength. This remark is further supported by the developed crack in the cube specimens depicted in Figure 14. The damage induced by high temperatures on concrete can be detected by observing the surface. ...
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... damage induced by high temperatures on concrete can be detected by observing the surface. No substantial damage was noticed on the concrete surface under temperatures of 200 °C and 400 °C, as shown in Figures 14a and 14b, respectively. In contrast, prominent cracks were spread around the surface of the concrete at 600 °C and increased widely at 800 °C, as depicted in Figures 14c and 14d, respectively. ...
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... substantial damage was noticed on the concrete surface under temperatures of 200 °C and 400 °C, as shown in Figures 14a and 14b, respectively. In contrast, prominent cracks were spread around the surface of the concrete at 600 °C and increased widely at 800 °C, as depicted in Figures 14c and 14d, respectively. ...
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... relationship between tensile and flexural strengths and the compressive strength of specimens is illustrated in Figure 15. According to Narayan and Ramamurthy (2000), it is reasonable to assume that the factors affecting compressive strength also impact tensile strength, and vice versa. ...
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... it was discovered that, on average, the improvement in tensile strength growth followed a similar pattern and exhibited a linear relationship with the increase in compressive strength ( Abraham et al., 2021). Figure 15 gives rise to the fact that the improvement in compressive strength resulted in an improvement in splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. As seen in the figure, the slope of the splitting tensile strength was less than the flexural strength. ...
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... it can be concluded that the rate of increase in flexural strength was higher than the rate of increase in splitting tensile strength, and the enhancement effect of POC and POCP in LFC was more pronounced on flexural strength than on tensile strength. Based on the results shown in Figure 15, the relation- ship between the flexural strength ( ) b f and compressive strength ( ) c f ′ of LFC is governed by: ...
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... absorption and permeable void test findings for specimens NFC-0-0-1500, FC-0-100-1500, FC-20-100-1500, and FC-T20-100-1500 are presented in Table 6. Additionally, Figure 16 illustrates the rate of water absorption over time. The water absorption rate of concrete over time can provide information regarding its capillary sorptivity and durability. ...
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... shown in Table 6, the water absorption of the control specimen NFC-0-0-1500 was 18.22%, while it increased to 22.80% in the specimen FC-0-0-1500, which was 25.14% higher than the control specimen. As depicted in Figure 16, the trends in the water absorption rate of specimens over time were comparable to the water absorption test results presented in Table 6. The lowest rate was found in the control sample NFC-0-0-1500, while the rate increased when MS was replaced with POC fine aggregate. ...
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... immersing the cubes in the acid, their weight, size, and physical appearance were documented to monitor any possible changes resulting from the chemical assault. Figures 17 and 18 depict the physical states of control NFC-0-0-1500 and FC-0-100-1500 after 28 days of submersion in HCl and MgSO 4 solutions. As seen in the figures, a minor discoloration occurred on the surface of both the control and FC-0-100-1500 specimens, and the edges were damaged during solution immersion. ...
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... relative residual strength of specimens immersed in HCL solution over the immersion age is shown in Fig- ure 19. As depicted in Figure 19, the compressive strengths of specimens immersed in HCL were generally lower than those of water-cured specimens for a given curing time. ...
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... relative residual strength of specimens immersed in HCL solution over the immersion age is shown in Fig- ure 19. As depicted in Figure 19, the compressive strengths of specimens immersed in HCL were generally lower than those of water-cured specimens for a given curing time. ...
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... the whole sand aggregates with fine POC led to the least residual strength of LFC. As illustrated in Figure 19, the compressive strengths of control specimen NFC-0-0-1500 submerged in HCL solution for 7 days, 14 days, 56 days, and 75 days were 3.33%, 4.00%, 10.52%, 21.88%, and 31.92% less than those immersed in water, respectively. The compressive strengths of POC fine specimen FC-0-100-1500 submerged in HCL solution were 5.00%, 12.80%, 24.40%, 37.13%, and 45.88% lower than those immersed in water after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 75 days, respectively. ...
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... replacing 20% of the OPC with POCP or TPOCP could improve the acid resistance of the specimen FC-0-100-1500. As illustrated in Figure 19, the strength degradation of FC-20-100-1500 and FC-T20-100-1500 specimens immersed in HCL for 7-, 14-, 56-, and 75-day periods was approximately 1.89%, 6.5%, 14.3%, 23.93%, and 34.8%, respectively, which was comparable to the results observed for the control specimen. The results were consistent with the influence of POC, POCP, and TPOCP on the water absorption of LFC, discussed in Section 5.5. ...
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... less porous TPOCP particles in the paste make it denser, increasing the acid solution permeability of concrete. Table 7. Compressive strengths of specimens after immersion in solutions (Unit: MPa) Specimen label Water HCl MgO 4 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 75 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 75 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 75 The relative residual strength of specimens immersed in MgSO 4 solution over the immersion age is shown in Figure 19, in which the loss of strength is indicated by negative values and vice versa. As shown in Table 7 and Figure 20, the compressive strength of specimens was slightly raised after 28 days of immersion in MgO4 solution and then decreased. ...
